SUBTITLE Y. TEXAS PROBATE CODE: SCOPE, JURISDICTION, AND VENUE
TXCode
ES
<num value="3">TITLE 3.</num>
<heading>GUARDIANSHIP AND RELATED PROCEDURES</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/s150811.133570">
<num value="150811.133570">Sec. 150811.133570.</num>
<heading></heading>
<content>SUBPART A. PROCEEDINGS IN REM</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<chapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054">
<num value="1054">CHAPTER 1054.</num>
<heading>COURT OFFICERS, COURT-APPOINTED PERSONS, AND ATTORNEYS</heading>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scA">
<num value="A">SUBCHAPTER A.</num>
<heading>ATTORNEYS AD LITEM AND INTERPRETERS</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scA/s1054.001">
<num value="1054.001">Sec. 1054.001.</num>
<heading>APPOINTMENT OF ATTORNEY AD LITEM IN PROCEEDING FOR APPOINTMENT OF GUARDIAN</heading>
<content>In a proceeding under this title for the appointment of a guardian, the court shall appoint an attorney ad litem to represent the proposed ward's interests, including the proposed ward's expressed wishes.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 939 (S.B. 1624), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2023.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scA/s1054.002">
<num value="1054.002">Sec. 1054.002.</num>
<heading>TERM OF APPOINTMENT</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scA/s1054.002/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>Unless the court determines that the continued appointment of an attorney ad litem appointed under Section 1054.001 is in the ward's best interests, the attorney's term of appointment expires, without a court order, on the date the court:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scA/s1054.002/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>appoints a guardian in accordance with Subchapter D, Chapter 1101;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scA/s1054.002/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>appoints a successor guardian; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scA/s1054.002/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>denies the application for appointment of a guardian.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scA/s1054.002/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The term of appointment of an attorney ad litem appointed under Section 1054.001 continues after the court appoints a temporary guardian under Chapter 1251 unless a court order provides for the termination or expiration of the attorney ad litem's appointment.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 161 (S.B. 1093), Sec. 6.029, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scA/s1054.003">
<num value="1054.003">Sec. 1054.003.</num>
<heading>ACCESS TO RECORDS</heading>
<content>An attorney ad litem appointed under Section 1054.001 or an attorney retained by a ward or proposed ward under Section 1054.006 or 1202.103 shall be provided copies of all of the current records in the guardianship case. The attorney ad litem or retained attorney may have access to all of the proposed ward's relevant medical, psychological, and intellectual testing records.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 939 (S.B. 1624), Sec. 2, eff. September 1, 2023.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scA/s1054.004">
<num value="1054.004">Sec. 1054.004.</num>
<heading>DUTIES</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scA/s1054.004/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>An attorney ad litem appointed under Section 1054.001 shall interview the proposed ward within a reasonable time before the hearing in the proceeding for the appointment of a guardian. To the greatest extent possible, the attorney shall discuss with the proposed ward:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scA/s1054.004/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the law and facts of the case;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scA/s1054.004/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the proposed ward's legal options regarding disposition of the case;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scA/s1054.004/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the grounds on which guardianship is sought; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scA/s1054.004/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>whether alternatives to guardianship would meet the needs of the proposed ward and avoid the need for the appointment of a guardian.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scA/s1054.004/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>Before the hearing, the attorney ad litem shall review:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scA/s1054.004/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the application for guardianship;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scA/s1054.004/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>certificates of current physical, medical, and intellectual examinations; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scA/s1054.004/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>all of the proposed ward's relevant medical, psychological, and intellectual testing records.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scA/s1054.004/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<chapeau>Before the hearing, the attorney ad litem shall discuss with the proposed ward the attorney ad litem's opinion regarding:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scA/s1054.004/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>whether a guardianship is necessary for the proposed ward; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scA/s1054.004/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>if a guardianship is necessary, the specific powers or duties of the guardian that should be limited if the proposed ward receives supports and services.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 214 (H.B. 39), Sec. 4, eff. September 1, 2015.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scA/s1054.005">
<num value="1054.005">Sec. 1054.005.</num>
<heading>APPOINTMENT OF INTERPRETER</heading>
<content>At the time the court appoints the attorney ad litem under Section 1054.001, the court shall appoint a language interpreter or sign interpreter if necessary to ensure effective communication between the proposed ward and the attorney.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scA/s1054.006">
<num value="1054.006">Sec. 1054.006.</num>
<heading>REPRESENTATION OF WARD OR PROPOSED WARD BY ATTORNEY</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scA/s1054.006/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>A ward or proposed ward may at any time retain an attorney who holds a certificate required by Subchapter E to represent the ward's or proposed ward's interests, including the ward's or proposed ward's expressed wishes, in a guardianship proceeding, including a proceeding involving the complete restoration of the ward's capacity or modification of the ward's guardianship, instead of having those interests represented by an attorney ad litem appointed under Section 1054.001, Section 1202.101, or another provision of this title.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scA/s1054.006/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>Subject to Subsection (c), if a ward or proposed ward has retained an attorney under Subsection (a), the court shall remove an attorney ad litem appointed under Section 1054.001, Section 1202.101, or any other provision of this title that requires the court to appoint an attorney ad litem to represent the interests of a ward or proposed ward and appoint a ward or a proposed ward's retained counsel.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scA/s1054.006/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>On the motion of a party to a guardianship proceeding or on the court's own motion, the court may hold a hearing on the ward's or proposed ward's capacity to retain an attorney under Subsection (a). The burden of proof is on the party motioning the court. If the court finds by a preponderance of evidence that the ward or proposed ward does not understand the guardianship proceeding or the purpose for which the attorney was retained, the court may appoint an attorney ad litem under Section 1054.001, Section 1202.101, or another provision of this title.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scA/s1054.006/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>An attorney retained by a ward or proposed ward under this section must represent the ward's or proposed ward's interests, including the ward's or proposed ward's expressed wishes.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 161 (S.B. 1093), Sec. 6.030, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 939 (S.B. 1624), Sec. 3, eff. September 1, 2023.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scA/s1054.007">
<num value="1054.007">Sec. 1054.007.</num>
<heading>ATTORNEYS AD LITEM</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scA/s1054.007/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>Except in a situation in which this title requires the appointment to represent the interests of the person, a court may appoint an attorney ad litem in any guardianship proceeding to represent the interests of:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scA/s1054.007/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>an incapacitated person or another person who has a legal disability;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scA/s1054.007/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>a proposed ward;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scA/s1054.007/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>a nonresident;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scA/s1054.007/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>an unborn or unascertained person; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scA/s1054.007/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>an unknown or missing potential heir.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scA/s1054.007/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>An attorney ad litem appointed under this section is entitled to reasonable compensation for services provided in the amount set by the court, to be taxed as costs in the proceeding.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scA/s1054.007/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>An attorney ad litem appointed for a ward or proposed ward under this title shall represent the ward's or proposed ward's interests, including the ward's or proposed ward's expressed wishes.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 982 (H.B. 2080), Sec. 6, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 939 (S.B. 1624), Sec. 4, eff. September 1, 2023.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scB">
<num value="B">SUBCHAPTER B.</num>
<heading>GUARDIANS AD LITEM</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scB/s1054.051">
<num value="1054.051">Sec. 1054.051.</num>
<heading>APPOINTMENT OF GUARDIAN AD LITEM IN GUARDIANSHIP PROCEEDING</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scB/s1054.051/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>Subject to Subsection (b), the judge may appoint a guardian ad litem to represent the interests of an incapacitated person or proposed ward in a guardianship proceeding.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scB/s1054.051/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>A person appointed as a guardian ad litem may not be:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scB/s1054.051/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>an interested person, as defined by Section 1002.018(1); or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scB/s1054.051/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>an attorney ad litem appointed for the guardianship proceeding except as provided by Section 1054.052, 1202.101, or 1203.051.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 939 (S.B. 1624), Sec. 5, eff. September 1, 2023.
Acts 2025, 89th Leg., R.S., Ch. 283 (S.B. 746), Sec. 2, eff. September 1, 2025.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scB/s1054.052">
<num value="1054.052">Sec. 1054.052.</num>
<heading>APPOINTMENT OF GUARDIAN AD LITEM RELATING TO CERTAIN OTHER SUITS</heading>
<content>In the interest of judicial economy, the court may appoint as guardian ad litem under Section 1104.354(1) the person who has been appointed attorney ad litem under Section 1054.001 or the person who is serving as an ad litem for the ward's benefit in any other proceeding.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scB/s1054.053">
<num value="1054.053">Sec. 1054.053.</num>
<heading>TERM OF CERTAIN APPOINTMENTS</heading>
<chapeau>Unless the court determines that the continued appointment of a guardian ad litem appointed in a proceeding for the appointment of a guardian is in the ward's best interests, the guardian ad litem's term of appointment expires, without a court order, on the date the court:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scB/s1054.053/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>appoints a guardian; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scB/s1054.053/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>denies the application for appointment of a guardian.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scB/s1054.054">
<num value="1054.054">Sec. 1054.054.</num>
<heading>DUTIES</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scB/s1054.054/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>A guardian ad litem is an officer of the court.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scB/s1054.054/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A guardian ad litem shall protect the incapacitated person or proposed ward whose interests the guardian has been appointed to represent in a manner that will enable the court to determine the action that will be in that person's best interests.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scB/s1054.054/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<chapeau>The guardian ad litem shall:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scB/s1054.054/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>investigate whether a guardianship is necessary for the proposed ward; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scB/s1054.054/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>evaluate alternatives to guardianship and supports and services available to the proposed ward that would avoid the need for appointment of a guardian.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scB/s1054.054/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>The information gathered by the guardian ad litem under Subsection (c) is subject to examination by the court.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 214 (H.B. 39), Sec. 5, eff. September 1, 2015.
Acts 2025, 89th Leg., R.S., Ch. 283 (S.B. 746), Sec. 3, eff. September 1, 2025.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scB/s1054.055">
<num value="1054.055">Sec. 1054.055.</num>
<heading>COMPENSATION AND EXPENSES</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scB/s1054.055/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>A guardian ad litem is entitled to reasonable compensation for services provided in the amount set by the court, to be taxed as costs in the proceeding.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scB/s1054.055/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The fees and expenses of a guardian ad litem appointed under Section 1104.354(1) are costs of the litigation proceeding that made the appointment necessary.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scB/s1054.056">
<num value="1054.056">Sec. 1054.056.</num>
<heading>IMMUNITY</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scB/s1054.056/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>Subject to Subsection (b), a guardian ad litem appointed under this subchapter or Section 1102.001 or 1202.054 to represent the interests of an incapacitated person or proposed ward in a guardianship proceeding involving the creation, modification, or termination of a guardianship is not liable for civil damages arising from a recommendation made or an opinion given in the capacity of guardian ad litem.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scB/s1054.056/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>This section does not apply to a recommendation or opinion that is:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scB/s1054.056/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>wilfully wrongful;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scB/s1054.056/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<chapeau>given:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scB/s1054.056/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>with conscious indifference to or reckless disregard for the safety of another;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scB/s1054.056/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>with malice; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scB/s1054.056/C">
<num value="C">(C)</num>
<content>in bad faith; or</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scB/s1054.056/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>grossly negligent.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2025, 89th Leg., R.S., Ch. 283 (S.B. 746), Sec. 4, eff. September 1, 2025.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scC">
<num value="C">SUBCHAPTER C.</num>
<heading>COURT VISITORS</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scC/s1054.101">
<num value="1054.101">Sec. 1054.101.</num>
<heading>INAPPLICABILITY OF SUBCHAPTER TO CERTAIN GUARDIANSHIPS</heading>
<content>This subchapter does not apply to a guardianship created only because the appointment of a guardian for a person is necessary for the person to receive funds from a governmental source.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scC/s1054.102">
<num value="1054.102">Sec. 1054.102.</num>
<heading>OPERATION OF COURT VISITOR PROGRAM</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scC/s1054.102/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>Each statutory probate court shall operate a court visitor program to assess the conditions of wards and proposed wards.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scC/s1054.102/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A court, other than a statutory probate court, that has jurisdiction of a guardianship proceeding may operate a court visitor program in accordance with the population needs and financial abilities of the area the court serves.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scC/s1054.103">
<num value="1054.103">Sec. 1054.103.</num>
<heading>EVALUATION OF WARD OR PROPOSED WARD</heading>
<chapeau>A court, at any time before a guardian is appointed for a proposed ward or during the pendency of a guardianship of the person or estate, may appoint a court visitor to evaluate the ward or proposed ward and provide a written report that substantially complies with Section 1054.104(b) on:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scC/s1054.103/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the request of any interested person, including the ward or proposed ward; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scC/s1054.103/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the court's own motion.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scC/s1054.104">
<num value="1054.104">Sec. 1054.104.</num>
<heading>EVALUATION REPORT</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scC/s1054.104/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>A court visitor appointed under Section 1054.103 shall file the report on the evaluation of a ward or proposed ward not later than the 14th day after the date the court visitor conducts the evaluation. The court visitor shall swear under penalty of perjury that the report is accurate to the best of the court visitor's knowledge and belief.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scC/s1054.104/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>A court visitor's report must include:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scC/s1054.104/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>a description of the nature and degree of the ward's or proposed ward's capacity and incapacity, including a description of the ward's or proposed ward's medical history, if reasonably available and not waived by the court;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scC/s1054.104/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>a medical prognosis and list of the ward's or proposed ward's treating physicians, when appropriate;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scC/s1054.104/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>a description of the ward's or proposed ward's living conditions and circumstances;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scC/s1054.104/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>a description of the ward's or proposed ward's social, intellectual, physical, and educational conditions;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scC/s1054.104/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>a statement that the court visitor has personally visited or observed the ward or proposed ward;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scC/s1054.104/6">
<num value="6">(6)</num>
<content>a statement of the date of the guardian's most recent visit, if a guardian has been appointed;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scC/s1054.104/7">
<num value="7">(7)</num>
<content>a recommendation as to any modification needed in the guardianship or proposed guardianship, including removal or denial of the guardianship; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scC/s1054.104/8">
<num value="8">(8)</num>
<content>any other information required by the court.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scC/s1054.105">
<num value="1054.105">Sec. 1054.105.</num>
<heading>COMPENSATION</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scC/s1054.105/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>A court that operates a court visitor program shall use persons willing to serve as court visitors without compensation to the greatest extent possible.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scC/s1054.105/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A court visitor who has not expressed a willingness to serve without compensation is entitled to reasonable compensation for services provided in an amount set by the court, to be taxed as costs in the proceeding.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scD">
<num value="D">SUBCHAPTER D.</num>
<heading>COURT INVESTIGATORS</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scD/s1054.151">
<num value="1054.151">Sec. 1054.151.</num>
<heading>INVESTIGATION OF GUARDIANSHIP APPLICATION</heading>
<content>On the filing of an application for guardianship under Section 1101.001, a court investigator shall investigate the circumstances alleged in the application to determine whether a less restrictive alternative to guardianship is appropriate.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scD/s1054.152">
<num value="1054.152">Sec. 1054.152.</num>
<heading>GENERAL DUTIES</heading>
<chapeau>A court investigator shall:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scD/s1054.152/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>supervise a court visitor program established under Subchapter C if the court for which the investigator is appointed operates that type of program and, in that capacity, shall serve as the chief court visitor;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scD/s1054.152/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>investigate a complaint received from any person about a guardianship and report to the judge, if necessary; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scD/s1054.152/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>perform other duties as assigned by the judge or required by this title.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 414 (S.B. 1016), Sec. 2, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scD/s1054.153">
<num value="1054.153">Sec. 1054.153.</num>
<heading>INVESTIGATION REPORT</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scD/s1054.153/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>A court investigator shall file with the court a report containing the court investigator's findings and conclusions after conducting an investigation under Section 1054.151 or 1054.152.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scD/s1054.153/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>In a contested case, the court investigator shall provide copies of the report of the court investigator's findings and conclusions to the attorneys for the parties before the earlier of:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scD/s1054.153/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the seventh day after the date the court investigator completes the report; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scD/s1054.153/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the 10th day before the date the trial is scheduled to begin.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scD/s1054.153/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>Disclosure to a jury of the contents of a court investigator's report is subject to the Texas Rules of Evidence.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scD/s1054.154">
<num value="1054.154">Sec. 1054.154.</num>
<heading>EFFECT OF SUBCHAPTER ON OTHER LAW</heading>
<content>Nothing in this subchapter supersedes any duty or obligation of another to report or investigate abuse or neglect under any statute of this state.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scD/s1054.155">
<num value="1054.155">Sec. 1054.155.</num>
<heading>NOTICE REGARDING REQUEST TO FINANCIAL INSTITUTION FOR CUSTOMER RECORDS</heading>
<content>If a request is made to a financial institution for a customer record in connection with an investigation conducted under Section 1054.151 or 1054.152, the court shall provide written notice of that fact to the ward or proposed ward with respect to whom the investigation is conducted not later than the fifth day after the date the financial institution produces the customer record.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1031 (H.B. 1438), Sec. 6, eff. September 1, 2015.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scD/s1054.156">
<num value="1054.156">Sec. 1054.156.</num>
<heading>APPOINTMENT OF COURT INVESTIGATOR FOR CERTAIN COURTS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scD/s1054.156/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>The judge of a court as defined by Section 1002.008(a)(1) or (2), other than a statutory probate court, may appoint a court investigator if the appointment is authorized by the commissioners court.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scD/s1054.156/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The commissioners court may authorize additional court investigators for a county if necessary.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scD/s1054.156/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>The commissioners court shall set the salary of a court investigator.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scD/s1054.156/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>The appointment of a court investigator by the judge of a statutory probate court is governed by Section 25.0025, Government Code.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 414 (S.B. 1016), Sec. 3, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scD/s1054.157">
<num value="1054.157">Sec. 1054.157.</num>
<heading>REQUIRED TRAINING</heading>
<content>At least once every two years, a court investigator and a court visitor shall complete two hours of training, including one hour of training on alternatives to guardianship and supports and services available to a proposed ward in accordance with Section 22.0133, Government Code.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 939 (S.B. 1624), Sec. 6, eff. September 1, 2023.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scE">
<num value="E">SUBCHAPTER E.</num>
<heading>QUALIFICATIONS TO SERVE AS ATTORNEY</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scE/s1054.201">
<num value="1054.201">Sec. 1054.201.</num>
<heading>CERTIFICATION REQUIRED</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scE/s1054.201/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>Except as provided by Subsection (c), an attorney representing any person's interests in a guardianship proceeding, including an attorney ad litem, must be certified by the State Bar of Texas, or a person or other entity designated by the state bar, as having successfully completed a course of study in guardianship law and procedure sponsored by the state bar or the state bar's designee.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scE/s1054.201/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The State Bar of Texas shall require four hours of credit for certification under this subchapter, including one hour on alternatives to guardianship and supports and services available to proposed wards.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scE/s1054.201/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>An attorney may commence representation of a person's interests and file an appearance in a guardianship proceeding before completing the course required for certification under Subsection (a), but must complete the course not later than the 14th day after the date of filing the appearance and before filing any substantive motion in the guardianship proceeding.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 214 (H.B. 39), Sec. 6, eff. September 1, 2015.
Acts 2021, 87th Leg., R.S., Ch. 521 (S.B. 626), Sec. 20, eff. September 1, 2021.
Acts 2021, 87th Leg., R.S., Ch. 576 (S.B. 615), Sec. 18, eff. September 1, 2021.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scE/s1054.202">
<num value="1054.202">Sec. 1054.202.</num>
<heading>CERTIFICATE EXPIRATION</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scE/s1054.202/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>Except as provided by Subsection (b), a certificate issued under this subchapter expires on the second anniversary of the date the certificate is issued.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scE/s1054.202/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A new certificate obtained by a person to whom a certificate under this subchapter was previously issued expires on the fourth anniversary of the date the new certificate is issued if the person has been certified each of the four years immediately preceding the date the new certificate is issued.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scE/s1054.203">
<num value="1054.203">Sec. 1054.203.</num>
<heading>ELIGIBILITY FOR APPOINTMENT ON EXPIRATION OF CERTIFICATE</heading>
<content>An attorney whose certificate issued under this subchapter has expired must obtain a new certificate to be eligible for appointment by a court to represent a person at a guardianship proceeding, including as an attorney ad litem.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
</chapter>
<num value="2">TITLE 2.</num>
<heading>ESTATES OF DECEDENTS; DURABLE POWERS OF ATTORNEY</heading>
<chapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c254">
<num value="254">CHAPTER 254.</num>
<heading>CERTAIN PROVISIONS IN, AND CONTRACTS RELATING TO, WILLS</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c254/s254.001">
<num value="254.001">Sec. 254.001.</num>
<heading></heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c254/s254.001/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>A testator may validly devise property in a will to the trustee of a trust established or to be established:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c254/s254.001/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>during the testator's lifetime by the testator, the testator and another person, or another person, including a funded or unfunded life insurance trust in which the settlor has reserved any or all rights of ownership of the insurance contracts; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c254/s254.001/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<chapeau>at the testator's death by the testator's devise to the trustee, regardless of the existence, size, or character of the corpus of the trust, if:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c254/s254.001/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>the trust is identified in the testator's will; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c254/s254.001/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>the terms of the trust are in:</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c254/s254.001/i">
<num value="i">(i)</num>
<chapeau>a written instrument, other than a will, executed before, with, or after the execution of the testator's will; or</chapeau>
<clause identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c254/s254.001/ii">
<num value="ii">(ii)</num>
<content>another person's will if that person predeceased the testator.</content>
</clause>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c254/s254.001/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>A devise under Subsection (a) is not invalid because the trust:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c254/s254.001/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>is amendable or revocable; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c254/s254.001/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>was amended after the execution of the will or the testator's death.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c254/s254.001/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<chapeau>Unless the testator's will provides otherwise, property devised to a trust described by Subsection (a) is not held under a testamentary trust of the testator. The property:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c254/s254.001/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>becomes part of the trust to which the property is devised; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c254/s254.001/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>must be administered and disposed of according to the provisions of the instrument establishing the trust, including any amendment to the instrument made before or after the testator's death.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c254/s254.001/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>Unless the testator's will provides otherwise, a revocation or termination of the trust before the testator's death causes the devise to lapse.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c254/s254.002">
<num value="254.002">Sec. 254.002.</num>
<heading></heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c254/s254.002/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>Except as provided by Subsection (c), if a devisee under a will is also a subscribing witness to the will and the will cannot be otherwise established:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c254/s254.002/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the bequest is void; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c254/s254.002/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the subscribing witness shall be allowed and compelled to appear and give the witness's testimony in the same manner as if the bequest to the witness had not been made.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c254/s254.002/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>Notwithstanding Subsection (a), if the subscribing witness described by that subsection would have been entitled to a share of the testator's estate had the testator died intestate, the witness is entitled to as much of that share as does not exceed the value of the bequest to the witness under the will.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c254/s254.002/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<chapeau>If the testimony of a subscribing witness described by Subsection (a) proving the will is corroborated by at least one disinterested and credible person who testifies that the subscribing witness's testimony is true and correct:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c254/s254.002/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the bequest to the subscribing witness is not void under Subsection (a); and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c254/s254.002/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the subscribing witness is not regarded as an incompetent or noncredible witness under Subchapters B and C, Chapter 251.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c254/s254.003">
<num value="254.003">Sec. 254.003.</num>
<heading></heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c254/s254.003/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>A devise of property in a will is void if the devise is made to:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c254/s254.003/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>an attorney who prepares or supervises the preparation of the will;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c254/s254.003/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>a parent, descendant of a parent, or employee of the attorney described by Subdivision (1); or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c254/s254.003/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the spouse of a person described by Subdivision (1) or (2).</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c254/s254.003/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>This section does not apply to:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c254/s254.003/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<chapeau>a devise made to a person who:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c254/s254.003/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>is the testator's spouse;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c254/s254.003/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>is an ascendant or descendant of the testator; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c254/s254.003/C">
<num value="C">(C)</num>
<content>is related within the third degree by consanguinity or affinity to the testator; or</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c254/s254.003/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>a bona fide purchaser for value from a devisee in a will.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c254/s254.004">
<num value="254.004">Sec. 254.004.</num>
<heading></heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c254/s254.004/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>A contract executed or entered into on or after September 1, 1979, to make a will or devise, or not to revoke a will or devise, may be established only by:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c254/s254.004/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>a written agreement that is binding and enforceable; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c254/s254.004/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<chapeau>a will stating:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c254/s254.004/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>that a contract exists; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c254/s254.004/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>the material provisions of the contract.</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c254/s254.004/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The execution of a joint will or reciprocal wills does not constitute by itself sufficient evidence of the existence of a contract.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c254/s254.005">
<num value="254.005">Sec. 254.005.</num>
<heading></heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c254/s254.005/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>A provision in a will that would cause a forfeiture of or void a devise or provision in favor of a person for bringing any court action, including contesting a will, is enforceable unless in a court action determining whether the forfeiture clause should be enforced, the person who brought the action contrary to the forfeiture clause establishes by a preponderance of the evidence that:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c254/s254.005/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>just cause existed for bringing the action; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c254/s254.005/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the action was brought and maintained in good faith.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c254/s254.005/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>This section is not intended to and does not repeal any law recognizing that forfeiture clauses generally will not be construed to prevent a beneficiary from seeking to compel a fiduciary to perform the fiduciary's duties, seeking redress against a fiduciary for a breach of the fiduciary's duties, or seeking a judicial construction of a will or trust.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1338 (S.B. 1198), Sec. 2.26, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 351 (H.B. 2380), Sec. 2.01, eff. January 1, 2014.
Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 949 (S.B. 995), Sec. 17, eff. September 1, 2015.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c254/s254.006">
<num value="254.006">Sec. 254.006.</num>
<heading></heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c254/s254.006/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>A testator may grant in a will to an executor named in the will or to another person identified by name, office, or function the authority to designate one or more persons to serve as administrator of the testator's estate.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c254/s254.006/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>To be effective, a designation of an administrator of a testator's estate as authorized by a will under Subsection (a) must be in writing and acknowledged before an officer authorized to take acknowledgments and administer oaths.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c254/s254.006/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<chapeau>Unless the will provides otherwise, a person designated to serve as administrator of a testator's estate as provided by Subsection (a) may serve only if:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c254/s254.006/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<chapeau>each executor named in the testator's will:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c254/s254.006/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>is deceased;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c254/s254.006/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>is disqualified to serve as executor; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c254/s254.006/C">
<num value="C">(C)</num>
<content>indicates by affidavit filed with the county clerk of the county in which the application for letters testamentary is filed or, if an application has not been filed, a county described by Section 33.001(a)(1) or (2) the executor's inability or unwillingness to serve as executor;</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c254/s254.006/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the designation is effective as provided by Subsection (b); and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c254/s254.006/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the person is not disqualified from serving under Section 304.003.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c254/s254.006/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>Unless the will or designation provides otherwise, a person designated as administrator of a testator's estate as provided by this section has the same rights, powers, and duties as an executor named in the will, including the right to serve as an independent administrator with the power to sell property without the need for consent of the distributees under Section 401.002 or 401.006.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2019, 86th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1141 (H.B. 2782), Sec. 8, eff. September 1, 2019.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</chapter>
<num value="3">TITLE 3.</num>
<heading>GUARDIANSHIP AND RELATED PROCEDURES</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/s150814.133570">
<num value="150814.133570">Sec. 150814.133570.</num>
<heading></heading>
<content>SUBPART C. DUTIES AND RECORDS OF CLERK</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/s150815.133570">
<num value="150815.133570">Sec. 150815.133570.</num>
<heading></heading>
<content>SUBPART H. COMPENSATION, EXPENSES, AND COURT COSTS</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/s150810.133570">
<num value="150810.133570">Sec. 150810.133570.</num>
<heading></heading>
<content>PART 2. GUARDIANSHIP PROCEEDINGS AND MATTERS</content>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/s150815.133570">
<num value="150815.133570">Sec. 150815.133570.</num>
<heading></heading>
<content>SUBPART H. COMPENSATION, EXPENSES, AND COURT COSTS</content>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/s151230.133462">
<num value="151230.133462">Sec. 151230.133462.</num>
<heading></heading>
<content>Text of section as amended by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 930, Sec. 2</content>
<sourceCredit>Text of section effective on January 01, 2014
Sec. 665B. COMPENSATION OF ATTORNEY REPRESENTING APPLICANT.
(a) A court that creates a guardianship or creates a management trust under Section 867 of this code for a ward under this chapter, on request of a person who filed an application to be appointed guardian of the proposed ward, an application for the appointment of another suitable person as guardian of the proposed ward, or an application for the creation of the management trust, may authorize compensation of an attorney who represents the person who filed the application at the application hearing, regardless of whether the person is appointed the ward's guardian or whether a management trust is created, from:
(1) available funds of the ward's estate or management trust, if created; or
(2) the county treasury if:
(A) the ward's estate or, if created, management trust, is insufficient to pay for the services provided by the attorney; and
(B) funds in the county treasury are budgeted for that purpose.
(b) The court may not authorize compensation under this section unless the court finds that the applicant acted in good faith and for just cause in the filing and prosecution of the application.
Transferred and redesignated from Probate Code, Art/Sec 665B by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823, Sec. 3.01(e), eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/s147131.133462">
<num value="147131.133462">Sec. 147131.133462.</num>
<heading></heading>
<content>Text of section as amended by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 314, Sec. 1</content>
<sourceCredit>Text of section effective on January 01, 2014
Sec. 665B. PAYMENT OF ATTORNEY'S FEES TO CERTAIN ATTORNEYS. (a) A court that creates a guardianship for a ward under this chapter, on request of a person who filed an application to be appointed guardian of the proposed ward or for the appointment of another suitable person as guardian of the proposed ward, may authorize the payment of reasonable and necessary attorney's fees, as determined by the court, to an attorney who represents the person who filed the application at the application hearing, regardless of whether the person is appointed the ward's guardian, from:
(1) available funds of the ward's estate; or
(2) subject to Subsection (c) of this section, the county treasury if:
(A) the ward's estate is insufficient to pay for the services provided by the attorney; and
(B) funds in the county treasury are budgeted for that purpose.
(b) The court may not authorize attorney's fees under this section unless the court finds that the applicant acted in good faith and for just cause in the filing and prosecution of the application.
(c) The court may authorize the payment of attorney's fees from the county treasury under Subsection (a) of this section only if the court is satisfied that the attorney to whom the fees will be paid has not received, and is not seeking, payment for the services described by that subsection from any other source.
Added by Acts 1995, 74th Leg., ch. 1039, Sec. 28, eff. Sept. 1, 1995. Amended by Acts 1999, 76th Leg., ch. 905, Sec. 2, eff. Sept. 1, 1999.
Subsec. (a) amended by Acts 2003, 78th Leg., ch. 549, Sec. 10, eff. Sept. 1, 2003.
Amended by:
Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 314, Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2009.
Transferred and redesignated from Probate Code, Art/Sec 665B by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823, Sec. 3.01(e), eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<num value="1">TITLE 1.</num>
<heading>GENERAL PROVISIONS</heading>
<chapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c21">
<num value="21">CHAPTER 21.</num>
<heading>PURPOSE AND CONSTRUCTION</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c21/s21.001">
<num value="21.001">Sec. 21.001.</num>
<heading>PURPOSE OF CODE</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c21/s21.001/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>This code is enacted as a part of the state's continuing statutory revision program, begun by the Texas Legislative Council in 1963 as directed by the legislature in the law codified as Section 323.007, Government Code. The program contemplates a topic-by-topic revision of the state's general and permanent statute law without substantive change.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c21/s21.001/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>Consistent with the objectives of the statutory revision program, the purpose of this code is to make the law encompassed by this code more accessible and understandable by:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c21/s21.001/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>rearranging the statutes into a more logical order;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c21/s21.001/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>employing a format and numbering system designed to facilitate citation of the law and to accommodate future expansion of the law;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c21/s21.001/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>eliminating repealed, duplicative, unconstitutional, expired, executed, and other ineffective provisions; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c21/s21.001/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>restating the law in modern American English to the greatest extent possible.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c21/s21.001/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>Repealed by Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1236 , Sec. 20.023(1), eff. September 1, 2015.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 2.01, eff. January 1, 2014.
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 161 (S.B. 1093), Sec. 6.001, eff. January 1, 2014.
Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1236 (S.B. 1296), Sec. 20.002, eff. September 1, 2015.
Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1236 (S.B. 1296), Sec. 20.023(1), eff. September 1, 2015.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c21/s21.002">
<num value="21.002">Sec. 21.002.</num>
<heading>CONSTRUCTION</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c21/s21.002/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>Except as provided by Section 22.027 or 1002.023, Chapter 311, Government Code (Code Construction Act), applies to the construction of a provision of this code.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c21/s21.002/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>This code and the Texas Probate Code, as amended, shall be considered one continuous statute, and for the purposes of any instrument that refers to the Texas Probate Code, this code shall be considered an amendment to the Texas Probate Code.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 2.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 161 (S.B. 1093), Sec. 6.002, eff. January 1, 2014.
Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 173 (H.B. 2419), Sec. 1(b), eff. May 28, 2015.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c21/s21.003">
<num value="21.003">Sec. 21.003.</num>
<heading>STATUTORY REFERENCES</heading>
<content>A reference in a law other than in this code to a statute or a part of a statute revised by this code is considered to be a reference to the part of this code that revises that statute or part of that statute.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 2.03, eff. January 1, 2014.
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 161 (S.B. 1093), Sec. 6.003, eff. January 1, 2014.
Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1236 (S.B. 1296), Sec. 20.004, eff. September 1, 2015.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c21/s21.004">
<num value="21.004">Sec. 21.004.</num>
<heading>EFFECT OF DIVISION OF LAW</heading>
<content>The division of this code into titles, subtitles, chapters, subchapters, parts, subparts, sections, subsections, subdivisions, paragraphs, and subparagraphs is for convenience and does not have any legal effect.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c21/s21.005">
<num value="21.005">Sec. 21.005.</num>
<heading>APPLICABILITY OF CERTAIN LAWS</heading>
<content>Chapter 132, Civil Practice and Remedies Code, does not apply to Subchapter C, Chapter 251.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 2.04, eff. January 1, 2014.
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1136 (H.B. 2912), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1236 (S.B. 1296), Sec. 20.005, eff. September 1, 2015.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c21/s21.006">
<num value="21.006">Sec. 21.006.</num>
<heading>APPLICABILITY TO PROBATE PROCEEDINGS</heading>
<content>The procedure prescribed by Title 2 governs all probate proceedings.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</chapter>
<chapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c22">
<num value="22">CHAPTER 22.</num>
<heading>DEFINITIONS</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c22/s22.001">
<num value="22.001">Sec. 22.001.</num>
<heading>APPLICABILITY OF DEFINITIONS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c22/s22.001/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>Except as provided by Subsection (b), the definition for a term provided by this chapter applies in this code unless a different meaning of the term is otherwise apparent from the context in which the term is used.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c22/s22.001/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>If Title 3 provides a definition for a term that is different from the definition provided by this chapter, the definition for the term provided by Title 3 applies in that title.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 161 (S.B. 1093), Sec. 6.005, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c22/s22.002">
<num value="22.002">Sec. 22.002.</num>
<heading>AUTHORIZED CORPORATE SURETY</heading>
<content>"Authorized corporate surety" means a domestic or foreign corporation authorized to engage in business in this state for the purpose of issuing surety, guaranty, or indemnity bonds that guarantee the fidelity of an executor or administrator.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c22/s22.003">
<num value="22.003">Sec. 22.003.</num>
<heading>CHARITABLE ORGANIZATION</heading>
<chapeau>"Charitable organization" means:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c22/s22.003/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<chapeau>a nonprofit corporation, trust, community chest, fund, foundation, or other entity that is:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c22/s22.003/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>exempt from federal income tax under Section 501(a), Internal Revenue Code of 1986, by being described by Section 501(c)(3) of that code; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c22/s22.003/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>organized and operated exclusively for:</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c22/s22.003/i">
<num value="i">(i)</num>
<chapeau>religious, charitable, scientific, educational, or literary purposes;</chapeau>
<clause identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c22/s22.003/ii">
<num value="ii">(ii)</num>
<content>testing for public safety;</content>
</clause>
<clause identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c22/s22.003/iii">
<num value="iii">(iii)</num>
<content>preventing cruelty to children or animals; or</content>
</clause>
<clause identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c22/s22.003/iv">
<num value="iv">(iv)</num>
<content>promoting amateur sports competition; or</content>
</clause>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c22/s22.003/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>any other entity that is organized and operated exclusively for the purposes listed in Section 501(c)(3), Internal Revenue Code of 1986.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c22/s22.004">
<num value="22.004">Sec. 22.004.</num>
<heading>CHILD</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c22/s22.004/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>"Child" includes an adopted child, regardless of whether the adoption occurred through:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c22/s22.004/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>an existing or former statutory procedure; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c22/s22.004/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>an equitable adoption or acts of estoppel.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c22/s22.004/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The term "child" does not include a child who does not have a presumed father unless a provision of this code expressly states that a child who does not have a presumed father is included.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 844 (H.B. 2271), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c22/s22.005">
<num value="22.005">Sec. 22.005.</num>
<heading>CLAIMS</heading>
<chapeau>"Claims" includes:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c22/s22.005/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>liabilities of a decedent that survive the decedent's death, including taxes, regardless of whether the liabilities arise in contract or tort or otherwise;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c22/s22.005/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>funeral expenses;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c22/s22.005/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the expense of a tombstone;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c22/s22.005/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>expenses of administration;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c22/s22.005/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>estate and inheritance taxes; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c22/s22.005/6">
<num value="6">(6)</num>
<content>debts due such estates.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c22/s22.006">
<num value="22.006">Sec. 22.006.</num>
<heading>CORPORATE FIDUCIARY</heading>
<chapeau>"Corporate fiduciary" means a financial institution, as defined by Section 201.101, Finance Code, that:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c22/s22.006/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>is existing or engaged in business under the laws of this state, another state, or the United States;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c22/s22.006/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>has trust powers; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c22/s22.006/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>is authorized by law to act under the order or appointment of a court of record, without giving bond, as receiver, trustee, executor, administrator, or, although the financial institution does not have general depository powers, depository for any money paid into the court, or to become sole guarantor or surety in or on any bond required to be given under the laws of this state.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c22/s22.007">
<num value="22.007">Sec. 22.007.</num>
<heading>COURT; COUNTY COURT, PROBATE COURT, AND STATUTORY PROBATE COURT</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c22/s22.007/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>"Court" means and includes:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c22/s22.007/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>a county court in the exercise of its probate jurisdiction;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c22/s22.007/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>a court created by statute and authorized to exercise original probate jurisdiction; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c22/s22.007/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>a district court exercising original probate jurisdiction in a contested matter.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c22/s22.007/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>The terms "county court" and "probate court" are synonymous and mean:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c22/s22.007/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>a county court in the exercise of its probate jurisdiction;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c22/s22.007/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>a court created by statute and authorized to exercise original probate jurisdiction; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c22/s22.007/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>a district court exercising probate jurisdiction in a contested matter.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c22/s22.007/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>"Statutory probate court" means a court created by statute and designated as a statutory probate court under Chapter 25, Government Code. For purposes of this code, the term does not include a county court at law exercising probate jurisdiction unless the court is designated a statutory probate court under Chapter 25, Government Code.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c22/s22.008">
<num value="22.008">Sec. 22.008.</num>
<heading>DEVISE</heading>
<chapeau>"Devise":</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c22/s22.008/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>used as a noun, includes a testamentary disposition of real property, personal property, or both; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c22/s22.008/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>used as a verb, means to dispose of real property, personal property, or both, by will.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c22/s22.009">
<num value="22.009">Sec. 22.009.</num>
<heading>DEVISEE</heading>
<content>"Devisee" includes a legatee.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c22/s22.010">
<num value="22.010">Sec. 22.010.</num>
<heading>DISTRIBUTEE</heading>
<content>"Distributee" means a person who is entitled to a part of the estate of a decedent under a lawful will or the statutes of descent and distribution.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c22/s22.011">
<num value="22.011">Sec. 22.011.</num>
<heading>DOCKET</heading>
<content>"Docket" means the probate docket.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c22/s22.012">
<num value="22.012">Sec. 22.012.</num>
<heading>ESTATE</heading>
<chapeau>"Estate" means a decedent's property, as that property:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c22/s22.012/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>exists originally and as the property changes in form by sale, reinvestment, or otherwise;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c22/s22.012/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>is augmented by any accretions and other additions to the property, including any property to be distributed to the decedent's representative by the trustee of a trust that terminates on the decedent's death, and substitutions for the property; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c22/s22.012/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>is diminished by any decreases in or distributions from the property.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c22/s22.013">
<num value="22.013">Sec. 22.013.</num>
<heading>EXEMPT PROPERTY</heading>
<content>"Exempt property" means the property in a decedent's estate that is exempt from execution or forced sale by the constitution or laws of this state, and any allowance paid instead of that property.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c22/s22.014">
<num value="22.014">Sec. 22.014.</num>
<heading>GOVERNMENTAL AGENCY OF THE STATE</heading>
<chapeau>"Governmental agency of the state" means:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c22/s22.014/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>a municipality;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c22/s22.014/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>a county;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c22/s22.014/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>a public school district;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c22/s22.014/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>a special-purpose district or authority;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c22/s22.014/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>a board, commission, department, office, or other agency in the executive branch of state government, including an institution of higher education, as defined by Section 61.003, Education Code;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c22/s22.014/6">
<num value="6">(6)</num>
<content>the legislature or a legislative agency;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c22/s22.014/7">
<num value="7">(7)</num>
<content>the supreme court, the court of criminal appeals, a court of appeals, or a district, county, or justice of the peace court;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c22/s22.014/8">
<num value="8">(8)</num>
<content>a judicial agency having statewide jurisdiction; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c22/s22.014/9">
<num value="9">(9)</num>
<content>the State Bar of Texas.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c22/s22.015">
<num value="22.015">Sec. 22.015.</num>
<heading>HEIR</heading>
<content>"Heir" means a person who is entitled under the statutes of descent and distribution to a part of the estate of a decedent who dies intestate. The term includes the decedent's surviving spouse.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c22/s22.016">
<num value="22.016">Sec. 22.016.</num>
<heading>INCAPACITATED PERSON</heading>
<chapeau>A person is "incapacitated" if the person:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c22/s22.016/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>is a minor;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c22/s22.016/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<chapeau>is an adult who, because of a physical or mental condition, is substantially unable to:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c22/s22.016/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>provide food, clothing, or shelter for himself or herself;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c22/s22.016/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>care for the person's own physical health; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c22/s22.016/C">
<num value="C">(C)</num>
<content>manage the person's own financial affairs; or</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c22/s22.016/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>must have a guardian appointed for the person to receive funds due the person from a governmental source.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c22/s22.017">
<num value="22.017">Sec. 22.017.</num>
<heading>INDEPENDENT EXECUTOR</heading>
<content>"Independent executor" means the personal representative of an estate under independent administration as provided by Chapter 401 and Section 402.001. The term includes an independent administrator.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 161 (S.B. 1093), Sec. 6.006, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c22/s22.018">
<num value="22.018">Sec. 22.018.</num>
<heading>INTERESTED PERSON; PERSON INTERESTED</heading>
<chapeau>"Interested person" or "person interested" means:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c22/s22.018/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>an heir, devisee, spouse, creditor, or any other having a property right in or claim against an estate being administered; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c22/s22.018/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>anyone interested in the welfare of an incapacitated person, including a minor.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c22/s22.019">
<num value="22.019">Sec. 22.019.</num>
<heading>JUDGE</heading>
<chapeau>"Judge" means the presiding judge of any court having original jurisdiction over probate proceedings, regardless of whether the court is:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c22/s22.019/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>a county court in the exercise of its probate jurisdiction;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c22/s22.019/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>a court created by statute and authorized to exercise probate jurisdiction; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c22/s22.019/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>a district court exercising probate jurisdiction in a contested matter.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c22/s22.020">
<num value="22.020">Sec. 22.020.</num>
<heading>LEGACY</heading>
<content>"Legacy" includes a gift or devise of real or personal property made by a will.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c22/s22.021">
<num value="22.021">Sec. 22.021.</num>
<heading>LEGATEE</heading>
<content>"Legatee" includes a person who is entitled to a legacy under a will.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c22/s22.022">
<num value="22.022">Sec. 22.022.</num>
<heading>MINOR</heading>
<chapeau>"Minor" means a person younger than 18 years of age who:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c22/s22.022/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>has never been married; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c22/s22.022/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>has not had the disabilities of minority removed for general purposes.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c22/s22.024">
<num value="22.024">Sec. 22.024.</num>
<heading>MORTGAGE; LIEN</heading>
<chapeau>"Mortgage" and "lien" include:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c22/s22.024/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>a deed of trust;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c22/s22.024/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>a vendor's lien, a mechanic's, materialman's, or laborer's lien, an attachment or garnishment lien, and a federal or state tax lien;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c22/s22.024/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>a chattel mortgage;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c22/s22.024/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>a judgment; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c22/s22.024/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>a pledge by hypothecation.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c22/s22.025">
<num value="22.025">Sec. 22.025.</num>
<heading>NET ESTATE</heading>
<chapeau>"Net estate" means a decedent's property excluding:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c22/s22.025/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>homestead rights;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c22/s22.025/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>exempt property;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c22/s22.025/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the family allowance; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c22/s22.025/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>an enforceable claim against the decedent's estate.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c22/s22.026">
<num value="22.026">Sec. 22.026.</num>
<heading>NEXT OF KIN</heading>
<chapeau>"Next of kin" includes:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c22/s22.026/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>an adopted child or the adopted child's descendants; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c22/s22.026/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the adoptive parent of the adopted child.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c22/s22.027">
<num value="22.027">Sec. 22.027.</num>
<heading>PERSON</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c22/s22.027/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>"Person" includes a natural person and a corporation.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c22/s22.027/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>Except as otherwise provided by this code, the definition of "person" assigned by Section 311.005, Government Code, does not apply to any provision in this code.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 841 (S.B. 462), Sec. 2, eff. September 1, 2015.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c22/s22.028">
<num value="22.028">Sec. 22.028.</num>
<heading>PERSONAL PROPERTY</heading>
<chapeau>"Personal property" includes an interest in:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c22/s22.028/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>goods;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c22/s22.028/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>money;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c22/s22.028/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>a chose in action;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c22/s22.028/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>an evidence of debt; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c22/s22.028/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>a real chattel.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c22/s22.029">
<num value="22.029">Sec. 22.029.</num>
<heading>PROBATE MATTER; PROBATE PROCEEDINGS; PROCEEDING IN PROBATE; PROCEEDINGS FOR PROBATE</heading>
<content>The terms "probate matter," "probate proceedings," "proceeding in probate," and "proceedings for probate" are synonymous and include a matter or proceeding relating to a decedent's estate.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c22/s22.0295">
<num value="22.0295">Sec. 22.0295.</num>
<heading>QUALIFIED DELIVERY METHOD</heading>
<chapeau>"Qualified delivery method" means delivery by:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c22/s22.0295/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>hand delivery by courier, with courier's proof of delivery receipt;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c22/s22.0295/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>certified or registered mail, return receipt requested, with return receipt; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c22/s22.0295/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>a private delivery service designated as a designated delivery service by the United States Secretary of the Treasury under Section 7502(f)(2), Internal Revenue Code of 1986, with proof of delivery receipt.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 205 (S.B. 1373), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2023.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c22/s22.030">
<num value="22.030">Sec. 22.030.</num>
<heading>REAL PROPERTY</heading>
<content>"Real property" includes estates and interests in land, whether corporeal or incorporeal or legal or equitable. The term does not include a real chattel.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c22/s22.031">
<num value="22.031">Sec. 22.031.</num>
<heading>REPRESENTATIVE; PERSONAL REPRESENTATIVE</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c22/s22.031/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>"Representative" and "personal representative" include:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c22/s22.031/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>an executor and independent executor;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c22/s22.031/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>an administrator, independent administrator, and temporary administrator; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c22/s22.031/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>a successor to an executor or administrator listed in Subdivision (1) or (2).</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c22/s22.031/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The inclusion of an independent executor in Subsection (a) may not be construed to subject an independent executor to the control of the courts in probate matters with respect to settlement of estates, except as expressly provided by law.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c22/s22.032">
<num value="22.032">Sec. 22.032.</num>
<heading>SURETY</heading>
<content>"Surety" includes a personal surety and a corporate surety.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c22/s22.033">
<num value="22.033">Sec. 22.033.</num>
<heading>WARD</heading>
<content>"Ward" means a person for whom a guardian has been appointed.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c22/s22.034">
<num value="22.034">Sec. 22.034.</num>
<heading>WILL</heading>
<chapeau>"Will" includes:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c22/s22.034/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>a codicil; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c22/s22.034/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<chapeau>a testamentary instrument that merely:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c22/s22.034/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>appoints an executor or guardian;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c22/s22.034/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>directs how property may not be disposed of; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t1/c22/s22.034/C">
<num value="C">(C)</num>
<content>revokes another will.</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</chapter>
<num value="2">TITLE 2.</num>
<heading>ESTATES OF DECEDENTS; DURABLE POWERS OF ATTORNEY</heading>
<chapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c31">
<num value="31">CHAPTER 31.</num>
<heading>GENERAL PROVISIONS</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c31/s31.001">
<num value="31.001">Sec. 31.001.</num>
<heading>SCOPE OF "PROBATE PROCEEDING" FOR PURPOSES OF CODE</heading>
<chapeau>The term "probate proceeding," as used in this code, includes:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c31/s31.001/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the probate of a will, with or without administration of the estate;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c31/s31.001/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the issuance of letters testamentary and of administration;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c31/s31.001/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>an heirship determination or small estate affidavit, community property administration, and homestead and family allowances;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c31/s31.001/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>an application, petition, motion, or action regarding the probate of a will or an estate administration, including a claim for money owed by the decedent;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c31/s31.001/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>a claim arising from an estate administration and any action brought on the claim;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c31/s31.001/6">
<num value="6">(6)</num>
<content>the settling of a personal representative's account of an estate and any other matter related to the settlement, partition, or distribution of an estate;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c31/s31.001/7">
<num value="7">(7)</num>
<content>a will construction suit; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c31/s31.001/8">
<num value="8">(8)</num>
<content>a will modification or reformation proceeding under Subchapter J, Chapter 255.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 1351 (S.B. 408), Sec. 13(a), eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2019, 86th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1141 (H.B. 2782), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2019.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c31/s31.002">
<num value="31.002">Sec. 31.002.</num>
<heading>MATTERS RELATED TO PROBATE PROCEEDING</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c31/s31.002/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>For purposes of this code, in a county in which there is no statutory probate court or county court at law exercising original probate jurisdiction, a matter related to a probate proceeding includes:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c31/s31.002/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>an action against a personal representative or former personal representative arising out of the representative's performance of the duties of a personal representative;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c31/s31.002/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>an action against a surety of a personal representative or former personal representative;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c31/s31.002/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>a claim brought by a personal representative on behalf of an estate;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c31/s31.002/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>an action brought against a personal representative in the representative's capacity as personal representative;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c31/s31.002/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>an action for trial of title to real property that is estate property, including the enforcement of a lien against the property; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c31/s31.002/6">
<num value="6">(6)</num>
<content>an action for trial of the right of property that is estate property.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c31/s31.002/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>For purposes of this code, in a county in which there is no statutory probate court, but in which there is a county court at law exercising original probate jurisdiction, a matter related to a probate proceeding includes:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c31/s31.002/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>all matters and actions described in Subsection (a);</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c31/s31.002/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the interpretation and administration of a testamentary trust if the will creating the trust has been admitted to probate in the court; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c31/s31.002/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the interpretation and administration of an inter vivos trust created by a decedent whose will has been admitted to probate in the court.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c31/s31.002/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<chapeau>For purposes of this code, in a county in which there is a statutory probate court, a matter related to a probate proceeding includes:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c31/s31.002/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>all matters and actions described in Subsections (a) and (b); and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c31/s31.002/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>any cause of action in which a personal representative of an estate pending in the statutory probate court is a party in the representative's capacity as personal representative.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 1351 (S.B. 408), Sec. 13(a), eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</chapter>
<chapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c32">
<num value="32">CHAPTER 32.</num>
<heading>JURISDICTION</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c32/s32.001">
<num value="32.001">Sec. 32.001.</num>
<heading>GENERAL PROBATE COURT JURISDICTION; APPEALS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c32/s32.001/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>All probate proceedings must be filed and heard in a court exercising original probate jurisdiction. The court exercising original probate jurisdiction also has jurisdiction of all matters related to the probate proceeding as specified in Section 31.002 for that type of court.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c32/s32.001/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A probate court may exercise pendent and ancillary jurisdiction as necessary to promote judicial efficiency and economy.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c32/s32.001/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>A final order issued by a probate court is appealable to the court of appeals.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c32/s32.001/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>The administration of the estate of a decedent, from the filing of the application for probate and administration, or for administration, until the decree of final distribution and the discharge of the last personal representative, shall be considered as one proceeding for purposes of jurisdiction. The entire proceeding is a proceeding in rem.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 1351 (S.B. 408), Sec. 13(a), eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1136 (H.B. 2912), Sec. 2, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c32/s32.002">
<num value="32.002">Sec. 32.002.</num>
<heading>ORIGINAL JURISDICTION FOR PROBATE PROCEEDINGS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c32/s32.002/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>In a county in which there is no statutory probate court or county court at law exercising original probate jurisdiction, the county court has original jurisdiction of probate proceedings.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c32/s32.002/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>In a county in which there is no statutory probate court, but in which there is a county court at law exercising original probate jurisdiction, the county court at law exercising original probate jurisdiction and the county court have concurrent original jurisdiction of probate proceedings, unless otherwise provided by law. The judge of a county court may hear probate proceedings while sitting for the judge of any other county court.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c32/s32.002/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>In a county in which there is a statutory probate court, the statutory probate court has original jurisdiction of probate proceedings.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 1351 (S.B. 408), Sec. 13(a), eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c32/s32.003">
<num value="32.003">Sec. 32.003.</num>
<heading>JURISDICTION OF CONTESTED PROBATE PROCEEDING IN COUNTY WITH NO STATUTORY PROBATE COURT OR STATUTORY COUNTY COURT</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c32/s32.003/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>In a county in which there is no statutory probate court or county court at law exercising original probate jurisdiction, when a matter in a probate proceeding is contested, the judge of the county court may, on the judge's own motion, or shall, on the motion of any party to the proceeding, according to the motion:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c32/s32.003/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>request the assignment of a statutory probate court judge to hear the contested matter, as provided by Section 25.0022, Government Code; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c32/s32.003/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>transfer the contested matter to the district court, which may then hear the contested matter as if originally filed in the district court.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c32/s32.003/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>If a party to a probate proceeding files a motion for the assignment of a statutory probate court judge to hear a contested matter in the proceeding before the judge of the county court transfers the contested matter to a district court under this section, the county judge shall grant the motion for the assignment of a statutory probate court judge and may not transfer the matter to the district court unless the party withdraws the motion.</content>
<continuation>(b-1) If a judge of a county court requests the assignment of a statutory probate court judge to hear a contested matter in a probate proceeding on the judge's own motion or on the motion of a party to the proceeding as provided by this section, the judge may request that the statutory probate court judge be assigned to the entire proceeding on the judge's own motion or on the motion of a party.</continuation>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c32/s32.003/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>A party to a probate proceeding may file a motion for the assignment of a statutory probate court judge under this section before a matter in the proceeding becomes contested, and the motion is given effect as a motion for assignment of a statutory probate court judge under Subsection (a) if the matter later becomes contested.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c32/s32.003/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<chapeau>Notwithstanding any other law, a transfer of a contested matter in a probate proceeding to a district court under any authority other than the authority provided by this section:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c32/s32.003/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>is disregarded for purposes of this section; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c32/s32.003/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>does not defeat the right of a party to the proceeding to have the matter assigned to a statutory probate court judge in accordance with this section.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c32/s32.003/e">
<num value="e">(e)</num>
<content>A statutory probate court judge assigned to a contested matter in a probate proceeding or to the entire proceeding under this section has the jurisdiction and authority granted to a statutory probate court by this subtitle. A statutory probate court judge assigned to hear only the contested matter in a probate proceeding shall, on resolution of the matter, including any appeal of the matter, return the matter to the county court for further proceedings not inconsistent with the orders of the statutory probate court or court of appeals, as applicable. A statutory probate court judge assigned to the entire probate proceeding as provided by Subsection (b-1) shall, on resolution of the contested matter in the proceeding, including any appeal of the matter, return the entire proceeding to the county court for further proceedings not inconsistent with the orders of the statutory probate court or court of appeals, as applicable.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c32/s32.003/f">
<num value="f">(f)</num>
<content>A district court to which a contested matter is transferred under this section has the jurisdiction and authority granted to a statutory probate court by this subtitle. On resolution of a contested matter transferred to the district court under this section, including any appeal of the matter, the district court shall return the matter to the county court for further proceedings not inconsistent with the orders of the district court or court of appeals, as applicable.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c32/s32.003/g">
<num value="g">(g)</num>
<content>If only the contested matter in a probate proceeding is assigned to a statutory probate court judge under this section, or if the contested matter in a probate proceeding is transferred to a district court under this section, the county court shall continue to exercise jurisdiction over the management of the estate, other than a contested matter, until final disposition of the contested matter is made in accordance with this section. Any matter related to a probate proceeding in which a contested matter is transferred to a district court may be brought in the district court. The district court in which a matter related to the proceeding is filed may, on its own motion or on the motion of any party, find that the matter is not a contested matter and transfer the matter to the county court with jurisdiction of the management of the estate.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c32/s32.003/h">
<num value="h">(h)</num>
<content>If a contested matter in a probate proceeding is transferred to a district court under this section, the district court has jurisdiction of any contested matter in the proceeding that is subsequently filed, and the county court shall transfer those contested matters to the district court. If a statutory probate court judge is assigned under this section to hear a contested matter in a probate proceeding, the statutory probate court judge shall be assigned to hear any contested matter in the proceeding that is subsequently filed.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c32/s32.003/i">
<num value="i">(i)</num>
<content>The clerk of a district court to which a contested matter in a probate proceeding is transferred under this section may perform in relation to the contested matter any function a county clerk may perform with respect to that type of matter.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 1351 (S.B. 408), Sec. 13(a), eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1338 (S.B. 1198), Sec. 2.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c32/s32.004">
<num value="32.004">Sec. 32.004.</num>
<heading>JURISDICTION OF CONTESTED PROBATE PROCEEDING IN COUNTY WITH NO STATUTORY PROBATE COURT</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c32/s32.004/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>In a county in which there is no statutory probate court, but in which there is a county court at law exercising original probate jurisdiction, when a matter in a probate proceeding is contested, the judge of the county court may, on the judge's own motion, or shall, on the motion of any party to the proceeding, transfer the contested matter to the county court at law. In addition, the judge of the county court, on the judge's own motion or on the motion of a party to the proceeding, may transfer the entire proceeding to the county court at law.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c32/s32.004/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A county court at law to which a proceeding is transferred under this section may hear the proceeding as if originally filed in that court. If only a contested matter in the proceeding is transferred, on the resolution of the matter, the matter shall be returned to the county court for further proceedings not inconsistent with the orders of the county court at law.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 1351 (S.B. 408), Sec. 13(a), eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c32/s32.005">
<num value="32.005">Sec. 32.005.</num>
<heading>EXCLUSIVE JURISDICTION OF PROBATE PROCEEDING IN COUNTY WITH STATUTORY PROBATE COURT</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c32/s32.005/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>In a county in which there is a statutory probate court, the statutory probate court has exclusive jurisdiction of all probate proceedings, regardless of whether contested or uncontested. A cause of action related to the probate proceeding must be brought in a statutory probate court unless the jurisdiction of the statutory probate court is concurrent with the jurisdiction of a district court as provided by Section 32.007 or with the jurisdiction of any other court.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c32/s32.005/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>This section shall be construed in conjunction and in harmony with Chapter 401 and Section 402.001 and all other sections of this title relating to independent executors, but may not be construed to expand the court's control over an independent executor.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 1351 (S.B. 408), Sec. 13(a), eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 161 (S.B. 1093), Sec. 6.007, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c32/s32.006">
<num value="32.006">Sec. 32.006.</num>
<heading>JURISDICTION OF STATUTORY PROBATE COURT WITH RESPECT TO TRUSTS AND POWERS OF ATTORNEY</heading>
<chapeau>In a county in which there is a statutory probate court, the statutory probate court has jurisdiction of:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c32/s32.006/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>an action by or against a trustee;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c32/s32.006/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>an action involving an inter vivos trust, testamentary trust, or charitable trust;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c32/s32.006/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>an action by or against an agent or former agent under a power of attorney arising out of the agent's performance of the duties of an agent; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c32/s32.006/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>an action to determine the validity of a power of attorney or to determine an agent's rights, powers, or duties under a power of attorney.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 1351 (S.B. 408), Sec. 13(a), eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1136 (H.B. 2912), Sec. 3, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c32/s32.007">
<num value="32.007">Sec. 32.007.</num>
<heading>CONCURRENT JURISDICTION WITH DISTRICT COURT</heading>
<chapeau>A statutory probate court has concurrent jurisdiction with the district court in:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c32/s32.007/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>a personal injury, survival, or wrongful death action by or against a person in the person's capacity as a personal representative;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c32/s32.007/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>an action by or against a trustee;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c32/s32.007/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>an action involving an inter vivos trust, testamentary trust, or charitable trust, including a charitable trust as defined by Section 123.001, Property Code;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c32/s32.007/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>an action involving a personal representative of an estate in which each other party aligned with the personal representative is not an interested person in that estate;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c32/s32.007/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>an action against an agent or former agent under a power of attorney arising out of the agent's performance of the duties of an agent; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c32/s32.007/6">
<num value="6">(6)</num>
<content>an action to determine the validity of a power of attorney or to determine an agent's rights, powers, or duties under a power of attorney.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 1351 (S.B. 408), Sec. 13(a), eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1338 (S.B. 1198), Sec. 2.03, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</chapter>
<chapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c33">
<num value="33">CHAPTER 33.</num>
<heading>VENUE</heading>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c33/scA">
<num value="A">SUBCHAPTER A.</num>
<heading>VENUE FOR CERTAIN PROCEEDINGS</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c33/scA/s33.001">
<num value="33.001">Sec. 33.001.</num>
<heading>PROBATE OF WILLS AND GRANTING OF LETTERS TESTAMENTARY AND OF ADMINISTRATION</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c33/scA/s33.001/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>Venue for a probate proceeding to admit a will to probate or for the granting of letters testamentary or of administration is:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c33/scA/s33.001/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>in the county in which the decedent resided, if the decedent had a domicile or fixed place of residence in this state; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c33/scA/s33.001/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<chapeau>with respect to a decedent who did not have a domicile or fixed place of residence in this state:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c33/scA/s33.001/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>if the decedent died in this state, in the county in which:</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c33/scA/s33.001/i">
<num value="i">(i)</num>
<chapeau>the decedent's principal estate was located at the time of the decedent's death; or</chapeau>
<clause identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c33/scA/s33.001/ii">
<num value="ii">(ii)</num>
<content>the decedent died; or</content>
</clause>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c33/scA/s33.001/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>if the decedent died outside of this state:</content>
</subparagraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c33/scA/s33.001/i">
<num value="i">(i)</num>
<chapeau>in any county in this state in which the decedent's nearest of kin reside; or</chapeau>
<clause identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c33/scA/s33.001/ii">
<num value="ii">(ii)</num>
<content>if there is no next of kin of the decedent in this state, in the county in which the decedent's principal estate was located at the time of the decedent's death.</content>
</clause>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c33/scA/s33.001/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>For purposes of this section:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c33/scA/s33.001/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<chapeau>the decedent's next of kin:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c33/scA/s33.001/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>is the decedent's surviving spouse, or if there is no surviving spouse, other relatives of the decedent within the third degree by consanguinity; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c33/scA/s33.001/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>includes a person who legally adopted the decedent or has been legally adopted by the decedent and that person's descendants; and</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c33/scA/s33.001/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the decedent's nearest of kin is determined in accordance with order of descent, with the decedent's next of kin who is nearest in order of descent first, and so on.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1338 (S.B. 1198), Sec. 2.04, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 844 (H.B. 2271), Sec. 2, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c33/scA/s33.002">
<num value="33.002">Sec. 33.002.</num>
<heading>ACTION RELATED TO PROBATE PROCEEDING IN STATUTORY PROBATE COURT</heading>
<content>Except as provided by Section 33.003, venue for any cause of action related to a probate proceeding pending in a statutory probate court is proper in the statutory probate court in which the decedent's estate is pending.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1338 (S.B. 1198), Sec. 2.04, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c33/scA/s33.003">
<num value="33.003">Sec. 33.003.</num>
<heading>CERTAIN ACTIONS INVOLVING PERSONAL REPRESENTATIVE</heading>
<content>Notwithstanding any other provision of this chapter, the proper venue for an action by or against a personal representative for personal injury, death, or property damages is determined under Section 15.007, Civil Practice and Remedies Code.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1338 (S.B. 1198), Sec. 2.04, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c33/scA/s33.004">
<num value="33.004">Sec. 33.004.</num>
<heading>HEIRSHIP PROCEEDINGS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c33/scA/s33.004/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>Venue for a proceeding to determine a decedent's heirs is in:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c33/scA/s33.004/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the court of the county in which a proceeding admitting the decedent's will to probate or administering the decedent's estate was most recently pending; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c33/scA/s33.004/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<chapeau>the court of the county in which venue would be proper for commencement of an administration of the decedent's estate under Section 33.001 if:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c33/scA/s33.004/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>no will of the decedent has been admitted to probate in this state and no administration of the decedent's estate has been granted in this state; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c33/scA/s33.004/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>the proceeding is commenced by the trustee of a trust holding assets for the benefit of the decedent.</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c33/scA/s33.004/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>Notwithstanding Subsection (a) and Section 33.001, if there is no administration pending of the estate of a deceased ward who died intestate, venue for a proceeding to determine the deceased ward's heirs is in the probate court in which the guardianship proceedings with respect to the ward's estate were pending on the date of the ward's death. A proceeding described by this subsection may not be brought as part of the guardianship proceedings with respect to the ward's estate, but rather must be filed as a separate cause in which the court may determine the heirs' respective shares and interests in the estate as provided by the laws of this state.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1338 (S.B. 1198), Sec. 2.04, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c33/scA/s33.005">
<num value="33.005">Sec. 33.005.</num>
<heading>CERTAIN ACTIONS INVOLVING BREACH OF FIDUCIARY DUTY</heading>
<content>Notwithstanding any other provision of this chapter, venue for a proceeding brought by the attorney general alleging breach of a fiduciary duty by a charitable entity or a fiduciary or managerial agent of a charitable trust is determined under Section 123.005, Property Code.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1338 (S.B. 1198), Sec. 2.04, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c33/scB">
<num value="B">SUBCHAPTER B.</num>
<heading>DETERMINATION OF VENUE</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c33/scB/s33.051">
<num value="33.051">Sec. 33.051.</num>
<heading>COMMENCEMENT OF PROCEEDING</heading>
<content>For purposes of this subchapter, a probate proceeding is considered commenced on the filing of an application for the proceeding that avers facts sufficient to confer venue on the court in which the application is filed.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1338 (S.B. 1198), Sec. 2.04, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c33/scB/s33.052">
<num value="33.052">Sec. 33.052.</num>
<heading>CONCURRENT VENUE</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c33/scB/s33.052/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>If applications for probate proceedings involving the same estate are filed in two or more courts having concurrent venue, the court in which a proceeding involving the estate was first commenced has and retains jurisdiction of the proceeding to the exclusion of the other court or courts in which a proceeding involving the same estate was commenced.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c33/scB/s33.052/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The first commenced probate proceeding extends to all of the decedent's property, including the decedent's estate property.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1338 (S.B. 1198), Sec. 2.04, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c33/scB/s33.053">
<num value="33.053">Sec. 33.053.</num>
<heading>PROBATE PROCEEDINGS IN MORE THAN ONE COUNTY</heading>
<content>If probate proceedings involving the same estate are commenced in more than one county, each proceeding commenced in a county other than the county in which a proceeding was first commenced is stayed until the court in which the proceeding was first commenced makes a final determination of venue.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1338 (S.B. 1198), Sec. 2.04, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c33/scB/s33.054">
<num value="33.054">Sec. 33.054.</num>
<heading>JURISDICTION TO DETERMINE VENUE</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c33/scB/s33.054/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>Subject to Sections 33.052 and 33.053, a court in which an application for a probate proceeding is filed has jurisdiction to determine venue for the proceeding and for any matter related to the proceeding.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c33/scB/s33.054/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A court's determination under this section is not subject to collateral attack.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1338 (S.B. 1198), Sec. 2.04, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c33/scB/s33.055">
<num value="33.055">Sec. 33.055.</num>
<heading>PROTECTION FOR CERTAIN PURCHASERS</heading>
<content>Notwithstanding Section 33.052, a bona fide purchaser of real property who relied on a probate proceeding that was not the first commenced proceeding, without knowledge that the proceeding was not the first commenced proceeding, shall be protected with respect to the purchase unless before the purchase an order rendered in the first commenced proceeding admitting the decedent's will to probate, determining the decedent's heirs, or granting administration of the decedent's estate was recorded in the office of the county clerk of the county in which the purchased property is located.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1338 (S.B. 1198), Sec. 2.04, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c33/scC">
<num value="C">SUBCHAPTER C.</num>
<heading>TRANSFER OF PROBATE PROCEEDING</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c33/scC/s33.101">
<num value="33.101">Sec. 33.101.</num>
<heading>TRANSFER TO OTHER COUNTY IN WHICH VENUE IS PROPER</heading>
<content>If probate proceedings involving the same estate are commenced in more than one county and the court making a determination of venue as provided by Section 33.053 determines that venue is proper in another county, the court clerk shall transmit the file for the proceeding in accordance with the procedures provided by Section 33.105 to the court in the county in which venue is proper. The court to which the file is transmitted shall conduct the proceeding in the same manner as if the proceeding had originally been commenced in that county.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1338 (S.B. 1198), Sec. 2.04, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2021, 87th Leg., R.S., Ch. 521 (S.B. 626), Sec. 2, eff. September 1, 2021.
Acts 2021, 87th Leg., R.S., Ch. 576 (S.B. 615), Sec. 2, eff. September 1, 2021.
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 256 (S.B. 1612), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2023.
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 861 (H.B. 3474), Sec. 11.001, eff. September 1, 2023.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c33/scC/s33.102">
<num value="33.102">Sec. 33.102.</num>
<heading>TRANSFER FOR WANT OF VENUE</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c33/scC/s33.102/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>If it appears to the court at any time before the final order in a probate proceeding is rendered that the court does not have priority of venue over the proceeding, the court shall, on the application of an interested person, transfer the proceeding to the proper county by transmitting the file for the proceeding in accordance with the procedures provided by Section 33.105 to the proper court in that county.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c33/scC/s33.102/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The court of the county to which a probate proceeding is transferred under Subsection (a) shall complete the proceeding in the same manner as if the proceeding had originally been commenced in that county.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c33/scC/s33.102/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>If the question as to priority of venue is not raised before a final order in a probate proceeding is announced, the finality of the order is not affected by any error in venue.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1338 (S.B. 1198), Sec. 2.04, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2021, 87th Leg., R.S., Ch. 521 (S.B. 626), Sec. 3, eff. September 1, 2021.
Acts 2021, 87th Leg., R.S., Ch. 576 (S.B. 615), Sec. 3, eff. September 1, 2021.
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 256 (S.B. 1612), Sec. 2, eff. September 1, 2023.
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 861 (H.B. 3474), Sec. 11.002, eff. September 1, 2023.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c33/scC/s33.103">
<num value="33.103">Sec. 33.103.</num>
<heading>TRANSFER FOR CONVENIENCE</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c33/scC/s33.103/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>The court may order that a probate proceeding be transferred to the proper court in another county in this state if it appears to the court at any time before the proceeding is concluded that the transfer would be in the best interest of:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c33/scC/s33.103/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the estate; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c33/scC/s33.103/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>if there is no administration of the estate, the decedent's heirs or beneficiaries under the decedent's will.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c33/scC/s33.103/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The clerk of the court from which the probate proceeding described by Subsection (a) is transferred shall transmit the file for the proceeding in accordance with the procedures provided by Section 33.105 to the court to which the proceeding is transferred.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c33/scC/s33.103/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>Repealed by Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 861 (H.B. 3474), Sec. 11.011, and Ch. 256 (H.B. 1612), Sec. 27(a)(2), eff. September 1, 2023.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1338 (S.B. 1198), Sec. 2.04, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2021, 87th Leg., R.S., Ch. 521 (S.B. 626), Sec. 4, eff. September 1, 2021.
Acts 2021, 87th Leg., R.S., Ch. 576 (S.B. 615), Sec. 4, eff. September 1, 2021.
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 256 (S.B. 1612), Sec. 3, eff. September 1, 2023.
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 256 (S.B. 1612), Sec. 27(a)(2), eff. September 1, 2023.
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 861 (H.B. 3474), Sec. 11.003, eff. September 1, 2023.
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 861 (H.B. 3474), Sec. 11.011, eff. September 1, 2023.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c33/scC/s33.104">
<num value="33.104">Sec. 33.104.</num>
<heading>VALIDATION OF PREVIOUS PROCEEDINGS</heading>
<content>All orders entered in connection with a probate proceeding that is transferred to another county under a provision of this subchapter are valid and shall be recognized in the court to which the proceeding is transferred if the orders were made and entered in conformance with the procedure prescribed by this code.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1338 (S.B. 1198), Sec. 2.04, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c33/scC/s33.105">
<num value="33.105">Sec. 33.105.</num>
<heading>TRANSFER OF PROBATE PROCEEDING RECORD</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c33/scC/s33.105/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>If a probate proceeding is transferred to a court in another county under this chapter, the clerk of the transferring court shall send to the clerk of the court to which the proceeding is transferred:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c33/scC/s33.105/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<chapeau>using the electronic filing system established under Section 72.031, Government Code:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c33/scC/s33.105/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>a transfer certificate and index of transferred documents;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c33/scC/s33.105/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>a copy of each final order;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c33/scC/s33.105/C">
<num value="C">(C)</num>
<content>a copy of the order of transfer signed by the transferring court;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c33/scC/s33.105/D">
<num value="D">(D)</num>
<content>a copy of the original papers filed in the transferring court;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c33/scC/s33.105/E">
<num value="E">(E)</num>
<content>a copy of the transfer certificate and index of transferred documents from each previous transfer; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c33/scC/s33.105/F">
<num value="F">(F)</num>
<content>a bill of any costs accrued in the transferring court; and</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c33/scC/s33.105/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>by a qualified delivery method, the original will, or the paper copy of the will offered under Section 256.156 to prove a will that cannot be produced in court, as applicable.</content>
<continuation>(a-1) If applicable, the applicant who requested to transfer a probate proceeding shall pay the cost of delivery under Subsection (a)(2).</continuation>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c33/scC/s33.105/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The clerk of the transferring court shall use the standardized transfer certificate and index of transferred documents form developed by the Office of Court Administration of the Texas Judicial System under Section 72.037, Government Code, when transferring a proceeding under this section.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c33/scC/s33.105/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>The clerk of the transferring court shall keep a copy of the documents transferred under Subsection (a).</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c33/scC/s33.105/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<chapeau>The clerk of the court to which the proceeding is transferred shall:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c33/scC/s33.105/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>accept documents transferred under Subsection (a);</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c33/scC/s33.105/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>docket the proceeding; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c33/scC/s33.105/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>notify, using the electronic filing system established under Section 72.031, Government Code, all parties to the proceeding, the clerk of the transferring court, and, if appropriate, the transferring court's local registry that the proceeding has been docketed.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c33/scC/s33.105/e">
<num value="e">(e)</num>
<content>The clerk of the transferee court shall physically or electronically mark or stamp the transfer certificate and index of transferred documents to evidence the date and time of acceptance under Subsection (d) but may not physically or electronically mark or stamp any other document transferred under Subsection (a).</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c33/scC/s33.105/f">
<num value="f">(f)</num>
<content>The clerks of both the transferee and transferring courts may each produce under Chapter 51, Government Code, certified or uncertified copies of documents transferred under Subsection (a) but must include a copy of the transfer certificate and index of transferred documents with each document produced.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c33/scC/s33.105/g">
<num value="g">(g)</num>
<content>Sections 80.001 and 80.002, Government Code, do not apply to the transfer of documents under this section.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 256 (S.B. 1612), Sec. 4, eff. September 1, 2023.
Added by Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 861 (H.B. 3474), Sec. 11.004, eff. September 1, 2023.
Amended by:
Acts 2025, 89th Leg., R.S., Ch. 438 (H.B. 3421), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2025.
Acts 2025, 89th Leg., R.S., Ch. 831 (S.B. 1448), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2025.
Acts 2025, 89th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1009 (S.B. 1839), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2025.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
</chapter>
<chapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c34">
<num value="34">CHAPTER 34.</num>
<heading>MATTERS RELATING TO CERTAIN OTHER TYPES OF PROCEEDINGS</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c34/s34.001">
<num value="34.001">Sec. 34.001.</num>
<heading>TRANSFER TO STATUTORY PROBATE COURT OF PROCEEDING RELATED TO PROBATE PROCEEDING</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c34/s34.001/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>A judge of a statutory probate court, on the motion of a party to the action or on the motion of a person interested in an estate, may transfer to the judge's court from a district, county, or statutory court a cause of action related to a probate proceeding pending in the statutory probate court or a cause of action in which a personal representative of an estate pending in the statutory probate court is a party and may consolidate the transferred cause of action with the other proceedings in the statutory probate court relating to that estate.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c34/s34.001/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>Notwithstanding any other provision of this subtitle, Title 1, Chapter 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, or 151, or Section 351.001, 351.002, 351.053, 351.352, 351.353, 351.354, or 351.355, the proper venue for an action by or against a personal representative for personal injury, death, or property damages is determined under Section 15.007, Civil Practice and Remedies Code.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 1983, 68th Leg., p. 5228, ch. 958, Sec. 1, eff. Sept. 1, 1983. Amended by Acts 1999, 76th Leg., ch. 1431, Sec. 1, eff. Sept. 1, 1999; Acts 2003, 78th Leg., ch. 204, Sec. 3.06, eff. Sept. 1, 2003.
Amended by:
Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 1351 (S.B. 408), Sec. 12(c), eff. September 1, 2009.
Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1338 (S.B. 1198), Sec. 1.03, eff. January 1, 2014.
Transferred, redesignated and amended from Probate Code, Art/Sec 5B by Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 161 (S.B. 1093), Sec. 6.009, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1236 (S.B. 1296), Sec. 20.006, eff. September 1, 2015.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c34/s34.002">
<num value="34.002">Sec. 34.002.</num>
<heading>ACTIONS TO COLLECT DELINQUENT PROPERTY TAXES</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c34/s34.002/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>This section applies only to a decedent's estate that:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c34/s34.002/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>is being administered in a pending probate proceeding;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c34/s34.002/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>owns or claims an interest in property against which a taxing unit has imposed ad valorem taxes that are delinquent; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c34/s34.002/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>is not being administered as an independent administration under Chapter 401 and Section 402.001.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c34/s34.002/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>Notwithstanding any provision of this code to the contrary, if the probate proceedings are pending in a foreign jurisdiction or in a county other than the county in which the taxes were imposed, a suit to foreclose the lien securing payment of the taxes or to enforce personal liability for the taxes must be brought under Section 33.41, Tax Code, in a court of competent jurisdiction in the county in which the taxes were imposed.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c34/s34.002/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>If the probate proceedings have been pending for four years or less in the county in which the taxes were imposed, the taxing unit may present a claim for the delinquent taxes against the estate to the personal representative of the estate in the probate proceedings.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c34/s34.002/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<chapeau>If the taxing unit presents a claim against the estate under Subsection (c):</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c34/s34.002/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the claim of the taxing unit is subject to each applicable provision in Subchapter A, Chapter 124, Subchapter B, Chapter 308, Subchapter F, Chapter 351, and Chapters 355 and 356 that relates to a claim or the enforcement of a claim in a probate proceeding; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c34/s34.002/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the taxing unit may not bring a suit in any other court to foreclose the lien securing payment of the taxes or to enforce personal liability for the delinquent taxes before the first day after the fourth anniversary of the date the application for the probate proceeding was filed.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c34/s34.002/e">
<num value="e">(e)</num>
<chapeau>To foreclose the lien securing payment of the delinquent taxes, the taxing unit must bring a suit under Section 33.41, Tax Code, in a court of competent jurisdiction for the county in which the taxes were imposed if:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c34/s34.002/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the probate proceedings have been pending in that county for more than four years; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c34/s34.002/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the taxing unit did not present a delinquent tax claim under Subsection (c) against the estate in the probate proceeding.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c34/s34.002/f">
<num value="f">(f)</num>
<chapeau>In a suit brought under Subsection (e), the taxing unit:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c34/s34.002/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>shall make the personal representative of the decedent's estate a party to the suit; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c34/s34.002/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>may not seek to enforce personal liability for the taxes against the estate of the decedent.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 1999, 76th Leg., ch. 1481, Sec. 36, eff. Sept. 1, 1999.
Transferred, redesignated and amended from Probate Code, Art/Sec 5C by Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 161 (S.B. 1093), Sec. 6.009, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</chapter>
<chapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51">
<num value="51">CHAPTER 51.</num>
<heading>NOTICES AND PROCESS IN PROBATE PROCEEDINGS IN GENERAL</heading>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scA">
<num value="A">SUBCHAPTER A.</num>
<heading>ISSUANCE AND FORM OF NOTICE OR PROCESS</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scA/s51.001">
<num value="51.001">Sec. 51.001.</num>
<heading>ISSUANCE OF NOTICE OR PROCESS IN GENERAL</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scA/s51.001/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>Except as provided by Subsection (b), a person is not required to be cited or otherwise given notice except in a situation in which this title expressly provides for citation or the giving of notice.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scA/s51.001/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>If this title does not expressly provide for citation or the issuance or return of notice in a probate matter, the court may require that notice be given. A court that requires that notice be given may prescribe the form and manner of service of the notice and the return of service.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scA/s51.001/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<chapeau>Unless a court order is required by this title, the county clerk without a court order shall issue:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scA/s51.001/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>necessary citations, writs, and other process in a probate matter; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scA/s51.001/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>all notices not required to be issued by a personal representative.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scA/s51.002">
<num value="51.002">Sec. 51.002.</num>
<heading>DIRECTION OF WRIT OR OTHER PROCESS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scA/s51.002/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>A writ or other process other than a citation or notice must be directed "To any sheriff or constable within the State of Texas."</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scA/s51.002/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>Notwithstanding Subsection (a), a writ or other process other than a citation or notice may not be held defective because the process is directed to the sheriff or a constable of a named county if the process is properly served within that county by the sheriff or constable.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scA/s51.003">
<num value="51.003">Sec. 51.003.</num>
<heading>CONTENTS OF CITATION OR NOTICE</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scA/s51.003/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>A citation or notice must:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scA/s51.003/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>be directed to the person to be cited or notified;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scA/s51.003/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>be dated;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scA/s51.003/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>state the style and number of the proceeding;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scA/s51.003/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>state the court in which the proceeding is pending;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scA/s51.003/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>describe generally the nature of the proceeding or matter to which the citation or notice relates;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scA/s51.003/6">
<num value="6">(6)</num>
<content>direct the person being cited or notified to appear by filing a written contest or answer or to perform another required action; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scA/s51.003/7">
<num value="7">(7)</num>
<content>state when and where the appearance or performance described by Subdivision (6) is required.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scA/s51.003/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A citation or notice issued by the county clerk must be styled "The State of Texas" and be signed by the clerk under the court's seal.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scA/s51.003/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>A notice required to be given by a personal representative must be in writing and be signed by the representative in the representative's official capacity.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scA/s51.003/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>A citation or notice is not required to contain a precept directed to an officer, but may not be held defective because the citation or notice contains a precept directed to an officer authorized to serve the citation or notice.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2021, 87th Leg., R.S., Ch. 521 (S.B. 626), Sec. 5, eff. September 1, 2021.
Acts 2021, 87th Leg., R.S., Ch. 576 (S.B. 615), Sec. 5, eff. September 1, 2021.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scB">
<num value="B">SUBCHAPTER B.</num>
<heading>METHODS OF SERVING CITATION OR NOTICE; PERSONS</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scB/s132519.120931">
<num value="132519.120931">Sec. 132519.120931.</num>
<heading></heading>
<content>TO BE SERVED</content>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scB/s51.051">
<num value="51.051">Sec. 51.051.</num>
<heading>PERSONAL SERVICE</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scB/s51.051/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>Except as otherwise provided by Subsection (b), if personal service of citation or notice is required, the citation or notice must be served on the attorney of record for the person to be cited or notified. Notwithstanding the requirement of personal service, service may be made on that attorney by any method specified by Section 51.055 for service on an attorney of record.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scB/s51.051/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>If the person to be cited or notified does not have an attorney of record in the proceeding, or if an attempt to serve the person's attorney is unsuccessful:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scB/s51.051/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the sheriff or constable shall serve the citation or notice by delivering a copy of the citation or notice to the person to be cited or notified, in person, if the person to whom the citation or notice is directed is in this state; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scB/s51.051/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>any disinterested person competent to make an oath that the citation or notice was served may serve the citation or notice, if the person to be cited or notified is absent from or is not a resident of this state.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scB/s51.051/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>The return day of the citation or notice served under Subsection (b) must be at least 10 days after the date of service, excluding the date of service.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scB/s51.051/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>If citation or notice attempted to be served as provided by Subsection (b) is returned with the notation that the person sought to be served, whether inside or outside this state, cannot be found, the county clerk shall issue a new citation or notice. Service of the new citation or notice must be made by publication.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scB/s51.052">
<num value="51.052">Sec. 51.052.</num>
<heading>SERVICE BY MAIL OR PRIVATE DELIVERY</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scB/s51.052/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>The county clerk, or the personal representative if required by statute or court order, shall serve a citation or notice required or permitted to be served by regular mail by mailing the original citation or notice to the person to be cited or notified.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scB/s51.052/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>Except as provided by Subsection (c), the county clerk shall issue a citation or notice required or permitted to be served by a qualified delivery method and shall serve the citation or notice by sending the original citation or notice by a qualified delivery method.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scB/s51.052/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>A personal representative shall issue a notice required to be given by the representative by a qualified delivery method and shall serve the notice by sending the original notice by a qualified delivery method.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scB/s51.052/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<chapeau>The county clerk or personal representative, as applicable, shall send a citation or notice under Subsection (b) or (c) with an instruction to deliver the citation or notice to the addressee only and with return receipt or other proof of delivery requested. The clerk or representative, as applicable, shall address the envelope containing the citation or notice to:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scB/s51.052/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the attorney of record in the proceeding for the person to be cited or notified; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scB/s51.052/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the person to be cited or notified, if the citation or notice to the attorney is returned undelivered or the person to be cited or notified has no attorney of record in the proceeding.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scB/s51.052/e">
<num value="e">(e)</num>
<content>Service by a qualified delivery method shall be made at least 20 days before the return day of the service, excluding the date of service. The date of service is the date of mailing, the date of deposit with the private delivery service, or the date of delivery by the courier, as applicable.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scB/s51.052/f">
<num value="f">(f)</num>
<content>A copy of a citation or notice served under Subsection (a), (b), or (c), together with a certificate of the person serving the citation or notice showing that the citation or notice was sent and the date of the mailing, date of deposit with a private delivery service, or date of delivery by courier, as applicable, shall be filed and recorded. A returned receipt or proof of delivery receipt for a citation or notice served under Subsection (b) or (c) shall be attached to the certificate.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scB/s51.052/g">
<num value="g">(g)</num>
<content>If a citation or notice served by a qualified delivery method is returned undelivered, a new citation or notice shall be issued. Service of the new citation or notice must be made by posting.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 205 (S.B. 1373), Sec. 2, eff. September 1, 2023.
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 205 (S.B. 1373), Sec. 3, eff. September 1, 2023.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scB/s51.053">
<num value="51.053">Sec. 51.053.</num>
<heading>SERVICE BY POSTING</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scB/s51.053/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>The county clerk shall deliver the original and a copy of a citation or notice required to be posted to the sheriff or a constable of the county in which the proceeding is pending. The sheriff or constable shall post the copy at the door of the county courthouse or the location in or near the courthouse where public notices are customarily posted.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scB/s51.053/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>Citation or notice under this section must be posted for at least 10 days before the return day of the service, excluding the date of posting, except as provided by Section 51.102(b). The date of service of citation or notice by posting is the date of posting.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scB/s51.053/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>A sheriff or constable who posts a citation or notice under this section shall return the original citation or notice to the county clerk and state the date and location of the posting in a written return on the citation or notice.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scB/s51.053/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<chapeau>The method of service prescribed by this section applies when a personal representative is required or permitted to post a notice. The notice must be:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scB/s51.053/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>issued in the name of the representative;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scB/s51.053/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>addressed and delivered to, and posted and returned by, the appropriate officer; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scB/s51.053/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>filed with the county clerk.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scB/s51.054">
<num value="51.054">Sec. 51.054.</num>
<heading>SERVICE BY PUBLICATION</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scB/s51.054/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>Except as provided by Section 17.032, Civil Practice and Remedies Code, citation or notice to a person to be served by publication shall be published one time on the public information Internet website maintained as required by Section 72.034, Government Code, and in a newspaper of general circulation in the county in which the proceeding is pending. The publication must be made at least 10 days before the return day of the service, excluding the date of publication.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scB/s51.054/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>The date of service of citation or notice by publication is the earlier of:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scB/s51.054/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the date the citation or notice is published on the public information Internet website under Subsection (a); or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scB/s51.054/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the date of publication printed on the newspaper in which the citation or notice is published.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scB/s51.054/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>Repealed by Acts 2019, 86th Leg., R.S., Ch. 606 (S.B. 891), Sec. 15.02(1), eff. September 1, 2019.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2019, 86th Leg., R.S., Ch. 606 (S.B. 891), Sec. 10.05, eff. June 1, 2020.
Acts 2019, 86th Leg., R.S., Ch. 606 (S.B. 891), Sec. 15.02(1), eff. September 1, 2019.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scB/s51.055">
<num value="51.055">Sec. 51.055.</num>
<heading>SERVICE ON PARTY'S ATTORNEY OF RECORD</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scB/s51.055/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>If a party is represented by an attorney of record in a probate proceeding, each citation or notice required to be served on the party in that proceeding shall be served instead on that attorney. A notice under this subsection may be served by delivery to the attorney in person or by a qualified delivery method.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scB/s51.055/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>A notice may be served on an attorney of record under this section by:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scB/s51.055/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>another party to the proceeding;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scB/s51.055/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the attorney of record for another party to the proceeding;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scB/s51.055/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the appropriate sheriff or constable; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scB/s51.055/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>any other person competent to testify.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scB/s51.055/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<chapeau>Each of the following is prima facie evidence of the fact that service has been made under this section:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scB/s51.055/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the written statement of an attorney of record showing service;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scB/s51.055/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the return of the officer showing service; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scB/s51.055/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the affidavit of any other person showing service.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 205 (S.B. 1373), Sec. 4, eff. September 1, 2023.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scB/s51.056">
<num value="51.056">Sec. 51.056.</num>
<heading>SERVICE ON PERSONAL REPRESENTATIVE OR RECEIVER</heading>
<chapeau>Unless this title expressly provides for another method of service, the county clerk who issues a citation or notice required to be served on a personal representative or receiver shall serve the citation or notice by sending the original citation or notice by a qualified delivery method to:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scB/s51.056/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the representative's or receiver's attorney of record; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scB/s51.056/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the representative or receiver, if the representative or receiver does not have an attorney of record.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 205 (S.B. 1373), Sec. 5, eff. September 1, 2023.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scB/s51.057">
<num value="51.057">Sec. 51.057.</num>
<heading>SERVICE REGARDING CERTAIN DECEASED PERSONS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scB/s51.057/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>Except as provided by Subsection (b), if a citation or notice is required to be served in a probate proceeding on a person who is now deceased but survived the decedent who is the subject of the proceeding, the citation or notice must be served on one of the following:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scB/s51.057/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the personal representative of the deceased person's estate, as provided by Section 51.056; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scB/s51.057/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<chapeau>each distributee of the deceased person's estate, if:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scB/s51.057/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>the personal representative has been discharged;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scB/s51.057/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>the independent executor has filed a closing report or a notice of closing of the estate; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scB/s51.057/C">
<num value="C">(C)</num>
<content>there is no administration of the estate ordered by a court, including if:</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scB/s51.057/i">
<num value="i">(i)</num>
<chapeau>the deceased person's will was admitted to probate as a muniment of title;</chapeau>
<clause identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scB/s51.057/ii">
<num value="ii">(ii)</num>
<content>the court finds there is no necessity for administration in a judgment in a proceeding declaring heirship under Chapter 202; or</content>
</clause>
<clause identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scB/s51.057/iii">
<num value="iii">(iii)</num>
<content>the court approves a small estate affidavit under Chapter 205.</content>
</clause>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scB/s51.057/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>If there is no court order determining the distributees of the estate of the deceased person who survived the decedent or no personal representative of the deceased person's estate has been appointed, the citation or notice must be served on the unknown distributees of the estate by publication in the county in which the probate proceeding described by Subsection (a) is pending and, if known, the county of the last residence of the deceased person, if that residence was in a county other than the county in which the probate proceeding is pending.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scB/s51.057/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>If service by publication is required by Subsection (b), the court may appoint an attorney ad litem to represent the interests of the distributees of the deceased person's estate, whether known or unknown.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2025, 89th Leg., R.S., Ch. 831 (S.B. 1448), Sec. 2, eff. September 1, 2025.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scC">
<num value="C">SUBCHAPTER C.</num>
<heading>RETURN AND PROOF OF SERVICE OF CITATION OR NOTICE</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scC/s51.101">
<num value="51.101">Sec. 51.101.</num>
<heading>REQUIREMENTS FOR RETURN ON CITATION OR NOTICE SERVED BY PERSONAL SERVICE</heading>
<chapeau>The return of the person serving a citation or notice under Section 51.051 must:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scC/s51.101/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>be endorsed on or attached to the citation or notice;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scC/s51.101/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>state the date and place of service;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scC/s51.101/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>certify that a copy of the citation or notice was delivered to the person directed to be served;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scC/s51.101/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>be subscribed and sworn to before, and under the hand and official seal of, an officer authorized by the laws of this state to take an affidavit; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scC/s51.101/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>be returned to the county clerk who issued the citation or notice.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scC/s51.102">
<num value="51.102">Sec. 51.102.</num>
<heading>VALIDITY OF SERVICE AND RETURN ON CITATION OR NOTICE SERVED BY POSTING</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scC/s51.102/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>A citation or notice in a probate matter that is required to be served by posting and is issued in conformity with this title, and the service and return of service of the citation or notice, is valid if:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scC/s51.102/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>a sheriff or constable posts a copy of the citation or notice at the location or locations prescribed by this title; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scC/s51.102/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the posting occurs on a day preceding the return day of service specified in the citation or notice that provides sufficient time for the period the citation or notice must be posted to expire before the specified return day.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scC/s51.102/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The fact that a sheriff or constable, as applicable, makes the return of service on the citation or notice described by Subsection (a) and returns the citation or notice on which the return has been made to the court before the expiration of the period the citation or notice must be posted does not affect the validity of the citation or notice or the service or return of service. This subsection applies even if the sheriff or constable makes the return of service and returns the citation or notice on which the return is made to the court on the same day the citation or notice is issued.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scC/s51.103">
<num value="51.103">Sec. 51.103.</num>
<heading>PROOF OF SERVICE</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scC/s51.103/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>Proof of service in each case requiring citation or notice must be filed before the hearing.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scC/s51.103/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>Proof of service consists of:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scC/s51.103/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>if the service is made by a sheriff or constable, the return of service;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scC/s51.103/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>if the service is made by a private person, the person's affidavit;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scC/s51.103/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<chapeau>if the service is made by a qualified delivery method:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scC/s51.103/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>the certificate of the county clerk making the service, or the affidavit of the personal representative or other person making the service, stating that the citation or notice was mailed, deposited with a private delivery service, or delivered by courier, as applicable, and the date of the mailing or deposit with the delivery service or the date of the courier delivery, as applicable; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scC/s51.103/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>the return receipt or other proof of delivery receipt attached to the certificate or affidavit, as applicable, if the sending was by a qualified delivery method and a receipt is available; and</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scC/s51.103/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<chapeau>if the service is made by publication:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scC/s51.103/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>a statement:</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scC/s51.103/i">
<num value="i">(i)</num>
<chapeau>made by the Office of Court Administration of the Texas Judicial System or an employee of the office;</chapeau>
<clause identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scC/s51.103/ii">
<num value="ii">(ii)</num>
<content>that contains or to which is attached a copy of the published citation or notice; and</content>
</clause>
<clause identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scC/s51.103/iii">
<num value="iii">(iii)</num>
<content>that states the date of publication on the public information Internet website maintained as required by Section 72.034, Government Code; and</content>
</clause>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scC/s51.103/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>an affidavit:</content>
</subparagraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scC/s51.103/i">
<num value="i">(i)</num>
<chapeau>made by the publisher of the newspaper in which the citation or notice was published or an employee of the publisher;</chapeau>
<clause identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scC/s51.103/ii">
<num value="ii">(ii)</num>
<content>that contains or to which is attached a copy of the published citation or notice; and</content>
</clause>
<clause identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scC/s51.103/iii">
<num value="iii">(iii)</num>
<content>that states the date of publication printed on the newspaper in which the citation or notice was published.</content>
</clause>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2019, 86th Leg., R.S., Ch. 606 (S.B. 891), Sec. 10.06, eff. June 1, 2020.
Acts 2021, 87th Leg., R.S., Ch. 934 (H.B. 3774), Sec. 9.02, eff. September 1, 2021.
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 205 (S.B. 1373), Sec. 6, eff. September 1, 2023.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scC/s51.104">
<num value="51.104">Sec. 51.104.</num>
<heading>RETURN TO COURT</heading>
<content>A citation or notice issued by a county clerk must be returned to the court from which the citation or notice was issued on the first Monday after the service is perfected.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scD">
<num value="D">SUBCHAPTER D.</num>
<heading>ALTERNATIVE MANNER OF ISSUANCE, SERVICE, AND RETURN</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scD/s51.151">
<num value="51.151">Sec. 51.151.</num>
<heading>COURT-ORDERED ISSUANCE, SERVICE, AND RETURN UNDER CERTAIN CIRCUMSTANCES</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scD/s51.151/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>A citation or notice required by this title shall be issued, served, and returned in the manner specified by written order of the court in accordance with this title and the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure if:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scD/s51.151/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>an interested person requests that action;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scD/s51.151/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>a specific method is not provided by this title for giving the citation or notice;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scD/s51.151/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>a specific method is not provided by this title for the service and return of citation or notice; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scD/s51.151/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>a provision relating to a matter described by Subdivision (2) or (3) is inadequate.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scD/s51.151/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>Citation or notice issued, served, and returned in the manner specified by a court order as provided by Subsection (a) has the same effect as if the manner of service and return had been specified by this title.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scE">
<num value="E">SUBCHAPTER E.</num>
<heading>ADDITIONAL NOTICE PROVISIONS</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scE/s51.201">
<num value="51.201">Sec. 51.201.</num>
<heading>WAIVER OF NOTICE OF HEARING</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scE/s51.201/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>A legally competent person who is interested in a hearing in a probate proceeding may waive notice of the hearing in writing either in person or through an attorney.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scE/s51.201/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A trustee of a trust may waive notice under Subsection (a) on behalf of a beneficiary of the trust as provided by that subsection.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scE/s51.201/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>A consul or other representative of a foreign government whose appearance has been entered as provided by law on behalf of a person residing in a foreign country may waive notice under Subsection (a) on the person's behalf as provided by that subsection.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scE/s51.201/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>A person who submits to the jurisdiction of the court in a hearing is considered to have waived notice of the hearing.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scE/s51.202">
<num value="51.202">Sec. 51.202.</num>
<heading>REQUEST FOR NOTICE OF FILING OF PLEADING</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scE/s51.202/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>At any time after an application is filed to commence a probate proceeding, including a proceeding for the probate of a will, the grant of letters testamentary or of administration, or a determination of heirship, a person interested in the estate may file with the county clerk a written request to be notified of all, or any specified, motions, applications, or pleadings filed with respect to the proceeding by any person or by one or more persons specifically named in the request. A person filing a request under this section is responsible for payment of the fees and other costs of providing a requested notice, and the clerk may require a deposit to cover the estimated costs of providing the notice. Thereafter, the clerk shall send to the requestor by regular mail a copy of any requested document.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scE/s51.202/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A county clerk's failure to comply with a request under this section does not invalidate any proceeding.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scE/s51.203">
<num value="51.203">Sec. 51.203.</num>
<heading>SERVICE OF NOTICE OF INTENTION TO TAKE DEPOSITIONS IN CERTAIN MATTERS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scE/s51.203/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>If a will is to be probated, or in another probate matter in which there is no opposing party or attorney of record on whom to serve notice and copies of interrogatories, service may be made by posting notice of the intention to take depositions for a period of 10 days as provided by Section 51.053 governing a posting of notice.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scE/s51.203/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>When notice by posting under Subsection (a) is filed with the county clerk, a copy of the interrogatories must also be filed.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scE/s51.203/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<chapeau>At the expiration of the 10-day period prescribed by Subsection (a):</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scE/s51.203/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the depositions for which the notice was posted may be taken; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c51/scE/s51.203/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the judge may file cross-interrogatories if no person appears.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1136 (H.B. 2912), Sec. 4, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
</chapter>
<chapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c52">
<num value="52">CHAPTER 52.</num>
<heading>FILING AND RECORDKEEPING</heading>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c52/scA">
<num value="A">SUBCHAPTER A.</num>
<heading>RECORDKEEPING REQUIREMENTS</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c52/scA/s52.001">
<num value="52.001">Sec. 52.001.</num>
<heading>PROBATE DOCKET</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c52/scA/s52.001/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>The county clerk shall maintain a record book titled "Judge's Probate Docket" and shall record in the book:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c52/scA/s52.001/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the name of each person with respect to whom, or with respect to whose estate, proceedings are commenced or sought to be commenced;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c52/scA/s52.001/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the name of each executor, administrator, or applicant for letters testamentary or of administration;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c52/scA/s52.001/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the date each original application for probate proceedings is filed;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c52/scA/s52.001/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>a notation of each order, judgment, decree, and proceeding that occurs in each estate, including the date it occurs; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c52/scA/s52.001/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>the docket number of each estate as assigned under Subsection (b).</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c52/scA/s52.001/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The county clerk shall assign a docket number to each estate in the order proceedings are commenced.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 91 (S.B. 1303), Sec. 8.001, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c52/scA/s52.002">
<num value="52.002">Sec. 52.002.</num>
<heading>CLAIM DOCKET</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c52/scA/s52.002/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>The county clerk shall maintain a record book titled "Claim Docket" and shall record in the book each claim that is presented against an estate for the court's approval.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c52/scA/s52.002/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The county clerk shall assign one or more pages of the record book to each estate.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c52/scA/s52.002/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<chapeau>The claim docket must be ruled in 16 columns at proper intervals from top to bottom, with a short note of the contents at the top of each column. The county clerk shall record for each claim, in the order claims are filed, the following information in the respective columns, beginning with the first or marginal column:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c52/scA/s52.002/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the name of the claimant;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c52/scA/s52.002/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the amount of the claim;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c52/scA/s52.002/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the date of the claim;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c52/scA/s52.002/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>the date the claim is filed;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c52/scA/s52.002/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>the date the claim is due;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c52/scA/s52.002/6">
<num value="6">(6)</num>
<content>the date the claim begins bearing interest;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c52/scA/s52.002/7">
<num value="7">(7)</num>
<content>the interest rate;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c52/scA/s52.002/8">
<num value="8">(8)</num>
<content>the date the claim is allowed by the executor or administrator, if applicable;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c52/scA/s52.002/9">
<num value="9">(9)</num>
<content>the amount allowed by the executor or administrator, if applicable;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c52/scA/s52.002/10">
<num value="10">(10)</num>
<content>the date the claim is rejected, if applicable;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c52/scA/s52.002/11">
<num value="11">(11)</num>
<content>the date the claim is approved, if applicable;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c52/scA/s52.002/12">
<num value="12">(12)</num>
<content>the amount approved for the claim, if applicable;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c52/scA/s52.002/13">
<num value="13">(13)</num>
<content>the date the claim is disapproved, if applicable;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c52/scA/s52.002/14">
<num value="14">(14)</num>
<content>the class to which the claim belongs;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c52/scA/s52.002/15">
<num value="15">(15)</num>
<content>the date the claim is established by a judgment of a court, if applicable; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c52/scA/s52.002/16">
<num value="16">(16)</num>
<content>the amount of the judgment established under Subdivision (15), if applicable.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c52/scA/s52.003">
<num value="52.003">Sec. 52.003.</num>
<heading>PROBATE FEE BOOK</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c52/scA/s52.003/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>The county clerk shall maintain a record book titled "Probate Fee Book" and shall record in the book each item of cost that accrues to the officers of the court and any witness fees.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c52/scA/s52.003/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>Each record entry must include:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c52/scA/s52.003/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the party to whom the cost or fee is due;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c52/scA/s52.003/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the date the cost or fee accrued;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c52/scA/s52.003/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the estate or party liable for the cost or fee; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c52/scA/s52.003/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>the date the cost or fee is paid.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c52/scA/s52.004">
<num value="52.004">Sec. 52.004.</num>
<heading>ALTERNATE RECORDKEEPING</heading>
<chapeau>Instead of maintaining the record books described by Sections 52.001, 52.002, and 52.003, the county clerk may maintain the information described by those sections relating to a person's or estate's probate proceedings:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c52/scA/s52.004/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>on a computer file;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c52/scA/s52.004/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>on microfilm;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c52/scA/s52.004/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>in the form of a digitized optical image; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c52/scA/s52.004/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>in another similar form of data compilation.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c52/scB">
<num value="B">SUBCHAPTER B.</num>
<heading>FILES; INDEX</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c52/scB/s52.051">
<num value="52.051">Sec. 52.051.</num>
<heading>FILING PROCEDURES</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c52/scB/s52.051/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>An application for a probate proceeding, complaint, petition, or other paper permitted or required by law to be filed with a court in a probate matter must be filed with the county clerk of the appropriate county.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c52/scB/s52.051/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>Each paper filed in an estate must be given the docket number assigned to the estate.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c52/scB/s52.051/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<chapeau>On receipt of a paper described by Subsection (a), the county clerk shall:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c52/scB/s52.051/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>file the paper; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c52/scB/s52.051/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<chapeau>endorse on the paper:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c52/scB/s52.051/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>the date the paper is filed;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c52/scB/s52.051/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>the docket number; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c52/scB/s52.051/C">
<num value="C">(C)</num>
<content>the clerk's official signature.</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c52/scB/s52.052">
<num value="52.052">Sec. 52.052.</num>
<heading>CASE FILES</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c52/scB/s52.052/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>The county clerk shall maintain a case file for the estate of each decedent for which a probate proceeding has been filed.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c52/scB/s52.052/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>Each case file must contain each order, judgment, and proceeding of the court and any other probate filing with the court, including each:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c52/scB/s52.052/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>application for the probate of a will;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c52/scB/s52.052/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>application for the granting of administration;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c52/scB/s52.052/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>citation and notice, whether published or posted, including the return on the citation or notice;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c52/scB/s52.052/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>will and the testimony on which the will is admitted to probate;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c52/scB/s52.052/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>bond and official oath;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c52/scB/s52.052/6">
<num value="6">(6)</num>
<content>inventory, appraisement, and list of claims;</content>
<continuation>(6-a) affidavit in lieu of the inventory, appraisement, and list of claims;</continuation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c52/scB/s52.052/7">
<num value="7">(7)</num>
<content>exhibit and account;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c52/scB/s52.052/8">
<num value="8">(8)</num>
<content>report of renting;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c52/scB/s52.052/9">
<num value="9">(9)</num>
<content>application for sale or partition of real estate;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c52/scB/s52.052/10">
<num value="10">(10)</num>
<content>report of sale;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c52/scB/s52.052/11">
<num value="11">(11)</num>
<content>report of the commissioners of partition;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c52/scB/s52.052/12">
<num value="12">(12)</num>
<content>application for authority to execute a lease for mineral development, or for pooling or unitization of lands, royalty, or other interest in minerals, or to lend or invest money; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c52/scB/s52.052/13">
<num value="13">(13)</num>
<content>report of lending or investing money.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c52/scB/s52.052/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>Only the substance of a deposition must be recorded under Subsection (b)(4).</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1338 (S.B. 1198), Sec. 2.05, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c52/scB/s52.053">
<num value="52.053">Sec. 52.053.</num>
<heading>INDEX</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c52/scB/s52.053/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>The county clerk shall properly index the records required under this chapter.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c52/scB/s52.053/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The county clerk shall keep the index open for public inspection, but may not release the index from the clerk's custody.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
</chapter>
<chapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c53">
<num value="53">CHAPTER 53.</num>
<heading>OTHER COURT DUTIES AND PROCEDURES</heading>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c53/scA">
<num value="A">SUBCHAPTER A.</num>
<heading>ENFORCEMENT OF ORDERS</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c53/scA/s53.001">
<num value="53.001">Sec. 53.001.</num>
<heading>ENFORCEMENT OF JUDGE'S ORDERS</heading>
<content>A judge may enforce the judge's lawful orders against an executor or administrator by attachment and confinement. Unless this title expressly provides otherwise, the term of confinement for any one offense under this section may not exceed three days.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c53/scB">
<num value="B">SUBCHAPTER B.</num>
<heading>COSTS AND SECURITY</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c53/scB/s53.051">
<num value="53.051">Sec. 53.051.</num>
<heading>APPLICABILITY OF CERTAIN LAWS</heading>
<content>A law regulating costs in ordinary civil cases applies to a probate matter when not expressly provided for in this title.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c53/scB/s53.052">
<num value="53.052">Sec. 53.052.</num>
<heading>SECURITY FOR CERTAIN COSTS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c53/scB/s53.052/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>The clerk may require a person who files an application, complaint, or opposition relating to an estate, other than the personal representative of the estate, to provide security for the probable costs of the proceeding before filing the application, complaint, or opposition.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c53/scB/s53.052/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>At any time before the trial of an application, complaint, or opposition described by Subsection (a), anyone interested in the estate or an officer of the court may, by written motion, obtain from the court an order requiring the person who filed the application, complaint, or opposition to provide security for the probable costs of the proceeding. The rules governing civil suits in the county court with respect to giving security for the probable costs of a proceeding control in cases described by Subsection (a) and this subsection.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c53/scB/s53.052/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>An executor or administrator appointed by a court of this state may not be required to provide security for costs in an action brought by the executor or administrator in the executor's or administrator's fiduciary capacity.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c53/scB/s53.053">
<num value="53.053">Sec. 53.053.</num>
<heading>EXEMPTION FROM PROBATE FEES FOR ESTATES OF CERTAIN MILITARY SERVICEMEMBERS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c53/scB/s53.053/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>In this section, "combat zone" means an area that the president of the United States by executive order designates for purposes of 26 U.S.C. Section 112 as an area in which armed forces of the United States are or have engaged in combat.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c53/scB/s53.053/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>Notwithstanding any other law, the clerk of a county court may not charge, or collect from, the estate of a decedent any of the following fees if the decedent died while in active service as a member of the armed forces of the United States in a combat zone:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c53/scB/s53.053/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>a fee for or associated with the filing of the decedent's will for probate; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c53/scB/s53.053/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>a fee for any service rendered by the probate court regarding the administration of the decedent's estate.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c53/scB/s53.054">
<num value="53.054">Sec. 53.054.</num>
<heading>EXEMPTION FROM PROBATE FEES FOR ESTATES OF CERTAIN LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICERS, FIREFIGHTERS, AND OTHERS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c53/scB/s53.054/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>In this section:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c53/scB/s53.054/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>"Eligible decedent" means an individual listed in Section 615.003, Government Code.</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c53/scB/s53.054/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>"Line of duty" and "personal injury" have the meanings assigned by Section 615.021(e), Government Code.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c53/scB/s53.054/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>Notwithstanding any other law, the clerk of a court may not charge, or collect from, the estate of an eligible decedent any of the following fees if the decedent died as a result of a personal injury sustained in the line of duty in the individual's position as described by Section 615.003, Government Code:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c53/scB/s53.054/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>a fee for or associated with the filing of the decedent's will for probate; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c53/scB/s53.054/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>a fee for any service rendered by the court regarding the administration of the decedent's estate.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 614 (S.B. 543), Sec. 2.01, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c53/scC">
<num value="C">SUBCHAPTER C.</num>
<heading>PROCEDURES FOR PROBATE MATTERS</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c53/scC/s53.101">
<num value="53.101">Sec. 53.101.</num>
<heading>CALLING OF DOCKETS</heading>
<chapeau>The judge in whose court probate proceedings are pending, at times determined by the judge, shall:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c53/scC/s53.101/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>call the estates of decedents in the estates' regular order on both the probate and claim dockets; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c53/scC/s53.101/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>issue orders as necessary.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c53/scC/s53.102">
<num value="53.102">Sec. 53.102.</num>
<heading>SETTING OF CERTAIN HEARINGS BY CLERK</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c53/scC/s53.102/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>If a judge is unable to designate the time and place for hearing a probate matter pending in the judge's court because the judge is absent from the county seat or is on vacation, disqualified, ill, or deceased, the county clerk of the county in which the matter is pending may:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c53/scC/s53.102/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>designate the time and place for hearing;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c53/scC/s53.102/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>enter the setting on the judge's docket; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c53/scC/s53.102/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>certify on the docket the reason that the judge is not acting to set the hearing.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c53/scC/s53.102/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>If, after the perfection of the service of notices and citations required by law concerning the time and place of hearing, a qualified judge is not present for a hearing set under Subsection (a), the hearing is automatically continued from day to day until a qualified judge is present to hear and determine the matter.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c53/scC/s53.103">
<num value="53.103">Sec. 53.103.</num>
<heading>RENDERING OF DECISIONS, ORDERS, DECREES, AND JUDGMENTS</heading>
<content>The county court shall render all decisions, orders, decrees, and judgments in probate matters in open court, except as otherwise specially provided.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c53/scC/s53.104">
<num value="53.104">Sec. 53.104.</num>
<heading>APPOINTMENT OF ATTORNEYS AD LITEM</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c53/scC/s53.104/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>Except as provided by Section 202.009(b), the judge of a probate court may appoint an attorney ad litem in any probate proceeding to represent the interests of any person, including:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c53/scC/s53.104/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>a person who has a legal disability under state or federal law;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c53/scC/s53.104/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>a nonresident;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c53/scC/s53.104/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>an unborn or unascertained person;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c53/scC/s53.104/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>an unknown heir;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c53/scC/s53.104/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>a missing heir; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c53/scC/s53.104/6">
<num value="6">(6)</num>
<content>an unknown or missing person for whom cash is deposited into the court's registry under Section 362.011.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c53/scC/s53.104/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>An attorney ad litem appointed under this section is entitled to reasonable compensation for services provided in the amount set by the court. The court shall:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c53/scC/s53.104/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>tax the compensation as costs in the probate proceeding and order the compensation to be paid out of the estate or by any party at any time during the proceeding; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c53/scC/s53.104/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>for an attorney ad litem appointed under Subsection (a)(6), order that the compensation be paid from the cash on deposit in the court's registry as provided by Section 362.011.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1136 (H.B. 2912), Sec. 5, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c53/scC/s53.106">
<num value="53.106">Sec. 53.106.</num>
<heading>EXECUTIONS IN PROBATE MATTERS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c53/scC/s53.106/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>An execution in a probate matter must be:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c53/scC/s53.106/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>directed "to any sheriff or any constable within the State of Texas";</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c53/scC/s53.106/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>attested and signed by the clerk officially under court seal; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c53/scC/s53.106/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>made returnable in 60 days.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c53/scC/s53.106/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A proceeding under an execution described by Subsection (a) is governed, to the extent applicable, by the laws regulating a proceeding under an execution issued by a district court.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c53/scC/s53.106/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>Notwithstanding Subsection (a), an execution directed to the sheriff or a constable of a specific county in this state may not be held defective if properly executed within that county by the sheriff or constable to whom the execution is directed.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c53/scC/s53.107">
<num value="53.107">Sec. 53.107.</num>
<heading>INAPPLICABILITY OF CERTAIN RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE</heading>
<chapeau>The following do not apply to probate proceedings:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c53/scC/s53.107/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>Rules 47(c) and 169, Texas Rules of Civil Procedure; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c53/scC/s53.107/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the portions of Rule 190.2, Texas Rules of Civil Procedure, concerning expedited actions under Rule 169, Texas Rules of Civil Procedure.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1136 (H.B. 2912), Sec. 6, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
</chapter>
<chapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c54">
<num value="54">CHAPTER 54.</num>
<heading>PLEADINGS AND EVIDENCE IN GENERAL</heading>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c54/scA">
<num value="A">SUBCHAPTER A.</num>
<heading>PLEADINGS</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c54/scA/s54.001">
<num value="54.001">Sec. 54.001.</num>
<heading>EFFECT OF FILING OR CONTESTING PLEADING</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c54/scA/s54.001/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>The filing or contesting in probate court of a pleading relating to a decedent's estate does not constitute tortious interference with inheritance of the estate.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c54/scA/s54.001/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>This section does not abrogate any right of a person under Rule 13, Texas Rules of Civil Procedure, or Chapter 10, Civil Practice and Remedies Code.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c54/scA/s54.002">
<num value="54.002">Sec. 54.002.</num>
<heading>DEFECT IN PLEADING</heading>
<content>A court may not invalidate a pleading in probate, or an order based on the pleading, on the basis of a defect of form or substance in the pleading unless a timely objection has been made against the defect and the defect has been called to the attention of the court in which the proceeding was or is pending.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c54/scB">
<num value="B">SUBCHAPTER B.</num>
<heading>EVIDENCE</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c54/scB/s54.051">
<num value="54.051">Sec. 54.051.</num>
<heading>APPLICABILITY OF CERTAIN RULES RELATING TO WITNESSES AND EVIDENCE</heading>
<content>Except as provided by Section 51.203, the Texas Rules of Evidence apply in a proceeding arising under this title to the extent practicable.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1136 (H.B. 2912), Sec. 7, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c54/scB/s54.052">
<num value="54.052">Sec. 54.052.</num>
<heading>USE OF CERTAIN RECORDS AS EVIDENCE</heading>
<chapeau>The following are admissible as evidence in any court of this state:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c54/scB/s54.052/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>record books described by Sections 52.001, 52.002, and 52.003 and individual case files described by Section 52.052, including records maintained in a manner allowed under Section 52.004; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c54/scB/s54.052/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>certified copies or reproductions of the records.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
</chapter>
<chapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c55">
<num value="55">CHAPTER 55.</num>
<heading>COMPLAINTS AND CONTESTS</heading>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c55/scA">
<num value="A">SUBCHAPTER A.</num>
<heading>CONTEST OF PROCEEDINGS IN PROBATE COURT</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c55/scA/s55.001">
<num value="55.001">Sec. 55.001.</num>
<heading>OPPOSITION IN PROBATE PROCEEDING</heading>
<content>A person interested in an estate may, at any time before the court decides an issue in a proceeding, file written opposition regarding the issue. The person is entitled to process for witnesses and evidence, and to be heard on the opposition, as in other suits.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c55/scA/s55.002">
<num value="55.002">Sec. 55.002.</num>
<heading>TRIAL BY JURY</heading>
<content>In a contested probate or mental illness proceeding in a probate court, a party is entitled to a jury trial as in other civil actions.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c55/scB">
<num value="B">SUBCHAPTER B.</num>
<heading>INSTITUTION OF HIGHER EDUCATION OR CHARITABLE ORGANIZATION AS PARTY TO CERTAIN ACTIONS</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c55/scB/s55.051">
<num value="55.051">Sec. 55.051.</num>
<heading>DEFINITION</heading>
<content>In this subchapter, "institution of higher education" has the meaning assigned by Section 61.003, Education Code.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c55/scB/s55.052">
<num value="55.052">Sec. 55.052.</num>
<heading>NECESSARY PARTY</heading>
<content>An institution of higher education, a private institution of higher education, or a charitable organization that is a distributee under a will is a necessary party to a will contest or will construction suit involving the will.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c55/scB/s55.053">
<num value="55.053">Sec. 55.053.</num>
<heading>SERVICE OF PROCESS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c55/scB/s55.053/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>For a will contest, the party contesting the will shall serve an institution or organization that is a necessary party to the contest under Section 55.052 in the manner provided by this title for service on other parties.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c55/scB/s55.053/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>For a will construction suit, the party bringing the suit shall serve an institution or organization that is a necessary party to the suit under Section 55.052 in the manner provided by this title for service on other parties.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2021, 87th Leg., R.S., Ch. 244 (H.B. 1297), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2021.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c55/scC">
<num value="C">SUBCHAPTER C.</num>
<heading>MENTAL CAPACITY OF DECEDENT</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c55/scC/s55.101">
<num value="55.101">Sec. 55.101.</num>
<heading>ENTITLEMENT TO PRODUCTION OF COMMUNICATIONS AND RECORDS</heading>
<content>Notwithstanding Subtitle B, Title 3, Occupations Code, a person who is a party to a will contest or proceeding in which a party relies on the mental or testamentary capacity of a decedent before the decedent's death as part of the party's claim or defense is entitled to production of all communications or records relevant to the decedent's condition before the decedent's death.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c55/scC/s55.102">
<num value="55.102">Sec. 55.102.</num>
<heading>RELEASE OF RECORDS</heading>
<content>On receipt of a subpoena for communications or records described by Section 55.101 and a file-stamped copy of the will contest or proceeding described by that section, the appropriate physician, hospital, medical facility, custodian of records, or other person in possession of the communications or records shall release the communications or records to the requesting party without further authorization.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c55/scD">
<num value="D">SUBCHAPTER D.</num>
<heading>ATTACHMENT OF ESTATE PROPERTY</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c55/scD/s55.151">
<num value="55.151">Sec. 55.151.</num>
<heading>ORDER FOR ISSUANCE OF WRIT OF ATTACHMENT</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c55/scD/s55.151/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>If a person interested in an estate files with the judge a written complaint made under oath alleging that the executor or administrator of the estate is about to remove the estate or part of the estate outside of the state, the judge may order a writ of attachment to issue, directed "to any sheriff or any constable within the State of Texas." The writ must order the sheriff or constable to:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c55/scD/s55.151/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>seize the estate or a part of the estate; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c55/scD/s55.151/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>hold that property subject to the judge's additional orders regarding the complaint.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c55/scD/s55.151/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>Notwithstanding Subsection (a), a writ of attachment directed to the sheriff or constable of a specific county within the state is not defective if the writ was properly executed in that county by that officer.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c55/scD/s55.152">
<num value="55.152">Sec. 55.152.</num>
<heading>BOND</heading>
<chapeau>Before a writ of attachment ordered under Section 55.151 may be issued, the complainant must execute a bond that is:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c55/scD/s55.152/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>payable to the executor or administrator of the estate;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c55/scD/s55.152/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>in an amount set by the judge; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c55/scD/s55.152/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>conditioned for the payment of all damages and costs that are recovered for the wrongful suing out of the writ.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c55/scE">
<num value="E">SUBCHAPTER E.</num>
<heading>SPECIFIC PERFORMANCE OF AGREEMENT TO TRANSFER TITLE</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c55/scE/s55.201">
<num value="55.201">Sec. 55.201.</num>
<heading>COMPLAINT AND CITATION</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c55/scE/s55.201/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>If a person sold property and entered into a bond or other written agreement to transfer title to the property and then died without transferring the title, the owner of the bond or agreement or the owner's legal representative may:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c55/scE/s55.201/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>file a written complaint in the court of the county in which letters testamentary or of administration on the decedent's estate were granted; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c55/scE/s55.201/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>have the personal representative of the estate cited to appear on a date stated in the citation and show cause why specific performance of the bond or agreement should not be ordered.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c55/scE/s55.201/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>Except as provided by Subsection (c), the bond or agreement must be filed with the complaint described by Subsection (a).</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c55/scE/s55.201/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>If good cause under oath is shown why the bond or written agreement cannot be filed with the complaint, the bond or agreement or the substance of the bond or agreement must be stated in the complaint.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c55/scE/s55.202">
<num value="55.202">Sec. 55.202.</num>
<heading>HEARING AND ORDER</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c55/scE/s55.202/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>After service of the citation under Section 55.201, the court shall hear the complaint and the evidence on the complaint.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c55/scE/s55.202/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>The court shall order the personal representative to transfer title to the property, according to the tenor of the bond or agreement, to the complainant if the judge is satisfied from the proof that:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c55/scE/s55.202/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the bond or agreement was legally executed by the decedent; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c55/scE/s55.202/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the complainant has a right to demand specific performance.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c55/scE/s55.202/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>The order must fully describe the property to be transferred.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c55/scE/s55.203">
<num value="55.203">Sec. 55.203.</num>
<heading>CONVEYANCE</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c55/scE/s55.203/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>A conveyance made under this subchapter must refer to and identify the court order authorizing the conveyance. On delivery of the conveyance, all the right and title to the property conveyed that the decedent had vests in the person to whom the conveyance is made.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c55/scE/s55.203/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A conveyance under this subchapter is prima facie evidence that all requirements of the law for obtaining the conveyance have been complied with.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c55/scF">
<num value="F">SUBCHAPTER F.</num>
<heading>BILL OF REVIEW</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c55/scF/s55.251">
<num value="55.251">Sec. 55.251.</num>
<heading>REVISION AND CORRECTION OF ORDER OR JUDGMENT IN PROBATE PROCEEDING</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c55/scF/s55.251/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>An interested person may, by a bill of review filed in the court in which the probate proceedings were held, have an order or judgment rendered by the court revised and corrected on a showing of error in the order or judgment, as applicable.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c55/scF/s55.251/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A bill of review to revise and correct an order or judgment may not be filed more than two years after the date of the order or judgment, as applicable.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 91 (S.B. 1303), Sec. 8.002, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c55/scF/s55.252">
<num value="55.252">Sec. 55.252.</num>
<heading>INJUNCTION</heading>
<content>A process or action under a court order or judgment subject to a bill of review filed under Section 55.251 may be stayed only by writ of injunction.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 91 (S.B. 1303), Sec. 8.003, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
</chapter>
<chapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c56">
<num value="56">CHAPTER 56.</num>
<heading>CHANGE AND RESIGNATION OF RESIDENT AGENT OF PERSONAL REPRESENTATIVE FOR SERVICE OF PROCESS</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c56/s56.001">
<num value="56.001">Sec. 56.001.</num>
<heading>CHANGE OF RESIDENT AGENT</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c56/s56.001/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>A personal representative of an estate may change the representative's resident agent to accept service of process in a probate proceeding or other action relating to the estate by filing with the court in which the probate proceeding is pending a statement titled "Designation of Successor Resident Agent" that states the names and addresses of:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c56/s56.001/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the representative;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c56/s56.001/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the resident agent; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c56/s56.001/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the successor resident agent.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c56/s56.001/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The designation of a successor resident agent takes effect on the date a statement under Subsection (a) is filed with the court.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c56/s56.002">
<num value="56.002">Sec. 56.002.</num>
<heading>RESIGNATION OF RESIDENT AGENT</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c56/s56.002/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>A resident agent of a personal representative may resign as resident agent by giving notice to the representative and filing with the court in which the probate proceeding is pending a statement titled "Resignation of Resident Agent" that states:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c56/s56.002/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the name of the representative;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c56/s56.002/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the representative's address most recently known by the resident agent;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c56/s56.002/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>that notice of the resignation has been given to the representative and the date that notice was given; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c56/s56.002/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>that the representative has not designated a successor resident agent.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c56/s56.002/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>The resident agent shall send, by a qualified delivery method, a copy of a resignation statement filed under Subsection (a) to:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c56/s56.002/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the personal representative at the address most recently known by the resident agent; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c56/s56.002/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>each party in the case or the party's attorney or other designated representative of record.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c56/s56.002/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>The resignation of a resident agent takes effect on the date the court enters an order accepting the resignation. A court may not enter an order accepting the resignation unless the resident agent complies with this section.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 205 (S.B. 1373), Sec. 7, eff. September 1, 2023.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</chapter>
<chapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c101">
<num value="101">CHAPTER 101.</num>
<heading>ESTATE ASSETS IN GENERAL</heading>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c101/scA">
<num value="A">SUBCHAPTER A.</num>
<heading>PASSAGE AND POSSESSION OF DECEDENT'S ESTATE ON DEATH</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c101/scA/s101.001">
<num value="101.001">Sec. 101.001.</num>
<heading>PASSAGE OF ESTATE ON DECEDENT'S DEATH</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c101/scA/s101.001/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>Subject to Section 101.051, if a person dies leaving a lawful will:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c101/scA/s101.001/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>all of the person's estate that is devised by the will vests immediately in the devisees;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c101/scA/s101.001/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>all powers of appointment granted in the will vest immediately in the donees of those powers; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c101/scA/s101.001/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>all of the person's estate that is not devised by the will vests immediately in the person's heirs at law.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c101/scA/s101.001/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>Subject to Section 101.051, the estate of a person who dies intestate vests immediately in the person's heirs at law.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c101/scA/s101.002">
<num value="101.002">Sec. 101.002.</num>
<heading>EFFECT OF JOINT OWNERSHIP OF PROPERTY</heading>
<chapeau>If two or more persons hold an interest in property jointly and one joint owner dies before severance, the interest of the decedent in the joint estate:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c101/scA/s101.002/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>does not survive to the remaining joint owner or owners; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c101/scA/s101.002/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>passes by will or intestacy from the decedent as if the decedent's interest had been severed.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c101/scA/s101.003">
<num value="101.003">Sec. 101.003.</num>
<heading>POSSESSION OF ESTATE BY PERSONAL REPRESENTATIVE</heading>
<content>On the issuance of letters testamentary or of administration on an estate described by Section 101.001, the executor or administrator has the right to possession of the estate as the estate existed at the death of the testator or intestate, subject to the exceptions provided by Section 101.051. The executor or administrator shall recover possession of the estate and hold the estate in trust to be disposed of in accordance with the law.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c101/scB">
<num value="B">SUBCHAPTER B.</num>
<heading>LIABILITY OF ESTATE FOR DEBTS</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c101/scB/s101.051">
<num value="101.051">Sec. 101.051.</num>
<heading>LIABILITY OF ESTATE FOR DEBTS IN GENERAL</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c101/scB/s101.051/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>A decedent's estate vests in accordance with Section 101.001(a) subject to the payment of:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c101/scB/s101.051/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the debts of the decedent, except as exempted by law; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c101/scB/s101.051/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>any court-ordered child support payments that are delinquent on the date of the decedent's death.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c101/scB/s101.051/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>A decedent's estate vests in accordance with Section 101.001(b) subject to the payment of, and is still liable for:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c101/scB/s101.051/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the debts of the decedent, except as exempted by law; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c101/scB/s101.051/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>any court-ordered child support payments that are delinquent on the date of the decedent's death.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c101/scB/s101.052">
<num value="101.052">Sec. 101.052.</num>
<heading>LIABILITY OF COMMUNITY PROPERTY FOR DEBTS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c101/scB/s101.052/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>The community property that was by law under the sole management, control, and disposition of a spouse or under the joint management, control, and disposition of the spouses during marriage continues to be subject to the liabilities of that spouse on the death of either spouse.</content>
<continuation>(a-1) The undivided one-half interest that the surviving spouse owned in community property that was by law under the sole management, control, and disposition of the deceased spouse during marriage is subject to the liabilities of the surviving spouse on the death of the deceased spouse.</continuation>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c101/scB/s101.052/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The undivided one-half interest that the deceased spouse owned in community property that was by law under the sole management, control, and disposition of the surviving spouse during marriage passes to the deceased spouse's heirs or devisees charged with the liabilities of the deceased spouse.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c101/scB/s101.052/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>This section does not prohibit the administration of community property under other provisions of this title relating to the administration of an estate.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 205 (S.B. 1373), Sec. 8, eff. September 1, 2023.
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 205 (S.B. 1373), Sec. 9, eff. September 1, 2023.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
</chapter>
<chapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c102">
<num value="102">CHAPTER 102.</num>
<heading>PROBATE ASSETS: DECEDENT'S HOMESTEAD</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c102/s102.001">
<num value="102.001">Sec. 102.001.</num>
<heading>TREATMENT OF CERTAIN CHILDREN</heading>
<content>For purposes of determining homestead rights, a child is a child of his or her mother and a child of his or her father, as provided by Sections 201.051, 201.052, and 201.053.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c102/s102.002">
<num value="102.002">Sec. 102.002.</num>
<heading>HOMESTEAD RIGHTS NOT AFFECTED BY CHARACTER OF THE HOMESTEAD</heading>
<content>The homestead rights and the respective interests of the surviving spouse and children of a decedent are the same whether the homestead was the decedent's separate property or was community property between the surviving spouse and the decedent.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c102/s102.003">
<num value="102.003">Sec. 102.003.</num>
<heading>PASSAGE OF HOMESTEAD</heading>
<content>The homestead of a decedent who dies leaving a surviving spouse descends and vests on the decedent's death in the same manner as other real property of the decedent and is governed by the same laws of descent and distribution.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c102/s102.004">
<num value="102.004">Sec. 102.004.</num>
<heading>LIABILITY OF HOMESTEAD FOR DEBTS</heading>
<chapeau>If the decedent was survived by a spouse or minor child, the homestead is not liable for the payment of any of the debts of the estate, other than:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c102/s102.004/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>purchase money for the homestead;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c102/s102.004/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>taxes due on the homestead;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c102/s102.004/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>work and material used in constructing improvements on the homestead if the requirements of Section 50(a)(5), Article XVI, Texas Constitution, are met;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c102/s102.004/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>an owelty of partition imposed against the entirety of the property by a court order or written agreement of the parties to the partition, including a debt of one spouse in favor of the other spouse resulting from a division or an award of a family homestead in a divorce proceeding;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c102/s102.004/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>the refinance of a lien against the homestead, including a federal tax lien resulting from the tax debt of both spouses, if the homestead is a family homestead, or from the tax debt of the decedent;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c102/s102.004/6">
<num value="6">(6)</num>
<content>an extension of credit on the homestead if the requirements of Section 50(a)(6), Article XVI, Texas Constitution, are met; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c102/s102.004/7">
<num value="7">(7)</num>
<content>a reverse mortgage.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1136 (H.B. 2912), Sec. 8, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c102/s102.005">
<num value="102.005">Sec. 102.005.</num>
<heading>PROHIBITIONS ON PARTITION OF HOMESTEAD</heading>
<chapeau>The homestead may not be partitioned among the decedent's heirs:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c102/s102.005/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>during the lifetime of the surviving spouse for as long as the surviving spouse elects to use or occupy the property as a homestead; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c102/s102.005/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>during the period the guardian of the decedent's minor children is permitted to use and occupy the homestead under a court order.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c102/s102.006">
<num value="102.006">Sec. 102.006.</num>
<heading>CIRCUMSTANCES UNDER WHICH PARTITION OF HOMESTEAD IS AUTHORIZED</heading>
<chapeau>The homestead may be partitioned among the respective owners of the property in the same manner as other property held in common if:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c102/s102.006/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the surviving spouse dies, sells his or her interest in the homestead, or elects to no longer use or occupy the property as a homestead; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c102/s102.006/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the court no longer permits the guardian of the minor children to use and occupy the property as a homestead.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</chapter>
<chapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c111">
<num value="111">CHAPTER 111.</num>
<heading>NONPROBATE ASSETS IN GENERAL</heading>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c111/scA">
<num value="A">SUBCHAPTER A.</num>
<heading>RIGHT OF SURVIVORSHIP AGREEMENTS</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c111/scA/s132609.120931">
<num value="132609.120931">Sec. 132609.120931.</num>
<heading></heading>
<content>BETWEEN JOINT TENANTS</content>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c111/scA/s111.001">
<num value="111.001">Sec. 111.001.</num>
<heading>RIGHT OF SURVIVORSHIP AGREEMENTS AUTHORIZED</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c111/scA/s111.001/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>Notwithstanding Section 101.002, two or more persons who hold an interest in property jointly may agree in writing that the interest of a joint owner who dies survives to the surviving joint owner or owners.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c111/scA/s111.001/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>An agreement described by Subsection (a) may not be inferred from the mere fact that property is held in joint ownership.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c111/scA/s111.002">
<num value="111.002">Sec. 111.002.</num>
<heading>AGREEMENTS CONCERNING COMMUNITY PROPERTY</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c111/scA/s111.002/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>Section 111.001 does not apply to an agreement between spouses regarding the spouses' community property.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c111/scA/s111.002/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>An agreement between spouses regarding a right of survivorship in community property is governed by Chapter 112.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c111/scB">
<num value="B">SUBCHAPTER B.</num>
<heading>OTHER PROVISIONS FOR PAYMENT OR TRANSFER</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c111/scB/s132612.120931">
<num value="132612.120931">Sec. 132612.120931.</num>
<heading></heading>
<content>OF CERTAIN ASSETS ON DEATH</content>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c111/scB/s111.051">
<num value="111.051">Sec. 111.051.</num>
<heading>DEFINITIONS</heading>
<chapeau>In this subchapter:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c111/scB/s111.051/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<chapeau>"Contracting third party" means a financial institution, insurance company, plan custodian, plan administrator, or other person who is a party to an account agreement, insurance contract, annuity contract, retirement account, beneficiary designation, or other similar contract the terms of which control whether a nontestamentary transfer has occurred or to whom property passes as a result of a possible nontestamentary transfer. The term does not include a person who is:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c111/scB/s111.051/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>an owner of the property subject to a possible nontestamentary transfer; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c111/scB/s111.051/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>a possible recipient of the property subject to a possible nontestamentary transfer.</content>
<continuation>(1-a) "Employees' trust" means:</continuation>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c111/scB/s111.051/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>a trust that forms a part of a stock-bonus, pension, or profit-sharing plan under Section 401, Internal Revenue Code of 1954 (26 U.S.C. Section 401 (1986));</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c111/scB/s111.051/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>a pension trust under Chapter 111, Property Code; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c111/scB/s111.051/C">
<num value="C">(C)</num>
<content>an employer-sponsored benefit plan or program, or any other retirement savings arrangement, including a pension plan created under Section 3, Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (29 U.S.C. Section 1002 (1986)), regardless of whether the plan, program, or arrangement is funded through a trust.</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c111/scB/s111.051/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>"Financial institution" has the meaning assigned by Section 113.001.</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c111/scB/s111.051/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>"Individual retirement account" means a trust, custodial arrangement, or annuity under Section 408(a) or (b), Internal Revenue Code of 1954 (26 U.S.C. Section 408 (1986)).</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c111/scB/s111.051/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>"Retirement account" means a retirement-annuity contract, an individual retirement account, a simplified employee pension, or any other retirement savings arrangement.</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c111/scB/s111.051/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>"Retirement-annuity contract" means an annuity contract under Section 403, Internal Revenue Code of 1954 (26 U.S.C. Section 403 (1986)).</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c111/scB/s111.051/6">
<num value="6">(6)</num>
<content>"Simplified employee pension" means a trust, custodial arrangement, or annuity under Section 408, Internal Revenue Code of 1954 (26 U.S.C. Section 408 (1986)).</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1136 (H.B. 2912), Sec. 9, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c111/scB/s111.052">
<num value="111.052">Sec. 111.052.</num>
<heading>VALIDITY OF CERTAIN NONTESTAMENTARY INSTRUMENTS AND PROVISIONS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c111/scB/s111.052/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>This code does not invalidate:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c111/scB/s111.052/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<chapeau>any provision in an insurance policy, employment contract, bond, mortgage, promissory note, deposit agreement, employees' trust, retirement account, deferred compensation arrangement, custodial agreement, pension plan, trust agreement, conveyance of property, security, account with a financial institution, mutual fund account, or any other written instrument effective as a contract, gift, conveyance, or trust, stating that:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c111/scB/s111.052/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>money or other benefits under the instrument due to or controlled or owned by a decedent shall be paid after the decedent's death, or property that is the subject of the instrument shall pass, to a person designated by the decedent in the instrument or in a separate writing, including a will, executed at the same time as the instrument or subsequently; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c111/scB/s111.052/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>money due or to become due under the instrument shall cease to be payable if the promisee or promissor dies before payment or demand; or</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c111/scB/s111.052/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>an instrument described by Subdivision (1).</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c111/scB/s111.052/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A provision described by Subsection (a)(1) is considered nontestamentary.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c111/scB/s111.053">
<num value="111.053">Sec. 111.053.</num>
<heading>CREDITOR'S RIGHTS NOT LIMITED</heading>
<content>Nothing in this subchapter limits the rights of a creditor under another law of this state.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c111/scB/s111.054">
<num value="111.054">Sec. 111.054.</num>
<heading>APPLICATION OF STATE LAW TO CERTAIN NONTESTAMENTARY TRANSFERS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c111/scB/s111.054/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>This section applies if more than 50 percent of the:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c111/scB/s111.054/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>assets in an account at a financial institution, in a retirement account, or in another similar arrangement are owned, immediately before a possible nontestamentary transfer of the assets, by one or more persons domiciled in this state; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c111/scB/s111.054/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>interests under an insurance contract, annuity contract, beneficiary designation, or other similar arrangement are owned, immediately before a possible nontestamentary transfer of the interests, by one or more persons domiciled in this state.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c111/scB/s111.054/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>Notwithstanding a choice of law or other contractual provision in an agreement prepared or provided by a contracting third party, Texas law applies to determine:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c111/scB/s111.054/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>whether a nontestamentary transfer of assets or interests described by Subsection (a) has occurred; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c111/scB/s111.054/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the ownership of the assets or interests following a possible nontestamentary transfer.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c111/scB/s111.054/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<chapeau>Notwithstanding a choice of law or other contractual provision in an agreement prepared or provided by a contracting third party, any person, including a personal representative, who is asserting an ownership interest in assets or interests described by Subsection (a) subject to a possible nontestamentary transfer shall have access to the courts of this state for a judicial determination of:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c111/scB/s111.054/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>whether a nontestamentary transfer of the assets or interests has occurred; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c111/scB/s111.054/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the ownership of the assets or interests following a possible nontestamentary transfer.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c111/scB/s111.054/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<chapeau>Subsections (a), (b), and (c) do not apply to an obligation:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c111/scB/s111.054/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>owed by a party to the contracting third party; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c111/scB/s111.054/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>owed by the contracting third party to a party.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c111/scB/s111.054/e">
<num value="e">(e)</num>
<content>This section applies to a community property survivorship agreement governed by Chapter 112 and a multiple-party account governed by Chapter 113.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1136 (H.B. 2912), Sec. 10, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c111/scC">
<num value="C">SUBCHAPTER C.</num>
<heading>PROVISION OF CERTAIN INFORMATION ON DEATH</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c111/scC/s111.101">
<num value="111.101">Sec. 111.101.</num>
<heading>DEFINITIONS</heading>
<chapeau>In this subchapter:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c111/scC/s111.101/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>"Contracting third party" has the meaning assigned by Section 111.051.</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c111/scC/s111.101/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<chapeau>"Deceased party" means a deceased:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c111/scC/s111.101/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>party to a multiple-party account governed by Chapter 113;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c111/scC/s111.101/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>owner of property subject to a possible nontestamentary transfer as described by Section 111.051(1); or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c111/scC/s111.101/C">
<num value="C">(C)</num>
<content>insured under an insurance contract.</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2019, 86th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1141 (H.B. 2782), Sec. 2, eff. September 1, 2019.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c111/scC/s111.102">
<num value="111.102">Sec. 111.102.</num>
<heading>PROVISION OF INFORMATION TO PERSONAL REPRESENTATIVE OF DECEASED PARTY</heading>
<content>To the extent not prohibited by federal or other state law, a contracting third party shall, on request, provide to the personal representative of a deceased party's estate all information the contracting third party would have provided to the deceased party as of the date of the deceased party's death, if the deceased party had requested the information, without regard to whether the deceased party's estate has an interest in the multiple-party account, the property subject to a possible nontestamentary transfer, or the insurance contract.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2019, 86th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1141 (H.B. 2782), Sec. 2, eff. September 1, 2019.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
</chapter>
<chapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c112">
<num value="112">CHAPTER 112.</num>
<heading>COMMUNITY PROPERTY WITH RIGHT OF SURVIVORSHIP</heading>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c112/scA">
<num value="A">SUBCHAPTER A.</num>
<heading>GENERAL PROVISIONS</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c112/scA/s112.001">
<num value="112.001">Sec. 112.001.</num>
<heading>DEFINITION OF COMMUNITY PROPERTY SURVIVORSHIP AGREEMENT</heading>
<content>In this chapter, "community property survivorship agreement" means an agreement between spouses creating a right of survivorship in community property.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c112/scA/s112.002">
<num value="112.002">Sec. 112.002.</num>
<heading>APPLICABILITY OF OTHER LAW TO COMMUNITY PROPERTY HELD IN MULTIPLE-PARTY ACCOUNTS</heading>
<content>Chapter 113 applies to multiple-party accounts held by spouses with a right of survivorship to the extent that chapter is not inconsistent with this chapter.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c112/scB">
<num value="B">SUBCHAPTER B.</num>
<heading>COMMUNITY PROPERTY SURVIVORSHIP AGREEMENTS</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c112/scB/s112.051">
<num value="112.051">Sec. 112.051.</num>
<heading>AGREEMENT FOR RIGHT OF SURVIVORSHIP IN COMMUNITY PROPERTY</heading>
<content>At any time, spouses may agree between themselves that all or part of their community property, then existing or to be acquired, becomes the property of the surviving spouse on the death of a spouse.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c112/scB/s112.052">
<num value="112.052">Sec. 112.052.</num>
<heading>FORM OF AGREEMENT</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c112/scB/s112.052/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>A community property survivorship agreement must be in writing and signed by both spouses.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c112/scB/s112.052/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>A written agreement signed by both spouses is sufficient to create a right of survivorship in the community property described in the agreement if the agreement includes any of the following phrases:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c112/scB/s112.052/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>"with right of survivorship";</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c112/scB/s112.052/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>"will become the property of the survivor";</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c112/scB/s112.052/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>"will vest in and belong to the surviving spouse"; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c112/scB/s112.052/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>"shall pass to the surviving spouse."</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c112/scB/s112.052/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>Notwithstanding Subsection (b), a community property survivorship agreement that otherwise meets the requirements of this chapter is effective without including any of the phrases listed in that subsection.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c112/scB/s112.052/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>A survivorship agreement may not be inferred from the mere fact that an account is a joint account or that an account is designated as JT TEN, Joint Tenancy, or joint, or with other similar language.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1338 (S.B. 1198), Sec. 2.06, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c112/scB/s112.053">
<num value="112.053">Sec. 112.053.</num>
<heading>ADJUDICATION NOT REQUIRED</heading>
<content>A community property survivorship agreement that satisfies the requirements of this chapter is effective and enforceable without an adjudication.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c112/scB/s112.054">
<num value="112.054">Sec. 112.054.</num>
<heading>REVOCATION OF AGREEMENT</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c112/scB/s112.054/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>A community property survivorship agreement made in accordance with this chapter may be revoked as provided by the terms of the agreement.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c112/scB/s112.054/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>If a community property survivorship agreement does not provide a method of revocation, the agreement may be revoked by a written instrument:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c112/scB/s112.054/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>signed by both spouses; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c112/scB/s112.054/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>signed by one spouse and delivered to the other spouse.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c112/scB/s112.054/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>A community property survivorship agreement may be revoked with respect to specific property subject to the agreement by the disposition of the property by one or both spouses if the disposition is not inconsistent with specific terms of the agreement and applicable law.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c112/scC">
<num value="C">SUBCHAPTER C.</num>
<heading>ADJUDICATION TO PROVE COMMUNITY PROPERTY SURVIVORSHIP AGREEMENT</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c112/scC/s112.101">
<num value="112.101">Sec. 112.101.</num>
<heading>APPLICATION AUTHORIZED</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c112/scC/s112.101/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>Notwithstanding Section 112.053, after the death of a spouse, the surviving spouse or the surviving spouse's personal representative may apply to the court for an order stating that a community property survivorship agreement satisfies the requirements of this chapter and is effective to create a right of survivorship in community property.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c112/scC/s112.101/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>An application under this section must include:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c112/scC/s112.101/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the surviving spouse's name and domicile;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c112/scC/s112.101/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the deceased spouse's name and former domicile;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c112/scC/s112.101/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the fact, time, and place of the deceased spouse's death;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c112/scC/s112.101/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>facts establishing venue in the court; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c112/scC/s112.101/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>the deceased spouse's social security number, if known.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c112/scC/s112.101/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>An application under this section must be filed in the county of proper venue for administration of the deceased spouse's estate.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c112/scC/s112.101/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>The original community property survivorship agreement shall be filed with an application under this section.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c112/scC/s112.102">
<num value="112.102">Sec. 112.102.</num>
<heading>PROOF REQUIRED BY COURT</heading>
<chapeau>An applicant for an order under Section 112.101 must prove to the court's satisfaction that:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c112/scC/s112.102/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the spouse whose community property interest is at issue is deceased;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c112/scC/s112.102/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the court has jurisdiction and venue;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c112/scC/s112.102/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the agreement was executed with the formalities required by law;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c112/scC/s112.102/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>the agreement was not revoked; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c112/scC/s112.102/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>citation has been served and returned in the manner and for the length of time required by this title.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c112/scC/s112.103">
<num value="112.103">Sec. 112.103.</num>
<heading>METHOD OF PROOF OF SIGNATURES</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c112/scC/s112.103/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>The deceased spouse's signature to an agreement that is the subject of an application under Section 112.101 may be proved by:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c112/scC/s112.103/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the sworn testimony of one witness taken in open court;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c112/scC/s112.103/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the affidavit of one witness; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c112/scC/s112.103/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the written or oral deposition of one witness taken in accordance with Section 51.203 or the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c112/scC/s112.103/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>If the surviving spouse is competent to make an oath, the surviving spouse's signature to the agreement may be proved by:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c112/scC/s112.103/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the sworn testimony of the surviving spouse taken in open court;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c112/scC/s112.103/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the surviving spouse's affidavit; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c112/scC/s112.103/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the written or oral deposition of the surviving spouse taken in accordance with Section 51.203 or the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c112/scC/s112.103/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>If the surviving spouse is not competent to make an oath, the surviving spouse's signature to the agreement may be proved in the manner provided by Subsection (a) for proof of the deceased spouse's signature.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 844 (H.B. 2271), Sec. 3, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c112/scC/s112.104">
<num value="112.104">Sec. 112.104.</num>
<heading>COURT ACTION; ISSUANCE OF ORDER</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c112/scC/s112.104/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>On completion of a hearing on an application under Section 112.101, if the court is satisfied that the requisite proof has been made, the court shall enter an order adjudging the agreement valid.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c112/scC/s112.104/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>Certified copies of the agreement and order may be:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c112/scC/s112.104/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>recorded in other counties; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c112/scC/s112.104/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>used in evidence, as the original agreement might be, on the trial of the same matter in any other court, on appeal or otherwise.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c112/scC/s112.105">
<num value="112.105">Sec. 112.105.</num>
<heading>EFFECT OF ORDER</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c112/scC/s112.105/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>An order under this subchapter adjudging a community property survivorship agreement valid constitutes sufficient authority to a person who:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c112/scC/s112.105/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>owes money, has custody of any property, or acts as registrar or transfer agent of any evidence of interest, indebtedness, property, or right that is subject to the terms of the agreement; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c112/scC/s112.105/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>purchases from or otherwise deals with the surviving spouse for payment or transfer to the surviving spouse.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c112/scC/s112.105/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The surviving spouse may enforce that spouse's right to a payment or transfer from a person described by Subsection (a)(2).</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c112/scC/s112.106">
<num value="112.106">Sec. 112.106.</num>
<heading>CUSTODY OF ADJUDICATED AGREEMENT</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c112/scC/s112.106/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>An original community property survivorship agreement adjudicated under this subchapter, together with the order adjudging the agreement valid, shall be deposited in the office of the county clerk of the county in which the agreement was adjudicated and must remain at that office, except during a period when the agreement is moved to another location for inspection on order of the court in which the agreement was adjudicated.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c112/scC/s112.106/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>If the court orders an original community property survivorship agreement adjudicated under this subchapter to be moved to another location for inspection, the person moving the original agreement shall give a receipt for the agreement and the court clerk shall make and retain a copy of the original agreement.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c112/scD">
<num value="D">SUBCHAPTER D.</num>
<heading>OWNERSHIP AND TRANSFER OF COMMUNITY PROPERTY SUBJECT TO AGREEMENT</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c112/scD/s112.151">
<num value="112.151">Sec. 112.151.</num>
<heading>OWNERSHIP OF PROPERTY DURING MARRIAGE; MANAGEMENT RIGHTS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c112/scD/s112.151/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>Property subject to a community property survivorship agreement remains community property during the marriage of the spouses.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c112/scD/s112.151/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>Unless the agreement provides otherwise, a community property survivorship agreement does not affect the rights of the spouses concerning the management, control, and disposition of property subject to the agreement.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c112/scD/s112.152">
<num value="112.152">Sec. 112.152.</num>
<heading>NONTESTAMENTARY NATURE OF TRANSFERS UNDER AGREEMENT</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c112/scD/s112.152/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>Transfers at death resulting from community property survivorship agreements made in accordance with this chapter are effective by reason of the agreements involved and are not testamentary transfers.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c112/scD/s112.152/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>Except as expressly provided otherwise by this title, transfers described by Subsection (a) are not subject to the provisions of this title applicable to testamentary transfers.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c112/scE">
<num value="E">SUBCHAPTER E.</num>
<heading>THIRD PARTIES DEALING WITH COMMUNITY PROPERTY SUBJECT TO RIGHT OF SURVIVORSHIP</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c112/scE/s112.201">
<num value="112.201">Sec. 112.201.</num>
<heading>DEFINITION OF CERTIFIED COPY</heading>
<chapeau>In this subchapter, a "certified copy" means a copy of an official record or document that is:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c112/scE/s112.201/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>authorized by law to be recorded or filed and actually recorded or filed in a public office; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c112/scE/s112.201/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>certified as correct in accordance with Rule 902, Texas Rules of Evidence.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c112/scE/s112.202">
<num value="112.202">Sec. 112.202.</num>
<heading>ACTUAL KNOWLEDGE OR NOTICE OF AGREEMENT</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c112/scE/s112.202/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>In this subchapter, a person or entity has "actual knowledge" of a community property survivorship agreement or the revocation of a community property survivorship agreement only if the person or entity has received:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c112/scE/s112.202/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>written notice of the agreement or revocation; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c112/scE/s112.202/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the original or a certified copy of the agreement or revoking instrument.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c112/scE/s112.202/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>In this subchapter, a person or entity has "notice" of a community property survivorship agreement or the revocation of a community property survivorship agreement if:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c112/scE/s112.202/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the person or entity has actual knowledge of the agreement or revocation; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c112/scE/s112.202/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>with respect to real property, the agreement or revoking instrument is properly recorded in the county in which the real property is located.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c112/scE/s112.203">
<num value="112.203">Sec. 112.203.</num>
<heading>PERSONAL REPRESENTATIVE WITHOUT ACTUAL KNOWLEDGE OF AGREEMENT</heading>
<content>If the personal representative of a deceased spouse's estate has no actual knowledge of the existence of an agreement creating a right of survivorship in community property in the surviving spouse, the personal representative is not liable to the surviving spouse or any person claiming from the surviving spouse for selling, exchanging, distributing, or otherwise disposing of the property.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c112/scE/s112.204">
<num value="112.204">Sec. 112.204.</num>
<heading>THIRD-PARTY PURCHASER WITHOUT NOTICE OF AGREEMENT</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c112/scE/s112.204/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>This section applies only to a person or entity who for value purchases property:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c112/scE/s112.204/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>from a person claiming from a deceased spouse more than six months after the date of the deceased spouse's death or from the personal representative of the deceased spouse's estate; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c112/scE/s112.204/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>without notice of the existence of an agreement creating a right of survivorship in the property in the surviving spouse.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c112/scE/s112.204/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A purchaser of property from a person claiming from the deceased spouse has good title to the interest in the property that the person would have had in the absence of the agreement described by Subsection (a)(2), as against the claims of the surviving spouse or any person claiming from the surviving spouse.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c112/scE/s112.204/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>A purchaser of property from the personal representative of the deceased spouse's estate has good title to the interest in the property that the personal representative would have had authority to convey in the absence of the agreement described by Subsection (a)(2), as against the claims of the surviving spouse or any person claiming from the surviving spouse.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c112/scE/s112.205">
<num value="112.205">Sec. 112.205.</num>
<heading>DEBTORS AND OTHER PERSONS WITHOUT NOTICE OF AGREEMENT</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c112/scE/s112.205/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>This section applies only to a person or entity who:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c112/scE/s112.205/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>owes money to a deceased spouse; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c112/scE/s112.205/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>has custody of property or acts as registrar or transfer agent of any evidence of interest, indebtedness, property, or right owned by a deceased spouse before that spouse's death.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c112/scE/s112.205/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A person or entity with no actual knowledge of the existence of an agreement creating a right of survivorship in property described by Subsection (a) in the surviving spouse may pay or transfer that property to the personal representative of the deceased spouse's estate or, if no administration of the deceased spouse's estate is pending, to the heirs or devisees of the estate and shall be discharged from all claims for those amounts or property paid or transferred.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c112/scE/s112.206">
<num value="112.206">Sec. 112.206.</num>
<heading>THIRD-PARTY PURCHASER WITHOUT NOTICE OF REVOCATION OF AGREEMENT</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c112/scE/s112.206/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>This section applies only to a person or entity who for value purchases property from a surviving spouse more than six months after the date of the deceased spouse's death and:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c112/scE/s112.206/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<chapeau>with respect to personal property:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c112/scE/s112.206/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>the purchaser has received an original or certified copy of an agreement purporting to create a right of survivorship in the personal property in the surviving spouse, purportedly signed by both spouses; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c112/scE/s112.206/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>the purchaser has no notice of the revocation of the agreement; or</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c112/scE/s112.206/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<chapeau>with respect to real property:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c112/scE/s112.206/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>the purchaser has received an original or certified copy of an agreement purporting to create a right of survivorship in the real property in the surviving spouse, purportedly signed by both spouses or such an agreement is properly recorded in a county in which any part of the real property is located; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c112/scE/s112.206/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>the purchaser has no notice of the revocation of the agreement.</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c112/scE/s112.206/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A purchaser has good title to the interest in the property that the surviving spouse would have had in the absence of the revocation of the agreement, as against the claims of the personal representative of the deceased spouse's estate or any person claiming from the representative or the deceased spouse.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c112/scE/s112.207">
<num value="112.207">Sec. 112.207.</num>
<heading>DEBTORS AND OTHER PERSONS WITHOUT NOTICE OF REVOCATION OF AGREEMENT</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c112/scE/s112.207/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>This section applies only to a person or entity who:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c112/scE/s112.207/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>owes money to a deceased spouse; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c112/scE/s112.207/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>has custody of property or acts as registrar or transfer agent of any evidence of interest, indebtedness, property, or right owned by a deceased spouse before that spouse's death.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c112/scE/s112.207/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>If a person or entity is presented with the original or a certified copy of an agreement creating a right of survivorship in property described by Subsection (a) in the surviving spouse, purportedly signed by both spouses, and if the person or entity has no actual knowledge that the agreement was revoked, the person or entity may pay or transfer that property to the surviving spouse and shall be discharged from all claims for those amounts or property paid or transferred.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c112/scE/s112.208">
<num value="112.208">Sec. 112.208.</num>
<heading>RIGHTS OF SURVIVING SPOUSE AGAINST CREDITORS</heading>
<content>Except as expressly provided by this subchapter, this subchapter does not affect the rights of a surviving spouse or person claiming from the surviving spouse in disputes with persons claiming from a deceased spouse or the successors of any of them concerning a beneficial interest in property or the proceeds from a beneficial interest in property, subject to a right of survivorship under an agreement that satisfies the requirements of this chapter.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c112/scF">
<num value="F">SUBCHAPTER F.</num>
<heading>RIGHTS OF CREDITORS</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c112/scF/s112.251">
<num value="112.251">Sec. 112.251.</num>
<heading>MULTIPLE-PARTY ACCOUNTS</heading>
<content>Chapter 113 governs the rights of creditors with respect to multiple-party accounts, as defined by Section 113.004.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c112/scF/s112.252">
<num value="112.252">Sec. 112.252.</num>
<heading>LIABILITIES OF DECEASED SPOUSE NOT AFFECTED BY RIGHT OF SURVIVORSHIP</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c112/scF/s112.252/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>Except as expressly provided by Section 112.251, the community property subject to the sole or joint management, control, and disposition of a spouse during marriage continues to be subject to the liabilities of that spouse on that spouse's death without regard to a right of survivorship in the surviving spouse under an agreement made in accordance with this chapter.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c112/scF/s112.252/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The surviving spouse is liable to account to the deceased spouse's personal representative for property received by the surviving spouse under a right of survivorship to the extent necessary to discharge the deceased spouse's liabilities.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c112/scF/s112.252/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<chapeau>A proceeding to assert a liability under Subsection (b):</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c112/scF/s112.252/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>may be commenced only if the deceased spouse's personal representative has received a written demand by a creditor; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c112/scF/s112.252/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>must be commenced on or before the second anniversary of the deceased spouse's death.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c112/scF/s112.252/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>Property recovered by the deceased spouse's personal representative under this section shall be administered as part of the deceased spouse's estate.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c112/scF/s112.253">
<num value="112.253">Sec. 112.253.</num>
<heading>RIGHTS OF DECEASED SPOUSE'S CREDITORS IN RELATION TO THIRD PARTIES</heading>
<content>This subchapter does not affect the protection afforded to a person or entity under Subchapter E unless, before payment or transfer to the surviving spouse, the person or entity received a written notice from the deceased spouse's personal representative stating the amount needed to discharge the deceased spouse's liabilities.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
</chapter>
<chapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113">
<num value="113">CHAPTER 113.</num>
<heading>MULTIPLE-PARTY ACCOUNTS</heading>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scA">
<num value="A">SUBCHAPTER A.</num>
<heading>GENERAL PROVISIONS</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scA/s113.001">
<num value="113.001">Sec. 113.001.</num>
<heading>GENERAL DEFINITIONS</heading>
<chapeau>In this chapter:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scA/s113.001/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<chapeau>"Account" means a contract of deposit of funds or securities between a depositor and a financial institution. The term includes:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scA/s113.001/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>an account with cash deposits, including a checking account, savings account, certificate of deposit, and share account;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scA/s113.001/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>an account holding securities, including stocks, bonds, and mutual funds; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scA/s113.001/C">
<num value="C">(C)</num>
<content>another similar arrangement.</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scA/s113.001/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>"Beneficiary" means a person or trustee of an express trust evidenced by a writing who is named in a trust account as a person for whom a party to the account is named as trustee.</content>
<continuation>(2-a) "Charitable organization" means any corporation, community chest, fund, or foundation that is exempt from federal income tax under Section 501(a) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 by being listed as an exempt organization in Section 501(c)(3) of that code.</continuation>
<continuation>(2-b) "Express trust" has the meaning assigned by Section 111.004, Property Code.</continuation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scA/s113.001/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>"Financial institution" means an organization authorized to do business under state or federal laws relating to financial institutions. The term includes a bank or trust company, savings bank, building and loan association, savings and loan company or association, credit union, and brokerage firm that deals in the sale and purchase of stocks, bonds, and other types of securities.</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scA/s113.001/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>"Payment" of sums on deposit includes a withdrawal, a payment on a check or other directive of a party, and a pledge of sums on deposit by a party and any set-off, or reduction or other disposition of all or part of an account under a pledge.</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scA/s113.001/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>"P.O.D. payee" means a person, trustee of an express trust evidenced by a writing, or charitable organization designated on a P.O.D. account as a person to whom the account is payable on request after the death of one or more persons.</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scA/s113.001/6">
<num value="6">(6)</num>
<chapeau>"Proof of death" includes:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scA/s113.001/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>a certified copy of a death certificate; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scA/s113.001/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>a judgment or order of a court in a proceeding in which the death of a person is proved to the satisfaction of the court by circumstantial evidence in accordance with Chapter 454.</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scA/s113.001/7">
<num value="7">(7)</num>
<content>"Request" means a proper request for withdrawal, or a check or order for payment, that complies with all conditions of the account, including special requirements concerning necessary signatures and regulations of the financial institution. If a financial institution conditions withdrawal or payment on advance notice, for purposes of this chapter a request for withdrawal or payment is treated as immediately effective and a notice of intent to withdraw is treated as a request for withdrawal.</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scA/s113.001/8">
<num value="8">(8)</num>
<content>"Sums on deposit" means the balance payable or transferable on a multiple-party account including cash, interest, dividends, any type of securities, including stocks, bonds, and mutual funds, and any deposit of life insurance proceeds added to the account by reason of the death of a party.</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scA/s113.001/9">
<num value="9">(9)</num>
<content>"Withdrawal" includes payment to a third person in accordance with a check or other directive of a party.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1338 (S.B. 1198), Sec. 2.07, eff. January 1, 2014.
Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 255 (S.B. 1020), Sec. 1, eff. May 29, 2015.
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 205 (S.B. 1373), Sec. 10, eff. September 1, 2023.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scA/s113.002">
<num value="113.002">Sec. 113.002.</num>
<heading>DEFINITION OF PARTY</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scA/s113.002/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>In this chapter, "party" means a person who, by the terms of a multiple-party account, has a present right, subject to request, to payment from the account. Except as otherwise required by the context, the term includes a guardian, personal representative, or assignee, including an attaching creditor, of a party. The term also includes a person identified as a trustee of an account for another regardless of whether a beneficiary is named. The term does not include a named beneficiary unless the beneficiary has a present right of withdrawal.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scA/s113.002/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A P.O.D. payee, including a charitable organization, or beneficiary of a trust account is a party only after the account becomes payable to the P.O.D. payee or beneficiary by reason of the P.O.D. payee or beneficiary surviving the original payee or trustee.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1338 (S.B. 1198), Sec. 2.08, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scA/s113.003">
<num value="113.003">Sec. 113.003.</num>
<heading>DEFINITION OF NET CONTRIBUTION</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scA/s113.003/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>In this chapter, "net contribution" of a party to a joint account at any given time is the sum of all deposits made to that account by or for the party, less all withdrawals made by or for the party that have not been paid to or applied to the use of any other party, plus a pro rata share of any interest or dividends included in the current balance of the account. The term also includes any deposit life insurance proceeds added to the account by reason of the death of the party whose net contribution is in question.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scA/s113.003/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>A financial institution may not be required to inquire, for purposes of establishing net contributions, about:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scA/s113.003/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the source of funds received for deposit to a multiple-party account; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scA/s113.003/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the proposed application of an amount withdrawn from a multiple-party account.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scA/s113.004">
<num value="113.004">Sec. 113.004.</num>
<heading>TYPES OF ACCOUNTS</heading>
<chapeau>In this chapter:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scA/s113.004/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<chapeau>"Convenience account" means an account that:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scA/s113.004/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>is established at a financial institution by one or more parties in the names of the parties and one or more convenience signers; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scA/s113.004/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>has terms that provide that the sums on deposit are paid or delivered to the parties or to the convenience signers "for the convenience" of the parties.</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scA/s113.004/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>"Joint account" means an account payable on request to one or more of two or more parties, regardless of whether there is a right of survivorship.</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scA/s113.004/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>"Multiple-party account" means a joint account, a convenience account, a P.O.D. account, or a trust account. The term does not include an account established for the deposit of funds of a partnership, joint venture, or other association for business purposes, or an account controlled by one or more persons as the authorized agent or trustee for a corporation, unincorporated association, charitable or civic organization, or a regular fiduciary or trust account in which the relationship is established other than by deposit agreement.</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scA/s113.004/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<chapeau>"P.O.D. account," including an account designated as a transfer on death or T.O.D. account, means an account payable on request to:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scA/s113.004/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>one person during the person's lifetime and, on the person's death, to one or more P.O.D. payees; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scA/s113.004/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>one or more persons during their lifetimes and, on the death of all of those persons, to one or more P.O.D. payees.</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scA/s113.004/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<chapeau>"Trust account" means an account in the name of one or more parties as trustee for one or more beneficiaries in which the relationship is established by the form of the account and the deposit agreement with the financial institution and in which there is no subject of the trust other than the sums on deposit in the account. The deposit agreement is not required to address payment to the beneficiary. The term does not include:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scA/s113.004/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>a regular trust account under a testamentary trust or a trust agreement that has significance apart from the account; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scA/s113.004/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>a fiduciary account arising from a fiduciary relationship, such as the attorney-client relationship.</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 949 (S.B. 995), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2015.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scA/s113.005">
<num value="113.005">Sec. 113.005.</num>
<heading>AUTHORITY OF FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS TO ENTER INTO CERTAIN ACCOUNTS</heading>
<content>A financial institution may enter into a multiple-party account to the same extent that the institution may enter into a single-party account.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scB">
<num value="B">SUBCHAPTER B.</num>
<heading>UNIFORM ACCOUNT FORM</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scB/s113.051">
<num value="113.051">Sec. 113.051.</num>
<heading>ESTABLISHMENT OF TYPE OF ACCOUNT; APPLICABILITY OF CERTAIN LAW</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scB/s113.051/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>A contract of deposit that contains provisions substantially the same as in the form provided by Section 113.052 establishes the type of account selected by a party. This chapter governs an account selected under the form.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scB/s113.051/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A contract of deposit that does not contain provisions substantially the same as in the form provided by Section 113.052 is governed by the provisions of this chapter applicable to the type of account that most nearly conforms to the depositor's intent.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 91 (S.B. 1303), Sec. 8.004, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scB/s113.052">
<num value="113.052">Sec. 113.052.</num>
<heading>FORM</heading>
<chapeau>A financial institution may use the following form to establish the type of account selected by a party:</chapeau>
<continuation>UNIFORM SINGLE-PARTY OR MULTIPLE-PARTY ACCOUNT SELECTION FORM NOTICE: The type of account you select may determine how property passes on your death. Your will may not control the disposition of funds held in some of the following accounts. You may choose to designate one or more convenience signers on an account, even if the account is not a convenience account. A designated convenience signer may make transactions on your behalf during your lifetime, but does not own the account during your lifetime. The designated convenience signer owns the account on your death only if the convenience signer is also designated as a P.O.D. payee or trust account beneficiary.</continuation>
<continuation>Select one of the following accounts by placing your initials next to the account selected:</continuation>
<continuation>___ (1) SINGLE-PARTY ACCOUNT WITHOUT "P.O.D." (PAYABLE ON DEATH) DESIGNATION. The party to the account owns the account. On the death of the party, ownership of the account passes as a part of the party's estate under the party's will or by intestacy.</continuation>
<continuation>Enter the name of the party:</continuation>
<sourceCredit>________________________________________________________________
Enter the name(s) of the convenience signer(s), if you want one or more convenience signers on this account:
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
___ (2) SINGLE-PARTY ACCOUNT WITH "P.O.D." (PAYABLE ON DEATH) DESIGNATION. The party to the account owns the account. On the death of the party, ownership of the account passes to the P.O.D. beneficiaries of the account. The account is not a part of the party's estate.
Enter the name of the party:
________________________________________________________________
Enter the name or names of the P.O.D. beneficiaries:
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
Enter the name(s) of the convenience signer(s), if you want one or more convenience signers on this account:
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
___ (3) MULTIPLE-PARTY ACCOUNT WITHOUT RIGHT OF SURVIVORSHIP. The parties to the account own the account in proportion to the parties' net contributions to the account. The financial institution may pay any sum in the account to a party at any time. On the death of a party, the party's ownership of the account passes as a part of the party's estate under the party's will or by intestacy.
Enter the names of the parties:
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
Enter the name(s) of the convenience signer(s), if you want one or more convenience signers on this account:
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
___ (4) MULTIPLE-PARTY ACCOUNT WITH RIGHT OF SURVIVORSHIP. The parties to the account own the account in proportion to the parties' net contributions to the account. The financial institution may pay any sum in the account to a party at any time. On the death of a party, the party's ownership of the account passes to the surviving parties.
Enter the names of the parties:
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
Enter the name(s) of the convenience signer(s), if you want one or more convenience signers on this account:
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
___ (5) MULTIPLE-PARTY ACCOUNT WITH RIGHT OF SURVIVORSHIP AND P.O.D. (PAYABLE ON DEATH) DESIGNATION. The parties to the account own the account in proportion to the parties' net contributions to the account. The financial institution may pay any sum in the account to a party at any time. On the death of the last surviving party, the ownership of the account passes to the P.O.D. beneficiaries.
Enter the names of the parties:
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
Enter the name or names of the P.O.D. beneficiaries:
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
Enter the name(s) of the convenience signer(s), if you want one or more convenience signers on this account:
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
___ (6) CONVENIENCE ACCOUNT. The parties to the account own the account. One or more convenience signers to the account may make account transactions for a party. A convenience signer does not own the account. On the death of the last surviving party, ownership of the account passes as a part of the last surviving party's estate under the last surviving party's will or by intestacy. The financial institution may pay funds in the account to a convenience signer before the financial institution receives notice of the death of the last surviving party. The payment to a convenience signer does not affect the parties' ownership of the account.
Enter the names of the parties:
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
Enter the name(s) of the convenience signer(s):
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
___ (7) TRUST ACCOUNT. The parties named as trustees to the account own the account in proportion to the parties' net contributions to the account. A trustee may withdraw funds from the account. A beneficiary may not withdraw funds from the account before all trustees are deceased. On the death of the last surviving trustee, the ownership of the account passes to the beneficiary. The trust account is not a part of a trustee's estate and does not pass under the trustee's will or by intestacy, unless the trustee survives all of the beneficiaries and all other trustees.
Enter the name or names of the trustees:
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
Enter the name or names of the beneficiaries:
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
Enter the name(s) of the convenience signer(s), if you want one or more convenience signers on this account:
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
ACKNOWLEDGMENT: I acknowledge that I have read each paragraph of this form and have received disclosure of the ownership rights to the accounts listed above. I have placed my initials next to the type of account I want.
_______________________
Signature
Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 91 (S.B. 1303), Sec. 8.005, eff. January 1, 2014.
Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 304 (S.B. 714), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scB/s113.053">
<num value="113.053">Sec. 113.053.</num>
<heading>REQUIRED DISCLOSURE; USE OF FORM</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scB/s113.053/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>Except as provided by Subsection (d), a financial institution shall disclose the information provided in this subchapter to a customer before the customer selects or modifies an account.</content>
<continuation>(a-1) A financial institution is considered to have disclosed the information provided in this subchapter if:</continuation>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scB/s113.053/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the financial institution uses the form provided by Section 113.052; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scB/s113.053/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the customer signs the acknowledgment provided at the end of the form.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scB/s113.053/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>If a financial institution varies the format of the form provided by Section 113.052, the financial institution shall disclose the information provided by this subchapter separately from other account information except that the financial institution may disclose that information as part of other account documentation if the disclosures are the first items of the documentation.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scB/s113.053/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>The financial institution shall notify the customer of the type of account the customer selected. This requirement is satisfied by providing the customer with a copy of the account opening or modification documentation, as appropriate, in paper or electronic format.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scB/s113.053/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>If a type of multiple-party account is not available from a financial institution, the financial institution is not required to make a disclosure about that type of account.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scB/s113.053/e">
<num value="e">(e)</num>
<chapeau>This section does not apply to:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scB/s113.053/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>a credit union; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scB/s113.053/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<chapeau>an account that is opened or modified by a customer who:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scB/s113.053/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>is a legal entity, including a governmental entity; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scB/s113.053/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>is acting as a legal representative for another person.</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 85 (S.B. 1791), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2015.
Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 304 (S.B. 714), Sec. 2, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scB/s113.0531">
<num value="113.0531">Sec. 113.0531.</num>
<heading>USE OF FORM AND DISCLOSURE BY CREDIT UNIONS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scB/s113.0531/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>A credit union is considered to have disclosed the information provided by this subchapter if the credit union uses the form provided by Section 113.052.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scB/s113.0531/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>If a credit union varies the format of the form provided by Section 113.052, the credit union may make disclosures in the account agreement or in any other form that discloses the information provided by this subchapter.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scB/s113.0531/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<chapeau>If the customer receives disclosure of the ownership rights to an account and the names of the parties are indicated, a credit union may combine any of the provisions in, and vary the format of, the form and notices described in Section 113.052 in:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scB/s113.0531/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>a universal account form with options listed for selection and additional disclosures provided in the account agreement; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scB/s113.0531/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>any other manner that adequately discloses the information provided by this subchapter.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 85 (S.B. 1791), Sec. 2, eff. September 1, 2015.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scC">
<num value="C">SUBCHAPTER C.</num>
<heading>OWNERSHIP AND OPERATION OF ACCOUNTS</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scC/s113.101">
<num value="113.101">Sec. 113.101.</num>
<heading>EFFECT OF CERTAIN PROVISIONS REGARDING OWNERSHIP BETWEEN PARTIES AND OTHERS</heading>
<chapeau>The provisions of this subchapter and Subchapters B and D that relate to beneficial ownership between parties, or between parties and P.O.D. payees or beneficiaries of multiple-party accounts:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scC/s113.101/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>are relevant only to controversies between those persons and those persons' creditors and other successors; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scC/s113.101/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>do not affect the withdrawal power of those persons under the terms of an account contract.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scC/s113.102">
<num value="113.102">Sec. 113.102.</num>
<heading>OWNERSHIP OF JOINT ACCOUNT DURING PARTIES' LIFETIMES</heading>
<content>During the lifetime of all parties to a joint account, the account belongs to the parties in proportion to the net contributions by each party to the sums on deposit unless there is clear and convincing evidence of a different intent.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scC/s113.103">
<num value="113.103">Sec. 113.103.</num>
<heading>OWNERSHIP OF P.O.D. ACCOUNT DURING ORIGINAL PAYEE'S LIFETIME</heading>
<chapeau>O.D. ACCOUNT DURING ORIGINAL PAYEE'S LIFETIME. (a) During the lifetime of an original payee of a P.O.D. account, the account belongs to the original payee and does not belong to the P.O.D. payee or payees.</chapeau>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scC/s113.103/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>If two or more parties are named as original payees of a P.O.D. account, during the parties' lifetimes rights between the parties are governed by Section 113.102.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scC/s113.104">
<num value="113.104">Sec. 113.104.</num>
<heading>OWNERSHIP OF TRUST ACCOUNT DURING TRUSTEE'S LIFETIME</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scC/s113.104/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>A trust account belongs beneficially to the trustee during the trustee's lifetime unless:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scC/s113.104/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the terms of the account or the deposit agreement manifest a contrary intent; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scC/s113.104/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>other clear and convincing evidence of an irrevocable trust exists.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scC/s113.104/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>If two or more parties are named as trustees on a trust account, during the parties' lifetimes beneficial rights between the parties are governed by Section 113.102.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scC/s113.104/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>An account that is an irrevocable trust belongs beneficially to the beneficiary.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scC/s113.105">
<num value="113.105">Sec. 113.105.</num>
<heading>OWNERSHIP OF CONVENIENCE ACCOUNT; ADDITIONS AND ACCRUALS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scC/s113.105/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>The making of a deposit in a convenience account does not affect the title to the deposit.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scC/s113.105/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A party to a convenience account is not considered to have made a gift of the deposit, or of any additions or accruals to the deposit, to a convenience signer.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scC/s113.105/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>An addition made to a convenience account by anyone other than a party, and accruals to the addition, are considered to have been made by a party.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scC/s113.106">
<num value="113.106">Sec. 113.106.</num>
<heading>OWNERSHIP AND OPERATION OF OTHER ACCOUNT WITH CONVENIENCE SIGNER</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scC/s113.106/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>An account established by one or more parties at a financial institution that is not designated as a convenience account, but is instead designated as a single-party account or another type of multiple-party account, may provide that the sums on deposit may be paid or delivered to the parties or to one or more convenience signers "for the convenience of the parties."</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scC/s113.106/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>Except as provided by Section 113.1541:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scC/s113.106/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the provisions of Sections 113.105, 113.206, and 113.208 apply to an account described by Subsection (a), including provisions relating to the ownership of the account during the lifetimes and on the deaths of the parties and provisions relating to the powers and duties of the financial institution at which the account is established; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scC/s113.106/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>any other law relating to a convenience signer applies to a convenience signer designated as provided by this section to the extent the law applies to a convenience signer on a convenience account.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 91 (S.B. 1303), Sec. 8.006(a), eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scD">
<num value="D">SUBCHAPTER D.</num>
<heading>RIGHTS OF SURVIVORSHIP IN ACCOUNTS</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scD/s113.151">
<num value="113.151">Sec. 113.151.</num>
<heading>ESTABLISHMENT OF RIGHT OF SURVIVORSHIP IN JOINT ACCOUNT; OWNERSHIP ON DEATH OF PARTY</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scD/s113.151/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>Sums remaining on deposit on the death of a party to a joint account belong to the surviving party or parties against the estate of the deceased party if the interest of the deceased party is made to survive to the surviving party or parties by a written agreement signed by the party who dies.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scD/s113.151/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>Notwithstanding any other law, an agreement is sufficient under this section to confer an absolute right of survivorship on parties to a joint account if the agreement contains a statement substantially similar to the following: "On the death of one party to a joint account, all sums in the account on the date of the death vest in and belong to the surviving party as his or her separate property and estate."</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scD/s113.151/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>A survivorship agreement may not be inferred from the mere fact that the account is a joint account or that the account is designated as JT TEN, Joint Tenancy, or joint, or with other similar language.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scD/s113.151/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<chapeau>If there are two or more surviving parties to a joint account that is subject to a right of survivorship agreement:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scD/s113.151/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>during the parties' lifetimes respective ownerships are in proportion to the parties' previous ownership interests under Sections 113.102, 113.103, and 113.104, as applicable, augmented by an equal share for each survivor of any interest a deceased party owned in the account immediately before that party's death; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scD/s113.151/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the right of survivorship continues between the surviving parties if a written agreement signed by a party who dies provides for that continuation.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1338 (S.B. 1198), Sec. 2.09, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scD/s113.152">
<num value="113.152">Sec. 113.152.</num>
<heading>OWNERSHIP OF P.O.D. ACCOUNT ON DEATH OF PARTY</heading>
<chapeau>O.D. ACCOUNT ON DEATH OF PARTY. (a) If the account is a P.O.D. account and there is a written agreement signed by the original payee or payees, on the death of the original payee or on the death of the survivor of two or more original payees, any sums remaining on deposit belong to:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scD/s113.152/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the P.O.D. payee or payees if surviving; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scD/s113.152/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the survivor of the P.O.D. payees if one or more P.O.D. payees die before the original payee.</content>
</paragraph>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scD/s113.152/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>If two or more P.O.D. payees survive, no right of survivorship exists between the surviving P.O.D. payees unless the terms of the account or deposit agreement expressly provide for survivorship between those payees.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scD/s113.152/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>A guardian of the estate or an attorney in fact or agent of an original payee may sign a written agreement described by Subsection (a) on behalf of the original payee.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 949 (S.B. 995), Sec. 2, eff. September 1, 2015.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scD/s113.153">
<num value="113.153">Sec. 113.153.</num>
<heading>OWNERSHIP OF TRUST ACCOUNT ON DEATH OF TRUSTEE</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scD/s113.153/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>If the account is a trust account and there is a written agreement signed by the trustee or trustees, on death of the trustee or the survivor of two or more trustees, any sums remaining on deposit belong to:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scD/s113.153/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the person or persons named as beneficiaries, if surviving; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scD/s113.153/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the survivor of the persons named as beneficiaries if one or more beneficiaries die before the trustee.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scD/s113.153/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>If two or more beneficiaries survive, no right of survivorship exists between the surviving beneficiaries unless the terms of the account or deposit agreement expressly provide for survivorship between those beneficiaries.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scD/s113.154">
<num value="113.154">Sec. 113.154.</num>
<heading>OWNERSHIP OF CONVENIENCE ACCOUNT ON DEATH OF PARTY</heading>
<chapeau>On the death of the last surviving party to a convenience account:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scD/s113.154/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>a convenience signer has no right of survivorship in the account; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scD/s113.154/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>ownership of the account remains in the estate of the last surviving party.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scD/s113.1541">
<num value="113.1541">Sec. 113.1541.</num>
<heading>OWNERSHIP OF OTHER ACCOUNT WITH CONVENIENCE SIGNER ON DEATH OF LAST SURVIVING PARTY</heading>
<content>On the death of the last surviving party to an account that has a convenience signer designated as provided by Section 113.106, the convenience signer does not have a right of survivorship in the account and the estate of the last surviving party owns the account unless the convenience signer is also designated as a P.O.D. payee or as a beneficiary.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 91 (S.B. 1303), Sec. 8.006(b), eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scD/s113.155">
<num value="113.155">Sec. 113.155.</num>
<heading>EFFECT OF DEATH OF PARTY ON CERTAIN ACCOUNTS WITHOUT RIGHTS OF SURVIVORSHIP</heading>
<content>The death of a party to a multiple-party account to which Sections 113.151, 113.152, and 113.153 do not apply has no effect on the beneficial ownership of the account, other than to transfer the rights of the deceased party as part of the deceased party's estate.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scD/s113.156">
<num value="113.156">Sec. 113.156.</num>
<heading>APPLICABILITY OF CERTAIN PROVISIONS ON DEATH OF PARTY</heading>
<content>Sections 113.151, 113.152, 113.153, and 113.155 as to rights of survivorship are determined by the form of the account at the death of a party.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scD/s113.157">
<num value="113.157">Sec. 113.157.</num>
<heading>WRITTEN NOTICE TO FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS REGARDING FORM OF ACCOUNT</heading>
<content>Notwithstanding any other law, the form of an account may be altered by written order given by a party to the financial institution to change the form of the account or to stop or vary payment under the terms of the account. The order or request must be signed by a party, received by the financial institution during the party's lifetime, and not countermanded by another written order of the same party during the party's lifetime.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scD/s113.158">
<num value="113.158">Sec. 113.158.</num>
<heading>NONTESTAMENTARY NATURE OF CERTAIN TRANSFERS</heading>
<content>Transfers resulting from the application of Sections 113.151, 113.152, 113.153, and 113.155 are effective by reason of the account contracts involved and this chapter and are not to be considered testamentary transfers or subject to the testamentary provisions of this title.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scE">
<num value="E">SUBCHAPTER E.</num>
<heading>PROTECTION OF FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scE/s113.201">
<num value="113.201">Sec. 113.201.</num>
<heading>APPLICABILITY OF SUBCHAPTER</heading>
<chapeau>This subchapter and Section 113.003(b) govern:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scE/s113.201/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the liability of financial institutions that make payments as provided by this subchapter; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scE/s113.201/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the set-off rights of those institutions.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scE/s113.202">
<num value="113.202">Sec. 113.202.</num>
<heading>PAYMENT OF MULTIPLE-PARTY ACCOUNT</heading>
<content>A multiple-party account may be paid, on request, to any one or more of the parties.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scE/s113.203">
<num value="113.203">Sec. 113.203.</num>
<heading>PAYMENT OF JOINT ACCOUNT</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scE/s113.203/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>Subject to Subsection (b), amounts in a joint account may be paid, on request, to any party without regard to whether any other party is incapacitated or deceased at the time the payment is demanded.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scE/s113.203/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>Payment may not be made to the personal representative or heir of a deceased party unless:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scE/s113.203/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>proofs of death are presented to the financial institution showing that the deceased party was the last surviving party; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scE/s113.203/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>there is no right of survivorship under Sections 113.151, 113.152, 113.153, and 113.155.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scE/s113.204">
<num value="113.204">Sec. 113.204.</num>
<heading>PAYMENT OF P.O.D. ACCOUNT</heading>
<chapeau>O.D. ACCOUNT. (a) A P.O.D. account may be paid, on request, to any original payee of the account.</chapeau>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scE/s113.204/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>Payment may be made, on request, to the P.O.D. payee or to the personal representative or heirs of a deceased P.O.D. payee on the presentation to the financial institution of proof of death showing that the P.O.D. payee survived each person named as an original payee.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scE/s113.204/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>Payment may be made to the personal representative or heirs of a deceased original payee if proof of death is presented to the financial institution showing that the deceased original payee was the survivor of each other person named on the account as an original payee or a P.O.D. payee.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scE/s113.205">
<num value="113.205">Sec. 113.205.</num>
<heading>PAYMENT OF TRUST ACCOUNT</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scE/s113.205/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>A trust account may be paid, on request, to any trustee.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scE/s113.205/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>Unless a financial institution has received written notice that a beneficiary has a vested interest not dependent on the beneficiary's surviving the trustee, payment may be made to the personal representative or heirs of a deceased trustee if proof of death is presented to the financial institution showing that the deceased trustee was the survivor of each other person named on the account as a trustee or beneficiary.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scE/s113.205/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>Payment may be made, on request, to a beneficiary if proof of death is presented to the financial institution showing that the beneficiary or beneficiaries survived all persons named as trustees.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scE/s113.206">
<num value="113.206">Sec. 113.206.</num>
<heading>PAYMENT OF CONVENIENCE ACCOUNT</heading>
<content>Deposits to a convenience account and additions and accruals to the deposits may be paid to a party or a convenience signer.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scE/s113.207">
<num value="113.207">Sec. 113.207.</num>
<heading>LIABILITY FOR PAYMENT FROM JOINT ACCOUNT AFTER DEATH</heading>
<content>A financial institution that pays an amount from a joint account to a surviving party to that account in accordance with a written agreement under Section 113.151 is not liable to an heir, devisee, or beneficiary of the deceased party's estate.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scE/s113.208">
<num value="113.208">Sec. 113.208.</num>
<heading>LIABILITY FOR PAYMENT FROM CONVENIENCE ACCOUNT</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scE/s113.208/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>A financial institution is completely released from liability for a payment made from a convenience account before the financial institution receives notice in writing signed by a party not to make the payment in accordance with the terms of the account. After receipt of the notice from a party, the financial institution may require a party to approve any further payments from the account.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scE/s113.208/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A financial institution that makes a payment of the sums on deposit in a convenience account to a convenience signer after the death of the last surviving party, but before the financial institution receives written notice of the last surviving party's death, is completely released from liability for the payment.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scE/s113.208/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>A financial institution that makes a payment of the sums on deposit in a convenience account to the personal representative of the deceased last surviving party's estate after the death of the last surviving party, but before a court order prohibiting payment is served on the financial institution, is, to the extent of the payment, released from liability to any person claiming a right to the funds. The personal representative's receipt of the funds is a complete release and discharge of the financial institution.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scE/s113.209">
<num value="113.209">Sec. 113.209.</num>
<heading>DISCHARGE FROM CLAIMS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scE/s113.209/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>Payment made in accordance with Section 113.202, 113.203, 113.204, 113.205, or 113.207 discharges the financial institution from all claims for those amounts paid regardless of whether the payment is consistent with the beneficial ownership of the account between parties, P.O.D. payees, or beneficiaries, or their successors.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scE/s113.209/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The protection provided by Subsection (a) does not extend to payments made after a financial institution receives, from any party able to request present payment, written notice to the effect that withdrawals in accordance with the terms of the account should not be permitted. Unless the notice is withdrawn by the person giving the notice, the successor of a deceased party must concur in a demand for withdrawal for the financial institution to be protected under Subsection (a).</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scE/s113.209/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>No notice, other than the notice described by Subsection (b), or any other information shown to have been available to a financial institution affects the institution's right to the protection provided by Subsection (a).</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scE/s113.209/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>The protection provided by Subsection (a) does not affect the rights of parties in disputes between the parties or the parties' successors concerning the beneficial ownership of funds in, or withdrawn from, multiple-party accounts.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scE/s113.210">
<num value="113.210">Sec. 113.210.</num>
<heading>SET-OFF TO FINANCIAL INSTITUTION</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scE/s113.210/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>Without qualifying any other statutory right to set-off or lien and subject to any contractual provision, if a party to a multiple-party account is indebted to a financial institution, the financial institution has a right to set-off against the account in which the party has, or had immediately before the party's death, a present right of withdrawal.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scE/s113.210/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The amount of the account subject to set-off under this section is that proportion to which the debtor is, or was immediately before the debtor's death, beneficially entitled, and in the absence of proof of net contributions, to an equal share with all parties having present rights of withdrawal.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scF">
<num value="F">SUBCHAPTER F.</num>
<heading>RIGHTS OF CREDITORS; PLEDGE OF ACCOUNT</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scF/s113.251">
<num value="113.251">Sec. 113.251.</num>
<heading>PLEDGE OF ACCOUNT</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scF/s113.251/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>A party to a multiple-party account may pledge the account or otherwise create a security interest in the account without the joinder of, as applicable, a P.O.D. payee, a beneficiary, a convenience signer, or any other party to a joint account, regardless of whether a right of survivorship exists.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scF/s113.251/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A convenience signer may not pledge or otherwise create a security interest in an account.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scF/s113.251/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>Not later than the 30th day after the date a security interest on a multiple-party account is perfected, a secured creditor that is a financial institution with accounts insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation shall provide written notice of the pledge of the account to any other party to the account who did not create the security interest. The notice must be sent by a qualified delivery method to each other party at the last address the party provided to the depository bank.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scF/s113.251/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>The financial institution is not required to provide the notice described by Subsection (c) to a P.O.D. payee, beneficiary, or convenience signer.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 205 (S.B. 1373), Sec. 11, eff. September 1, 2023.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scF/s113.252">
<num value="113.252">Sec. 113.252.</num>
<heading>RIGHTS OF CREDITORS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scF/s113.252/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>A multiple-party account is not effective against:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scF/s113.252/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<chapeau>an estate of a deceased party to transfer to a survivor:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scF/s113.252/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>amounts equal to the amounts of estate taxes and expenses charged under Subchapter A, Chapter 124, to the deceased party, P.O.D. payee, or beneficiary of the account; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scF/s113.252/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>if other assets of the estate are insufficient, amounts needed to pay debts, other taxes, and expenses of administration, including statutory allowances to the surviving spouse and minor children; or</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scF/s113.252/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the claim of a secured creditor who has a lien on the account.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scF/s113.252/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A party, P.O.D. payee, or beneficiary who receives payment from a multiple-party account or causes a payment to be made to another person from a multiple-party account after the death of a deceased party is liable to account to the deceased party's personal representative for amounts the deceased party owned beneficially immediately before the party's death to the extent necessary to discharge the claims, expenses, and charges described by Subsection (a). The party, P.O.D. payee, or beneficiary is not liable in an amount greater than the amount the party, P.O.D. payee, or beneficiary received or caused to be paid to another person from the multiple-party account after the deceased party's death.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scF/s113.252/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<chapeau>Any proceeding by the personal representative of a deceased party to assert liability under Subsection (b):</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scF/s113.252/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>may be commenced only if the personal representative receives a written demand by a surviving spouse, a creditor, or a person acting on behalf of a minor child of the deceased party; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scF/s113.252/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>must be commenced on or before the second anniversary of the death of the deceased party.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scF/s113.252/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>Amounts recovered by the personal representative under this section must be administered as part of the decedent's estate.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 844 (H.B. 2271), Sec. 4, eff. September 1, 2017.
Acts 2019, 86th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1141 (H.B. 2782), Sec. 3, eff. September 1, 2019.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scF/s113.253">
<num value="113.253">Sec. 113.253.</num>
<heading>NO EFFECT ON CERTAIN RIGHTS AND LIABILITIES OF FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS</heading>
<chapeau>This subchapter does not:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scF/s113.253/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>affect the right of a financial institution to make payment on multiple-party accounts according to the terms of the account; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c113/scF/s113.253/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>make the financial institution liable to the estate of a deceased party unless, before payment, the institution received written notice from the personal representative stating the amounts needed to pay debts, taxes, claims, and expenses of administration.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
</chapter>
<chapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c114">
<num value="114">CHAPTER 114.</num>
<heading>TRANSFER ON DEATH DEED</heading>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c114/scA">
<num value="A">SUBCHAPTER A.</num>
<heading>GENERAL PROVISIONS</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c114/scA/s114.001">
<num value="114.001">Sec. 114.001.</num>
<heading>SHORT TITLE</heading>
<content>This chapter may be cited as the Texas Real Property Transfer on Death Act.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 841 (S.B. 462), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2015.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c114/scA/s114.002">
<num value="114.002">Sec. 114.002.</num>
<heading>DEFINITIONS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c114/scA/s114.002/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>In this chapter:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c114/scA/s114.002/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>"Beneficiary" means a person who receives real property under a transfer on death deed.</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c114/scA/s114.002/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>"Designated beneficiary" means a person designated to receive real property in a transfer on death deed.</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c114/scA/s114.002/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>"Joint owner with right of survivorship" or "joint owner" means an individual who owns real property concurrently with one or more other individuals with a right of survivorship. The term does not include a tenant in common or an owner of community property with or without a right of survivorship.</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c114/scA/s114.002/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>"Person" has the meaning assigned by Section 311.005, Government Code.</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c114/scA/s114.002/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>"Real property" means an interest in real property located in this state.</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c114/scA/s114.002/6">
<num value="6">(6)</num>
<content>"Transfer on death deed" means a deed authorized under this chapter and does not refer to any other deed that transfers an interest in real property on the death of an individual.</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c114/scA/s114.002/7">
<num value="7">(7)</num>
<content>"Transferor" means an individual who makes a transfer on death deed.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c114/scA/s114.002/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>Repealed by Acts 2019, 86th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1141 (H.B. 2782), Sec. 47(1) and Ch. 337 (S.B. 874), Sec. 3(1), eff. September 1, 2019.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 841 (S.B. 462), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2015.
Amended by:
Acts 2019, 86th Leg., R.S., Ch. 337 (S.B. 874), Sec. 3(1), eff. September 1, 2019.
Acts 2019, 86th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1141 (H.B. 2782), Sec. 47(1), eff. September 1, 2019.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c114/scA/s114.003">
<num value="114.003">Sec. 114.003.</num>
<heading>APPLICABILITY</heading>
<content>This chapter applies to a transfer on death deed executed and acknowledged on or after September 1, 2015, by a transferor who dies on or after September 1, 2015.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 841 (S.B. 462), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2015.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c114/scA/s114.004">
<num value="114.004">Sec. 114.004.</num>
<heading>NONEXCLUSIVITY</heading>
<content>This chapter does not affect any method of transferring real property otherwise permitted under the laws of this state.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 841 (S.B. 462), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2015.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c114/scA/s114.005">
<num value="114.005">Sec. 114.005.</num>
<heading>UNIFORMITY OF APPLICATION AND CONSTRUCTION</heading>
<content>In applying and construing this chapter, consideration must be given to the need to promote uniformity of the law with respect to the subject matter of this chapter among states that enact a law similar to this chapter.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 841 (S.B. 462), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2015.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c114/scA/s114.006">
<num value="114.006">Sec. 114.006.</num>
<heading>RELATION TO ELECTRONIC SIGNATURES IN GLOBAL AND NATIONAL COMMERCE ACT</heading>
<content>This chapter modifies, limits, and supersedes the federal Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act (15 U.S.C. Section 7001 et seq.), except that this chapter does not modify, limit, or supersede Section 101(c) of that Act (15 U.S.C. Section 7001(c)) or authorize electronic delivery of any of the notices described in Section 103(b) of that Act (15 U.S.C. Section 7003(b)).</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 841 (S.B. 462), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2015.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c114/scB">
<num value="B">SUBCHAPTER B.</num>
<heading>AUTHORIZATION, EXECUTION, AND REVOCATION OF TRANSFER ON DEATH DEED</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c114/scB/s114.051">
<num value="114.051">Sec. 114.051.</num>
<heading>TRANSFER ON DEATH DEED AUTHORIZED</heading>
<content>An individual may transfer the individual's interest in real property to one or more beneficiaries effective at the transferor's death by a transfer on death deed.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 841 (S.B. 462), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2015.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c114/scB/s114.052">
<num value="114.052">Sec. 114.052.</num>
<heading>TRANSFER ON DEATH DEED REVOCABLE</heading>
<content>A transfer on death deed is revocable regardless of whether the deed or another instrument contains a contrary provision.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 841 (S.B. 462), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2015.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c114/scB/s114.053">
<num value="114.053">Sec. 114.053.</num>
<heading>TRANSFER ON DEATH DEED NONTESTAMENTARY</heading>
<content>A transfer on death deed is a nontestamentary instrument.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 841 (S.B. 462), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2015.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c114/scB/s114.054">
<num value="114.054">Sec. 114.054.</num>
<heading>CAPACITY OF TRANSFEROR; USE OF POWER OF ATTORNEY</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c114/scB/s114.054/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>The capacity required to make or revoke a transfer on death deed is the same as the capacity required to make a contract.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c114/scB/s114.054/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A transfer on death deed may not be created through use of a power of attorney.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 841 (S.B. 462), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2015.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c114/scB/s114.055">
<num value="114.055">Sec. 114.055.</num>
<heading>REQUIREMENTS</heading>
<chapeau>To be effective, a transfer on death deed must:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c114/scB/s114.055/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>except as otherwise provided in Subdivision (2), contain the essential elements and formalities of a recordable deed;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c114/scB/s114.055/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>state that the transfer of an interest in real property to the designated beneficiary is to occur at the transferor's death; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c114/scB/s114.055/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>be recorded before the transferor's death in the deed records in the county clerk's office of the county where the real property is located.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 841 (S.B. 462), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2015.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c114/scB/s114.056">
<num value="114.056">Sec. 114.056.</num>
<heading>NOTICE, DELIVERY, ACCEPTANCE, OR CONSIDERATION NOT REQUIRED</heading>
<chapeau>A transfer on death deed is effective without:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c114/scB/s114.056/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>notice or delivery to or acceptance by the designated beneficiary during the transferor's life; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c114/scB/s114.056/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>consideration.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 841 (S.B. 462), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2015.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c114/scB/s114.057">
<num value="114.057">Sec. 114.057.</num>
<heading>REVOCATION BY CERTAIN INSTRUMENTS; EFFECT OF WILL OR MARRIAGE DISSOLUTION</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c114/scB/s114.057/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>Subject to Subsections (d) and (e), an instrument is effective to revoke a recorded transfer on death deed, or any part of it, if the instrument:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c114/scB/s114.057/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<chapeau>is one of the following:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c114/scB/s114.057/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>a subsequent transfer on death deed that revokes the preceding transfer on death deed or part of the deed expressly or by inconsistency; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c114/scB/s114.057/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>except as provided by Subsection (b), an instrument of revocation that expressly revokes the transfer on death deed or part of the deed;</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c114/scB/s114.057/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>is acknowledged by the transferor after the acknowledgment of the deed being revoked; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c114/scB/s114.057/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>is recorded before the transferor's death in the deed records in the county clerk's office of the county where the deed being revoked is recorded.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c114/scB/s114.057/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A will may not revoke or supersede a transfer on death deed.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c114/scB/s114.057/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>If a marriage between the transferor and a designated beneficiary is dissolved after a transfer on death deed is recorded, a final judgment of the court dissolving the marriage operates to revoke the transfer on death deed as to that designated beneficiary if notice of the judgment is recorded before the transferor's death in the deed records in the county clerk's office of the county where the deed is recorded, notwithstanding Section 111.052.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c114/scB/s114.057/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>If a transfer on death deed is made by more than one transferor, revocation by a transferor does not affect the deed as to the interest of another transferor who does not make that revocation.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c114/scB/s114.057/e">
<num value="e">(e)</num>
<content>A transfer on death deed made by joint owners with right of survivorship is revoked only if it is revoked by all of the living joint owners.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c114/scB/s114.057/f">
<num value="f">(f)</num>
<content>This section does not limit the effect of an inter vivos transfer of the real property.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 841 (S.B. 462), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2015.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c114/scC">
<num value="C">SUBCHAPTER C.</num>
<heading>EFFECT OF TRANSFER ON DEATH DEED; LIABILITY OF TRANSFERRED PROPERTY FOR CREDITORS' CLAIMS</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c114/scC/s114.101">
<num value="114.101">Sec. 114.101.</num>
<heading>EFFECT OF TRANSFER ON DEATH DEED DURING TRANSFEROR'S LIFE</heading>
<chapeau>During a transferor's life, a transfer on death deed does not:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c114/scC/s114.101/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<chapeau>affect an interest or right of the transferor or any other owner, including:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c114/scC/s114.101/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>the right to transfer or encumber the real property that is the subject of the deed;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c114/scC/s114.101/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>homestead rights in the real property, if applicable; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c114/scC/s114.101/C">
<num value="C">(C)</num>
<content>ad valorem tax exemptions, including exemptions for residence homestead, persons 65 years of age or older, persons with disabilities, and veterans;</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c114/scC/s114.101/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>affect an interest or right of a transferee of the real property that is the subject of the deed, even if the transferee has actual or constructive notice of the deed;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c114/scC/s114.101/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>affect an interest or right of a secured or unsecured creditor or future creditor of the transferor, even if the creditor has actual or constructive notice of the deed;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c114/scC/s114.101/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>affect the transferor's or designated beneficiary's eligibility for any form of public assistance, subject to applicable federal law;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c114/scC/s114.101/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>constitute a transfer triggering a "due on sale" or similar clause;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c114/scC/s114.101/6">
<num value="6">(6)</num>
<content>invoke statutory real estate notice or disclosure requirements;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c114/scC/s114.101/7">
<num value="7">(7)</num>
<content>create a legal or equitable interest in favor of the designated beneficiary; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c114/scC/s114.101/8">
<num value="8">(8)</num>
<content>subject the real property to claims or process of a creditor of the designated beneficiary.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 841 (S.B. 462), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2015.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c114/scC/s114.102">
<num value="114.102">Sec. 114.102.</num>
<heading>EFFECT OF SUBSEQUENT CONVEYANCE ON TRANSFER ON DEATH DEED</heading>
<chapeau>An otherwise valid transfer on death deed is void as to a subsequent grantee of an interest in real property that is conveyed by the transferor during the transferor's lifetime after the transfer on death deed is executed and recorded if:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c114/scC/s114.102/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>a valid instrument conveying the interest or a memorandum sufficient to give notice of the conveyance of the interest is recorded in the deed records in the county clerk's office of the same county in which the transfer on death deed is recorded; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c114/scC/s114.102/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the recording of the instrument or memorandum occurs before the transferor's death.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 841 (S.B. 462), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2015.
Amended by:
Acts 2019, 86th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1141 (H.B. 2782), Sec. 4, eff. September 1, 2019.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c114/scC/s114.103">
<num value="114.103">Sec. 114.103.</num>
<heading>EFFECT OF TRANSFER ON DEATH DEED AT TRANSFEROR'S DEATH</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c114/scC/s114.103/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>Except as otherwise provided in the transfer on death deed, this section, or any other statute or the common law of this state governing a decedent's estate, on the death of the transferor, the following rules apply to an interest in real property that is the subject of a transfer on death deed and owned by the transferor at death:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c114/scC/s114.103/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>if the designated beneficiary survives the transferor by 120 hours, the interest in the real property is transferred to the designated beneficiary in accordance with the deed;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c114/scC/s114.103/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the share of any designated beneficiary that fails to survive the transferor by 120 hours lapses, notwithstanding Section 111.052, and is subject to and passes in accordance with Subchapter D, Chapter 255, as if the transfer on death deed were a devise made in a will; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c114/scC/s114.103/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>subject to Subdivision (2), concurrent interests are transferred to the beneficiaries in equal and undivided shares with no right of survivorship.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c114/scC/s114.103/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>If a transferor is a joint owner with right of survivorship who is survived by one or more other joint owners, the real property that is the subject of the transfer on death deed belongs to the surviving joint owner or owners. If a transferor is a joint owner with right of survivorship who is the last surviving joint owner, the transfer on death deed is effective.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c114/scC/s114.103/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>If a transfer on death deed is made by two or more transferors who are joint owners with right of survivorship, the last surviving joint owner may revoke the transfer on death deed subject to Section 114.057.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c114/scC/s114.103/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>A transfer on death deed transfers real property without covenant of warranty of title even if the deed contains a contrary provision.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 841 (S.B. 462), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2015.
Amended by:
Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 971 (S.B. 2150), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c114/scC/s114.104">
<num value="114.104">Sec. 114.104.</num>
<heading>TRANSFER ON DEATH DEED PROPERTY SUBJECT TO LIENS AND ENCUMBRANCES AT TRANSFEROR'S DEATH; CREDITORS' CLAIMS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c114/scC/s114.104/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>Subject to Section 13.001, Property Code, a beneficiary takes the real property subject to all conveyances, encumbrances, assignments, contracts, mortgages, liens, and other interests to which the real property is subject at the transferor's death. For purposes of this subsection and Section 13.001, Property Code, the recording of the transfer on death deed is considered to have occurred at the transferor's death.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c114/scC/s114.104/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>If a personal representative has been appointed for the transferor's estate, an administration of the estate has been opened, and the real property transferring under a transfer on death deed is subject to a lien or security interest, including a deed of trust or mortgage, the personal representative shall give notice to the creditor of the transferor as the personal representative would any other secured creditor under Section 308.053. The creditor shall then make an election under Section 355.151 in the period prescribed by Section 355.152 to have the claim treated as a matured secured claim or a preferred debt and lien claim, and the claim is subject to the claims procedures prescribed by this section.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c114/scC/s114.104/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>If the secured creditor elects to have the claim treated as a preferred debt and lien claim, Sections 355.154 and 355.155 apply as if the transfer on death deed were a devise made in a will, and the creditor may not pursue any other claims or remedies for any deficiency against the transferor's estate.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c114/scC/s114.104/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>If the secured creditor elects to have the claim treated as a matured secured claim, Section 355.153 applies as if the transfer on death deed were a devise made in a will, and the claim is subject to the procedural provisions of this title governing creditor claims.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 841 (S.B. 462), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2015.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c114/scC/s114.105">
<num value="114.105">Sec. 114.105.</num>
<heading>DISCLAIMER</heading>
<content>A designated beneficiary may disclaim all or part of the designated beneficiary's interest as provided by Chapter 122.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 841 (S.B. 462), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2015.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c114/scC/s114.106">
<num value="114.106">Sec. 114.106.</num>
<heading>LIABILITY FOR CREDITOR CLAIMS; ALLOWANCES IN LIEU OF EXEMPT PROPERTY AND FAMILY ALLOWANCES</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c114/scC/s114.106/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>To the extent the transferor's estate is insufficient to satisfy a claim against the estate, expenses of administration, any estate tax owed by the estate, or an allowance in lieu of exempt property or family allowance to a surviving spouse, minor children, or incapacitated adult children, the personal representative may enforce that liability against real property transferred at the transferor's death by a transfer on death deed to the same extent the personal representative could enforce that liability if the real property were part of the probate estate.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c114/scC/s114.106/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>Notwithstanding Subsection (a), real property transferred at the transferor's death by a transfer on death deed is not considered property of the probate estate for any purpose, including for purposes of Section 546.0403, Government Code.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c114/scC/s114.106/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>If a personal representative does not commence a proceeding to enforce a liability under Subsection (a) on or before the 90th day after the date the representative receives a demand for payment, a proceeding to enforce the liability may be brought by a creditor, a distributee of the estate, a surviving spouse of the decedent, a guardian or other appropriate person on behalf of a minor child or adult incapacitated child of the decedent, or any taxing authority.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c114/scC/s114.106/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>If more than one real property interest is transferred by one or more transfer on death deeds or if there are other nonprobate assets of the transferor that may be liable for the claims, expenses, and other payments specified in Subsection (a), the liability for those claims, expenses, and other payments may be apportioned among those real property interests and other assets in proportion to their net values at the transferor's death.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c114/scC/s114.106/e">
<num value="e">(e)</num>
<content>A proceeding to enforce liability under this section must be commenced not later than the second anniversary of the transferor's death, except for any rights arising under Section 114.104(d).</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c114/scC/s114.106/f">
<num value="f">(f)</num>
<content>In connection with any proceeding brought under this section, a court may award costs and reasonable and necessary attorney's fees in amounts the court considers equitable and just.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 841 (S.B. 462), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2015.
Amended by:
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 769 (H.B. 4611), Sec. 2.04, eff. April 1, 2025.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
</chapter>
<chapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c115">
<num value="115">CHAPTER 115.</num>
<heading>BENEFICIARY DESIGNATION FOR MOTOR VEHICLES</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c115/s115.001">
<num value="115.001">Sec. 115.001.</num>
<heading>DEFINITIONS</heading>
<chapeau>In this chapter:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c115/s115.001/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>"Beneficiary designation" means the designation by an owner of a motor vehicle of a beneficiary of the vehicle as provided by Section 501.0315, Transportation Code.</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c115/s115.001/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>"Designated beneficiary" means a person designated as a beneficiary of an owner's interest in a motor vehicle under Section 501.0315, Transportation Code.</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c115/s115.001/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>"Joint owner with right of survivorship" or "joint owner" means a person who owns a motor vehicle concurrently with one or more other persons with a right of survivorship. The term does not include an owner of community property with or without a right of survivorship.</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c115/s115.001/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>"Motor vehicle" has the meaning assigned by Section 501.002, Transportation Code.</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c115/s115.001/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>"Person" has the meaning assigned by Section 311.005, Government Code.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 586 (S.B. 869), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c115/s115.002">
<num value="115.002">Sec. 115.002.</num>
<heading>BENEFICIARY DESIGNATION AUTHORIZED</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c115/s115.002/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>An owner of a motor vehicle may transfer the owner's interest in the motor vehicle to a sole beneficiary effective on the owner's death by designating a beneficiary as provided by Section 501.0315, Transportation Code.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c115/s115.002/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>A beneficiary designation is:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c115/s115.002/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>subject to Section 115.003(b), revocable and may be changed at any time without the consent of the designated beneficiary as provided by Section 501.0315, Transportation Code;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c115/s115.002/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>a nontestamentary instrument; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c115/s115.002/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<chapeau>effective without:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c115/s115.002/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>notice or delivery to or acceptance by the designated beneficiary during the owner's life; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c115/s115.002/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>consideration.</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c115/s115.002/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>A will may not revoke or supersede a beneficiary designation, regardless of when the will is made.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c115/s115.002/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>A designated beneficiary may disclaim the designated beneficiary's interest in the motor vehicle as provided by Chapter 240, Property Code.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 586 (S.B. 869), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c115/s115.003">
<num value="115.003">Sec. 115.003.</num>
<heading>JOINT OWNERSHIP</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c115/s115.003/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>If a motor vehicle that is the subject of a beneficiary designation is owned by joint owners with right of survivorship, the beneficiary designation must be made by all of the joint owners.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c115/s115.003/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>A beneficiary designation made by joint owners with right of survivorship:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c115/s115.003/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>may be revoked or changed as provided by Section 501.0315, Transportation Code, only if it is revoked or changed by all of the joint owners; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c115/s115.003/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>may be revoked or changed by the last surviving joint owner as provided by Section 501.0315, Transportation Code.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 586 (S.B. 869), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c115/s115.004">
<num value="115.004">Sec. 115.004.</num>
<heading>EFFECT OF BENEFICIARY DESIGNATION DURING OWNER'S LIFE</heading>
<chapeau>During a motor vehicle owner's life, a beneficiary designation does not:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c115/s115.004/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>affect an interest or right of the owner or owners making the designation, including the right to transfer or encumber the motor vehicle that is the subject of the designation;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c115/s115.004/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>create a legal or equitable interest in favor of the designated beneficiary in the motor vehicle that is the subject of the designation, even if the beneficiary has actual or constructive notice of the designation;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c115/s115.004/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>affect an interest or right of a secured or unsecured creditor or future creditor of the owner or owners making the designation, even if the creditor has actual or constructive notice of the designation; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c115/s115.004/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>affect an owner's or the designated beneficiary's eligibility for any form of public assistance, subject to applicable federal law.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 586 (S.B. 869), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c115/s115.005">
<num value="115.005">Sec. 115.005.</num>
<heading>EFFECT OF BENEFICIARY DESIGNATION AT OWNER'S OR LAST SURVIVING OWNER'S DEATH</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c115/s115.005/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>On the death of the owner of a motor vehicle that is the subject of a beneficiary designation, the following rules apply to an interest in the motor vehicle:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c115/s115.005/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>if the designated beneficiary survives the owner making the designation by 120 hours, the interest in the motor vehicle is transferred to the designated beneficiary; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c115/s115.005/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>if the designated beneficiary fails to survive the owner making the designation by 120 hours, the share of the designated beneficiary lapses, notwithstanding Section 111.052, and is subject to and passes in accordance with Subchapter D, Chapter 255, as if the beneficiary designation were a devise made in a will.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c115/s115.005/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>If an owner is a joint owner with right of survivorship who is survived by one or more other joint owners, the motor vehicle that is the subject of the beneficiary designation belongs to the surviving joint owner or owners. If an owner is a joint owner with right of survivorship who is the last surviving joint owner, the beneficiary designation is effective.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c115/s115.005/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>A designated beneficiary takes the motor vehicle subject to all encumbrances, assignments, contracts, liens, and other interests to which the vehicle is subject at the owner's or last surviving owner's death, as applicable. The transfer to the designated beneficiary does not affect the ability of a lienholder to pursue an existing means of debt collection permitted under the laws of this state.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 586 (S.B. 869), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c115/s115.006">
<num value="115.006">Sec. 115.006.</num>
<heading>CREDITOR CLAIMS; ALLOWANCES IN LIEU OF EXEMPT PROPERTY AND FAMILY ALLOWANCES</heading>
<content>Sections 114.104(b), (c), and (d) and Section 114.106 apply to a transfer of an owner's interest in a motor vehicle by a beneficiary designation in the same manner and to the same extent as a transfer of real property under a transfer on death deed under Chapter 114.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 586 (S.B. 869), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</chapter>
<chapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c116">
<num value="116">CHAPTER 116.</num>
<heading>BENEFICIARY DESIGNATION FOR CERTAIN MANUFACTURED HOMES</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c116/s116.001">
<num value="116.001">Sec. 116.001.</num>
<heading>DEFINITIONS</heading>
<chapeau>In this chapter:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c116/s116.001/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>"Beneficiary designation" means the designation by an owner of a manufactured home of one or more beneficiaries of the home as provided by Section 1201.2135, Occupations Code.</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c116/s116.001/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>"Designated beneficiary" means a person designated as a beneficiary of an owner's interest in a manufactured home under Section 1201.2135, Occupations Code.</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c116/s116.001/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>"Joint owner with right of survivorship" or "joint owner" means a person who owns a manufactured home concurrently with one or more other persons with a right of survivorship. The term does not include an owner of community property with or without a right of survivorship.</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c116/s116.001/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>"Manufactured home" has the meaning assigned by Section 1201.003, Occupations Code.</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c116/s116.001/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>"Person" has the meaning assigned by Section 311.005, Government Code.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2025, 89th Leg., R.S., Ch. 865 (S.B. 1940), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2025.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c116/s116.002">
<num value="116.002">Sec. 116.002.</num>
<heading>APPLICABILITY</heading>
<content>This chapter applies only to a manufactured home classified as personal property under Section 2.001, Property Code.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2025, 89th Leg., R.S., Ch. 865 (S.B. 1940), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2025.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c116/s116.003">
<num value="116.003">Sec. 116.003.</num>
<heading>BENEFICIARY DESIGNATION AUTHORIZED</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c116/s116.003/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>An owner of a manufactured home may transfer the owner's interest in the home to one or more beneficiaries effective on the owner's death by designating each beneficiary as provided by Section 1201.2135, Occupations Code.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c116/s116.003/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>A beneficiary designation is:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c116/s116.003/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>subject to Section 116.004(b), revocable and may be changed at any time without the consent of the designated beneficiaries as provided by Section 1201.2135, Occupations Code;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c116/s116.003/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>a nontestamentary instrument; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c116/s116.003/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<chapeau>effective without:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c116/s116.003/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>notice or delivery to or acceptance by the designated beneficiaries during the owner's life; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c116/s116.003/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>consideration.</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c116/s116.003/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>A will may not revoke or supersede a beneficiary designation, regardless of when the will is made.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c116/s116.003/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>A designated beneficiary may disclaim the designated beneficiary's interest in the manufactured home as provided by Chapter 240, Property Code.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2025, 89th Leg., R.S., Ch. 865 (S.B. 1940), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2025.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c116/s116.004">
<num value="116.004">Sec. 116.004.</num>
<heading>JOINT OWNERSHIP</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c116/s116.004/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>If a manufactured home that is the subject of a beneficiary designation is owned by joint owners with right of survivorship, the beneficiary designation must be made by all of the joint owners.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c116/s116.004/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>A beneficiary designation made by joint owners with right of survivorship:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c116/s116.004/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>may be revoked or changed as provided by Section 1201.2135, Occupations Code, only if it is revoked or changed by all of the joint owners; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c116/s116.004/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>may be revoked or changed by the last surviving joint owner as provided by Section 1201.2135, Occupations Code.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2025, 89th Leg., R.S., Ch. 865 (S.B. 1940), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2025.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c116/s116.005">
<num value="116.005">Sec. 116.005.</num>
<heading>EFFECT OF BENEFICIARY DESIGNATION DURING OWNER'S LIFE</heading>
<chapeau>During a manufactured home owner's life, a beneficiary designation does not:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c116/s116.005/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>affect an interest or right of the owner or owners making the designation, including the right to transfer or encumber the home that is the subject of the designation;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c116/s116.005/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>create a legal or equitable interest in favor of a designated beneficiary in the home that is the subject of the designation, even if the beneficiary has actual or constructive notice of the designation;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c116/s116.005/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>affect an interest or right of a secured or unsecured creditor or future creditor of the owner or owners making the designation, even if the creditor has actual or constructive notice of the designation; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c116/s116.005/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>affect an owner's or any designated beneficiary's eligibility for any form of public assistance, subject to applicable federal law.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2025, 89th Leg., R.S., Ch. 865 (S.B. 1940), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2025.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c116/s116.006">
<num value="116.006">Sec. 116.006.</num>
<heading>EFFECT OF BENEFICIARY DESIGNATION AT OWNER'S OR LAST SURVIVING OWNER'S DEATH</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c116/s116.006/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>On the death of the owner of a manufactured home that is the subject of a beneficiary designation, the following rules apply to an interest in the home:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c116/s116.006/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>if any designated beneficiary survives the owner making the designation by 120 hours, the interest in the home is transferred to each surviving designated beneficiary; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c116/s116.006/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>if each designated beneficiary fails to survive the owner making the designation by 120 hours, the share of each designated beneficiary lapses, notwithstanding Section 111.052, and is subject to and passes in accordance with Subchapter D, Chapter 255, as if each beneficiary designation were a devise made in a will.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c116/s116.006/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>If an owner is a joint owner with right of survivorship who is survived by one or more other joint owners, the manufactured home that is the subject of a beneficiary designation belongs to the surviving joint owner or owners. If an owner is a joint owner with right of survivorship who is the last surviving joint owner, the beneficiary designation is effective.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c116/s116.006/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>A designated beneficiary takes the manufactured home subject to all encumbrances, assignments, contracts, liens, and other interests to which the home is subject at the owner's or last surviving owner's death, as applicable. The transfer to one or more designated beneficiaries does not affect the ability of a lienholder to pursue an existing means of debt collection permitted under the laws of this state.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2025, 89th Leg., R.S., Ch. 865 (S.B. 1940), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2025.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c116/s116.007">
<num value="116.007">Sec. 116.007.</num>
<heading>CREDITOR CLAIMS; ALLOWANCES IN LIEU OF EXEMPT PROPERTY AND FAMILY ALLOWANCES</heading>
<content>Sections 114.104(b), (c), and (d) and Section 114.106 apply to a transfer of an owner's interest in a manufactured home by a beneficiary designation in the same manner and to the same extent as a transfer of real property under a transfer on death deed under Chapter 114.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2025, 89th Leg., R.S., Ch. 865 (S.B. 1940), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2025.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</chapter>
<chapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c121">
<num value="121">CHAPTER 121.</num>
<heading>SURVIVAL REQUIREMENTS</heading>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c121/scA">
<num value="A">SUBCHAPTER A.</num>
<heading>GENERAL PROVISIONS</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c121/scA/s121.001">
<num value="121.001">Sec. 121.001.</num>
<heading>APPLICABILITY OF CHAPTER</heading>
<content>This chapter does not apply if provision has been made by will, living trust, deed, or insurance contract, or in any other manner, for a disposition of property that is different from the disposition of the property that would be made if the provisions of this chapter applied.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c121/scB">
<num value="B">SUBCHAPTER B.</num>
<heading>SURVIVAL REQUIREMENT FOR INTESTATE SUCCESSION AND CERTAIN OTHER PURPOSES</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c121/scB/s121.051">
<num value="121.051">Sec. 121.051.</num>
<heading>APPLICABILITY OF SUBCHAPTER</heading>
<content>This subchapter does not apply if the application of this subchapter would result in the escheat of an intestate estate.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c121/scB/s121.052">
<num value="121.052">Sec. 121.052.</num>
<heading>REQUIRED PERIOD OF SURVIVAL FOR INTESTATE SUCCESSION AND CERTAIN OTHER PURPOSES</heading>
<content>A person who does not survive a decedent by 120 hours is considered to have predeceased the decedent for purposes of the homestead allowance, exempt property, and intestate succession, and the decedent's heirs are determined accordingly, except as otherwise provided by this chapter.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c121/scB/s121.053">
<num value="121.053">Sec. 121.053.</num>
<heading>INTESTATE SUCCESSION: FAILURE TO SURVIVE PRESUMED UNDER CERTAIN CIRCUMSTANCES</heading>
<chapeau>A person who, if the person survived a decedent by 120 hours, would be the decedent's heir is considered not to have survived the decedent for the required period if:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c121/scB/s121.053/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the time of death of the decedent or of the person, or the times of death of both, cannot be determined; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c121/scB/s121.053/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the person's survival for the required period after the decedent's death cannot be established.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c121/scC">
<num value="C">SUBCHAPTER C.</num>
<heading>SURVIVAL REQUIREMENTS FOR CERTAIN BENEFICIARIES</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c121/scC/s121.101">
<num value="121.101">Sec. 121.101.</num>
<heading>REQUIRED PERIOD OF SURVIVAL FOR DEVISEE</heading>
<chapeau>A devisee who does not survive the testator by 120 hours is treated as if the devisee predeceased the testator unless the testator's will contains some language that:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c121/scC/s121.101/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>deals explicitly with simultaneous death or deaths in a common disaster; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c121/scC/s121.101/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>requires the devisee to survive the testator, or to survive the testator for a stated period, to take under the will.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c121/scC/s121.102">
<num value="121.102">Sec. 121.102.</num>
<heading>REQUIRED PERIOD OF SURVIVAL FOR CONTINGENT BENEFICIARY</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c121/scC/s121.102/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>If property is disposed of in a manner that conditions the right of a beneficiary to succeed to an interest in the property on the beneficiary surviving another person, the beneficiary is considered not to have survived the other person unless the beneficiary survives the person by 120 hours, except as provided by Subsection (b).</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c121/scC/s121.102/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>If an interest in property is given alternatively to one of two or more beneficiaries, with the right of each beneficiary to take being dependent on that beneficiary surviving the other beneficiary or beneficiaries, and all of the beneficiaries die within a period of less than 120 hours, the property shall be divided into as many equal portions as there are beneficiaries. The portions shall be distributed respectively to those who would have taken if each beneficiary had survived.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c121/scD">
<num value="D">SUBCHAPTER D.</num>
<heading>DISTRIBUTION OF CERTAIN PROPERTY ON PERSON'S FAILURE TO SURVIVE FOR REQUIRED PERIOD</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c121/scD/s121.151">
<num value="121.151">Sec. 121.151.</num>
<heading>DISTRIBUTION OF COMMUNITY PROPERTY</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c121/scD/s121.151/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>This section applies to community property, including the proceeds of life or accident insurance that are community property and become payable to the estate of either the husband or wife.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c121/scD/s121.151/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>If a husband and wife die leaving community property but neither survives the other by 120 hours, one-half of all community property shall be distributed as if the husband had survived, and the other one-half shall be distributed as if the wife had survived.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c121/scD/s121.152">
<num value="121.152">Sec. 121.152.</num>
<heading>DISTRIBUTION OF PROPERTY OWNED BY JOINT OWNERS</heading>
<content>If property, including community property with a right of survivorship, is owned so that one of two joint owners is entitled to the whole of the property on the death of the other, but neither survives the other by 120 hours, one-half of the property shall be distributed as if one joint owner had survived, and the other one-half shall be distributed as if the other joint owner had survived. If there are more than two joint owners and all of the joint owners die within a period of less than 120 hours, the property shall be divided into as many equal portions as there are joint owners and the portions shall be distributed respectively to those who would have taken if each joint owner survived.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c121/scD/s121.153">
<num value="121.153">Sec. 121.153.</num>
<heading>DISTRIBUTION OF CERTAIN INSURANCE PROCEEDS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c121/scD/s121.153/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>If the insured under a life or accident insurance policy and a beneficiary of the proceeds of that policy die within a period of less than 120 hours, the insured is considered to have survived the beneficiary for the purpose of determining the rights under the policy of the beneficiary or beneficiaries as such.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c121/scD/s121.153/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>This section does not prevent the applicability of Section 121.151 to proceeds of life or accident insurance that are community property.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
</chapter>
<chapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c122">
<num value="122">CHAPTER 122.</num>
<heading>DISCLAIMERS AND ASSIGNMENTS</heading>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c122/scA">
<num value="A">SUBCHAPTER A.</num>
<heading>DISCLAIMER OF INTEREST OR POWER</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c122/scA/s122.001">
<num value="122.001">Sec. 122.001.</num>
<heading>DEFINITIONS</heading>
<chapeau>In this subchapter:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c122/scA/s122.001/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<chapeau>"Beneficiary" includes a person who would have been entitled, if the person had not made a disclaimer, to receive property as a result of the death of another person:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c122/scA/s122.001/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>by inheritance;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c122/scA/s122.001/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>under a will;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c122/scA/s122.001/C">
<num value="C">(C)</num>
<content>by an agreement between spouses for community property with a right of survivorship;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c122/scA/s122.001/D">
<num value="D">(D)</num>
<content>by a joint tenancy with a right of survivorship;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c122/scA/s122.001/E">
<num value="E">(E)</num>
<content>by a survivorship agreement, account, or interest in which the interest of the decedent passes to a surviving beneficiary;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c122/scA/s122.001/F">
<num value="F">(F)</num>
<content>by an insurance, annuity, endowment, employment, deferred compensation, or other contract or arrangement;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c122/scA/s122.001/G">
<num value="G">(G)</num>
<content>under a pension, profit sharing, thrift, stock bonus, life insurance, survivor income, incentive, or other plan or program providing retirement, welfare, or fringe benefits with respect to an employee or a self-employed individual;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c122/scA/s122.001/H">
<num value="H">(H)</num>
<content>by a transfer on death deed;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c122/scA/s122.001/I">
<num value="I">(I)</num>
<content>by a beneficiary designation, as defined by Section 115.001, made for a motor vehicle; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c122/scA/s122.001/J">
<num value="J">(J)</num>
<content>by a beneficiary designation, as defined by Section 116.001, made for a manufactured home.</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c122/scA/s122.001/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>"Disclaim" and "disclaimer" have the meanings assigned by Section 240.002, Property Code.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 562 (H.B. 2428), Sec. 3, eff. September 1, 2015.
Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 841 (S.B. 462), Sec. 3, eff. September 1, 2015.
Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 586 (S.B. 869), Sec. 2, eff. September 1, 2017.
Acts 2025, 89th Leg., R.S., Ch. 865 (S.B. 1940), Sec. 2, eff. September 1, 2025.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c122/scA/s122.002">
<num value="122.002">Sec. 122.002.</num>
<heading>DISCLAIMER</heading>
<content>A person who may be entitled to receive property as a beneficiary may disclaim the person's interest in or power over the property in accordance with Chapter 240, Property Code.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 562 (H.B. 2428), Sec. 3, eff. September 1, 2015.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c122/scE">
<num value="E">SUBCHAPTER E.</num>
<heading>ASSIGNMENT OF INTEREST</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c122/scE/s122.201">
<num value="122.201">Sec. 122.201.</num>
<heading>ASSIGNMENT; WHEN ASSIGNMENT INEFFECTIVE OR LIMITED</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c122/scE/s122.201/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>Except as provided by Subsection (b), a person who is entitled to receive property or an interest in property from a decedent under a will, by inheritance, or as a beneficiary under a life insurance contract, and does not disclaim the property under Chapter 240, Property Code, may assign the property or interest in property to any person.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c122/scE/s122.201/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>An assignment of property or an interest in property under Subsection (a) by a child support obligor does not take effect to the extent the assigned property or interest in property could be applied to satisfy a support obligation of the obligor that has been:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c122/scE/s122.201/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>administratively determined as evidence by a certified child support payment record produced by the Title IV-D agency in a Title IV-D case; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c122/scE/s122.201/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>confirmed and reduced to judgment as provided by Section 157.263, Family Code.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c122/scE/s122.201/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<chapeau>In this section:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c122/scE/s122.201/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>"Title IV-D agency" has the meaning assigned by Section 101.033, Family Code.</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c122/scE/s122.201/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>"Title IV-D case" has the meaning assigned by Section 101.034, Family Code.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c122/scE/s122.201/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>If Subsection (b) applies, the child support obligee to whom child support arrearages are owed may enforce the child support obligation against the obligor as to the assigned property or interest in property by a lien or by any other remedy provided by law.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c122/scE/s122.201/e">
<num value="e">(e)</num>
<content>Unless the personal representative of a decedent's estate has actual notice of a claim that an assignment of property or an interest in property under Subsection (a) does not take effect under Subsection (b), the personal representative is not liable for transferring property pursuant to such assignment.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 562 (H.B. 2428), Sec. 4, eff. September 1, 2015.
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 151 (S.B. 869), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2023.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c122/scE/s122.202">
<num value="122.202">Sec. 122.202.</num>
<heading>FILING OF ASSIGNMENT</heading>
<content>An assignment may, at the request of the assignor, be delivered or filed as provided for the delivery or filing of a disclaimer under Subchapter C, Chapter 240, Property Code.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 562 (H.B. 2428), Sec. 5, eff. September 1, 2015.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c122/scE/s122.204">
<num value="122.204">Sec. 122.204.</num>
<heading>FAILURE TO COMPLY</heading>
<content>Failure to comply with Chapter 240, Property Code, does not affect an assignment.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 562 (H.B. 2428), Sec. 6, eff. September 1, 2015.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c122/scE/s122.205">
<num value="122.205">Sec. 122.205.</num>
<heading>GIFT</heading>
<content>An assignment under this subchapter is a gift to the assignee and is not a disclaimer under Chapter 240, Property Code.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 562 (H.B. 2428), Sec. 7, eff. September 1, 2015.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c122/scE/s122.206">
<num value="122.206">Sec. 122.206.</num>
<heading>SPENDTHRIFT PROVISION</heading>
<content>An assignment of property or interest that would defeat a spendthrift provision imposed in a trust may not be made under this subchapter.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
</chapter>
<chapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c123">
<num value="123">CHAPTER 123.</num>
<heading>DISSOLUTION OF MARRIAGE</heading>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c123/scA">
<num value="A">SUBCHAPTER A.</num>
<heading>EFFECT OF DISSOLUTION OF MARRIAGE ON WILL</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c123/scA/s123.001">
<num value="123.001">Sec. 123.001.</num>
<heading>WILL PROVISIONS MADE BEFORE DISSOLUTION OF MARRIAGE</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c123/scA/s123.001/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>In this section:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c123/scA/s123.001/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<chapeau>"Irrevocable trust" means a trust:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c123/scA/s123.001/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>for which the trust instrument was executed before the dissolution of a testator's marriage; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c123/scA/s123.001/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>that the testator was not solely empowered by law or by the trust instrument to revoke.</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c123/scA/s123.001/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<chapeau>"Relative" means an individual related to another individual by:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c123/scA/s123.001/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>consanguinity, as determined under Section 573.022, Government Code; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c123/scA/s123.001/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>affinity, as determined under Section 573.024, Government Code.</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c123/scA/s123.001/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>If, after the testator makes a will, the testator's marriage is dissolved by divorce, annulment, or a declaration that the marriage is void, unless the will expressly provides otherwise:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c123/scA/s123.001/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>all provisions in the will, including all fiduciary appointments, shall be read as if the former spouse and each relative of the former spouse who is not a relative of the testator had failed to survive the testator; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c123/scA/s123.001/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<chapeau>all provisions in the will disposing of property to an irrevocable trust in which a former spouse or a relative of a former spouse who is not a relative of the testator is a beneficiary or is nominated to serve as trustee or in another fiduciary capacity or that confers a general or special power of appointment on a former spouse or a relative of a former spouse who is not a relative of the testator shall be read to instead dispose of the property to a trust the provisions of which are identical to the irrevocable trust, except any provision in the irrevocable trust:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c123/scA/s123.001/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>conferring a beneficial interest or a general or special power of appointment to the former spouse or a relative of the former spouse who is not a relative of the testator shall be treated as if the former spouse and each relative of the former spouse who is not a relative of the testator had disclaimed the interest granted in the provision; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c123/scA/s123.001/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>nominating the former spouse or a relative of the former spouse who is not a relative of the testator to serve as trustee or in another fiduciary capacity shall be treated as if the former spouse and each relative of the former spouse who is not a relative of the testator had died immediately before the dissolution of the marriage.</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c123/scA/s123.001/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<chapeau>Subsection (b)(2) does not apply if one of the following provides otherwise:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c123/scA/s123.001/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>a court order; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c123/scA/s123.001/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>an express provision of a contract relating to the division of the marital estate entered into between the testator and the testator's former spouse before, during, or after the marriage.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 949 (S.B. 995), Sec. 3, eff. September 1, 2015.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c123/scA/s123.002">
<num value="123.002">Sec. 123.002.</num>
<heading>TREATMENT OF DECEDENT'S FORMER SPOUSE</heading>
<chapeau>A person is not a surviving spouse of a decedent if the person's marriage to the decedent has been dissolved by divorce, annulment, or a declaration that the marriage is void, unless:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c123/scA/s123.002/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>as the result of a subsequent marriage, the person is married to the decedent at the time of death; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c123/scA/s123.002/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the subsequent marriage is not declared void under Subchapter C.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c123/scB">
<num value="B">SUBCHAPTER B.</num>
<heading>EFFECT OF DISSOLUTION OF MARRIAGE ON CERTAIN NONTESTAMENTARY TRANSFERS</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c123/scB/s123.051">
<num value="123.051">Sec. 123.051.</num>
<heading>DEFINITIONS</heading>
<chapeau>In this subchapter:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c123/scB/s123.051/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>"Disposition or appointment of property" includes a transfer of property to or a provision of another benefit to a beneficiary under a trust instrument.</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c123/scB/s123.051/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>"Divorced individual" means an individual whose marriage has been dissolved by divorce, annulment, or a declaration that the marriage is void.</content>
<continuation>(2-a) "Relative" means an individual who is related to another individual by consanguinity or affinity, as determined under Sections 573.022 and 573.024, Government Code, respectively.</continuation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c123/scB/s123.051/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>"Revocable," with respect to a disposition, appointment, provision, or nomination, means a disposition to, appointment of, provision in favor of, or nomination of an individual's spouse that is contained in a trust instrument executed by the individual before the dissolution of the individual's marriage to the spouse and that the individual was solely empowered by law or by the trust instrument to revoke regardless of whether the individual had the capacity to exercise the power at that time.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1338 (S.B. 1198), Sec. 2.13, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c123/scB/s123.052">
<num value="123.052">Sec. 123.052.</num>
<heading>REVOCATION OF CERTAIN NONTESTAMENTARY TRANSFERS; TREATMENT OF FORMER SPOUSE AS BENEFICIARY UNDER CERTAIN POLICIES OR PLANS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c123/scB/s123.052/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>The dissolution of the marriage revokes a provision in a trust instrument that was executed by a divorced individual as settlor before the divorced individual's marriage was dissolved and that:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c123/scB/s123.052/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>is a revocable disposition or appointment of property made to the divorced individual's former spouse or any relative of the former spouse who is not a relative of the divorced individual;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c123/scB/s123.052/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>revocably confers a general or special power of appointment on the divorced individual's former spouse or any relative of the former spouse who is not a relative of the divorced individual; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c123/scB/s123.052/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<chapeau>revocably nominates the divorced individual's former spouse or any relative of the former spouse who is not a relative of the divorced individual to serve:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c123/scB/s123.052/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>as a personal representative, trustee, conservator, agent, or guardian; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c123/scB/s123.052/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>in another fiduciary or representative capacity.</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c123/scB/s123.052/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>Subsection (a) does not apply if one of the following provides otherwise:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c123/scB/s123.052/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>a court order;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c123/scB/s123.052/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the express terms of a trust instrument executed by the divorced individual before the individual's marriage was dissolved; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c123/scB/s123.052/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>an express provision of a contract relating to the division of the marital estate entered into between the divorced individual and the individual's former spouse before, during, or after the marriage.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c123/scB/s123.052/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>Sections 9.301 and 9.302, Family Code, govern the designation of a former spouse as a beneficiary of certain life insurance policies or as a beneficiary under certain retirement benefit plans or other financial plans.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1338 (S.B. 1198), Sec. 2.14, eff. January 1, 2014.
Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 949 (S.B. 995), Sec. 4, eff. September 1, 2015.
Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 844 (H.B. 2271), Sec. 5, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c123/scB/s123.053">
<num value="123.053">Sec. 123.053.</num>
<heading>EFFECT OF REVOCATION</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c123/scB/s123.053/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>An interest granted in a provision of a trust instrument that is revoked under Section 123.052(a)(1) or (2) passes as if the former spouse of the divorced individual who executed the trust instrument and each relative of the former spouse who is not a relative of the divorced individual disclaimed the interest granted in the provision.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c123/scB/s123.053/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>An interest granted in a provision of a trust instrument that is revoked under Section 123.052(a)(3) passes as if the former spouse and each relative of the former spouse who is not a relative of the divorced individual died immediately before the dissolution of the marriage.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1338 (S.B. 1198), Sec. 2.15, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c123/scB/s123.054">
<num value="123.054">Sec. 123.054.</num>
<heading>LIABILITY OF CERTAIN PURCHASERS OR RECIPIENTS OF CERTAIN PAYMENTS, BENEFITS, OR PROPERTY</heading>
<chapeau>A bona fide purchaser of property from a divorced individual's former spouse or any relative of the former spouse who is not a relative of the divorced individual or a person who receives from the former spouse or any relative of the former spouse who is not a relative of the divorced individual a payment, benefit, or property in partial or full satisfaction of an enforceable obligation:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c123/scB/s123.054/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>is not required by this subchapter to return the payment, benefit, or property; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c123/scB/s123.054/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>is not liable under this subchapter for the amount of the payment or the value of the property or benefit.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1338 (S.B. 1198), Sec. 2.16, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c123/scB/s123.055">
<num value="123.055">Sec. 123.055.</num>
<heading>LIABILITY OF FORMER SPOUSE FOR CERTAIN PAYMENTS, BENEFITS, OR PROPERTY</heading>
<chapeau>A divorced individual's former spouse or any relative of the former spouse who is not a relative of the divorced individual who, not for value, receives a payment, benefit, or property to which the former spouse or the relative of the former spouse who is not a relative of the divorced individual is not entitled as a result of Sections 123.052(a) and (b):</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c123/scB/s123.055/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>shall return the payment, benefit, or property to the person who is entitled to the payment, benefit, or property under this subchapter; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c123/scB/s123.055/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>is personally liable to the person described by Subdivision (1) for the amount of the payment or the value of the benefit or property received, as applicable.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1338 (S.B. 1198), Sec. 2.17, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c123/scB/s123.056">
<num value="123.056">Sec. 123.056.</num>
<heading>CERTAIN TRUSTS WITH DIVORCED INDIVIDUALS AS JOINT SETTLORS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c123/scB/s123.056/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>This section applies only to a trust created under a trust instrument that:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c123/scB/s123.056/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>was executed by two married individuals as settlors whose marriage to each other is subsequently dissolved; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c123/scB/s123.056/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>includes a provision described by Section 123.052(a).</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c123/scB/s123.056/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>On the death of one of the divorced individuals who is a settlor of a trust to which this section applies, the trustee shall divide the trust into two trusts, each of which shall be composed of the property attributable to the contributions of only one of the divorced individuals.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c123/scB/s123.056/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>An action authorized in a trust instrument described by Subsection (a) that requires the actions of both divorced individuals may be taken with respect to a trust established in accordance with Subsection (b) from the surviving divorced individual's contributions solely by that divorced individual.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c123/scB/s123.056/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>The provisions of this subchapter apply independently to each trust established in accordance with Subsection (b) as if the divorced individual from whose contributions the trust was established had been the only settlor to execute the trust instrument described by Subsection (a).</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c123/scB/s123.056/e">
<num value="e">(e)</num>
<chapeau>This section does not apply if one of the following provides otherwise:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c123/scB/s123.056/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>a court order;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c123/scB/s123.056/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the express terms of a trust instrument executed by the two divorced individuals before their marriage was dissolved; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c123/scB/s123.056/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>an express provision of a contract relating to the division of the marital estate entered into between the two divorced individuals before, during, or after their marriage.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 844 (H.B. 2271), Sec. 6, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c123/scC">
<num value="C">SUBCHAPTER C.</num>
<heading>CERTAIN MARRIAGES VOIDABLE AFTER DEATH</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c123/scC/s123.101">
<num value="123.101">Sec. 123.101.</num>
<heading>PROCEEDING TO VOID MARRIAGE BASED ON MENTAL CAPACITY PENDING AT TIME OF DEATH</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c123/scC/s123.101/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>If a proceeding under Chapter 6, Family Code, to declare a marriage void based on the lack of mental capacity of one of the parties to the marriage is pending on the date of death of one of those parties, or if a guardianship proceeding in which a court is requested under Chapter 6, Family Code, to declare a ward's or proposed ward's marriage void based on the lack of mental capacity of the ward or proposed ward is pending on the date of the ward's or proposed ward's death, the court may make the determination and declare the marriage void after the decedent's death.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c123/scC/s123.101/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>In making a determination described by Subsection (a), the court shall apply the standards for an annulment prescribed by Section 6.108(a), Family Code.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c123/scC/s123.102">
<num value="123.102">Sec. 123.102.</num>
<heading>APPLICATION TO VOID MARRIAGE AFTER DEATH</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c123/scC/s123.102/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>Subject to Subsection (c), if a proceeding described by Section 123.101(a) is not pending on the date of a decedent's death, an interested person may file an application with the court requesting that the court void the marriage of the decedent if:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c123/scC/s123.102/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>on the date of the decedent's death, the decedent was married; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c123/scC/s123.102/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>that marriage commenced not earlier than three years before the date of the decedent's death.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c123/scC/s123.102/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The notice applicable to a proceeding for a declaratory judgment under Chapter 37, Civil Practice and Remedies Code, applies to a proceeding under Subsection (a).</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c123/scC/s123.102/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>An application authorized by Subsection (a) may not be filed after the first anniversary of the date of the decedent's death.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c123/scC/s123.103">
<num value="123.103">Sec. 123.103.</num>
<heading>ACTION ON APPLICATION TO VOID MARRIAGE AFTER DEATH</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c123/scC/s123.103/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>Except as provided by Subsection (b), in a proceeding brought under Section 123.102, the court shall declare the decedent's marriage void if the court finds that, on the date the marriage occurred, the decedent did not have the mental capacity to:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c123/scC/s123.103/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>consent to the marriage; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c123/scC/s123.103/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>understand the nature of the marriage ceremony, if a ceremony occurred.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c123/scC/s123.103/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>A court that makes a finding described by Subsection (a) may not declare the decedent's marriage void if the court finds that, after the date the marriage occurred, the decedent:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c123/scC/s123.103/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>gained the mental capacity to recognize the marriage relationship; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c123/scC/s123.103/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>did recognize the marriage relationship.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c123/scC/s123.104">
<num value="123.104">Sec. 123.104.</num>
<heading>EFFECT OF VOIDED MARRIAGE</heading>
<content>If the court declares a decedent's marriage void in a proceeding described by Section 123.101(a) or brought under Section 123.102, the other party to the marriage is not considered the decedent's surviving spouse for purposes of any law of this state.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c123/scD">
<num value="D">SUBCHAPTER D.</num>
<heading>EFFECT OF DISSOLUTION OF MARRIAGE ON CERTAIN MULTIPLE-PARTY ACCOUNTS</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c123/scD/s123.151">
<num value="123.151">Sec. 123.151.</num>
<heading>DESIGNATION OF FORMER SPOUSE OR RELATIVE OF FORMER SPOUSE ON CERTAIN MULTIPLE-PARTY ACCOUNTS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c123/scD/s123.151/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>In this section:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c123/scD/s123.151/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>"Beneficiary," "multiple-party account," "party," "P.O.D. account," and "P.O.D. payee" have the meanings assigned by Chapter 113.</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c123/scD/s123.151/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>"Public retirement system" has the meaning assigned by Section 802.001, Government Code.</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c123/scD/s123.151/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>"Relative" has the meaning assigned by Section 123.051.</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c123/scD/s123.151/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>"Survivorship agreement" means an agreement described by Section 113.151.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c123/scD/s123.151/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>If a decedent established a P.O.D. account or other multiple-party account and the decedent's marriage was later dissolved by divorce, annulment, or a declaration that the marriage is void, any payable on request after death designation provision or provision of a survivorship agreement with respect to that account in favor of the decedent's former spouse or a relative of the former spouse who is not a relative of the decedent is not effective as to that spouse or relative unless:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c123/scD/s123.151/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<chapeau>the court decree dissolving the marriage:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c123/scD/s123.151/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>designates the former spouse or the former spouse's relative as the P.O.D. payee or beneficiary; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c123/scD/s123.151/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>reaffirms the survivorship agreement or the relevant provision of the survivorship agreement in favor of the former spouse or the former spouse's relative;</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c123/scD/s123.151/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<chapeau>after the marriage was dissolved, the decedent:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c123/scD/s123.151/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>redesignated the former spouse or the former spouse's relative as the P.O.D payee or beneficiary; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c123/scD/s123.151/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>reaffirmed the survivorship agreement in writing; or</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c123/scD/s123.151/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the former spouse or the former spouse's relative is designated to receive, or under the survivorship agreement would receive, the proceeds or benefits in trust for, on behalf of, or for the benefit of a child or dependent of either the decedent or the former spouse.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c123/scD/s123.151/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>If a designation is not effective under Subsection (b), a multiple-party account is payable to the named alternative P.O.D. payee or beneficiary or, if an alternative P.O.D. payee or beneficiary is not named, to the estate of the decedent.</content>
<continuation>(c-1) If the provision of a survivorship agreement is not effective under Subsection (b), for purposes of determining the disposition of the decedent's interest in the account, the former spouse or former spouse's relative who would have received the decedent's interest if the provision were effective is treated as if that spouse or relative predeceased the decedent.</continuation>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c123/scD/s123.151/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<chapeau>A financial institution or other person obligated to pay an account described by Subsection (b) that pays the account to the former spouse or the former spouse's relative as P.O.D. payee or beneficiary under a designation that is not effective under Subsection (b) is liable for payment of the account to the person provided by Subsection (c) only if:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c123/scD/s123.151/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>before payment of the account to the designated P.O.D. payee or beneficiary, the payor receives written notice at the home office or principal office of the payor from an interested person that the designation of the P.O.D. payee or beneficiary is not effective under Subsection (b); and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c123/scD/s123.151/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the payor has not interpleaded the account funds into the registry of a court of competent jurisdiction in accordance with the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure.</content>
<continuation>(d-1) A financial institution is not liable for payment of an account to a former spouse or the former spouse's relative as a party to the account, notwithstanding the fact that a designation or provision of a survivorship agreement in favor of that person is not effective under Subsection (b).</continuation>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c123/scD/s123.151/e">
<num value="e">(e)</num>
<content>This section does not affect the right of a former spouse to assert an ownership interest in an undivided multiple-party account described by Subsection (b).</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c123/scD/s123.151/f">
<num value="f">(f)</num>
<content>This section does not apply to the disposition of a beneficial interest in a retirement benefit or other financial plan of a public retirement system.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 949 (S.B. 995), Sec. 5, eff. September 1, 2015.
Amended by:
Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 844 (H.B. 2271), Sec. 7, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
</chapter>
<chapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c124">
<num value="124">CHAPTER 124.</num>
<heading>VALUATION AND TAXATION OF ESTATE PROPERTY</heading>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c124/scA">
<num value="A">SUBCHAPTER A.</num>
<heading>APPORTIONMENT OF TAXES</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c124/scA/s124.001">
<num value="124.001">Sec. 124.001.</num>
<heading>DEFINITIONS</heading>
<chapeau>In this subchapter:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c124/scA/s124.001/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<chapeau>"Court" means:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c124/scA/s124.001/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>a court in which proceedings for administration of an estate are pending or have been completed; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c124/scA/s124.001/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>if no proceedings are pending or have been completed, a court in which venue lies for the administration of an estate.</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c124/scA/s124.001/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>"Estate" means the gross estate of a decedent as determined for the purpose of estate taxes.</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c124/scA/s124.001/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>"Estate tax" means any estate, inheritance, or death tax levied or assessed on the property of a decedent's estate because of the death of a person and imposed by federal, state, local, or foreign law, including the federal estate tax and the inheritance tax imposed by former Chapter 211, Tax Code, and including interest and penalties imposed in addition to those taxes. The term does not include a tax imposed under Section 2601 or 2701(d)(1)(A), Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (26 U.S.C. Section 2601 or 2701(d)).</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c124/scA/s124.001/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>"Person" includes a trust, natural person, partnership, association, joint stock company, corporation, government, political subdivision, or governmental agency.</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c124/scA/s124.001/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>"Person interested in the estate" means a person, or a fiduciary on behalf of that person, who is entitled to receive or who has received, from a decedent or because of the death of the decedent, property included in the decedent's estate for purposes of the estate tax. The term does not include a creditor of the decedent or of the decedent's estate.</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c124/scA/s124.001/6">
<num value="6">(6)</num>
<content>"Representative" means the representative, executor, or administrator of an estate, or any other person who is required to pay estate taxes assessed against the estate.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1161 (S.B. 752), Sec. 2, eff. September 1, 2015.
Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 844 (H.B. 2271), Sec. 8, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c124/scA/s124.002">
<num value="124.002">Sec. 124.002.</num>
<heading>REFERENCES TO INTERNAL REVENUE CODE</heading>
<content>A reference in this subchapter to a section of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 refers to that section as it exists at the time in question. The reference also includes a corresponding section of a subsequent Internal Revenue Code and, if the referenced section is renumbered, the section as renumbered.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c124/scA/s124.003">
<num value="124.003">Sec. 124.003.</num>
<heading>APPORTIONMENT DIRECTED BY FEDERAL LAW</heading>
<content>If federal law directs the apportionment of the federal estate tax, a similar state tax shall be apportioned in the same manner.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c124/scA/s124.004">
<num value="124.004">Sec. 124.004.</num>
<heading>EFFECT OF DISCLAIMERS</heading>
<content>This subchapter shall be applied after giving effect to any disclaimers made in accordance with Chapter 240, Property Code.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 562 (H.B. 2428), Sec. 8, eff. September 1, 2015.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c124/scA/s124.005">
<num value="124.005">Sec. 124.005.</num>
<heading>GENERAL APPORTIONMENT OF ESTATE TAX; EXCEPTIONS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c124/scA/s124.005/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>A representative shall charge each person interested in the estate a portion of the total estate tax assessed against the estate. The portion charged to each person must represent the same ratio as the taxable value of that person's interest in the estate included in determining the amount of the tax bears to the total taxable value of all the interests of all persons interested in the estate included in determining the amount of the tax. In apportioning an estate tax under this subsection, the representative shall disregard a portion of the tax that is:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c124/scA/s124.005/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>apportioned under the law imposing the tax;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c124/scA/s124.005/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>otherwise apportioned by federal law; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c124/scA/s124.005/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>apportioned as otherwise provided by this subchapter.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c124/scA/s124.005/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>Subsection (a) does not apply to the extent the decedent, in a written inter vivos or testamentary instrument disposing of or creating an interest in property, specifically directs the manner of apportionment of estate tax or grants a discretionary power of apportionment to another person. A direction for the apportionment or nonapportionment of estate tax is limited to the estate tax on the property passing under the instrument unless the instrument is a will that provides otherwise.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c124/scA/s124.005/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>If directions under Subsection (b) for the apportionment of an estate tax are provided in two or more instruments executed by the same person and the directions in those instruments conflict, the instrument disposing of or creating an interest in the property to be taxed controls. If directions for the apportionment of estate tax are provided in two or more instruments executed by different persons and the directions in those instruments conflict, the direction of the person in whose estate the property is included controls.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c124/scA/s124.005/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<chapeau>Subsections (b) and (c) do not:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c124/scA/s124.005/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>grant or enlarge the power of a person to apportion estate tax to property passing under an instrument created by another person in excess of the estate tax attributable to the property; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c124/scA/s124.005/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>apply to the extent federal law directs a different manner of apportionment.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c124/scA/s124.006">
<num value="124.006">Sec. 124.006.</num>
<heading>EFFECT OF TAX DEDUCTIONS, EXEMPTIONS, OR CREDITS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c124/scA/s124.006/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>A deduction, exemption, or credit allowed by law in connection with the estate tax inures to a person interested in the estate as provided by this section.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c124/scA/s124.006/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>If the deduction, exemption, or credit is allowed because of the relationship of the person interested in the estate to the decedent, or because of the purpose of the gift, the deduction, exemption, or credit inures to the person having the relationship or receiving the gift, unless that person's interest in the estate is subject to a prior present interest that is not allowable as a deduction. The estate tax apportionable to the person having the present interest shall be paid from the corpus of the gift or the interest of the person having the relationship.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c124/scA/s124.006/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>A deduction for property of the estate that was previously taxed and a credit for gift taxes or death taxes of a foreign country that were paid by the decedent or the decedent's estate inure proportionally to all persons interested in the estate who are liable for a share of the estate tax.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c124/scA/s124.006/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>A credit for inheritance, succession, or estate taxes, or for similar taxes applicable to property or interests includable in the estate, inures to the persons interested in the estate who are chargeable with payment of a portion of those taxes to the extent that the credit proportionately reduces those taxes.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c124/scA/s124.007">
<num value="124.007">Sec. 124.007.</num>
<heading>EXCLUSION OF CERTAIN PROPERTY FROM APPORTIONMENT</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c124/scA/s124.007/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>To the extent that property passing to or in trust for a surviving spouse or a charitable, public, or similar gift or devise is not an allowable deduction for purposes of the estate tax solely because of an inheritance tax or other death tax imposed on and deductible from the property:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c124/scA/s124.007/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the property is not included in the computation provided for by Section 124.005; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c124/scA/s124.007/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>no apportionment is made against the property.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c124/scA/s124.007/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The exclusion provided by this section does not apply if the result would be to deprive the estate of a deduction otherwise allowable under Section 2053(d), Internal Revenue Code of 1986, for a state death tax on a transfer for a public, charitable, or religious use.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c124/scA/s124.008">
<num value="124.008">Sec. 124.008.</num>
<heading>EXCLUSION OF CERTAIN TEMPORARY INTERESTS FROM APPORTIONMENT</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c124/scA/s124.008/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>Except as provided by Section 124.009(c), the following temporary interests are not subject to apportionment:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c124/scA/s124.008/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>an interest in income;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c124/scA/s124.008/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>an estate for years or for life; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c124/scA/s124.008/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>another temporary interest in any property or fund.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c124/scA/s124.008/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The estate tax apportionable to a temporary interest described by Subsection (a) and the remainder, if any, is chargeable against the corpus of the property or the funds that are subject to the temporary interest and remainder.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c124/scA/s124.009">
<num value="124.009">Sec. 124.009.</num>
<heading>QUALIFIED REAL PROPERTY</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c124/scA/s124.009/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>In this section, "qualified real property" has the meaning assigned by Section 2032A, Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (26 U.S.C. Section 2032A).</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c124/scA/s124.009/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>If an election is made under Section 2032A, Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (26 U.S.C. Section 2032A), the representative shall apportion estate taxes according to the amount of federal estate tax that would be payable if the election were not made. The representative shall apply the amount of the reduction of the estate tax resulting from the election to reduce the amount of the estate tax allocated based on the value of the qualified real property that is the subject of the election. If the amount of that reduction is greater than the amount of the taxes allocated based on the value of the qualified real property, the representative shall:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c124/scA/s124.009/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>apply the excess amount to the portion of the taxes allocated for all other property; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c124/scA/s124.009/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>apportion the amount described by Subdivision (1) under Section 124.005(a).</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c124/scA/s124.009/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>If additional federal estate tax is imposed under Section 2032A(c), Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (26 U.S.C. Section 2032A), because of an early disposition or cessation of a qualified use, the additional tax shall be equitably apportioned among the persons who have an interest in the portion of the qualified real property to which the additional tax is attributable in proportion to their interests. The additional tax is a charge against that qualified real property. If the qualified real property is split between one or more life or term interests and remainder interests, the additional tax shall be apportioned to each person whose action or cessation of use caused the imposition of additional tax, unless all persons with an interest in the qualified real property agree in writing to dispose of the property, in which case the additional tax shall be apportioned among the remainder interests.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c124/scA/s124.010">
<num value="124.010">Sec. 124.010.</num>
<heading>EFFECT OF EXTENSION OR DEFICIENCY IN PAYMENT OF ESTATE TAXES; LIABILITY OF REPRESENTATIVE</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c124/scA/s124.010/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>If the date for the payment of any portion of an estate tax is extended:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c124/scA/s124.010/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the amount of the extended tax shall be apportioned to the persons who receive the specific property that gives rise to the extension; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c124/scA/s124.010/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>those persons are entitled to the benefits and shall bear the burdens of the extension.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c124/scA/s124.010/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>Except as provided by Subsection (c), interest on an extension of estate tax and interest and penalties on a deficiency shall be apportioned equitably to reflect the benefits and burdens of the extension or deficiency and of any tax deduction associated with the interest and penalties.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c124/scA/s124.010/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>A representative shall be charged with the amount of any penalty or interest that is assessed due to delay caused by the representative's negligence.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c124/scA/s124.011">
<num value="124.011">Sec. 124.011.</num>
<heading>APPORTIONMENT OF INTEREST AND PENALTIES</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c124/scA/s124.011/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>Interest and penalties assessed against an estate by a taxing authority shall be apportioned among and charged to the persons interested in the estate in the manner provided by Section 124.005 unless, on application by any person interested in the estate, the court determines that:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c124/scA/s124.011/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the proposed apportionment is not equitable; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c124/scA/s124.011/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the assessment of interest or penalties was caused by a breach of fiduciary duty of a representative.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c124/scA/s124.011/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>If the apportionment is not equitable, the court may apportion interest and penalties in an equitable manner.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c124/scA/s124.011/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>If the assessment of interest or penalties was caused by a breach of fiduciary duty of a representative, the court may charge the representative with the amount of the interest and penalties assessed attributable to the representative's conduct.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c124/scA/s124.012">
<num value="124.012">Sec. 124.012.</num>
<heading>APPORTIONMENT OF REPRESENTATIVE'S EXPENSES</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c124/scA/s124.012/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>Expenses reasonably incurred by a representative in determination of the amount, apportionment, or collection of the estate tax shall be apportioned among and charged to persons interested in the estate in the manner provided by Section 124.005 unless, on application by any person interested in the estate, the court determines that the proposed apportionment is not equitable.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c124/scA/s124.012/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>If the court determines that the proposed apportionment is not equitable, the court may apportion the expenses in an equitable manner.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c124/scA/s124.013">
<num value="124.013">Sec. 124.013.</num>
<heading>WITHHOLDING OF ESTATE TAX SHARE BY REPRESENTATIVE</heading>
<content>A representative who has possession of any estate property that is distributable to a person interested in the estate may withhold from that property an amount equal to the person's apportioned share of the estate tax.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c124/scA/s124.014">
<num value="124.014">Sec. 124.014.</num>
<heading>RECOVERY OF ESTATE TAX SHARE NOT WITHHELD</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c124/scA/s124.014/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>If property includable in an estate does not come into possession of a representative obligated to pay the estate tax, the representative shall:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c124/scA/s124.014/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>recover from each person interested in the estate the amount of the estate tax apportioned to the person under this subchapter; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c124/scA/s124.014/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>assign to persons affected by the tax obligation the representative's right of recovery.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c124/scA/s124.014/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>The obligation to recover a tax under Subsection (a) does not apply if:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c124/scA/s124.014/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the duty is waived by the parties affected by the tax obligation or by the instrument under which the representative derives powers; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c124/scA/s124.014/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>in the reasonable judgment of the representative, proceeding to recover the tax is not cost-effective.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c124/scA/s124.015">
<num value="124.015">Sec. 124.015.</num>
<heading>RECOVERY OF UNPAID ESTATE TAX; REIMBURSEMENT</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c124/scA/s124.015/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>A representative shall recover from any person interested in the estate the unpaid amount of the estate tax apportioned and charged to the person under this subchapter unless the representative determines in good faith that an attempt to recover the amount would be economically impractical.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c124/scA/s124.015/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A representative who cannot collect from a person interested in the estate an unpaid amount of estate tax apportioned to that person shall apportion the amount not collected in the manner provided by Section 124.005(a) among the other persons interested in the estate who are subject to apportionment.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c124/scA/s124.015/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>A person who is charged with or who pays an apportioned amount under Subsection (b) has a right of reimbursement for that amount from the person who failed to pay the tax. The representative may enforce the right of reimbursement, or the person who is charged with or who pays an apportioned amount under Subsection (b) may enforce the right of reimbursement directly by an assignment from the representative. A person assigned the right under this subsection is subrogated to the rights of the representative.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c124/scA/s124.015/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>A representative who has a right of reimbursement may petition a court to determine the right of reimbursement.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c124/scA/s124.016">
<num value="124.016">Sec. 124.016.</num>
<heading>TIME TO INITIATE ACTIONS TO RECOVER UNPAID ESTATE TAX</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c124/scA/s124.016/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>A representative required to recover unpaid amounts of estate tax apportioned to persons interested in the estate under this subchapter may not be required to initiate the necessary actions until the expiration of the 90th day after the date of the final determination by the Internal Revenue Service of the amount of the estate tax.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c124/scA/s124.016/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A representative who initiates an action under this subchapter within a reasonable time after the expiration of the 90-day period is not subject to any liability or surcharge because a portion of the estate tax apportioned to a person interested in the estate was collectible during a period after the death of the decedent but thereafter became uncollectible.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c124/scA/s124.017">
<num value="124.017">Sec. 124.017.</num>
<heading>TAX OR DEATH DUTY PAYABLE TO ANOTHER STATE</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c124/scA/s124.017/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>A representative acting in another state may initiate an action in a court of this state to recover from a person interested in the estate who is domiciled in this state or owns property in this state subject to attachment or execution, a proportionate amount of:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c124/scA/s124.017/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the federal estate tax;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c124/scA/s124.017/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>an estate tax payable to another state; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c124/scA/s124.017/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>a death duty due by a decedent's estate to another state.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c124/scA/s124.017/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>In the action, a determination of apportionment by the court having jurisdiction of the administration of the decedent's estate in the other state is prima facie correct.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c124/scA/s124.017/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>This section applies only if the state in which the determination of apportionment was made provides a substantially similar remedy.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c124/scA/s124.018">
<num value="124.018">Sec. 124.018.</num>
<heading>PAYMENT OF EXPENSES AND ATTORNEY'S FEES</heading>
<content>The court shall award necessary expenses, including reasonable attorney's fees, to the prevailing party in an action initiated by a person for the collection of estate taxes from a person interested in the estate to whom estate taxes were apportioned and charged under Section 124.005.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c124/scB">
<num value="B">SUBCHAPTER B.</num>
<heading>SATISFACTION OF CERTAIN PECUNIARY GIFTS</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c124/scB/s124.051">
<num value="124.051">Sec. 124.051.</num>
<heading>VALUATION OF PROPERTY DISTRIBUTED IN KIND IN SATISFACTION OF PECUNIARY GIFT</heading>
<content>Unless the governing instrument provides otherwise, if a will or trust contains a pecuniary devise or transfer that may be satisfied by distributing assets in kind and the executor, administrator, or trustee determines to fund the devise or transfer by distributing assets in kind, the property shall be valued, for the purpose of funding the devise or transfer, at the value of the property on the date or dates of distribution.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c124/scB/s124.052">
<num value="124.052">Sec. 124.052.</num>
<heading>SATISFACTION OF MARITAL DEDUCTION PECUNIARY GIFTS WITH ASSETS IN KIND</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c124/scB/s124.052/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>This section applies to an executor, administrator, or trustee authorized under the will or trust of a decedent to satisfy a pecuniary devise or transfer in trust in kind with assets at their value for federal estate tax purposes, in satisfaction of a gift intended to qualify, or that otherwise would qualify, for a United States estate tax marital deduction.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c124/scB/s124.052/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>Unless the governing instrument provides otherwise, an executor, administrator, or trustee, in order to implement a devise or transfer described by Subsection (a), shall distribute assets, including cash, fairly representative of appreciation or depreciation in the value of all property available for distribution in satisfaction of the devise or transfer.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680, Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
</chapter>
<chapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c151">
<num value="151">CHAPTER 151.</num>
<heading>EXAMINATION OF DOCUMENTS AND SAFE DEPOSIT BOXES</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c151/s151.001">
<num value="151.001">Sec. 151.001.</num>
<heading>EXAMINATION OF DOCUMENTS OR SAFE DEPOSIT BOX WITH COURT ORDER</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c151/s151.001/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>A judge of a court that has probate jurisdiction of a decedent's estate may order a person to permit a court representative named in the order to examine a decedent's documents or safe deposit box if it is shown to the judge that:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c151/s151.001/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the person may possess or control the documents or that the person leased the safe deposit box to the decedent; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c151/s151.001/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<chapeau>the documents or safe deposit box may contain:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c151/s151.001/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>a will of the decedent;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c151/s151.001/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>a deed to a burial plot in which the decedent is to be buried; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c151/s151.001/C">
<num value="C">(C)</num>
<content>an insurance policy issued in the decedent's name and payable to a beneficiary named in the policy.</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c151/s151.001/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>The court representative shall examine the decedent's documents or safe deposit box in the presence of:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c151/s151.001/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the judge ordering the examination or an agent of the judge; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c151/s151.001/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the person who has possession or control of the documents or who leased the safe deposit box or, if that person is a corporation, an officer of the corporation or an agent of an officer.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c151/s151.002">
<num value="151.002">Sec. 151.002.</num>
<heading>DELIVERY OF DOCUMENT WITH COURT ORDER</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c151/s151.002/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>A judge who orders an examination of a decedent's documents or safe deposit box under Section 151.001 may order the person who possesses or controls the documents or who leases the safe deposit box to permit the court representative to take possession of a document described by Section 151.001(a)(2).</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c151/s151.002/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>The court representative shall deliver:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c151/s151.002/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<chapeau>a will to the clerk of a court that:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c151/s151.002/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>has probate jurisdiction; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c151/s151.002/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>is located in the same county as the court of the judge who ordered the examination under Section 151.001;</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c151/s151.002/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>a burial plot deed to the person designated by the judge in the order for the examination; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c151/s151.002/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>an insurance policy to a beneficiary named in the policy.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c151/s151.002/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>A court clerk to whom a will is delivered under Subsection (b) shall issue a receipt for the will to the court representative.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c151/s151.003">
<num value="151.003">Sec. 151.003.</num>
<heading>EXAMINATION OF DOCUMENT OR SAFE DEPOSIT BOX WITHOUT COURT ORDER</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c151/s151.003/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>A person who possesses or controls a document delivered by a decedent for safekeeping or who leases a safe deposit box to a decedent may permit examination of the document or the contents of the safe deposit box by:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c151/s151.003/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the decedent's spouse;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c151/s151.003/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>a parent of the decedent;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c151/s151.003/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>a descendant of the decedent who is at least 18 years of age; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c151/s151.003/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>a person named as executor of the decedent's estate in a copy of a document that the person has and that appears to be a will of the decedent.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c151/s151.003/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>An examination under Subsection (a) shall be conducted in the presence of the person who possesses or controls the document or who leases the safe deposit box or, if the person is a corporation, an officer of the corporation.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c151/s151.004">
<num value="151.004">Sec. 151.004.</num>
<heading>DELIVERY OF DOCUMENT WITHOUT COURT ORDER</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c151/s151.004/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>Subject to Subsection (c), a person who permits an examination of a decedent's document or safe deposit box under Section 151.003 may deliver:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c151/s151.004/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<chapeau>a document appearing to be the decedent's will to:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c151/s151.004/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>the clerk of a court that:</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c151/s151.004/i">
<num value="i">(i)</num>
<chapeau>has probate jurisdiction; and</chapeau>
<clause identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c151/s151.004/ii">
<num value="ii">(ii)</num>
<content>is located in the county in which the decedent resided; or</content>
</clause>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c151/s151.004/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>a person named in the document as an executor of the decedent's estate;</content>
</subparagraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c151/s151.004/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>a document appearing to be a deed to a burial plot in which the decedent is to be buried, or appearing to give burial instructions, to the person conducting the examination; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c151/s151.004/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>a document appearing to be an insurance policy on the decedent's life to a beneficiary named in the policy.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c151/s151.004/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A person who has leased a safe deposit box to the decedent shall keep a copy of a document delivered by the person under Subsection (a)(1) until the fourth anniversary of the date of delivery.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c151/s151.004/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<chapeau>A person may not deliver a document under Subsection (a) unless the person examining the document:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c151/s151.004/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>requests delivery of the document; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c151/s151.004/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>issues a receipt for the document to the person delivering the document.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c151/s151.005">
<num value="151.005">Sec. 151.005.</num>
<heading>RESTRICTION ON REMOVAL OF CONTENTS OF SAFE DEPOSIT BOX</heading>
<content>A person may not remove the contents of a decedent's safe deposit box except as provided by Section 151.002, Section 151.004, or another law.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</chapter>
<chapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c152">
<num value="152">CHAPTER 152.</num>
<heading>EMERGENCY INTERVENTION</heading>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c152/scA">
<num value="A">SUBCHAPTER A.</num>
<heading>EMERGENCY INTERVENTION APPLICATION</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c152/scA/s152.001">
<num value="152.001">Sec. 152.001.</num>
<heading>APPLICATION AUTHORIZED</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c152/scA/s152.001/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>Subject to Subsection (b), a person qualified to serve as an administrator under Section 304.001 may file an application requesting emergency intervention by a court exercising probate jurisdiction to provide for:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c152/scA/s152.001/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the payment or reimbursement of the decedent's funeral and burial expenses; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c152/scA/s152.001/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the protection and storage of personal property owned by the decedent that, on the date of the decedent's death, was located in accommodations rented by the decedent.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c152/scA/s152.001/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>An applicant may file an application under this section only if:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c152/scA/s152.001/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>an application or affidavit has not been filed and is not pending under Section 256.052, 256.054, or 301.052 or Chapter 205 or 401; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c152/scA/s152.001/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<chapeau>the applicant needs to:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c152/scA/s152.001/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>obtain funds for the payment or reimbursement of the decedent's funeral and burial expenses; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c152/scA/s152.001/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>gain access to accommodations rented by the decedent that contain the decedent's personal property and the applicant has been denied access to those accommodations.</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 161 (S.B. 1093), Sec. 6.010, eff. January 1, 2014.
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 861 (H.B. 3474), Sec. 13.001, eff. September 1, 2023.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c152/scA/s152.002">
<num value="152.002">Sec. 152.002.</num>
<heading>CONTENTS OF APPLICATION</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c152/scA/s152.002/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>An emergency intervention application must be sworn and must contain:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c152/scA/s152.002/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the applicant's name, address, and interest;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c152/scA/s152.002/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>facts showing an immediate necessity for the issuance of an emergency intervention order under Subchapter B;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c152/scA/s152.002/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the decedent's date of death, place of death, and residential address on the date of death;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c152/scA/s152.002/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>the name and address of the funeral home holding the decedent's remains or paid by the applicant for the decedent's funeral and burial; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c152/scA/s152.002/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>the names of any known or ascertainable heirs and devisees of the decedent.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c152/scA/s152.002/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>In addition to the information required under Subsection (a), if emergency intervention is requested to obtain funds needed for the payment or reimbursement of the decedent's funeral and burial expenses, the application must also contain:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c152/scA/s152.002/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<chapeau>the reason any known or ascertainable heirs and devisees of the decedent:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c152/scA/s152.002/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>cannot be contacted; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c152/scA/s152.002/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>have refused to assist in the decedent's burial;</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c152/scA/s152.002/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>a description of necessary funeral and burial procedures and a statement from the funeral home that contains a detailed and itemized description of the cost of those procedures;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c152/scA/s152.002/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the name and address of an individual, entity, or financial institution, including an employer, in possession of any funds of or due to the decedent, and related account numbers and balances, if known by the applicant; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c152/scA/s152.002/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>if applicable, the amount paid by the applicant for the funeral and burial procedures described by Subdivision (2).</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c152/scA/s152.002/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<chapeau>In addition to the information required under Subsection (a), if emergency intervention is requested to gain access to accommodations rented by a decedent that at the time of the decedent's death contain the decedent's personal property, the application must also contain:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c152/scA/s152.002/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<chapeau>the reason any known or ascertainable heirs and devisees of the decedent:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c152/scA/s152.002/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>cannot be contacted; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c152/scA/s152.002/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>have refused to assist in the protection of the decedent's personal property;</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c152/scA/s152.002/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the type and location of the decedent's personal property and the name of the person in possession of the property; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c152/scA/s152.002/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the name and address of the owner or manager of the accommodations and a statement regarding whether access to the accommodations is necessary.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 861 (H.B. 3474), Sec. 13.002, eff. September 1, 2023.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c152/scA/s152.003">
<num value="152.003">Sec. 152.003.</num>
<heading>ADDITIONAL CONTENTS OF APPLICATION: INSTRUCTIONS REGARDING DECEDENT'S FUNERAL AND REMAINS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c152/scA/s152.003/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>In addition to the information required under Section 152.002, if emergency intervention is requested to obtain funds needed for the payment or reimbursement of a decedent's funeral and burial expenses, the application must also state whether there are or were any written instructions from the decedent relating to the type and manner of funeral or burial preferred by the decedent. The applicant shall:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c152/scA/s152.003/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>attach the instructions, if available, to the application; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c152/scA/s152.003/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>fully comply, or must have fully complied, as appropriate, with the instructions.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c152/scA/s152.003/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>If written instructions do not exist, the applicant may not permit or have permitted the decedent's remains to be cremated unless the applicant obtains or obtained the court's permission to cremate the remains.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 861 (H.B. 3474), Sec. 13.003, eff. September 1, 2023.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c152/scA/s152.004">
<num value="152.004">Sec. 152.004.</num>
<heading>TIME AND PLACE OF FILING</heading>
<chapeau>An emergency intervention application must be filed:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c152/scA/s152.004/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<chapeau>with the court clerk in the county in which:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c152/scA/s152.004/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>the decedent was domiciled; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c152/scA/s152.004/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>the accommodations rented by the decedent that contain the decedent's personal property are located; and</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c152/scA/s152.004/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>not earlier than the third day after the date of the decedent's death and not later than nine months after the date of the decedent's death.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 861 (H.B. 3474), Sec. 13.004, eff. September 1, 2023.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c152/scB">
<num value="B">SUBCHAPTER B.</num>
<heading>ORDER FOR EMERGENCY INTERVENTION</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c152/scB/s152.051">
<num value="152.051">Sec. 152.051.</num>
<heading>ISSUANCE OF ORDER REGARDING FUNERAL AND BURIAL EXPENSES</heading>
<chapeau>If on review of an application filed under Section 152.001 the court determines that emergency intervention is necessary to obtain funds needed for the payment or reimbursement of a decedent's funeral and burial expenses, the court may order funds of the decedent that are being held by an individual, an employer, or a financial institution to be paid directly to a funeral home or the applicant, as applicable, only for:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c152/scB/s152.051/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>reasonable and necessary attorney's fees for the attorney who obtained the order;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c152/scB/s152.051/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>court costs for obtaining the order; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c152/scB/s152.051/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>funeral and burial expenses not to exceed $5,000 as ordered by the court to provide the decedent with or to provide reimbursement for a reasonable, dignified, and appropriate funeral and burial.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 861 (H.B. 3474), Sec. 13.005, eff. September 1, 2023.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c152/scB/s152.052">
<num value="152.052">Sec. 152.052.</num>
<heading>ISSUANCE OF ORDER REGARDING ACCESS TO CERTAIN PERSONAL PROPERTY</heading>
<chapeau>If on review of an application filed under Section 152.001 the court determines that emergency intervention is necessary to gain access to accommodations rented by the decedent that, at the time of the decedent's death, contain the decedent's personal property, the court may order one or more of the following:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c152/scB/s152.052/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>that the owner or agent of the accommodations shall grant the applicant access to the accommodations at a reasonable time and in the presence of the owner or agent;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c152/scB/s152.052/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>that the applicant and owner or agent of the accommodations shall jointly prepare and file with the court a list that generally describes the decedent's property found at the premises;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c152/scB/s152.052/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>that the applicant or the owner or agent of the accommodations may remove and store the decedent's property at another location until claimed by the decedent's heirs;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c152/scB/s152.052/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>that the applicant has only the powers that are specifically stated in the order and that are necessary to protect the decedent's property that is the subject of the application; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c152/scB/s152.052/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>that funds of the decedent held by an individual, an employer, or a financial institution be paid to the applicant for reasonable and necessary attorney's fees and court costs for obtaining the order.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c152/scB/s152.053">
<num value="152.053">Sec. 152.053.</num>
<heading>DURATION OF ORDER</heading>
<chapeau>The authority of an applicant under an emergency intervention order expires on the earlier of:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c152/scB/s152.053/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the 90th day after the date the order is issued; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c152/scB/s152.053/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the date a personal representative of the decedent's estate qualifies.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c152/scB/s152.054">
<num value="152.054">Sec. 152.054.</num>
<heading>CERTIFIED COPIES OF ORDER</heading>
<chapeau>The court clerk may issue certified copies of an emergency intervention order on request of the applicant only until the earlier of:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c152/scB/s152.054/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the 90th day after the date the order is signed; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c152/scB/s152.054/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the date a personal representative of the decedent's estate qualifies.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c152/scB/s152.055">
<num value="152.055">Sec. 152.055.</num>
<heading>LIABILITY OF CERTAIN PERSONS IN CONNECTION WITH ORDER</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c152/scB/s152.055/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>A person who is provided a certified copy of an emergency intervention order within the period prescribed by Section 152.054 is not personally liable for an action taken by the person in accordance with and in reliance on the order.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c152/scB/s152.055/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>If a personal representative has not been appointed when an emergency intervention order issued under Section 152.052 expires, a person in possession of the decedent's personal property that is the subject of the order, without incurring civil liability, may:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c152/scB/s152.055/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>release the property to the decedent's heirs; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c152/scB/s152.055/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>dispose of the property under Subchapter C, Chapter 54, Property Code, or Section 7.209 or 7.210, Business & Commerce Code.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c152/scC">
<num value="C">SUBCHAPTER C.</num>
<heading>LIMITATION ON RIGHT OF DECEDENT'S SURVIVING SPOUSE TO CONTROL DECEDENT'S BURIAL OR CREMATION</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c152/scC/s152.101">
<num value="152.101">Sec. 152.101.</num>
<heading>APPLICATION AUTHORIZED</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c152/scC/s152.101/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>The executor of a decedent's will or the decedent's next of kin may file an application for an order limiting the right of the decedent's surviving spouse to control the decedent's burial or cremation.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c152/scC/s152.101/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>For purposes of Subsection (a), the decedent's next of kin:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c152/scC/s152.101/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>is determined in accordance with order of descent, with the person nearest in order of descent first, and so on; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c152/scC/s152.101/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>includes the decedent's descendants who legally adopted the decedent or who have been legally adopted by the decedent.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c152/scC/s152.101/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<chapeau>An application under this section must be under oath and must establish:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c152/scC/s152.101/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>whether the decedent died intestate or testate;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c152/scC/s152.101/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>that the surviving spouse is alleged to be a principal or accomplice in a wilful act that resulted in the decedent's death; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c152/scC/s152.101/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>that good cause exists to limit the surviving spouse's right to control the decedent's burial or cremation.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c152/scC/s152.102">
<num value="152.102">Sec. 152.102.</num>
<heading>HEARING; ISSUANCE OF ORDER</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c152/scC/s152.102/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>If the court finds that there is good cause to believe that the decedent's surviving spouse is the principal or an accomplice in a wilful act that resulted in the decedent's death, the court may, after notice and a hearing, limit the surviving spouse's right to control the decedent's burial or cremation.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c152/scC/s152.102/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>Subsection (a) applies:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c152/scC/s152.102/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>without regard to whether the decedent died intestate or testate;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c152/scC/s152.102/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>regardless of whether the surviving spouse is designated by the decedent's will as the executor of the decedent's estate; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c152/scC/s152.102/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>subject to the prohibition described by Section 711.002(l), Health and Safety Code.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c152/scC/s152.102/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>If the court limits the surviving spouse's right of control as provided by Subsection (a), the court shall designate and authorize a person to make burial or cremation arrangements.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 161 (S.B. 1093), Sec. 6.011, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
</chapter>
<chapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c153">
<num value="153">CHAPTER 153.</num>
<heading>ACCESS TO INTESTATE'S ACCOUNT WITH FINANCIAL INSTITUTION</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c153/s153.001">
<num value="153.001">Sec. 153.001.</num>
<heading>DEFINITIONS</heading>
<chapeau>In this chapter:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c153/s153.001/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>"Account" has the meaning assigned by Section 113.001.</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c153/s153.001/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>"Financial institution" has the meaning assigned by Section 201.101, Finance Code.</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c153/s153.001/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>"P.O.D. account" and "trust account" have the meanings assigned by Section 113.004.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 217 (H.B. 705), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2015.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c153/s153.002">
<num value="153.002">Sec. 153.002.</num>
<heading>INAPPLICABILITY OF CHAPTER</heading>
<chapeau>This chapter does not apply to:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c153/s153.002/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>an account with a beneficiary designation;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c153/s153.002/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>a P.O.D. account;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c153/s153.002/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>a trust account; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c153/s153.002/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>an account that provides for a right of survivorship.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 217 (H.B. 705), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2015.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c153/s153.003">
<num value="153.003">Sec. 153.003.</num>
<heading>COURT-ORDERED ACCESS TO INTESTATE'S ACCOUNT INFORMATION</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c153/s153.003/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>In this section, "interested person" means an heir, spouse, creditor, or any other having a property right in or claim against the decedent's estate.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c153/s153.003/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>On application of an interested person or on the court's own motion, a court may issue an order requiring a financial institution to release to the person named in the order information concerning the balance of each account that is maintained at the financial institution of a decedent who dies intestate if:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c153/s153.003/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>90 days have elapsed since the date of the decedent's death;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c153/s153.003/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>no petition for the appointment of a personal representative for the decedent's estate is pending; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c153/s153.003/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>no letters testamentary or of administration have been granted with respect to the estate.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 217 (H.B. 705), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2015.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</chapter>
<chapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c201">
<num value="201">CHAPTER 201.</num>
<heading>DESCENT AND DISTRIBUTION</heading>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c201/scA">
<num value="A">SUBCHAPTER A.</num>
<heading>INTESTATE SUCCESSION</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c201/scA/s201.001">
<num value="201.001">Sec. 201.001.</num>
<heading>ESTATE OF AN INTESTATE NOT LEAVING SPOUSE</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c201/scA/s201.001/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>If a person who dies intestate does not leave a spouse, the estate to which the person had title descends and passes in parcenary to the person's kindred in the order provided by this section.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c201/scA/s201.001/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The person's estate descends and passes to the person's children and the children's descendants.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c201/scA/s201.001/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>If no child or child's descendant survives the person, the person's estate descends and passes in equal portions to the person's father and mother.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c201/scA/s201.001/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<chapeau>If only the person's father or mother survives the person, the person's estate shall:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c201/scA/s201.001/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<chapeau>be divided into two equal portions, with:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c201/scA/s201.001/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>one portion passing to the surviving parent; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c201/scA/s201.001/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>one portion passing to the person's siblings and the siblings' descendants; or</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c201/scA/s201.001/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>be inherited entirely by the surviving parent if there is no sibling of the person or siblings' descendants.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c201/scA/s201.001/e">
<num value="e">(e)</num>
<content>If neither the person's father nor mother survives the person, the person's entire estate passes to the person's siblings and the siblings' descendants.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c201/scA/s201.001/f">
<num value="f">(f)</num>
<chapeau>If none of the kindred described by Subsections (b)-(e) survive the person, the person's estate shall be divided into two moieties, with:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c201/scA/s201.001/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>one moiety passing to the person's paternal kindred as provided by Subsection (g); and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c201/scA/s201.001/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>one moiety passing to the person's maternal kindred as provided by Subsection (h).</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c201/scA/s201.001/g">
<num value="g">(g)</num>
<chapeau>The moiety passing to the person's paternal kindred passes in the following order:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c201/scA/s201.001/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>if both paternal grandparents survive the person, equal portions pass to the person's paternal grandfather and grandmother;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c201/scA/s201.001/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<chapeau>if only the person's paternal grandfather or grandmother survives the person, the person's estate shall:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c201/scA/s201.001/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>be divided into two equal portions, with:</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c201/scA/s201.001/i">
<num value="i">(i)</num>
<chapeau>one portion passing to the surviving grandparent; and</chapeau>
<clause identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c201/scA/s201.001/ii">
<num value="ii">(ii)</num>
<content>one portion passing to the descendants of the deceased grandparent; or</content>
</clause>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c201/scA/s201.001/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>pass entirely to the surviving grandparent if no descendant of the deceased grandparent survives the person; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c201/scA/s201.001/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>if neither the person's paternal grandfather nor grandmother survives the person, the moiety passing to the decedent's paternal kindred passes to the descendants of the person's paternal grandfather and grandmother, and so on without end, passing in like manner to the nearest lineal ancestors and their descendants.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c201/scA/s201.001/h">
<num value="h">(h)</num>
<content>The moiety passing to the person's maternal kindred passes in the same order and manner as the other moiety passes to the decedent's paternal kindred under Subsection (g).</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c201/scA/s201.002">
<num value="201.002">Sec. 201.002.</num>
<heading>SEPARATE ESTATE OF AN INTESTATE</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c201/scA/s201.002/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>If a person who dies intestate leaves a surviving spouse, the estate, other than a community estate, to which the person had title descends and passes as provided by this section.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c201/scA/s201.002/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>If the person has one or more children or a descendant of a child:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c201/scA/s201.002/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the surviving spouse takes one-third of the personal estate;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c201/scA/s201.002/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>two-thirds of the personal estate descends to the person's child or children, and the descendants of a child or children; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c201/scA/s201.002/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the surviving spouse is entitled to a life estate in one-third of the person's land, with the remainder descending to the person's child or children and the descendants of a child or children.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c201/scA/s201.002/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<chapeau>Except as provided by Subsection (d), if the person has no child and no descendant of a child:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c201/scA/s201.002/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the surviving spouse is entitled to all of the personal estate;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c201/scA/s201.002/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the surviving spouse is entitled to one-half of the person's land without a remainder to any person; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c201/scA/s201.002/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>one-half of the person's land passes and is inherited according to the rules of descent and distribution.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c201/scA/s201.002/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>If the person described by Subsection (c) does not leave a surviving parent or one or more surviving siblings, or their descendants, the surviving spouse is entitled to the entire estate.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c201/scA/s201.003">
<num value="201.003">Sec. 201.003.</num>
<heading>COMMUNITY ESTATE OF AN INTESTATE</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c201/scA/s201.003/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>If a person who dies intestate leaves a surviving spouse, the community estate of the deceased spouse passes as provided by this section.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c201/scA/s201.003/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>The community estate of the deceased spouse passes to the surviving spouse if:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c201/scA/s201.003/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>no child or other descendant of the deceased spouse survives the deceased spouse; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c201/scA/s201.003/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>all of the surviving children and descendants of the deceased spouse are also children or descendants of the surviving spouse.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c201/scA/s201.003/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>If the deceased spouse is survived by a child or other descendant who is not also a child or other descendant of the surviving spouse, the deceased spouse's undivided one-half interest in the community estate passes to the deceased spouse's children or other descendants. The descendants inherit only the portion of that estate to which they would be entitled under Section 201.101. In every case, the community estate passes charged with the debts against the community estate.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2019, 86th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1141 (H.B. 2782), Sec. 5, eff. September 1, 2019.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c201/scB">
<num value="B">SUBCHAPTER B.</num>
<heading>MATTERS AFFECTING INHERITANCE</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c201/scB/s201.051">
<num value="201.051">Sec. 201.051.</num>
<heading>MATERNAL INHERITANCE</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c201/scB/s201.051/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>For purposes of inheritance, a child is the child of the child's biological or adopted mother, and the child and the child's issue shall inherit from the child's mother and the child's maternal kindred, both descendants, ascendants, and collateral kindred in all degrees, and they may inherit from the child and the child's issue. However, if a child has intended parents, as defined by Section 160.102, Family Code, under a gestational agreement validated under Subchapter I, Chapter 160, Family Code, the child is the child of the intended mother and not the biological mother or gestational mother unless the biological mother is also the intended mother.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c201/scB/s201.051/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>This section does not permit inheritance by a child for whom no right of inheritance accrues under Section 201.056 or by the child's issue.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1136 (H.B. 2912), Sec. 11, eff. January 1, 2014.
Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 949 (S.B. 995), Sec. 6, eff. September 1, 2015.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c201/scB/s201.052">
<num value="201.052">Sec. 201.052.</num>
<heading>PATERNAL INHERITANCE</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c201/scB/s201.052/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>For purposes of inheritance, a child is the child of the child's biological father if:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c201/scB/s201.052/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the child is born under circumstances described by Section 160.201, Family Code;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c201/scB/s201.052/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the child is adjudicated to be the child of the father by court decree under Chapter 160, Family Code;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c201/scB/s201.052/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the child was adopted by the child's father; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c201/scB/s201.052/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>the father executed an acknowledgment of paternity under Subchapter D, Chapter 160, Family Code, or a similar statement properly executed in another jurisdiction.</content>
<continuation>(a-1) Notwithstanding Subsection (a), if a child has intended parents, as defined by Section 160.102, Family Code, under a gestational agreement validated under Subchapter I, Chapter 160, Family Code, the child is the child of the intended father and not the biological father unless the biological father is also the intended father.</continuation>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c201/scB/s201.052/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A child described by Subsection (a) or (a-1) and the child's issue shall inherit from the child's father and the child's paternal kindred, both descendants, ascendants, and collateral kindred in all degrees, and they may inherit from the child and the child's issue.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c201/scB/s201.052/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<chapeau>A person may petition the probate court for a determination of right of inheritance from a decedent if the person:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c201/scB/s201.052/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>claims to be a biological child of the decedent and is not otherwise presumed to be a child of the decedent; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c201/scB/s201.052/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>claims inheritance through a biological child of the decedent who is not otherwise presumed to be a child of the decedent.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c201/scB/s201.052/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<chapeau>If under Subsection (c) the court finds by clear and convincing evidence that the purported father was the biological father of the child:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c201/scB/s201.052/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the child is treated as any other child of the decedent for purposes of inheritance; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c201/scB/s201.052/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the child and the child's issue may inherit from the child's paternal kindred, both descendants, ascendants, and collateral kindred in all degrees, and they may inherit from the child and the child's issue.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c201/scB/s201.052/e">
<num value="e">(e)</num>
<content>This section does not permit inheritance by a purported father of a child, recognized or not, if the purported father's parental rights have been terminated.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c201/scB/s201.052/f">
<num value="f">(f)</num>
<content>This section does not permit inheritance by a child for whom no right of inheritance accrues under Section 201.056 or by the child's issue.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1136 (H.B. 2912), Sec. 12, eff. January 1, 2014.
Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 949 (S.B. 995), Sec. 7, eff. September 1, 2015.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c201/scB/s201.053">
<num value="201.053">Sec. 201.053.</num>
<heading>EFFECT OF RELIANCE ON AFFIDAVIT OF HEIRSHIP</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c201/scB/s201.053/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>A person who purchases for valuable consideration any interest in property of the heirs of a decedent acquires good title to the interest that the person would have received, as purchaser, in the absence of a claim of the child described by Subdivision (1), if the person:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c201/scB/s201.053/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<chapeau>in good faith relies on the declarations in an affidavit of heirship that does not include a child who at the time of the sale or contract of sale of the property:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c201/scB/s201.053/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>is not a presumed child of the decedent; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c201/scB/s201.053/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>has not under a final court decree or judgment been found to be entitled to treatment under Section 201.052 as a child of the decedent; and</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c201/scB/s201.053/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>is without knowledge of the claim of the child described by Subdivision (1).</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c201/scB/s201.053/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>Subsection (a) does not affect any liability of the heirs for the proceeds of a sale described by Subsection (a) to the child who was not included in the affidavit of heirship.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c201/scB/s201.054">
<num value="201.054">Sec. 201.054.</num>
<heading>ADOPTED CHILD</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c201/scB/s201.054/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>For purposes of inheritance under the laws of descent and distribution, an adopted child is regarded as the child of the adoptive parent or parents, and the adopted child and the adopted child's descendants inherit from and through the adoptive parent or parents and their kindred as if the adopted child were the natural child of the adoptive parent or parents. The adoptive parent or parents and their kindred inherit from and through the adopted child as if the adopted child were the natural child of the adoptive parent or parents.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c201/scB/s201.054/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The natural parent or parents of an adopted child and the kindred of the natural parent or parents may not inherit from or through the adopted child, but the adopted child inherits from and through the child's natural parent or parents, except as provided by Section 162.507(c), Family Code.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c201/scB/s201.054/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>This section does not prevent an adoptive parent from disposing of the parent's property by will according to law.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c201/scB/s201.054/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>This section does not diminish the rights of an adopted child under the laws of descent and distribution or otherwise that the adopted child acquired by virtue of inclusion in the definition of "child" under Section 22.004.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c201/scB/s201.054/e">
<num value="e">(e)</num>
<chapeau>For purposes of this section:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c201/scB/s201.054/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<chapeau>"Adopted child" means a child:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c201/scB/s201.054/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>adopted through an existing or former statutory procedure; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c201/scB/s201.054/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>considered by a court to be equitably adopted or adopted by acts of estoppel.</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c201/scB/s201.054/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<chapeau>"Adoptive parent" means a parent:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c201/scB/s201.054/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>who adopted a child through an existing or former statutory procedure; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c201/scB/s201.054/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>considered by a court to have equitably adopted a child or adopted a child by acts of estoppel.</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 844 (H.B. 2271), Sec. 9, eff. September 1, 2017.
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 631 (H.B. 4765), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2023.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c201/scB/s201.055">
<num value="201.055">Sec. 201.055.</num>
<heading>ISSUE OF VOID OR VOIDABLE MARRIAGE</heading>
<content>The issue of a marriage declared void or voided by annulment shall be treated in the same manner as the issue of a valid marriage.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c201/scB/s201.056">
<num value="201.056">Sec. 201.056.</num>
<heading>PERSONS NOT IN BEING</heading>
<chapeau>No right of inheritance accrues to any person unless the person is born before, or is in gestation at, the time of the intestate's death and survives for at least 120 hours. A person is:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c201/scB/s201.056/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>considered to be in gestation at the time of the intestate's death if insemination or implantation occurs at or before the time of the intestate's death; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c201/scB/s201.056/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>presumed to be in gestation at the time of the intestate's death if the person is born before the 301st day after the date of the intestate's death.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 949 (S.B. 995), Sec. 8, eff. September 1, 2015.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c201/scB/s201.057">
<num value="201.057">Sec. 201.057.</num>
<heading>COLLATERAL KINDRED OF WHOLE AND HALF BLOOD</heading>
<content>If the inheritance from an intestate passes to the collateral kindred of the intestate and part of the collateral kindred are of whole blood and the other part are of half blood of the intestate, each of the collateral kindred who is of half blood inherits only half as much as that inherited by each of the collateral kindred who is of whole blood. If all of the collateral kindred are of half blood of the intestate, each of the collateral kindred inherits a whole portion.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c201/scB/s201.058">
<num value="201.058">Sec. 201.058.</num>
<heading>CONVICTED PERSONS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c201/scB/s201.058/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>No conviction shall work corruption of blood or forfeiture of estate except as provided by Subsection (b).</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c201/scB/s201.058/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>If a beneficiary of a life insurance policy or contract is convicted and sentenced as a principal or accomplice in wilfully bringing about the death of the insured, the proceeds of the insurance policy or contract shall be paid in the manner provided by the Insurance Code.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c201/scB/s201.059">
<num value="201.059">Sec. 201.059.</num>
<heading>PERSON WHO DIES BY CASUALTY</heading>
<content>Death by casualty does not result in forfeiture of estate.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c201/scB/s201.060">
<num value="201.060">Sec. 201.060.</num>
<heading>ALIENAGE</heading>
<content>A person is not disqualified to take as an heir because the person, or another person through whom the person claims, is or has been an alien.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c201/scB/s201.061">
<num value="201.061">Sec. 201.061.</num>
<heading>ESTATE OF PERSON WHO DIES BY SUICIDE</heading>
<content>The estate of a person who commits suicide descends or vests as if the person died a natural death.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c201/scB/s201.062">
<num value="201.062">Sec. 201.062.</num>
<heading>TREATMENT OF CERTAIN PARENT-CHILD RELATIONSHIPS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c201/scB/s201.062/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>A probate court may enter an order declaring that the parent of a child under 18 years of age may not inherit from or through the child under the laws of descent and distribution if the court finds by clear and convincing evidence that the parent has:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c201/scB/s201.062/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>voluntarily abandoned and failed to support the child in accordance with the parent's obligation or ability for at least three years before the date of the child's death, and did not resume support for the child before that date;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c201/scB/s201.062/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<chapeau>voluntarily and with knowledge of the pregnancy:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c201/scB/s201.062/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>abandoned the child's mother beginning at a time during her pregnancy with the child and continuing through the birth;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c201/scB/s201.062/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>failed to provide adequate support or medical care for the mother during the period of abandonment before the child's birth; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c201/scB/s201.062/C">
<num value="C">(C)</num>
<content>remained apart from and failed to support the child since birth; or</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c201/scB/s201.062/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<chapeau>been convicted or has been placed on community supervision, including deferred adjudication community supervision, for being criminally responsible for the death or serious injury of a child under the following sections of the Penal Code or adjudicated under Title 3, Family Code, for conduct that caused the death or serious injury of a child and that would constitute a violation of one of the following sections of the Penal Code:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c201/scB/s201.062/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>Section 19.02 (murder);</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c201/scB/s201.062/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>Section 19.03 (capital murder);</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c201/scB/s201.062/C">
<num value="C">(C)</num>
<content>Section 19.04 (manslaughter);</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c201/scB/s201.062/D">
<num value="D">(D)</num>
<content>Section 21.11 (indecency with a child);</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c201/scB/s201.062/E">
<num value="E">(E)</num>
<content>Section 22.01 (assault);</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c201/scB/s201.062/F">
<num value="F">(F)</num>
<content>Section 22.011 (sexual assault);</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c201/scB/s201.062/G">
<num value="G">(G)</num>
<content>Section 22.02 (aggravated assault);</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c201/scB/s201.062/H">
<num value="H">(H)</num>
<content>Section 22.021 (aggravated sexual assault);</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c201/scB/s201.062/I">
<num value="I">(I)</num>
<content>Section 22.04 (injury to a child, elderly individual, or disabled individual);</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c201/scB/s201.062/J">
<num value="J">(J)</num>
<content>Section 22.041 (abandoning or endangering a child, elderly individual, or disabled individual);</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c201/scB/s201.062/K">
<num value="K">(K)</num>
<content>Section 25.02 (prohibited sexual conduct);</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c201/scB/s201.062/L">
<num value="L">(L)</num>
<content>Section 43.25 (sexual performance by a child); or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c201/scB/s201.062/M">
<num value="M">(M)</num>
<content>Section 43.26 (possession or promotion of child pornography).</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c201/scB/s201.062/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>On a determination under Subsection (a) that the parent of a child may not inherit from or through the child, the parent shall be treated as if the parent predeceased the child for purposes of:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c201/scB/s201.062/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>inheritance under the laws of descent and distribution; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c201/scB/s201.062/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>any other cause of action based on parentage.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 830 (H.B. 2187), Sec. 3, eff. September 1, 2023.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c201/scC">
<num value="C">SUBCHAPTER C.</num>
<heading>DISTRIBUTION TO HEIRS</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c201/scC/s201.101">
<num value="201.101">Sec. 201.101.</num>
<heading>DETERMINATION OF PER CAPITA WITH REPRESENTATION DISTRIBUTION</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c201/scC/s201.101/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>The children, descendants, brothers, sisters, uncles, aunts, or other relatives of an intestate who stand in the first or same degree of relationship alone and come into the distribution of the intestate's estate take per capita, which means by persons.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c201/scC/s201.101/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>If some of the persons described by Subsection (a) are dead and some are living, each descendant of those persons who have died is entitled to a distribution of the intestate's estate. Each descendant inherits only that portion of the property to which the parent through whom the descendant inherits would be entitled if that parent were alive.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c201/scC/s201.102">
<num value="201.102">Sec. 201.102.</num>
<heading>NO DISTINCTION BASED ON PROPERTY'S SOURCE</heading>
<content>A distinction may not be made, in regulating the descent and distribution of an estate of a person dying intestate, between property derived by gift, devise, or descent from the intestate's father, and property derived by gift, devise, or descent from the intestate's mother.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c201/scC/s201.103">
<num value="201.103">Sec. 201.103.</num>
<heading>TREATMENT OF INTESTATE'S ESTATE</heading>
<content>All of the estate to which an intestate had title at the time of death descends and vests in the intestate's heirs in the same manner as if the intestate had been the original purchaser.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c201/scD">
<num value="D">SUBCHAPTER D.</num>
<heading>ADVANCEMENTS</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c201/scD/s201.151">
<num value="201.151">Sec. 201.151.</num>
<heading>DETERMINATION OF ADVANCEMENT; DATE OF VALUATION</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c201/scD/s201.151/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>If a decedent dies intestate as to all or part of the decedent's estate, property that the decedent gave during the decedent's lifetime to a person who, on the date of the decedent's death, is the decedent's heir, or property received by the decedent's heir under a nontestamentary transfer under Subchapter B, Chapter 111, or Chapter 112 or 113, is an advancement against the heir's intestate share of the estate only if:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c201/scD/s201.151/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the decedent declared in a contemporaneous writing, or the heir acknowledged in writing, that the gift or nontestamentary transfer is an advancement; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c201/scD/s201.151/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the decedent's contemporaneous writing or the heir's written acknowledgment otherwise indicates that the gift or nontestamentary transfer is to be considered in computing the division and distribution of the decedent's intestate estate.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c201/scD/s201.151/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>For purposes of Subsection (a), property that is advanced is valued as of the earlier of:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c201/scD/s201.151/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the time that the heir came into possession or enjoyment of the property; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c201/scD/s201.151/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the time of the decedent's death.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c201/scD/s201.152">
<num value="201.152">Sec. 201.152.</num>
<heading>SURVIVAL OF RECIPIENT REQUIRED</heading>
<content>If the recipient of property described by Section 201.151 does not survive the decedent, the property is not considered in computing the division and distribution of the decedent's intestate estate unless the decedent's contemporaneous writing provides otherwise.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
</chapter>
<chapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c202">
<num value="202">CHAPTER 202.</num>
<heading>DETERMINATION OF HEIRSHIP</heading>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c202/scA">
<num value="A">SUBCHAPTER A.</num>
<heading>AUTHORIZATION AND PROCEDURES FOR COMMENCEMENT OF PROCEEDING TO DECLARE HEIRSHIP</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c202/scA/s202.001">
<num value="202.001">Sec. 202.001.</num>
<heading>GENERAL AUTHORIZATION FOR AND NATURE OF PROCEEDING TO DECLARE HEIRSHIP</heading>
<chapeau>In the manner provided by this chapter, a court may determine through a proceeding to declare heirship:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c202/scA/s202.001/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the persons who are a decedent's heirs and only heirs; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c202/scA/s202.001/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the heirs' respective shares and interests under the laws of this state in the decedent's estate or, if applicable, in the trust.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1338 (S.B. 1198), Sec. 2.18, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c202/scA/s202.002">
<num value="202.002">Sec. 202.002.</num>
<heading>CIRCUMSTANCES UNDER WHICH PROCEEDING TO DECLARE HEIRSHIP IS AUTHORIZED</heading>
<chapeau>A court may conduct a proceeding to declare heirship when:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c202/scA/s202.002/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>a person dies intestate owning or entitled to property in this state and there has been no administration in this state of the person's estate;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c202/scA/s202.002/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<chapeau>there has been a will probated in this state or elsewhere or an administration in this state of a decedent's estate, but:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c202/scA/s202.002/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>property in this state was omitted from the will or administration; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c202/scA/s202.002/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>no final disposition of property in this state has been made in the administration; or</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c202/scA/s202.002/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>it is necessary for the trustee of a trust holding assets for the benefit of a decedent to determine the heirs of the decedent.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1338 (S.B. 1198), Sec. 2.19, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c202/scA/s202.0025">
<num value="202.0025">Sec. 202.0025.</num>
<heading>ACTION BROUGHT AFTER DECEDENT'S DEATH</heading>
<content>Notwithstanding Section 16.051, Civil Practice and Remedies Code, a proceeding to declare heirship of a decedent may be brought at any time after the decedent's death.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1136 (H.B. 2912), Sec. 13, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c202/scA/s202.004">
<num value="202.004">Sec. 202.004.</num>
<heading>PERSONS WHO MAY COMMENCE PROCEEDING TO DECLARE HEIRSHIP</heading>
<chapeau>A proceeding to declare heirship of a decedent may be commenced and maintained under a circumstance specified by Section 202.002 by:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c202/scA/s202.004/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the personal representative of the decedent's estate;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c202/scA/s202.004/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>a person claiming to be a creditor or the owner of all or part of the decedent's estate;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c202/scA/s202.004/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>if the decedent was a ward with respect to whom a guardian of the estate had been appointed, the guardian of the estate, provided that the proceeding is commenced and maintained in the probate court in which the proceedings for the guardianship of the estate were pending at the time of the decedent's death;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c202/scA/s202.004/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>a party seeking the appointment of an independent administrator under Section 401.003; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c202/scA/s202.004/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>the trustee of a trust holding assets for the benefit of a decedent.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1338 (S.B. 1198), Sec. 2.20, eff. January 1, 2014.
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1136 (H.B. 2912), Sec. 14, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c202/scA/s202.005">
<num value="202.005">Sec. 202.005.</num>
<heading>APPLICATION FOR PROCEEDING TO DECLARE HEIRSHIP</heading>
<chapeau>A person authorized by Section 202.004 to commence a proceeding to declare heirship must file an application in a court specified by Section 33.004 to commence the proceeding. The application must state:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c202/scA/s202.005/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the decedent's name and date and place of death;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c202/scA/s202.005/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the names and physical addresses where service can be had of the decedent's heirs, the relationship of each heir to the decedent, whether each heir is an adult or minor, and the true interest of the applicant and each of the heirs in the decedent's estate or in the trust, as applicable;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c202/scA/s202.005/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>if the date or place of the decedent's death or the name or physical address where service can be had of an heir is not definitely known to the applicant, all the material facts and circumstances with respect to which the applicant has knowledge and information that might reasonably tend to show the date or place of the decedent's death or the name or physical address where service can be had of the heir;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c202/scA/s202.005/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>that all children born to or adopted by the decedent have been listed;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c202/scA/s202.005/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<chapeau>that each of the decedent's marriages has been listed with:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c202/scA/s202.005/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>the date of the marriage;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c202/scA/s202.005/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>the name of the spouse;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c202/scA/s202.005/C">
<num value="C">(C)</num>
<content>the date and place of termination if the marriage was terminated; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c202/scA/s202.005/D">
<num value="D">(D)</num>
<content>other facts to show whether a spouse has had an interest in the decedent's property;</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c202/scA/s202.005/6">
<num value="6">(6)</num>
<content>whether the decedent died testate and, if so, what disposition has been made of the will;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c202/scA/s202.005/7">
<num value="7">(7)</num>
<chapeau>a general description of all property, as applicable:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c202/scA/s202.005/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>belonging to the decedent's estate that is subject to distribution under a judgment in the proceeding; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c202/scA/s202.005/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>held in trust for the benefit of the decedent; and</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c202/scA/s202.005/8">
<num value="8">(8)</num>
<content>an explanation for the omission from the application of any of the information required by this section.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1338 (S.B. 1198), Sec. 2.21, eff. January 1, 2014.
Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 949 (S.B. 995), Sec. 9, eff. September 1, 2015.
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 205 (S.B. 1373), Sec. 12, eff. September 1, 2023.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c202/scA/s202.006">
<num value="202.006">Sec. 202.006.</num>
<heading>REQUEST FOR DETERMINATION OF NECESSITY FOR ADMINISTRATION</heading>
<content>A person who files an application under Section 202.005 not later than the fourth anniversary of the date of the death of the decedent who is the subject of the application may request that the court determine whether there is a need for administration of the decedent's estate. The court shall hear evidence on the issue and, in the court's judgment, make a determination of the issue.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c202/scA/s202.007">
<num value="202.007">Sec. 202.007.</num>
<heading>AFFIDAVIT SUPPORTING APPLICATION REQUIRED</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c202/scA/s202.007/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>An application filed under Section 202.005 must be supported by the affidavit of each applicant.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c202/scA/s202.007/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>An affidavit of an applicant under Subsection (a) must state that, to the applicant's knowledge:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c202/scA/s202.007/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>all the allegations in the application are true; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c202/scA/s202.007/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>no material fact or circumstance has been omitted from the application.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c202/scA/s202.008">
<num value="202.008">Sec. 202.008.</num>
<heading>REQUIRED PARTIES TO PROCEEDING TO DECLARE HEIRSHIP</heading>
<chapeau>Each of the following persons must be made a party to a proceeding to declare heirship:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c202/scA/s202.008/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>each unknown heir of the decedent who is the subject of the proceeding;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c202/scA/s202.008/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>each person who is named as an heir of the decedent in the application filed under Section 202.005; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c202/scA/s202.008/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>each person who is, on the filing date of the application, shown as owning a share or interest in any real property described in the application by the deed records of the county in which the property is located.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c202/scA/s202.009">
<num value="202.009">Sec. 202.009.</num>
<heading>ATTORNEY AD LITEM</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c202/scA/s202.009/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>The court shall appoint an attorney ad litem in a proceeding to declare heirship to represent the interests of heirs whose names or locations are unknown.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c202/scA/s202.009/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The court may expand the appointment of the attorney ad litem appointed under Subsection (a) to include representation of an heir who is an incapacitated person on a finding that the appointment is necessary to protect the interests of the heir.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1136 (H.B. 2912), Sec. 15, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c202/scB">
<num value="B">SUBCHAPTER B.</num>
<heading>NOTICE OF PROCEEDING TO DECLARE HEIRSHIP</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c202/scB/s202.051">
<num value="202.051">Sec. 202.051.</num>
<heading>SERVICE OF CITATION BY QUALIFIED DELIVERY METHOD WHEN RECIPIENT'S NAME AND ADDRESS ARE KNOWN OR ASCERTAINABLE</heading>
<chapeau>Except as provided by Section 202.054, citation in a proceeding to declare heirship must be served by a qualified delivery method on:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c202/scB/s202.051/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>each distributee who is 12 years of age or older and whose name and address are known or can be ascertained through the exercise of reasonable diligence; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c202/scB/s202.051/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the parent, managing conservator, or guardian of each distributee who is younger than 12 years of age if the name and address of the parent, managing conservator, or guardian are known or can be reasonably ascertained.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 205 (S.B. 1373), Sec. 13, eff. September 1, 2023.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c202/scB/s202.052">
<num value="202.052">Sec. 202.052.</num>
<heading>SERVICE OF CITATION BY PUBLICATION</heading>
<content>If the address of a person or entity on whom citation is required to be served cannot be ascertained, citation must be served on the person or entity by publication in the county in which the proceeding to declare heirship is commenced and in the county of the last residence of the decedent who is the subject of the proceeding, if that residence was in a county other than the county in which the proceeding is commenced. To determine whether a decedent has any other heirs, citation must be served on unknown heirs by publication in the manner provided by this section.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 844 (H.B. 2271), Sec. 10, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c202/scB/s202.053">
<num value="202.053">Sec. 202.053.</num>
<heading>REQUIRED POSTING OF CITATION</heading>
<chapeau>Except in a proceeding in which citation is served by publication as provided by Section 202.052, citation in a proceeding to declare heirship must be posted in:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c202/scB/s202.053/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the county in which the proceeding is commenced; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c202/scB/s202.053/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the county of the last residence of the decedent who is the subject of the proceeding.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c202/scB/s202.054">
<num value="202.054">Sec. 202.054.</num>
<heading>PERSONAL SERVICE OF CITATION MAY BE REQUIRED</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c202/scB/s202.054/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>The court may require that service of citation in a proceeding to declare heirship be made by personal service on some or all of those named as distributees in the application filed under Section 202.005.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c202/scB/s202.054/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>If a distributee to be cited under Subsection (a) is absent from or is not a resident of this state, any disinterested person competent to make an oath that the citation was served may serve the citation.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2021, 87th Leg., R.S., Ch. 521 (S.B. 626), Sec. 6, eff. September 1, 2021.
Acts 2021, 87th Leg., R.S., Ch. 576 (S.B. 615), Sec. 6, eff. September 1, 2021.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c202/scB/s202.055">
<num value="202.055">Sec. 202.055.</num>
<heading>SERVICE OF CITATION ON CERTAIN PERSONS NOT REQUIRED</heading>
<content>A party to a proceeding to declare heirship who executed the application filed under Section 202.005, entered an appearance in the proceeding, or waived citation under this subchapter is not required to be served by any method.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 949 (S.B. 995), Sec. 10, eff. September 1, 2015.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c202/scB/s202.056">
<num value="202.056">Sec. 202.056.</num>
<heading>WAIVER OF SERVICE OF CITATION</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c202/scB/s202.056/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>A distributee who is 16 years of age or older may waive citation required by this subchapter to be served on the distributee.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c202/scB/s202.056/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A parent, managing conservator, guardian, attorney ad litem, or guardian ad litem of a distributee who is younger than 16 years of age may waive citation required by this subchapter to be served on the distributee.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1136 (H.B. 2912), Sec. 16, eff. January 1, 2014.
Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 949 (S.B. 995), Sec. 11, eff. September 1, 2015.
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 205 (S.B. 1373), Sec. 14, eff. September 1, 2023.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c202/scB/s202.057">
<num value="202.057">Sec. 202.057.</num>
<heading>AFFIDAVIT OF SERVICE OF CITATION</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c202/scB/s202.057/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>A person who files an application under Section 202.005 shall file with the court:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c202/scB/s202.057/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>a copy of any citation required by this subchapter and the proof of delivery of service of the citation; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c202/scB/s202.057/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<chapeau>an affidavit sworn to by the applicant or a certificate signed by the applicant's attorney stating:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c202/scB/s202.057/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>that the citation was served as required by this subchapter;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c202/scB/s202.057/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>the name of each person to whom the citation was served, if the person's name is not shown on the proof of delivery; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c202/scB/s202.057/C">
<num value="C">(C)</num>
<content>if service of citation is waived under Section 202.056:</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c202/scB/s202.057/i">
<num value="i">(i)</num>
<chapeau>the name of each person who waived citation under that section; and</chapeau>
<clause identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c202/scB/s202.057/ii">
<num value="ii">(ii)</num>
<content>if citation is waived under Section 202.056(b)(1), the name of the distributee and the representative capacity of the person who waived citation required to be served on the distributee.</content>
</clause>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c202/scB/s202.057/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The court may not enter an order in the proceeding to declare heirship under Subchapter E until the affidavit or certificate required by Subsection (a) is filed.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1136 (H.B. 2912), Sec. 17, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 844 (H.B. 2271), Sec. 11, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c202/scC">
<num value="C">SUBCHAPTER C.</num>
<heading>TRANSFER OF PENDING PROCEEDING TO DECLARE HEIRSHIP</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c202/scC/s202.101">
<num value="202.101">Sec. 202.101.</num>
<heading>REQUIRED TRANSFER OF PENDING PROCEEDING TO DECLARE HEIRSHIP UNDER CERTAIN CIRCUMSTANCES</heading>
<content>If, after a proceeding to declare heirship is commenced, an administration of the estate of the decedent who is the subject of the proceeding is granted in this state or the decedent's will is admitted to probate in this state, the court in which the proceeding to declare heirship is pending shall, by an order entered of record in the proceeding, transfer the proceeding to the court in which the administration was granted or the will was probated.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c202/scC/s202.102">
<num value="202.102">Sec. 202.102.</num>
<heading>TRANSFER OF RECORDS</heading>
<chapeau>The clerk of the court from which a proceeding to declare heirship is transferred under Section 202.101 shall, on entry of the order under that section, send to the clerk of the court named in the order a certified transcript of all pleadings, entries in the judge's probate docket, and orders of the court in the proceeding. The clerk of the court to which the proceeding is transferred shall:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c202/scC/s202.102/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>file the transcript;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c202/scC/s202.102/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>record the transcript in the judge's probate docket of that court; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c202/scC/s202.102/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>docket the proceeding.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 91 (S.B. 1303), Sec. 8.007, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c202/scC/s202.103">
<num value="202.103">Sec. 202.103.</num>
<heading>PROCEDURES APPLICABLE TO TRANSFERRED PROCEEDING TO DECLARE HEIRSHIP; CONSOLIDATION WITH OTHER PROCEEDING</heading>
<content>A proceeding to declare heirship that is transferred under Section 202.101 shall proceed as though the proceeding was originally filed in the court to which the proceeding is transferred. The court may consolidate the proceeding with the other proceeding pending in that court.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c202/scD">
<num value="D">SUBCHAPTER D.</num>
<heading>EVIDENCE RELATING TO DETERMINATION OF HEIRSHIP</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c202/scD/s202.151">
<num value="202.151">Sec. 202.151.</num>
<heading>EVIDENCE IN PROCEEDING TO DECLARE HEIRSHIP</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c202/scD/s202.151/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>The court may require that any testimony admitted as evidence in a proceeding to declare heirship be reduced to writing and subscribed and sworn to by the witnesses, respectively.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c202/scD/s202.151/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>Except as provided by Subsection (c), in a proceeding to declare heirship, testimony regarding a decedent's heirs and family history must be taken:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c202/scD/s202.151/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>from two disinterested and credible witnesses in open court;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c202/scD/s202.151/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>by deposition in accordance with Section 51.203;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c202/scD/s202.151/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<chapeau>by a recorded statement of facts contained in:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c202/scD/s202.151/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>an affidavit or instrument that satisfies the requirements of Section 203.001; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c202/scD/s202.151/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>a judgment of a court of record as specified by Section 203.001(a)(1)(B); or</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c202/scD/s202.151/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>in accordance with the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c202/scD/s202.151/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<chapeau>If it is shown to the court's satisfaction in a proceeding to declare heirship that, after a diligent search was made, only one disinterested and credible witness can be found who can make the required proof in the proceeding, the testimony of that witness must be taken:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c202/scD/s202.151/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>in open court;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c202/scD/s202.151/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>by deposition in accordance with Section 51.203;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c202/scD/s202.151/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<chapeau>by a recorded statement of facts contained in:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c202/scD/s202.151/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>an affidavit or instrument that satisfies the requirements of Section 203.001; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c202/scD/s202.151/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>a judgment of a court of record as specified by Section 203.001(a)(1)(B); or</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c202/scD/s202.151/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>in accordance with the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c202/scD/s202.151/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>Notwithstanding any other law, a person interested in an estate solely because the person is a creditor or has a claim against the estate may serve as a witness under this section if the person is otherwise a credible witness.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 91 (S.B. 1303), Sec. 8.008, eff. January 1, 2014.
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1136 (H.B. 2912), Sec. 18, eff. January 1, 2014.
Acts 2019, 86th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1141 (H.B. 2782), Sec. 6, eff. September 1, 2019.
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 205 (S.B. 1373), Sec. 15, eff. September 1, 2023.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c202/scE">
<num value="E">SUBCHAPTER E.</num>
<heading>JUDGMENT IN PROCEEDING TO DECLARE HEIRSHIP</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c202/scE/s202.201">
<num value="202.201">Sec. 202.201.</num>
<heading>REQUIRED STATEMENTS IN JUDGMENT</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c202/scE/s202.201/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>The judgment in a proceeding to declare heirship must state:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c202/scE/s202.201/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the names of the heirs of the decedent who is the subject of the proceeding; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c202/scE/s202.201/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the heirs' respective shares and interests in the decedent's property.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c202/scE/s202.201/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>If the proof in a proceeding to declare heirship is in any respect deficient, the judgment in the proceeding must state that.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 949 (S.B. 995), Sec. 12, eff. September 1, 2015.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c202/scE/s202.202">
<num value="202.202">Sec. 202.202.</num>
<heading>FINALITY AND APPEAL OF JUDGMENT</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c202/scE/s202.202/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>The judgment in a proceeding to declare heirship is a final judgment.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c202/scE/s202.202/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>At the request of an interested person, the judgment in a proceeding to declare heirship may be appealed or reviewed within the same time limits and in the same manner as other judgments in probate matters.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c202/scE/s202.203">
<num value="202.203">Sec. 202.203.</num>
<heading>CORRECTION OF JUDGMENT AT REQUEST OF HEIR NOT PROPERLY SERVED</heading>
<chapeau>If an heir of a decedent who is the subject of a proceeding to declare heirship is not served with citation by a qualified delivery method or personal service in the proceeding, the heir may:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c202/scE/s202.203/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<chapeau>have the judgment in the proceeding corrected by bill of review:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c202/scE/s202.203/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>at any time, but not later than the fourth anniversary of the date of the judgment; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c202/scE/s202.203/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>after the passage of any length of time, on proof of actual fraud; and</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c202/scE/s202.203/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<chapeau>recover the heir's just share of the property or the value of that share from:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c202/scE/s202.203/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>the heirs named in the judgment; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c202/scE/s202.203/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>those who claim under the heirs named in the judgment and who are not bona fide purchasers for value.</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 205 (S.B. 1373), Sec. 16, eff. September 1, 2023.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c202/scE/s202.204">
<num value="202.204">Sec. 202.204.</num>
<heading>LIMITATION OF LIABILITY OF CERTAIN PERSONS ACTING IN ACCORDANCE WITH JUDGMENT</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c202/scE/s202.204/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>The judgment in a proceeding to declare heirship is conclusive in a suit between an heir omitted from the judgment and a bona fide purchaser for value who purchased property after entry of the judgment without actual notice of the claim of the omitted heir, regardless of whether the judgment is subsequently modified, set aside, or nullified.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c202/scE/s202.204/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>A person is not liable to another person for the following actions performed in good faith after a judgment is entered in a proceeding to declare heirship:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c202/scE/s202.204/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>delivering the property of the decedent who was the subject of the proceeding to the persons named as heirs in the judgment; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c202/scE/s202.204/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>engaging in any other transaction with the persons named as heirs in the judgment.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c202/scE/s202.205">
<num value="202.205">Sec. 202.205.</num>
<heading>EFFECT OF CERTAIN JUDGMENTS ON LIABILITY TO CREDITORS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c202/scE/s202.205/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>A judgment in a proceeding to declare heirship stating that there is no necessity for administration of the estate of the decedent who is the subject of the proceeding constitutes authorization for a person who owes money to the estate, has custody of estate property, acts as registrar or transfer agent of an evidence of interest, indebtedness, property, or right belonging to the estate, or purchases from or otherwise deals with an heir named in the judgment to take the following actions without liability to a creditor of the estate or other person:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c202/scE/s202.205/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>to pay, deliver, or transfer the property or the evidence of property rights to an heir named in the judgment; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c202/scE/s202.205/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>to purchase property from an heir named in the judgment.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c202/scE/s202.205/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>An heir named in a judgment in a proceeding to declare heirship is entitled to enforce the heir's right to payment, delivery, or transfer described by Subsection (a) by suit.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c202/scE/s202.205/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>Except as provided by this section, this chapter does not affect the rights or remedies of the creditors of a decedent who is the subject of a proceeding to declare heirship.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c202/scE/s202.206">
<num value="202.206">Sec. 202.206.</num>
<heading>FILING AND RECORDING OF JUDGMENT</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c202/scE/s202.206/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>A certified copy of the judgment in a proceeding to declare heirship may be:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c202/scE/s202.206/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>filed for record in the office of the county clerk of the county in which any real property described in the judgment is located;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c202/scE/s202.206/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>recorded in the deed records of that county; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c202/scE/s202.206/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>indexed in the name of the decedent who was the subject of the proceeding as grantor and in the names of the heirs named in the judgment as grantees.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c202/scE/s202.206/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>On the filing of a judgment in accordance with Subsection (a), the judgment constitutes constructive notice of the facts stated in the judgment.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
</chapter>
<chapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c203">
<num value="203">CHAPTER 203.</num>
<heading>NONJUDICIAL EVIDENCE OF HEIRSHIP</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c203/s203.001">
<num value="203.001">Sec. 203.001.</num>
<heading>RECORDED STATEMENT OF FACTS AS PRIMA FACIE EVIDENCE OF HEIRSHIP</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c203/s203.001/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>A court shall receive in a proceeding to declare heirship or a suit involving title to property a statement of facts concerning the family history, genealogy, marital status, or the identity of the heirs of a decedent as prima facie evidence of the facts contained in the statement if:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c203/s203.001/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<chapeau>the statement is contained in:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c203/s203.001/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>an affidavit or other instrument legally executed and acknowledged or sworn to before, and certified by, an officer authorized to take acknowledgments or oaths, as applicable; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c203/s203.001/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>a judgment of a court of record; and</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c203/s203.001/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the affidavit or instrument containing the statement has been of record for five years or more in the deed records of a county in this state in which the property is located at the time the suit involving title to property is commenced, or in the deed records of a county in this state in which the decedent was domiciled or had a fixed place of residence at the time of the decedent's death.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c203/s203.001/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>If there is an error in a statement of facts in a recorded affidavit or instrument described by Subsection (a), anyone interested in a proceeding in which the affidavit or instrument is offered in evidence may prove the true facts.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c203/s203.001/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>An affidavit of facts concerning the identity of a decedent's heirs as to an interest in real property that is filed in a proceeding or suit described by Subsection (a) may be in the form prescribed by Section 203.002.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c203/s203.001/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>An affidavit of facts concerning the identity of a decedent's heirs does not affect the rights of an omitted heir or creditor of the decedent as otherwise provided by law. This section is cumulative of all other statutes on the same subject and may not be construed as abrogating any right to present evidence or rely on an affidavit of facts conferred by any other statute or rule.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c203/s203.002">
<num value="203.002">Sec. 203.002.</num>
<heading>FORM OF AFFIDAVIT CONCERNING IDENTITY OF HEIRS</heading>
<content>An affidavit of facts concerning the identity of a decedent's heirs may be in substantially the following form:</content>
<sourceCredit>AFFIDAVIT OF FACTS CONCERNING THE IDENTITY OF HEIRS
Before me, the undersigned authority, on this day personally appeared __________ ("Affiant") (insert name of affiant) who, being first duly sworn, upon his/her oath states:
1. My name is __________ (insert name of affiant), and I live at __________ (insert address of affiant's residence). I am personally familiar with the family and marital history of __________ ("Decedent") (insert name of decedent), and I have personal knowledge of the facts stated in this affidavit.
2. I knew decedent from __________ (insert date) until __________ (insert date). Decedent died on __________ (insert date of death). Decedent's place of death was __________ (insert place of death). At the time of decedent's death, decedent's residence was __________ (insert address of decedent's residence).
3. Decedent's marital history was as follows: __________ (insert marital history and, if decedent's spouse is deceased, insert date and place of spouse's death).
4. Decedent had the following children: __________ (insert name, birth date, name of other parent, and current address of child or date of death of child and descendants of deceased child, as applicable, for each child).
5. Decedent did not have or adopt any other children and did not take any other children into decedent's home or raise any other children, except: __________ (insert name of child or names of children, or state "none").
6. (Include if decedent was not survived by descendants.) Decedent's mother was: __________ (insert name, birth date, and current address or date of death of mother, as applicable).
7. (Include if decedent was not survived by descendants.) Decedent's father was: __________ (insert name, birth date, and current address or date of death of father, as applicable).
8. (Include if decedent was not survived by descendants or by both mother and father.) Decedent had the following siblings: __________ (insert name, birth date, and current address or date of death of each sibling and parents of each sibling and descendants of each deceased sibling, as applicable, or state "none").
9. (Optional.) The following persons have knowledge regarding the decedent, the identity of decedent's children, if any, parents, or siblings, if any: __________ (insert names of persons with knowledge, or state "none").
10. Decedent died without leaving a written will. (Modify statement if decedent left a written will.)
11. There has been no administration of decedent's estate. (Modify statement if there has been administration of decedent's estate.)
12. Decedent left no debts that are unpaid, except: __________ (insert list of debts, or state "none").
13. There are no unpaid estate or inheritance taxes, except: __________ (insert list of unpaid taxes, or state "none").
14. To the best of my knowledge, decedent owned an interest in the following real property: __________ (insert list of real property in which decedent owned an interest, or state "none").
15. (Optional.) The following were the heirs of decedent: __________ (insert names of heirs).
16. (Insert additional information as appropriate, such as size of the decedent's estate.)
Signed this ___ day of __________, ___.
_________________________________
(signature of affiant)
State of __________
County of __________
Sworn to and subscribed to before me on __________ (date) by __________ (insert name of affiant).
_________________________________
(signature of notarial officer)
(Seal, if any, of notary) __________
(printed name)
My commission expires: __________
Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</chapter>
<chapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c204">
<num value="204">CHAPTER 204.</num>
<heading>GENETIC TESTING IN PROCEEDINGS TO DECLARE HEIRSHIP</heading>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c204/scA">
<num value="A">SUBCHAPTER A.</num>
<heading>GENERAL PROVISIONS</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c204/scA/s204.001">
<num value="204.001">Sec. 204.001.</num>
<heading>PROCEEDINGS AND RECORDS PUBLIC</heading>
<content>A proceeding under this chapter or Chapter 202 involving genetic testing is open to the public as in other civil cases. Papers and records in the proceeding are available for public inspection.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c204/scB">
<num value="B">SUBCHAPTER B.</num>
<heading>COURT ORDERS FOR GENETIC TESTING IN PROCEEDINGS TO DECLARE HEIRSHIP</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c204/scB/s204.051">
<num value="204.051">Sec. 204.051.</num>
<heading>ORDER FOR GENETIC TESTING</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c204/scB/s204.051/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>In a proceeding to declare heirship under Chapter 202, the court may, on the court's own motion, and shall, on the request of a party to the proceeding, order one or more specified individuals to submit to genetic testing as provided by Subchapter F, Chapter 160, Family Code. If two or more individuals are ordered to be tested, the court may order that the testing of those individuals be done concurrently or sequentially.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c204/scB/s204.051/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The court may enforce an order under this section by contempt.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c204/scB/s204.052">
<num value="204.052">Sec. 204.052.</num>
<heading>ADVANCEMENT OF COSTS</heading>
<chapeau>Subject to any assessment of costs following a proceeding to declare heirship in accordance with Rule 131, Texas Rules of Civil Procedure, the cost of genetic testing ordered under Section 204.051 must be advanced:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c204/scB/s204.052/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>by a party to the proceeding who requests the testing;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c204/scB/s204.052/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>as agreed by the parties and approved by the court; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c204/scB/s204.052/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>as ordered by the court.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c204/scB/s204.053">
<num value="204.053">Sec. 204.053.</num>
<heading>ORDER AND ADVANCEMENT OF COSTS FOR SUBSEQUENT GENETIC TESTING</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c204/scB/s204.053/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>Subject to Subsection (b), the court shall order genetic testing subsequent to the testing conducted under Section 204.051 if:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c204/scB/s204.053/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>a party to the proceeding to declare heirship contests the results of the genetic testing ordered under Section 204.051; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c204/scB/s204.053/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the party contesting the results requests that additional testing be conducted.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c204/scB/s204.053/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>If the results of the genetic testing ordered under Section 204.051 identify a tested individual as an heir of the decedent, the court may order additional genetic testing in accordance with Subsection (a) only if the party contesting those results pays for the additional testing in advance.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c204/scB/s204.054">
<num value="204.054">Sec. 204.054.</num>
<heading>SUBMISSION OF GENETIC MATERIAL BY OTHER RELATIVE UNDER CERTAIN CIRCUMSTANCES</heading>
<chapeau>If a sample of an individual's genetic material that could identify another individual as the decedent's heir is not available for purposes of conducting genetic testing under this subchapter, the court, on a finding of good cause and that the need for genetic testing outweighs the legitimate interests of the individual to be tested, may order any of the following individuals to submit a sample of genetic material for the testing under circumstances the court considers just:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c204/scB/s204.054/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>a parent, sibling, or child of the individual whose genetic material is not available; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c204/scB/s204.054/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>any other relative of that individual, as necessary to conduct the testing.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c204/scB/s204.055">
<num value="204.055">Sec. 204.055.</num>
<heading>GENETIC TESTING OF DECEASED INDIVIDUAL</heading>
<chapeau>On good cause shown, the court may order:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c204/scB/s204.055/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>genetic testing of a deceased individual under this subchapter; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c204/scB/s204.055/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>if necessary, removal of the remains of the deceased individual as provided by Section 711.004, Health and Safety Code, for that testing.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c204/scB/s204.056">
<num value="204.056">Sec. 204.056.</num>
<heading>CRIMINAL PENALTY</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c204/scB/s204.056/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>An individual commits an offense if:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c204/scB/s204.056/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the individual intentionally releases an identifiable sample of the genetic material of another individual that was provided for purposes of genetic testing ordered under this subchapter; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c204/scB/s204.056/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<chapeau>the release:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c204/scB/s204.056/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>is for a purpose not related to the proceeding to declare heirship; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c204/scB/s204.056/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>was not ordered by the court or done in accordance with written permission obtained from the individual who provided the sample.</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c204/scB/s204.056/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>An offense under this section is a Class A misdemeanor.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c204/scC">
<num value="C">SUBCHAPTER C.</num>
<heading>RESULTS OF GENETIC TESTING</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c204/scC/s204.101">
<num value="204.101">Sec. 204.101.</num>
<heading>RESULTS OF GENETIC TESTING; ADMISSIBILITY</heading>
<chapeau>A report of the results of genetic testing ordered under Subchapter B:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c204/scC/s204.101/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>must comply with the requirements for a report prescribed by Section 160.504, Family Code; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c204/scC/s204.101/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>is admissible in a proceeding to declare heirship under Chapter 202 as evidence of the truth of the facts asserted in the report.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c204/scC/s204.102">
<num value="204.102">Sec. 204.102.</num>
<heading>PRESUMPTION REGARDING RESULTS OF GENETIC TESTING; REBUTTAL</heading>
<chapeau>The presumption under Section 160.505, Family Code:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c204/scC/s204.102/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>applies to the results of genetic testing ordered under Subchapter B; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c204/scC/s204.102/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>may be rebutted as provided by Section 160.505, Family Code.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c204/scC/s204.103">
<num value="204.103">Sec. 204.103.</num>
<heading>CONTESTING RESULTS OF GENETIC TESTING</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c204/scC/s204.103/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>A party to a proceeding to declare heirship who contests the results of genetic testing may call one or more genetic testing experts to testify in person or by telephone, videoconference, deposition, or another method approved by the court.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c204/scC/s204.103/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>Unless otherwise ordered by the court, the party offering the testimony under Subsection (a) bears the expense for the expert testifying.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c204/scD">
<num value="D">SUBCHAPTER D.</num>
<heading>USE OF RESULTS OF GENETIC TESTING IN CERTAIN PROCEEDINGS TO DECLARE HEIRSHIP</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c204/scD/s204.151">
<num value="204.151">Sec. 204.151.</num>
<heading>APPLICABILITY OF SUBCHAPTER</heading>
<content>This subchapter applies in a proceeding to declare heirship of a decedent only with respect to an individual who claims to be a biological child of the decedent or claims to inherit through a biological child of the decedent.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1136 (H.B. 2912), Sec. 19, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c204/scD/s204.152">
<num value="204.152">Sec. 204.152.</num>
<heading>PRESUMPTION; REBUTTAL</heading>
<content>The presumption under Section 160.505, Family Code, that applies in establishing a parent-child relationship also applies in determining heirship in the probate court using the results of genetic testing ordered with respect to an individual described by Section 204.151, and the presumption may be rebutted in the same manner provided by Section 160.505, Family Code.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1136 (H.B. 2912), Sec. 19, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c204/scD/s204.153">
<num value="204.153">Sec. 204.153.</num>
<heading>EFFECT OF INCONCLUSIVE RESULTS OF GENETIC TESTING</heading>
<chapeau>If the results of genetic testing ordered under Subchapter B do not identify or exclude a tested individual as the ancestor of the individual described by Section 204.151:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c204/scD/s204.153/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the court may not dismiss the proceeding to declare heirship; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c204/scD/s204.153/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the results of the genetic testing and other relevant evidence are admissible in the proceeding.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c204/scE">
<num value="E">SUBCHAPTER E.</num>
<heading>ADDITIONAL ORDERS FOLLOWING RESULTS OF GENETIC TESTING</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c204/scE/s204.201">
<num value="204.201">Sec. 204.201.</num>
<heading>ORDER FOR CHANGE OF NAME</heading>
<chapeau>On the request of an individual determined by the results of genetic testing to be the heir of a decedent and for good cause shown, the court may:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c204/scE/s204.201/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>order the name of the individual to be changed; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c204/scE/s204.201/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>if the court orders a name change under Subdivision (1), order the bureau of vital statistics to issue an amended birth record for the individual.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
</chapter>
<chapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c205">
<num value="205">CHAPTER 205.</num>
<heading>SMALL ESTATE AFFIDAVIT</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c205/s205.001">
<num value="205.001">Sec. 205.001.</num>
<heading>ENTITLEMENT TO ESTATE WITHOUT APPOINTMENT OF PERSONAL REPRESENTATIVE</heading>
<chapeau>The distributees of the estate of a decedent who dies intestate are entitled to the decedent's estate without waiting for the appointment of a personal representative of the estate to the extent the estate assets, excluding homestead and exempt property, exceed the known liabilities of the estate, excluding any liabilities secured by homestead and exempt property, if:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c205/s205.001/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>30 days have elapsed since the date of the decedent's death;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c205/s205.001/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>no petition for the appointment of a personal representative is pending or has been granted;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c205/s205.001/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the value of the estate assets on the date of the affidavit described by Subdivision (4), excluding homestead and exempt property, does not exceed $75,000;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c205/s205.001/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>an affidavit that meets the requirements of Section 205.002 is filed with the clerk of the court that has jurisdiction and venue of the estate;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c205/s205.001/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>the judge approves the affidavit as provided by Section 205.003; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c205/s205.001/6">
<num value="6">(6)</num>
<content>the distributees comply with Section 205.004.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 844 (H.B. 2271), Sec. 12, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c205/s205.002">
<num value="205.002">Sec. 205.002.</num>
<heading>AFFIDAVIT REQUIREMENTS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c205/s205.002/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>An affidavit filed under Section 205.001 must:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c205/s205.002/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<chapeau>be sworn to by:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c205/s205.002/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>two disinterested witnesses;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c205/s205.002/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>each distributee of the estate who has legal capacity; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c205/s205.002/C">
<num value="C">(C)</num>
<content>if warranted by the facts, the natural guardian or next of kin of any minor distributee or the guardian of any other incapacitated distributee;</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c205/s205.002/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>show the existence of the conditions prescribed by Sections 205.001(1), (2), and (3); and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c205/s205.002/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<chapeau>include:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c205/s205.002/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>a list of all known estate assets and liabilities;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c205/s205.002/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>the name and address of each distributee; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c205/s205.002/C">
<num value="C">(C)</num>
<content>the relevant family history facts concerning heirship that show each distributee's right to receive estate money or other property or to have any evidence of money, property, or other right of the estate as is determined to exist transferred to the distributee as an heir or assignee.</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c205/s205.002/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A list of all known estate assets under Subsection (a)(3)(A) must indicate which assets the applicant claims are exempt.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1106 (H.B. 3136), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2015.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c205/s205.003">
<num value="205.003">Sec. 205.003.</num>
<heading>EXAMINATION AND APPROVAL OF AFFIDAVIT</heading>
<content>The judge shall examine an affidavit filed under Section 205.001. The judge may approve the affidavit if the judge determines that the affidavit conforms to the requirements of this chapter.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c205/s205.004">
<num value="205.004">Sec. 205.004.</num>
<heading>COPY OF AFFIDAVIT TO CERTAIN PERSONS</heading>
<chapeau>The distributees of the estate shall provide a copy of the affidavit under this chapter, certified by the court clerk, to each person who:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c205/s205.004/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>owes money to the estate;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c205/s205.004/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>has custody or possession of estate property; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c205/s205.004/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>acts as a registrar, fiduciary, or transfer agent of or for an evidence of interest, indebtedness, property, or other right belonging to the estate.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c205/s205.005">
<num value="205.005">Sec. 205.005.</num>
<heading>AFFIDAVIT AS LOCAL GOVERNMENT RECORD</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c205/s205.005/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>If the judge approves an affidavit under Section 205.003, the affidavit shall be maintained as a local government record under Subtitle C, Title 6, Local Government Code.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c205/s205.005/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>If the county does not maintain local government records in a manner authorized under Subtitle C, Title 6, Local Government Code, the county clerk shall provide and keep in the clerk's office an appropriate book labeled "Small Estates" in which the clerk shall, on payment of the legal recording fee, record each affidavit filed under this chapter. The small estates book must contain an accurate index that shows the decedent's name and references to any land involved.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c205/s205.006">
<num value="205.006">Sec. 205.006.</num>
<heading>TITLE TO HOMESTEAD TRANSFERRED UNDER AFFIDAVIT</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c205/s205.006/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>If a decedent's homestead is the only real property in the decedent's estate, title to the homestead may be transferred under an affidavit that meets the requirements of this chapter. The affidavit used to transfer title to the homestead must be recorded in the deed records of a county in which the homestead is located.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c205/s205.006/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A bona fide purchaser for value may rely on an affidavit recorded under this section. A bona fide purchaser for value without actual or constructive notice of an heir who is not disclosed in the recorded affidavit acquires title to a homestead free of the interests of the undisclosed heir, but remains subject to any claim a creditor of the decedent has by law. A purchaser has constructive notice of an heir who is not disclosed in the recorded affidavit if an affidavit, judgment of heirship, or title transaction in the chain of title in the deed records identifies that heir as the decedent's heir.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c205/s205.006/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>An heir who is not disclosed in an affidavit recorded under this section may recover from an heir who receives consideration from a purchaser in a transfer for value of title to a homestead passing under the affidavit.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c205/s205.007">
<num value="205.007">Sec. 205.007.</num>
<heading>LIABILITY OF CERTAIN PERSONS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c205/s205.007/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>A person making a payment, delivery, transfer, or issuance under an affidavit described by this chapter is released to the same extent as if made to a personal representative of the decedent. The person may not be required to:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c205/s205.007/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>see to the application of the affidavit; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c205/s205.007/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>inquire into the truth of any statement in the affidavit.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c205/s205.007/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>The distributees to whom payment, delivery, transfer, or issuance is made are:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c205/s205.007/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>answerable for the payment, delivery, transfer, or issuance to any person having a prior right; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c205/s205.007/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>accountable to any personal representative appointed after the payment, delivery, transfer, or issuance.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c205/s205.007/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>Each person who executed the affidavit is liable for any damage or loss to any person that arises from a payment, delivery, transfer, or issuance made in reliance on the affidavit.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c205/s205.007/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>If a person to whom the affidavit is delivered refuses to pay, deliver, transfer, or issue property as provided by this section, the property may be recovered in an action brought for that purpose by or on behalf of the distributees entitled to the property on proof of the facts required to be stated in the affidavit.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c205/s205.008">
<num value="205.008">Sec. 205.008.</num>
<heading>EFFECT OF CHAPTER</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c205/s205.008/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>This chapter does not affect the disposition of property under a will or other testamentary document.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c205/s205.008/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>Except as provided by Section 205.006, this chapter does not transfer title to real property.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c205/s205.009">
<num value="205.009">Sec. 205.009.</num>
<heading>CONSTRUCTION OF CERTAIN REFERENCES</heading>
<content>A reference in this chapter to "homestead" or "exempt property" means only a homestead or other exempt property that would be eligible to be set aside under Section 353.051 if the decedent's estate was being administered.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1106 (H.B. 3136), Sec. 2, eff. September 1, 2015.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</chapter>
<chapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c251">
<num value="251">CHAPTER 251.</num>
<heading>FUNDAMENTAL REQUIREMENTS AND PROVISIONS RELATING TO WILLS</heading>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c251/scA">
<num value="A">SUBCHAPTER A.</num>
<heading>WILL FORMATION</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c251/scA/s251.001">
<num value="251.001">Sec. 251.001.</num>
<heading>WHO MAY EXECUTE WILL</heading>
<chapeau>Under the rules and limitations prescribed by law, a person of sound mind has the right and power to make a will if, at the time the will is made, the person:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c251/scA/s251.001/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>is 18 years of age or older;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c251/scA/s251.001/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>is or has been married; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c251/scA/s251.001/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>is a member of the armed forces of the United States, an auxiliary of the armed forces of the United States, or the United States Maritime Service.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 844 (H.B. 2271), Sec. 13, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c251/scA/s251.002">
<num value="251.002">Sec. 251.002.</num>
<heading>INTERESTS THAT MAY PASS BY WILL; DISINHERITANCE</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c251/scA/s251.002/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>Subject to limitations prescribed by law, a person competent to make a will may devise under the will all the estate, right, title, and interest in property the person has at the time of the person's death.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c251/scA/s251.002/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>A person who makes a will may:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c251/scA/s251.002/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>disinherit an heir; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c251/scA/s251.002/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>direct the disposition of property or an interest passing under the will or by intestacy.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 844 (H.B. 2271), Sec. 14, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c251/scB">
<num value="B">SUBCHAPTER B.</num>
<heading>WILL REQUIREMENTS</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c251/scB/s251.051">
<num value="251.051">Sec. 251.051.</num>
<heading>WRITTEN, SIGNED, AND ATTESTED</heading>
<chapeau>Except as otherwise provided by law, a will must be:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c251/scB/s251.051/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>in writing;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c251/scB/s251.051/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<chapeau>signed by:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c251/scB/s251.051/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>the testator in person; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c251/scB/s251.051/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>another person on behalf of the testator:</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c251/scB/s251.051/i">
<num value="i">(i)</num>
<chapeau>in the testator's presence; and</chapeau>
<clause identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c251/scB/s251.051/ii">
<num value="ii">(ii)</num>
<content>under the testator's direction; and</content>
</clause>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c251/scB/s251.051/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>attested by two or more credible witnesses who are at least 14 years of age and who subscribe their names to the will in their own handwriting in the testator's presence.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 844 (H.B. 2271), Sec. 15, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c251/scB/s251.052">
<num value="251.052">Sec. 251.052.</num>
<heading>EXCEPTION FOR HOLOGRAPHIC WILLS</heading>
<content>Notwithstanding Section 251.051, a will written wholly in the testator's handwriting is not required to be attested by subscribing witnesses.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c251/scB/s251.053">
<num value="251.053">Sec. 251.053.</num>
<heading>EXCEPTION FOR FOREIGN AND CERTAIN OTHER WILLS</heading>
<chapeau>A written will does not need to meet the requirements of Section 251.051 if the will is executed in compliance with:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c251/scB/s251.053/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the law of the state or foreign country where the will was executed, as that law existed at the time of the will's execution; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c251/scB/s251.053/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the law of the state or foreign country where the testator was domiciled or had a place of residence, as that law existed at the time of the will's execution or at the time of the testator's death.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 949 (S.B. 995), Sec. 13, eff. September 1, 2015.
Amended by:
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 205 (S.B. 1373), Sec. 17, eff. September 1, 2023.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c251/scC">
<num value="C">SUBCHAPTER C.</num>
<heading>SELF-PROVED WILLS</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c251/scC/s251.101">
<num value="251.101">Sec. 251.101.</num>
<heading>SELF-PROVED WILL</heading>
<chapeau>A self-proved will is a will:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c251/scC/s251.101/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>to which a self-proving affidavit subscribed and sworn to by the testator and witnesses is attached or annexed; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c251/scC/s251.101/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>that is simultaneously executed, attested, and made self-proved as provided by Section 251.1045.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1338 (S.B. 1198), Sec. 2.22, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c251/scC/s251.102">
<num value="251.102">Sec. 251.102.</num>
<heading>PROBATE AND TREATMENT OF SELF-PROVED WILL</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c251/scC/s251.102/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>A self-proved will may be admitted to probate without the testimony of any subscribing witnesses if:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c251/scC/s251.102/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the testator and witnesses execute a self-proving affidavit; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c251/scC/s251.102/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the will is simultaneously executed, attested, and made self-proved as provided by Section 251.1045.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c251/scC/s251.102/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A self-proved will may not otherwise be treated differently than a will that is not self-proved.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1338 (S.B. 1198), Sec. 2.23, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c251/scC/s251.103">
<num value="251.103">Sec. 251.103.</num>
<heading>PERIOD FOR MAKING ATTESTED WILLS SELF-PROVED</heading>
<chapeau>A will that meets the requirements of Section 251.051 may be made self-proved at:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c251/scC/s251.103/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the time of the execution of the will; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c251/scC/s251.103/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>a later date during the lifetime of the testator and the witnesses.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 844 (H.B. 2271), Sec. 16, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c251/scC/s251.104">
<num value="251.104">Sec. 251.104.</num>
<heading>REQUIREMENTS FOR SELF-PROVING AFFIDAVIT</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c251/scC/s251.104/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>An affidavit that is in form and content substantially as provided by Subsection (e) is a self-proving affidavit.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c251/scC/s251.104/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A self-proving affidavit must be made by the testator and by the attesting witnesses before an officer authorized to administer oaths. The officer shall affix the officer's official seal to the self-proving affidavit.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c251/scC/s251.104/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>The self-proving affidavit shall be attached or annexed to the will.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c251/scC/s251.104/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>An affidavit that is in substantial compliance with the form of the affidavit provided by Subsection (e), that is subscribed and acknowledged by the testator, and that is subscribed and sworn to by the attesting witnesses is sufficient to self-prove the will. No other affidavit or certificate of a testator is required to self-prove a will other than the affidavit provided by Subsection (e).</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c251/scC/s251.104/e">
<num value="e">(e)</num>
<content>The form and content of the self-proving affidavit must be substantially as follows:</content>
<continuation>THE STATE OF TEXAS</continuation>
<continuation>COUNTY OF ________________</continuation>
<continuation>Before me, the undersigned authority, on this day personally appeared _____________, _____________, and _____________, known to me to be the testator and the witnesses, respectively, whose names are subscribed to the annexed or foregoing instrument in their respective capacities, and, all of said persons being by me duly sworn, the said _____________, testator, declared to me and to the said witnesses in my presence that said instrument is [his/her] will, and that [he/she] had willingly made and executed it as [his/her] free act and deed; and the said witnesses, each on [his/her] oath stated to me, in the presence and hearing of the said testator, that the said testator had declared to them that said instrument is [his/her] will, and that [he/she] executed same as such and wanted each of them to sign it as a witness; and upon their oaths each witness stated further that they did sign the same as witnesses in the presence of the said testator and at [his/her] request; that [he/she] was at that time eighteen years of age or over (or being under such age, was or had been lawfully married, or was then a member of the armed forces of the United States, or an auxiliary of the armed forces of the United States, or the United States Maritime Service) and was of sound mind; and that each of said witnesses was then at least fourteen years of age.</continuation>
<continuation>_______________</continuation>
<continuation>Testator</continuation>
<continuation>_______________</continuation>
<continuation>Witness</continuation>
<continuation>_______________</continuation>
<continuation>Witness</continuation>
<continuation>Subscribed and sworn to before me by the said ____________, testator, and by the said ________________ and _______________, witnesses, this ______ day of ________________ A.D. ________________.</continuation>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>(SEAL)
(Signed) ______________________________
(Official Capacity of Officer)
Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1338 (S.B. 1198), Sec. 2.24, eff. January 1, 2014.
Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 844 (H.B. 2271), Sec. 17, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c251/scC/s251.1045">
<num value="251.1045">Sec. 251.1045.</num>
<heading>SIMULTANEOUS EXECUTION, ATTESTATION, AND SELF-PROVING</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c251/scC/s251.1045/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>As an alternative to the self-proving of a will by the affidavits of the testator and the attesting witnesses as provided by Section 251.104, a will may be simultaneously executed, attested, and made self-proved before an officer authorized to administer oaths, and the testimony of the witnesses in the probate of the will may be made unnecessary, with the inclusion in the will of the following in form and contents substantially as follows:</content>
<continuation>I, ______________________, as testator, after being duly sworn, declare to the undersigned witnesses and to the undersigned authority that this instrument is my will, that I willingly make and execute it in the presence of the undersigned witnesses, all of whom are present at the same time, as my free act and deed, and that I request each of the undersigned witnesses to sign this will in my presence and in the presence of each other. I now sign this will in the presence of the attesting witnesses and the undersigned authority on this ______ day of __________, 20________________.</continuation>
<continuation>__________________________</continuation>
<continuation>Testator</continuation>
<continuation>The undersigned, __________ and __________, each being at least fourteen years of age, after being duly sworn, declare to the testator and to the undersigned authority that the testator declared to us that this instrument is the testator's will and that the testator requested us to act as witnesses to the testator's will and signature. The testator then signed this will in our presence, all of us being present at the same time. The testator is eighteen years of age or over (or being under such age, is or has been lawfully married, or is a member of the armed forces of the United States or of an auxiliary of the armed forces of the United States or of the United States Maritime Service), and we believe the testator to be of sound mind. We now sign our names as attesting witnesses in the presence of the testator, each other, and the undersigned authority on this __________ day of __________, 20______________.</continuation>
<continuation>___________________________</continuation>
<continuation>Witness</continuation>
<continuation>___________________________</continuation>
<continuation>Witness</continuation>
<continuation>Subscribed and sworn to before me by the said _________, testator, and by the said _____________ and ______________, witnesses, this _____ day of __________, 20____________.</continuation>
<continuation>(SEAL)</continuation>
<continuation>(Official Capacity of Officer)</continuation>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c251/scC/s251.1045/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A will that is in substantial compliance with the form provided by Subsection (a) is sufficient to self-prove a will.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1338 (S.B. 1198), Sec. 2.25, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 949 (S.B. 995), Sec. 14, eff. September 1, 2015.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c251/scC/s251.105">
<num value="251.105">Sec. 251.105.</num>
<heading>EFFECT OF SIGNATURE ON SELF-PROVING AFFIDAVIT</heading>
<content>A signature on a self-proving affidavit is considered a signature to the will if necessary to prove that the will was signed by the testator or witnesses or both, except that, in that case, the will may not be considered a self-proved will.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c251/scC/s251.106">
<num value="251.106">Sec. 251.106.</num>
<heading>CONTEST, REVOCATION, OR AMENDMENT OF SELF-PROVED WILL</heading>
<content>A self-proved will may be contested, revoked, or amended by a codicil in the same manner as a will that is not self-proved.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c251/scC/s251.107">
<num value="251.107">Sec. 251.107.</num>
<heading>SELF-PROVED HOLOGRAPHIC WILL</heading>
<chapeau>Notwithstanding any other provision of this subchapter, a will written wholly in the testator's handwriting may be made self-proved at any time during the testator's lifetime by the attachment or annexation to the will of an affidavit by the testator to the effect that:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c251/scC/s251.107/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the instrument is the testator's will;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c251/scC/s251.107/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<chapeau>the testator was 18 years of age or older at the time the will was executed or, if the testator was younger than 18 years of age, that the testator:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c251/scC/s251.107/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>was or had been married; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c251/scC/s251.107/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>was a member of the armed forces of the United States, an auxiliary of the armed forces of the United States, or the United States Maritime Service at the time the will was executed;</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c251/scC/s251.107/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the testator was of sound mind; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c251/scC/s251.107/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>the testator has not revoked the will.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 844 (H.B. 2271), Sec. 18, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
</chapter>
<chapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c252">
<num value="252">CHAPTER 252.</num>
<heading>SAFEKEEPING AND CUSTODY OF WILLS</heading>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c252/scA">
<num value="A">SUBCHAPTER A.</num>
<heading>DEPOSIT OF WILL WITH COUNTY CLERK</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c252/scA/s252.001">
<num value="252.001">Sec. 252.001.</num>
<heading>WILL DEPOSIT; CERTIFICATE</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c252/scA/s252.001/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>A testator, or another person for the testator, may deposit the testator's will with the county clerk of the county of the testator's residence. Before accepting the will for deposit, the clerk may require proof satisfactory to the clerk concerning the testator's identity and residence.</content>
<continuation>(a-1) An attorney, business entity, or other person in possession of a testator's will may deposit the will with the county clerk of the county of the testator's last known residence if the attorney, business entity, or other person is unable to maintain custody of the will and, after a diligent search, the attorney, business entity, or other person is not able to contact or locate the testator. The attorney, business entity, or other person shall provide to the county clerk at the time the will is deposited:</continuation>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c252/scA/s252.001/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the name and last known address of the testator; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c252/scA/s252.001/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>if the will names an executor, the name and last known address, if available, of each executor named in the will, including any alternate executors.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c252/scA/s252.001/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The county clerk shall receive and keep a will deposited under this section on the payment of a $5 fee.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c252/scA/s252.001/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>On the deposit of the will, the county clerk shall issue a certificate of deposit for the will.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 701 (H.B. 2207), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c252/scA/s252.002">
<num value="252.002">Sec. 252.002.</num>
<heading>SEALED WRAPPER REQUIRED</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c252/scA/s252.002/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>A will intended to be deposited with a county clerk shall be enclosed in a sealed wrapper.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c252/scA/s252.002/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>The wrapper of a will deposited under Section 252.001(a) must be endorsed with:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c252/scA/s252.002/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>"Will of," followed by the name, address, and signature of the testator; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c252/scA/s252.002/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the name and current address of each person who is to be notified of the deposit of the will after the testator's death.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c252/scA/s252.002/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<chapeau>The wrapper of a will deposited under Section 252.001(a-1) must be endorsed with:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c252/scA/s252.002/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>"Will of," followed by the name and last known address of the testator; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c252/scA/s252.002/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>if the will names an executor, the name and last known address, if available, of each executor named in the will, including any alternate executors.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 701 (H.B. 2207), Sec. 2, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c252/scA/s252.003">
<num value="252.003">Sec. 252.003.</num>
<heading>NUMBERING OF FILED WILLS AND CORRESPONDING CERTIFICATES</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c252/scA/s252.003/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>A county clerk shall number wills deposited with the clerk in consecutive order.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c252/scA/s252.003/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A certificate of deposit issued under Section 252.001(c) on receipt of a will must bear the same number as the will for which the certificate is issued.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c252/scA/s252.004">
<num value="252.004">Sec. 252.004.</num>
<heading>INDEX</heading>
<content>A county clerk shall keep an index of all wills deposited with the clerk under Section 252.001.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c252/scB">
<num value="B">SUBCHAPTER B.</num>
<heading>WILL DELIVERY DURING LIFE OF TESTATOR</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c252/scB/s252.051">
<num value="252.051">Sec. 252.051.</num>
<heading>WILL DELIVERY</heading>
<chapeau>During the lifetime of the testator, a will deposited with a county clerk under Subchapter A may be delivered only to:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c252/scB/s252.051/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the testator; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c252/scB/s252.051/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>another person authorized by the testator by a sworn written order.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c252/scB/s252.052">
<num value="252.052">Sec. 252.052.</num>
<heading>SURRENDER OF CERTIFICATE OF DEPOSIT; EXCEPTION</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c252/scB/s252.052/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>Except as provided by Subsection (b), on delivery of a will to the testator or a person authorized by the testator under Section 252.051, the certificate of deposit issued for the will must be surrendered by the person to whom delivery of the will is made.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c252/scB/s252.052/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A county clerk may instead accept and file an affidavit by the testator stating that the certificate of deposit issued for the will has been lost, stolen, or destroyed.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c252/scC">
<num value="C">SUBCHAPTER C.</num>
<heading>ACTIONS BY COUNTY CLERK ON DEATH OF TESTATOR</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c252/scC/s252.101">
<num value="252.101">Sec. 252.101.</num>
<heading>NOTIFICATION BY COUNTY CLERK</heading>
<chapeau>A county clerk shall notify each person named on the endorsement of the will wrapper that the will is on deposit in the clerk's office if:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c252/scC/s252.101/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>an affidavit is submitted to the clerk stating that the testator has died; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c252/scC/s252.101/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the clerk receives other notice or proof of the testator's death sufficient to convince the clerk that the testator has died.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 701 (H.B. 2207), Sec. 3, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c252/scC/s252.102">
<num value="252.102">Sec. 252.102.</num>
<heading>WILL DELIVERY ON TESTATOR'S DEATH</heading>
<content>On the request of one or more persons notified under Section 252.101, the county clerk shall deliver the will that is the subject of the notice to the person or persons. The clerk shall obtain a receipt for delivery of the will.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c252/scC/s252.103">
<num value="252.103">Sec. 252.103.</num>
<heading>INSPECTION OF WILL BY COUNTY CLERK</heading>
<chapeau>A county clerk shall open a will wrapper and inspect the will if:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c252/scC/s252.103/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the notice required by Section 252.101 is returned as undelivered; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c252/scC/s252.103/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the clerk has accepted for deposit a will that does not specify on the will wrapper the person to whom the will is to be delivered on the testator's death.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c252/scC/s252.104">
<num value="252.104">Sec. 252.104.</num>
<heading>NOTICE AND DELIVERY OF WILL TO EXECUTOR</heading>
<chapeau>If a county clerk inspects a will under Section 252.103 and the will names an executor, the clerk shall:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c252/scC/s252.104/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>notify the person named as executor that the will is on deposit with the clerk; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c252/scC/s252.104/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>deliver, on request, the will to the person named as executor.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 701 (H.B. 2207), Sec. 4, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c252/scC/s252.105">
<num value="252.105">Sec. 252.105.</num>
<heading>NOTICE AND DELIVERY OF WILL TO DEVISEES</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c252/scC/s252.105/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>If a county clerk inspects a will under Section 252.103, the clerk shall notify the devisees named in the will that the will is on deposit with the clerk if:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c252/scC/s252.105/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the will does not name an executor;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c252/scC/s252.105/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<chapeau>the person named as executor in the will:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c252/scC/s252.105/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>has died; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c252/scC/s252.105/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>fails to take the will before the 31st day after the date the notice required by Section 252.104 is mailed to the person; or</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c252/scC/s252.105/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the notice mailed to the person named as executor is returned as undelivered.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c252/scC/s252.105/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>On request, the county clerk shall deliver the will to any or all of the devisees notified under Subsection (a).</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 701 (H.B. 2207), Sec. 5, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c252/scD">
<num value="D">SUBCHAPTER D.</num>
<heading>LEGAL EFFECT OF WILL DEPOSIT</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c252/scD/s252.151">
<num value="252.151">Sec. 252.151.</num>
<heading>DEPOSIT HAS NO LEGAL SIGNIFICANCE</heading>
<content>The provisions of Subchapter A providing for the deposit of a will with a county clerk are solely for the purpose of providing a safe and convenient repository for a will. For purposes of probate, a will deposited as provided by Subchapter A may not be treated differently than a will that has not been deposited.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 701 (H.B. 2207), Sec. 6, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c252/scD/s252.152">
<num value="252.152">Sec. 252.152.</num>
<heading>PRIOR DEPOSITED WILL IN RELATION TO LATER WILL</heading>
<content>A will that is not deposited as provided by Subchapter A shall be admitted to probate on proof that the will is the last will of the testator, notwithstanding the fact that the testator has a prior will that has been deposited in accordance with Subchapter A.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 844 (H.B. 2271), Sec. 19, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c252/scD/s252.153">
<num value="252.153">Sec. 252.153.</num>
<heading>WILL DEPOSIT DOES NOT CONSTITUTE NOTICE</heading>
<content>The deposit of a will as provided by Subchapter A does not constitute notice, constructive or otherwise, to any person as to the existence or the contents of the will.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c252/scE">
<num value="E">SUBCHAPTER E.</num>
<heading>DUTY AND LIABILITY OF CUSTODIAN OF ESTATE PAPERS</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c252/scE/s252.201">
<num value="252.201">Sec. 252.201.</num>
<heading>WILL DELIVERY</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c252/scE/s252.201/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>On receiving notice of a testator's death, the person who has custody of the testator's will shall deliver the will to the clerk of the court that has jurisdiction of the testator's estate.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c252/scE/s252.201/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The clerk of the court shall handle the will in the same manner prescribed by Subchapter A for a will deposited under Section 252.001 other than collection of a fee under Section 252.001(b).</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 701 (H.B. 2207), Sec. 7, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c252/scE/s252.2015">
<num value="252.2015">Sec. 252.2015.</num>
<heading>NOTICE AND DELIVERY OF WILL TO EXECUTOR OR DEVISEES</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c252/scE/s252.2015/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>On the deposit of a will under Section 252.201 that names an executor, the clerk of the court shall:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c252/scE/s252.2015/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>notify the person named as executor in the manner prescribed by Section 252.104; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c252/scE/s252.2015/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>deliver, on request, the will to the person named as executor.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c252/scE/s252.2015/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>On the deposit of a will under Section 252.201, the clerk of the court shall notify the devisees named in the will in the manner prescribed by Section 252.105(a) if:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c252/scE/s252.2015/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the will does not name an executor;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c252/scE/s252.2015/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<chapeau>the person named as executor in the will:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c252/scE/s252.2015/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>has died; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c252/scE/s252.2015/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>fails to take the will before the 31st day after the date the notice required by Subsection (a) is mailed to the person; or</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c252/scE/s252.2015/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the notice mailed to the person named as executor is returned as undelivered.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c252/scE/s252.2015/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>On request, the clerk of the court shall deliver the will to any or all of the devisees notified under Subsection (b).</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 701 (H.B. 2207), Sec. 8, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c252/scE/s252.202">
<num value="252.202">Sec. 252.202.</num>
<heading>PERSONAL SERVICE ON CUSTODIAN OF ESTATE PAPERS</heading>
<chapeau>On a sworn written complaint that a person has custody of the last will of a testator or any papers belonging to the estate of a testator or intestate, the judge of the court that has jurisdiction of the estate shall have the person cited by personal service to appear and show cause why the person should not deliver:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c252/scE/s252.202/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the will to the court for probate; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c252/scE/s252.202/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the papers to the executor or administrator.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c252/scE/s252.203">
<num value="252.203">Sec. 252.203.</num>
<heading>ARREST; CONFINEMENT</heading>
<content>On the return of a citation served under Section 252.202, if the judge is satisfied that the person served with the citation had custody of the will or papers at the time the complaint under that section was filed and the person does not deliver the will or papers or show good cause why the will or papers have not been delivered, the judge may have the person arrested and confined until the person delivers the will or papers.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c252/scE/s252.204">
<num value="252.204">Sec. 252.204.</num>
<heading>DAMAGES</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c252/scE/s252.204/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>A person who refuses to deliver a will or papers described by Section 252.202 is liable to any person aggrieved by the refusal for all damages sustained as a result of the refusal.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c252/scE/s252.204/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>Damages may be recovered under this section in any court of competent jurisdiction.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
</chapter>
<chapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c253">
<num value="253">CHAPTER 253.</num>
<heading>CHANGE AND REVOCATION OF WILLS</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c253/s253.001">
<num value="253.001">Sec. 253.001.</num>
<heading>COURT MAY NOT PROHIBIT CHANGING OR REVOKING A WILL</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c253/s253.001/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>Notwithstanding Section 22.007(a), in this section, "court" means a constitutional county court, district court, or statutory county court, including a statutory probate court.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c253/s253.001/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>A court may not prohibit a person from:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c253/s253.001/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>executing a new will;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c253/s253.001/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>executing a codicil to an existing will; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c253/s253.001/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>revoking an existing will or codicil in whole or in part.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c253/s253.001/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>Any portion of a court order that purports to prohibit a person from engaging in an action described by Subsection (b) is void and may be disregarded without penalty or sanction of any kind.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1136 (H.B. 2912), Sec. 20, eff. January 1, 2014.
Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 949 (S.B. 995), Sec. 15, eff. September 1, 2015.
Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 949 (S.B. 995), Sec. 16, eff. September 1, 2015.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c253/s253.002">
<num value="253.002">Sec. 253.002.</num>
<heading>REVOCATION OF WILL</heading>
<content>A written will, or a clause or devise in a written will, may not be revoked, except by a subsequent will, codicil, or declaration in writing that is executed with like formalities, or by the testator destroying or canceling the same, or causing it to be destroyed or canceled in the testator's presence.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</chapter>
<chapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c254">
<num value="254">CHAPTER 254.</num>
<heading>CERTAIN PROVISIONS IN, AND CONTRACTS RELATING TO, WILLS</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c254/s254.001">
<num value="254.001">Sec. 254.001.</num>
<heading>DEVISES TO TRUSTEES</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c254/s254.001/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>A testator may validly devise property in a will to the trustee of a trust established or to be established:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c254/s254.001/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>during the testator's lifetime by the testator, the testator and another person, or another person, including a funded or unfunded life insurance trust in which the settlor has reserved any or all rights of ownership of the insurance contracts; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c254/s254.001/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<chapeau>at the testator's death by the testator's devise to the trustee, regardless of the existence, size, or character of the corpus of the trust, if:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c254/s254.001/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>the trust is identified in the testator's will; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c254/s254.001/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>the terms of the trust are in:</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c254/s254.001/i">
<num value="i">(i)</num>
<chapeau>a written instrument, other than a will, executed before, with, or after the execution of the testator's will; or</chapeau>
<clause identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c254/s254.001/ii">
<num value="ii">(ii)</num>
<content>another person's will if that person predeceased the testator.</content>
</clause>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c254/s254.001/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>A devise under Subsection (a) is not invalid because the trust:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c254/s254.001/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>is amendable or revocable; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c254/s254.001/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>was amended after the execution of the will or the testator's death.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c254/s254.001/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<chapeau>Unless the testator's will provides otherwise, property devised to a trust described by Subsection (a) is not held under a testamentary trust of the testator. The property:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c254/s254.001/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>becomes part of the trust to which the property is devised; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c254/s254.001/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>must be administered and disposed of according to the provisions of the instrument establishing the trust, including any amendment to the instrument made before or after the testator's death.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c254/s254.001/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>Unless the testator's will provides otherwise, a revocation or termination of the trust before the testator's death causes the devise to lapse.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c254/s254.002">
<num value="254.002">Sec. 254.002.</num>
<heading>BEQUESTS TO CERTAIN SUBSCRIBING WITNESSES</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c254/s254.002/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>Except as provided by Subsection (c), if a devisee under a will is also a subscribing witness to the will and the will cannot be otherwise established:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c254/s254.002/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the bequest is void; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c254/s254.002/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the subscribing witness shall be allowed and compelled to appear and give the witness's testimony in the same manner as if the bequest to the witness had not been made.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c254/s254.002/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>Notwithstanding Subsection (a), if the subscribing witness described by that subsection would have been entitled to a share of the testator's estate had the testator died intestate, the witness is entitled to as much of that share as does not exceed the value of the bequest to the witness under the will.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c254/s254.002/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<chapeau>If the testimony of a subscribing witness described by Subsection (a) proving the will is corroborated by at least one disinterested and credible person who testifies that the subscribing witness's testimony is true and correct:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c254/s254.002/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the bequest to the subscribing witness is not void under Subsection (a); and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c254/s254.002/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the subscribing witness is not regarded as an incompetent or noncredible witness under Subchapters B and C, Chapter 251.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c254/s254.003">
<num value="254.003">Sec. 254.003.</num>
<heading>DEVISES TO CERTAIN ATTORNEYS AND OTHER PERSONS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c254/s254.003/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>A devise of property in a will is void if the devise is made to:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c254/s254.003/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>an attorney who prepares or supervises the preparation of the will;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c254/s254.003/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>a parent, descendant of a parent, or employee of the attorney described by Subdivision (1); or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c254/s254.003/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the spouse of a person described by Subdivision (1) or (2).</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c254/s254.003/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>This section does not apply to:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c254/s254.003/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<chapeau>a devise made to a person who:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c254/s254.003/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>is the testator's spouse;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c254/s254.003/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>is an ascendant or descendant of the testator; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c254/s254.003/C">
<num value="C">(C)</num>
<content>is related within the third degree by consanguinity or affinity to the testator; or</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c254/s254.003/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>a bona fide purchaser for value from a devisee in a will.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c254/s254.004">
<num value="254.004">Sec. 254.004.</num>
<heading>CONTRACTS CONCERNING WILLS OR DEVISES; JOINT OR RECIPROCAL WILLS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c254/s254.004/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>A contract executed or entered into on or after September 1, 1979, to make a will or devise, or not to revoke a will or devise, may be established only by:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c254/s254.004/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>a written agreement that is binding and enforceable; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c254/s254.004/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<chapeau>a will stating:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c254/s254.004/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>that a contract exists; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c254/s254.004/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>the material provisions of the contract.</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c254/s254.004/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The execution of a joint will or reciprocal wills does not constitute by itself sufficient evidence of the existence of a contract.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c254/s254.005">
<num value="254.005">Sec. 254.005.</num>
<heading>FORFEITURE CLAUSE</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c254/s254.005/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>A provision in a will that would cause a forfeiture of or void a devise or provision in favor of a person for bringing any court action, including contesting a will, is enforceable unless in a court action determining whether the forfeiture clause should be enforced, the person who brought the action contrary to the forfeiture clause establishes by a preponderance of the evidence that:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c254/s254.005/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>just cause existed for bringing the action; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c254/s254.005/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the action was brought and maintained in good faith.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c254/s254.005/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>This section is not intended to and does not repeal any law recognizing that forfeiture clauses generally will not be construed to prevent a beneficiary from seeking to compel a fiduciary to perform the fiduciary's duties, seeking redress against a fiduciary for a breach of the fiduciary's duties, or seeking a judicial construction of a will or trust.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1338 (S.B. 1198), Sec. 2.26, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 351 (H.B. 2380), Sec. 2.01, eff. January 1, 2014.
Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 949 (S.B. 995), Sec. 17, eff. September 1, 2015.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c254/s254.006">
<num value="254.006">Sec. 254.006.</num>
<heading>DESIGNATION OF ADMINISTRATOR</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c254/s254.006/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>A testator may grant in a will to an executor named in the will or to another person identified by name, office, or function the authority to designate one or more persons to serve as administrator of the testator's estate.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c254/s254.006/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>To be effective, a designation of an administrator of a testator's estate as authorized by a will under Subsection (a) must be in writing and acknowledged before an officer authorized to take acknowledgments and administer oaths.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c254/s254.006/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<chapeau>Unless the will provides otherwise, a person designated to serve as administrator of a testator's estate as provided by Subsection (a) may serve only if:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c254/s254.006/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<chapeau>each executor named in the testator's will:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c254/s254.006/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>is deceased;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c254/s254.006/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>is disqualified to serve as executor; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c254/s254.006/C">
<num value="C">(C)</num>
<content>indicates by affidavit filed with the county clerk of the county in which the application for letters testamentary is filed or, if an application has not been filed, a county described by Section 33.001(a)(1) or (2) the executor's inability or unwillingness to serve as executor;</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c254/s254.006/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the designation is effective as provided by Subsection (b); and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c254/s254.006/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the person is not disqualified from serving under Section 304.003.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c254/s254.006/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>Unless the will or designation provides otherwise, a person designated as administrator of a testator's estate as provided by this section has the same rights, powers, and duties as an executor named in the will, including the right to serve as an independent administrator with the power to sell property without the need for consent of the distributees under Section 401.002 or 401.006.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2019, 86th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1141 (H.B. 2782), Sec. 8, eff. September 1, 2019.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</chapter>
<chapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c255">
<num value="255">CHAPTER 255.</num>
<heading>CONSTRUCTION AND INTERPRETATION OF WILLS</heading>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c255/scA">
<num value="A">SUBCHAPTER A.</num>
<heading>CERTAIN PERSONAL PROPERTY EXCLUDED FROM DEVISE OR LEGACY</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c255/scA/s255.001">
<num value="255.001">Sec. 255.001.</num>
<heading>DEFINITIONS</heading>
<chapeau>In this subchapter:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c255/scA/s255.001/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<chapeau>"Contents" means tangible personal property, other than titled personal property, found inside of or on a specifically devised item. The term includes clothing, pictures, furniture, coin collections, and other items of tangible personal property that:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c255/scA/s255.001/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>do not require a formal transfer of title; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c255/scA/s255.001/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>are located in another item of tangible personal property such as a cedar chest or other furniture.</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c255/scA/s255.001/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>"Titled personal property" includes all tangible personal property represented by a certificate of title, certificate of ownership, written label, marking, or designation that signifies ownership by a person. The term includes a motor vehicle, motor home, motorboat, or other similar property that requires a formal transfer of title.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c255/scA/s255.002">
<num value="255.002">Sec. 255.002.</num>
<heading>CERTAIN PERSONAL PROPERTY EXCLUDED FROM DEVISE OF REAL PROPERTY</heading>
<content>A devise of real property does not include any personal property located on, or associated with, the real property or any contents of personal property located on the real property unless the will directs that the personal property or contents are included in the devise.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c255/scA/s255.003">
<num value="255.003">Sec. 255.003.</num>
<heading>CONTENTS EXCLUDED FROM LEGACY OF PERSONAL PROPERTY</heading>
<content>A legacy of personal property does not include any contents of the property unless the will directs that the contents are included in the legacy.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c255/scB">
<num value="B">SUBCHAPTER B.</num>
<heading>SUCCESSION BY PRETERMITTED CHILD</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c255/scB/s255.051">
<num value="255.051">Sec. 255.051.</num>
<heading>DEFINITION</heading>
<chapeau>In this subchapter, "pretermitted child" means a testator's child who is born or adopted:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c255/scB/s255.051/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>during the testator's lifetime or after the testator's death; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c255/scB/s255.051/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>after the execution of the testator's will.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c255/scB/s255.052">
<num value="255.052">Sec. 255.052.</num>
<heading>APPLICABILITY AND CONSTRUCTION</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c255/scB/s255.052/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>Sections 255.053 and 255.054 apply only to a pretermitted child who is not:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c255/scB/s255.052/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>mentioned in the testator's will;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c255/scB/s255.052/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>provided for in the testator's will; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c255/scB/s255.052/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>otherwise provided for by the testator.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c255/scB/s255.052/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>For purposes of this subchapter, a child is provided for or a provision is made for a child if a disposition of property to or for the benefit of the pretermitted child, whether vested or contingent, is made:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c255/scB/s255.052/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>in the testator's will, including a devise to a trustee under Section 254.001; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c255/scB/s255.052/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>outside the testator's will and is intended to take effect at the testator's death.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c255/scB/s255.053">
<num value="255.053">Sec. 255.053.</num>
<heading>SUCCESSION BY PRETERMITTED CHILD IF TESTATOR HAS LIVING CHILD AT WILL'S EXECUTION</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c255/scB/s255.053/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>If no provision is made in the testator's last will for any child of the testator who is living when the testator executes the will, a pretermitted child succeeds to the portion of the testator's separate and community estate, other than any portion of the estate devised to the pretermitted child's other parent, to which the pretermitted child would have been entitled under Section 201.001 if the testator had died intestate without a surviving spouse, except as limited by Section 255.056.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c255/scB/s255.053/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>If a provision, whether vested or contingent, is made in the testator's last will for one or more children of the testator who are living when the testator executes the will, a pretermitted child is entitled only to a portion of the disposition made to children under the will that is equal to the portion the child would have received if the testator had:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c255/scB/s255.053/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>included all of the testator's pretermitted children with the children on whom benefits were conferred under the will; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c255/scB/s255.053/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>given an equal share of those benefits to each child.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c255/scB/s255.053/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>To the extent feasible, the interest in the testator's estate to which the pretermitted child is entitled under Subsection (b) must be of the same character, whether an equitable or legal life estate or in fee, as the interest that the testator conferred on the testator's children under the will.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1338 (S.B. 1198), Sec. 2.27, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c255/scB/s255.054">
<num value="255.054">Sec. 255.054.</num>
<heading>SUCCESSION BY PRETERMITTED CHILD IF TESTATOR HAS NO LIVING CHILD AT WILL'S EXECUTION</heading>
<content>If a testator has no child living when the testator executes the testator's last will, a pretermitted child succeeds to the portion of the testator's separate and community estate, other than any portion of the estate devised to the pretermitted child's other parent, to which the pretermitted child would have been entitled under Section 201.001 if the testator had died intestate without a surviving spouse, except as limited by Section 255.056.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1338 (S.B. 1198), Sec. 2.28, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c255/scB/s255.055">
<num value="255.055">Sec. 255.055.</num>
<heading>RATABLE RECOVERY BY PRETERMITTED CHILD FROM PORTIONS PASSING TO OTHER BENEFICIARIES</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c255/scB/s255.055/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>A pretermitted child may recover the share of the testator's estate to which the child is entitled from the testator's other children under Section 255.053(b) or from the testamentary beneficiaries under Sections 255.053(a) and 255.054, other than the pretermitted child's other parent, ratably, out of the portions of the estate passing to those persons under the will.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c255/scB/s255.055/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>In abating the interests of the beneficiaries described by Subsection (a), the character of the testamentary plan adopted by the testator must be preserved to the maximum extent possible.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c255/scB/s255.056">
<num value="255.056">Sec. 255.056.</num>
<heading>LIMITATION ON REDUCTION OF ESTATE PASSING TO SURVIVING SPOUSE</heading>
<content>If a pretermitted child's other parent is not the surviving spouse of the testator, the portion of the testator's estate to which the pretermitted child is entitled under Section 255.053(a) or 255.054 may not reduce the portion of the testator's estate passing to the testator's surviving spouse by more than one-half.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1338 (S.B. 1198), Sec. 2.29, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c255/scC">
<num value="C">SUBCHAPTER C.</num>
<heading>LIFETIME GIFTS AS SATISFACTION OF DEVISE</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c255/scC/s255.101">
<num value="255.101">Sec. 255.101.</num>
<heading>CERTAIN LIFETIME GIFTS CONSIDERED SATISFACTION OF DEVISE</heading>
<chapeau>Property that a testator gives to a person during the testator's lifetime is considered a satisfaction, either wholly or partly, of a devise to the person if:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c255/scC/s255.101/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the testator's will provides for deduction of the lifetime gift from the devise;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c255/scC/s255.101/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the testator declares in a contemporaneous writing that the lifetime gift is to be deducted from, or is in satisfaction of, the devise; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c255/scC/s255.101/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the devisee acknowledges in writing that the lifetime gift is in satisfaction of the devise.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c255/scC/s255.102">
<num value="255.102">Sec. 255.102.</num>
<heading>VALUATION OF PROPERTY</heading>
<chapeau>Property given in partial satisfaction of a devise shall be valued as of the earlier of:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c255/scC/s255.102/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the date the devisee acquires possession of or enjoys the property; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c255/scC/s255.102/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the date of the testator's death.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c255/scD">
<num value="D">SUBCHAPTER D.</num>
<heading>FAILURE OF DEVISE; DISPOSITION OF PROPERTY TO DEVISEE WHO PREDECEASES TESTATOR</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c255/scD/s255.151">
<num value="255.151">Sec. 255.151.</num>
<heading>APPLICABILITY OF SUBCHAPTER</heading>
<content>This subchapter applies unless the testator's will provides otherwise. For example, a devise in the testator's will stating "to my surviving children" or "to such of my children as shall survive me" prevents the application of Sections 255.153 and 255.154.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 844 (H.B. 2271), Sec. 20, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c255/scD/s255.152">
<num value="255.152">Sec. 255.152.</num>
<heading>FAILURE OF DEVISE; EFFECT ON RESIDUARY ESTATE</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c255/scD/s255.152/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>Except as provided by Sections 255.153 and 255.154, if a devise, other than a residuary devise, fails for any reason, the devise becomes a part of the residuary estate.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c255/scD/s255.152/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>Except as provided by Sections 255.153 and 255.154, if the residuary estate is devised to two or more persons and the share of one of the residuary devisees fails for any reason, that residuary devisee's share passes to the other residuary devisees, in proportion to the residuary devisee's interest in the residuary estate.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c255/scD/s255.152/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<chapeau>Except as provided by Sections 255.153 and 255.154, the residuary estate passes as if the testator had died intestate if all residuary devisees:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c255/scD/s255.152/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>are deceased at the time the testator's will is executed;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c255/scD/s255.152/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>fail to survive the testator; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c255/scD/s255.152/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>are treated as if the residuary devisees predeceased the testator.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c255/scD/s255.152/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>Unless the will provides otherwise, Subsections (a), (b), and (c) do not apply to a devise to a charitable trust, as defined by Section 123.001, Property Code.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2019, 86th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1141 (H.B. 2782), Sec. 9, eff. September 1, 2019.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c255/scD/s255.153">
<num value="255.153">Sec. 255.153.</num>
<heading>DISPOSITION OF PROPERTY TO CERTAIN DEVISEES WHO PREDECEASE TESTATOR</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c255/scD/s255.153/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>If a devisee who is a descendant of the testator or a descendant of a testator's parent is deceased at the time the will is executed, fails to survive the testator, or is treated as if the devisee predeceased the testator by Chapter 121 or otherwise, the descendants of the devisee who survived the testator by 120 hours take the devised property in place of the devisee.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c255/scD/s255.153/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>Devised property to which Subsection (a) applies shall be divided into the number of shares equal to the total number of surviving descendants in the nearest degree of kinship to the devisee and deceased persons in the same degree of kinship to the devisee whose descendants survived the testator. Each surviving descendant in the nearest degree of kinship to the devisee receives one share, and the share of each deceased person in the same degree of kinship to the devisee whose descendants survived the testator is divided among the descendants by representation.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c255/scD/s255.154">
<num value="255.154">Sec. 255.154.</num>
<heading>DEVISEE UNDER CLASS GIFT</heading>
<content>For purposes of this subchapter, a person who would have been a devisee under a class gift if the person had survived the testator is treated as a devisee unless the person died before the date the will was executed.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c255/scF">
<num value="F">SUBCHAPTER F.</num>
<heading>DEVISE OF SECURITIES</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c255/scF/s255.251">
<num value="255.251">Sec. 255.251.</num>
<heading>DEFINITIONS</heading>
<chapeau>In this subchapter:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c255/scF/s255.251/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>"Securities" has the meaning assigned by Section 4001.068, Government Code.</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c255/scF/s255.251/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>"Stock" means securities.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2019, 86th Leg., R.S., Ch. 491 (H.B. 4171), Sec. 2.10, eff. January 1, 2022.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c255/scF/s255.252">
<num value="255.252">Sec. 255.252.</num>
<heading>INCREASE IN SECURITIES; ACCESSIONS</heading>
<chapeau>Unless the will of a testator clearly provides otherwise, a devise of securities that are owned by the testator on the date the will is executed includes the following additional securities subsequently acquired by the testator as a result of the testator's ownership of the devised securities:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c255/scF/s255.252/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>securities of the same organization acquired because of an action initiated by the organization or any successor, related, or acquiring organization, including stock splits, stock dividends, and new issues of stock acquired in a reorganization, redemption, or exchange, other than securities acquired through the exercise of purchase options or through a plan of reinvestment; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c255/scF/s255.252/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>securities of another organization acquired as a result of a merger, consolidation, reorganization, or other distribution by the organization or any successor, related, or acquiring organization, including stock splits, stock dividends, and new issues of stock acquired in a reorganization, redemption, or exchange, other than securities acquired through the exercise of purchase options or through a plan of reinvestment.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c255/scF/s255.253">
<num value="255.253">Sec. 255.253.</num>
<heading>CASH DISTRIBUTION NOT INCLUDED IN DEVISE</heading>
<content>Unless the will of a testator clearly provides otherwise, a devise of securities does not include a cash distribution relating to the securities that accrues before the testator's death, regardless of whether the distribution is paid before the testator's death.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c255/scG">
<num value="G">SUBCHAPTER G.</num>
<heading>EXONERATION OF DEBTS SECURED BY SPECIFIC DEVISES</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c255/scG/s255.301">
<num value="255.301">Sec. 255.301.</num>
<heading>NO RIGHT TO EXONERATION OF DEBTS</heading>
<content>Except as provided by Section 255.302, a specific devise passes to the devisee subject to each debt secured by the property that exists on the date of the testator's death, and the devisee is not entitled to exoneration from the testator's estate for payment of the debt.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c255/scG/s255.302">
<num value="255.302">Sec. 255.302.</num>
<heading>EXCEPTION</heading>
<content>A specific devise does not pass to the devisee subject to a debt described by Section 255.301 if the will in which the devise is made specifically states that the devise passes without being subject to the debt. A general provision in the will stating that debts are to be paid is not a specific statement for purposes of this section.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c255/scG/s255.303">
<num value="255.303">Sec. 255.303.</num>
<heading>RIGHTS OF CERTAIN CREDITORS AND OTHER PERSONS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c255/scG/s255.303/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>Section 255.301 does not affect the rights of creditors provided under this title or the rights of other persons or entities provided under Chapters 102 and 353.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c255/scG/s255.303/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A debt described by Section 255.301 that a creditor elects to have allowed and approved as a matured secured claim shall be paid in accordance with Sections 355.153(b), (c), (d), and (e).</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c255/scG/s255.304">
<num value="255.304">Sec. 255.304.</num>
<heading>APPLICABILITY OF SUBCHAPTER</heading>
<content>This subchapter is applicable only to wills executed on or after September 1, 2005.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 949 (S.B. 995), Sec. 18, eff. September 1, 2015.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c255/scH">
<num value="H">SUBCHAPTER H.</num>
<heading>EXERCISE OF POWER OF APPOINTMENT THROUGH WILL</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c255/scH/s255.351">
<num value="255.351">Sec. 255.351.</num>
<heading>EXERCISE OF POWER OF APPOINTMENT THROUGH WILL</heading>
<chapeau>A testator may not exercise a power of appointment through a residuary clause in the testator's will or through a will providing for general disposition of all of the testator's property unless:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c255/scH/s255.351/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the testator makes a specific reference to the power in the will; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c255/scH/s255.351/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>there is some other indication in writing that the testator intended to include the property subject to the power in the will.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c255/scI">
<num value="I">SUBCHAPTER I.</num>
<heading>CLASS GIFTS</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c255/scI/s255.401">
<num value="255.401">Sec. 255.401.</num>
<heading>POSTHUMOUS CLASS GIFT MEMBERSHIP</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c255/scI/s255.401/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>A right to take as a member under a class gift does not accrue to any person unless the person is born before, or is in gestation at, the time of death of the person by which the class is measured and survives that person by at least 120 hours.</content>
<continuation>(a-1) For purposes of this section, a person is:</continuation>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c255/scI/s255.401/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>considered to be in gestation if insemination or implantation occurs at or before the time of death of the person by which the class is measured; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c255/scI/s255.401/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>presumed to be in gestation at the time of death of the person by which the class is measured if the person was born before the 301st day after the date of the person's death.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c255/scI/s255.401/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A provision in the testator's will that is contrary to this section prevails over this section.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 949 (S.B. 995), Sec. 19, eff. September 1, 2015.
Amended by:
Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 844 (H.B. 2271), Sec. 21, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c255/scJ">
<num value="J">SUBCHAPTER J.</num>
<heading>JUDICIAL MODIFICATION OR REFORMATION</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c255/scJ/s164815.155963">
<num value="164815.155963">Sec. 164815.155963.</num>
<heading></heading>
<content>OF WILLS</content>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c255/scJ/s255.451">
<num value="255.451">Sec. 255.451.</num>
<heading>CIRCUMSTANCES UNDER WHICH WILL MAY BE MODIFIED OR REFORMED</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c255/scJ/s255.451/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>Subject to the requirements of this section, on the petition of a personal representative, a court may order that the terms of the will be modified or reformed, that the personal representative be directed or permitted to perform acts that are not authorized or that are prohibited by the terms of the will, or that the personal representative be prohibited from performing acts that are required by the terms of the will, if:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c255/scJ/s255.451/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>modification of administrative, nondispositive terms of the will is necessary or appropriate to prevent waste or impairment of the estate's administration;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c255/scJ/s255.451/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the order is necessary or appropriate to achieve the testator's tax objectives or to qualify a distributee for government benefits and is not contrary to the testator's intent; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c255/scJ/s255.451/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the order is necessary to correct a scrivener's error in the terms of the will, even if unambiguous, to conform with the testator's intent.</content>
<continuation>(a-1) A personal representative seeking to modify or reform a will under this section must file a petition on or before the fourth anniversary of the date the will was admitted to probate.</continuation>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c255/scJ/s255.451/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>An order described in Subsection (a)(3) may be issued only if the testator's intent is established by clear and convincing evidence.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c255/scJ/s255.451/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>Chapter 123, Property Code, applies to a proceeding under Subsection (a) that involves a charitable trust.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 949 (S.B. 995), Sec. 19, eff. September 1, 2015.
Amended by:
Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 844 (H.B. 2271), Sec. 22, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c255/scJ/s255.452">
<num value="255.452">Sec. 255.452.</num>
<heading>JUDICIAL DISCRETION</heading>
<content>The court shall exercise the court's discretion to order a modification or reformation under this subchapter in the manner that conforms as nearly as possible to the probable intent of the testator.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 949 (S.B. 995), Sec. 19, eff. September 1, 2015.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c255/scJ/s255.453">
<num value="255.453">Sec. 255.453.</num>
<heading>RETROACTIVE EFFECT</heading>
<content>The court may direct that an order described by this subchapter has retroactive effect.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 949 (S.B. 995), Sec. 19, eff. September 1, 2015.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c255/scJ/s255.454">
<num value="255.454">Sec. 255.454.</num>
<heading>POWERS CUMULATIVE</heading>
<content>This subchapter does not limit a court's powers under other law, including the power to modify, reform, or terminate a testamentary trust under Section 112.054, Property Code.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 949 (S.B. 995), Sec. 19, eff. September 1, 2015.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c255/scJ/s255.455">
<num value="255.455">Sec. 255.455.</num>
<heading>DUTIES AND LIABILITY OF PERSONAL REPRESENTATIVE UNDER SUBCHAPTER</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c255/scJ/s255.455/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>This subchapter does not create or imply a duty for a personal representative to:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c255/scJ/s255.455/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>petition a court for modification or reformation of a will, to be directed or permitted to perform acts that are not authorized or that are prohibited by the terms of the will, or to be prohibited from performing acts that are required by the terms of the will;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c255/scJ/s255.455/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>inform devisees about the availability of relief under this subchapter; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c255/scJ/s255.455/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>review the will or other evidence to determine whether any action should be taken under this subchapter.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c255/scJ/s255.455/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A personal representative is not liable for failing to file a petition under Section 255.451.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 949 (S.B. 995), Sec. 19, eff. September 1, 2015.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c255/scJ/s255.456">
<num value="255.456">Sec. 255.456.</num>
<heading>JURISDICTION AND TRANSFER OF PROCEEDING</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c255/scJ/s255.456/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>To the extent that this section conflicts with other provisions of this title, this section prevails.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c255/scJ/s255.456/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>In a county in which there is no statutory probate court or county court at law exercising original probate jurisdiction, if a personal representative petitions the county court to modify or reform the terms of a will, the judge of the county court may, on the judge's own motion, or shall, on the motion of any party to the proceeding, according to the motion:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c255/scJ/s255.456/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>request the assignment of a statutory probate court judge to hear the proceeding, as provided by Section 25.0022, Government Code; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c255/scJ/s255.456/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>transfer the proceeding to the district court, which may then hear the proceeding as if originally filed in the district court.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c255/scJ/s255.456/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>A district court to which a proceeding is transferred under Subsection (b) has the jurisdiction and authority granted to a statutory probate court by Subtitle A.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c255/scJ/s255.456/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>If a party to a modification or reformation proceeding files a motion for the assignment of a statutory probate court judge to hear the proceeding before the judge of the county court transfers the proceeding to a district court under this section, the county judge shall grant the motion for the assignment of a statutory probate court judge and may not transfer the proceeding to the district court unless the party withdraws the motion.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c255/scJ/s255.456/e">
<num value="e">(e)</num>
<content>A statutory probate court judge assigned to a proceeding under this section has the jurisdiction and authority granted to a statutory probate court by Subtitle A.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c255/scJ/s255.456/f">
<num value="f">(f)</num>
<content>In a county in which there is no statutory probate court, but in which there is a county court at law exercising original probate jurisdiction, if a personal representative petitions the county court to modify or reform the terms of a will, the judge of the county court may, on the judge's own motion, or shall, on the motion of any party to the proceeding, transfer the proceeding to the county court at law, which may then hear the proceeding as if originally filed in the county court at law.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c255/scJ/s255.456/g">
<num value="g">(g)</num>
<content>The county court shall continue to exercise jurisdiction over the management of the estate, other than the modification or reformation proceeding, until final disposition of the modification or reformation proceeding is made in accordance with this subchapter.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c255/scJ/s255.456/h">
<num value="h">(h)</num>
<content>On resolution of the modification or reformation proceeding, the statutory probate court judge assigned to hear the proceeding or the district court or county court at law to which the proceeding is transferred under this section shall return the matter to the county court for further proceedings not inconsistent with the orders of the statutory probate court, district court, or county court at law, as applicable.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c255/scJ/s255.456/i">
<num value="i">(i)</num>
<content>The clerk of a district court to which a modification or reformation proceeding is transferred under this section may perform in relation to the proceeding any function a county clerk may perform with respect to that type of matter.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2019, 86th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1141 (H.B. 2782), Sec. 10, eff. September 1, 2019.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
</chapter>
<chapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c256">
<num value="256">CHAPTER 256.</num>
<heading>PROBATE OF WILLS GENERALLY</heading>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c256/scA">
<num value="A">SUBCHAPTER A.</num>
<heading>EFFECTIVENESS OF WILL; PERIOD FOR PROBATE</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c256/scA/s256.001">
<num value="256.001">Sec. 256.001.</num>
<heading>WILL NOT EFFECTIVE UNTIL PROBATED</heading>
<content>Except as provided by Subtitle K with respect to foreign wills, a will is not effective to prove title to, or the right to possession of, any property disposed of by the will until the will is admitted to probate.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c256/scA/s256.002">
<num value="256.002">Sec. 256.002.</num>
<heading>PROBATE BEFORE DEATH VOID</heading>
<content>The probate of a will of a living person is void.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c256/scA/s256.003">
<num value="256.003">Sec. 256.003.</num>
<heading>PERIOD FOR ADMITTING WILL TO PROBATE; PROTECTION FOR CERTAIN PURCHASERS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c256/scA/s256.003/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>Except as provided by Section 501.001 with respect to a foreign will, a will may not be admitted to probate after the fourth anniversary of the testator's death unless it is shown by proof that the applicant for the probate of the will was not in default in failing to present the will for probate on or before the fourth anniversary of the testator's death.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c256/scA/s256.003/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>Except as provided by Section 501.006 with respect to a foreign will, letters testamentary may not be issued if a will is admitted to probate after the fourth anniversary of the testator's death unless it is shown that the application for probate was filed on or before the fourth anniversary of the testator's death.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c256/scA/s256.003/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>A person who for value, in good faith, and without knowledge of the existence of a will purchases property from a decedent's heirs after the fourth anniversary of the decedent's death shall be held to have good title to the interest that the heir or heirs would have had in the absence of a will, as against the claim of any devisee under any will that is subsequently offered for probate.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 949 (S.B. 995), Sec. 20, eff. September 1, 2015.
Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 844 (H.B. 2271), Sec. 23, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c256/scB">
<num value="B">SUBCHAPTER B.</num>
<heading>APPLICATION REQUIREMENTS</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c256/scB/s256.051">
<num value="256.051">Sec. 256.051.</num>
<heading>ELIGIBLE APPLICANTS FOR PROBATE OF WILL</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c256/scB/s256.051/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>An executor named in a will, an administrator designated as authorized under Section 254.006, an independent administrator designated by all of the distributees of the decedent under Section 401.002(b), or an interested person may file an application with the court for an order admitting a will to probate, whether the will is:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c256/scB/s256.051/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>in the applicant's possession or not;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c256/scB/s256.051/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>lost;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c256/scB/s256.051/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>destroyed; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c256/scB/s256.051/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>outside of this state.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c256/scB/s256.051/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>An application for the probate of a will may be combined with an application for the appointment of an executor or administrator. A person interested in either the probate or the appointment may apply for both.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 949 (S.B. 995), Sec. 21, eff. September 1, 2015.
Acts 2019, 86th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1141 (H.B. 2782), Sec. 11, eff. September 1, 2019.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c256/scB/s256.052">
<num value="256.052">Sec. 256.052.</num>
<heading>CONTENTS OF APPLICATION FOR PROBATE OF WILL</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c256/scB/s256.052/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>An application for the probate of a will must state and aver the following to the extent each is known to the applicant or can, with reasonable diligence, be ascertained by the applicant:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c256/scB/s256.052/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>each applicant's name and domicile;</content>
<continuation>(1-a) the last three numbers of each applicant's driver's license number and social security number, if the applicant has been issued one;</continuation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c256/scB/s256.052/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the testator's name, domicile, and, if known, age, on the date of the testator's death;</content>
<continuation>(2-a) the last three numbers of the testator's driver's license number and social security number;</continuation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c256/scB/s256.052/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the fact, date, and place of the testator's death;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c256/scB/s256.052/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>facts showing that the court with which the application is filed has venue;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c256/scB/s256.052/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>that the testator owned property, including a statement generally describing the property and the property's probable value;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c256/scB/s256.052/6">
<num value="6">(6)</num>
<content>the date of the will;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c256/scB/s256.052/7">
<num value="7">(7)</num>
<content>the name, state of residence, and physical address where service can be had of the executor named in the will or other person to whom the applicant desires that letters be issued;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c256/scB/s256.052/8">
<num value="8">(8)</num>
<content>the name of each subscribing witness to the will, if any;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c256/scB/s256.052/9">
<num value="9">(9)</num>
<content>whether one or more children born to or adopted by the testator after the testator executed the will survived the testator and, if so, the name of each of those children;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c256/scB/s256.052/10">
<num value="10">(10)</num>
<content>whether a marriage of the testator was ever dissolved after the will was made and, if so, when and from whom;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c256/scB/s256.052/11">
<num value="11">(11)</num>
<content>whether the state, a governmental agency of the state, or a charitable organization is named in the will as a devisee; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c256/scB/s256.052/12">
<num value="12">(12)</num>
<content>that the executor named in the will, the applicant, or another person to whom the applicant desires that letters be issued is not disqualified by law from accepting the letters.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c256/scB/s256.052/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>If an applicant does not state or aver any matter required by Subsection (a) in the application, the application must state the reason the matter is not stated and averred.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1338 (S.B. 1198), Sec. 2.30(a), eff. January 1, 2014.
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1136 (H.B. 2912), Sec. 21, eff. January 1, 2014.
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1136 (H.B. 2912), Sec. 22, eff. January 1, 2014.
Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 949 (S.B. 995), Sec. 22, eff. September 1, 2015.
Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1039 (H.B. 1814), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2017.
Acts 2019, 86th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1141 (H.B. 2782), Sec. 12, eff. September 1, 2019.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c256/scB/s256.053">
<num value="256.053">Sec. 256.053.</num>
<heading>FILING OF WILL WITH APPLICATION FOR PROBATE GENERALLY REQUIRED</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c256/scB/s256.053/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>An applicant for the probate of a will shall file the will with the application if the will is in the applicant's control.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c256/scB/s256.053/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>A will filed under Subsection (a) must remain in the custody of the county clerk unless removed from the clerk's custody:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c256/scB/s256.053/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>by a court order under Section 256.202; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c256/scB/s256.053/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>by a court order issued under Subchapter C, Chapter 33, in which case the clerk shall deliver the will directly to the clerk of the court to which the probate proceeding is transferred.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1136 (H.B. 2912), Sec. 23, eff. January 1, 2014.
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1136 (H.B. 2912), Sec. 24, eff. January 1, 2014.
Acts 2019, 86th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1141 (H.B. 2782), Sec. 13, eff. September 1, 2019.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c256/scB/s256.054">
<num value="256.054">Sec. 256.054.</num>
<heading>ADDITIONAL APPLICATION REQUIREMENTS WHEN NO WILL IS PRODUCED</heading>
<chapeau>In addition to the requirements for an application under Section 256.052, if an applicant for the probate of a will cannot produce the will in court, the application must state:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c256/scB/s256.054/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the reason the will cannot be produced;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c256/scB/s256.054/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the contents of the will, as far as known; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c256/scB/s256.054/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<chapeau>the name and address, if known, whether the person is an adult or minor, and the relationship to the testator, if any, of:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c256/scB/s256.054/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>each devisee;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c256/scB/s256.054/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>each person who would inherit as an heir of the testator in the absence of a valid will; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c256/scB/s256.054/C">
<num value="C">(C)</num>
<content>in the case of partial intestacy, each heir of the testator.</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1136 (H.B. 2912), Sec. 25, eff. January 1, 2014.
Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 949 (S.B. 995), Sec. 23, eff. September 1, 2015.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c256/scC">
<num value="C">SUBCHAPTER C.</num>
<heading>PROCEDURES FOR SECOND APPLICATION</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c256/scC/s256.101">
<num value="256.101">Sec. 256.101.</num>
<heading>PROCEDURE ON FILING OF SECOND APPLICATION WHEN ORIGINAL APPLICATION HAS NOT BEEN HEARD</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c256/scC/s256.101/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>If, after an application for the probate of a decedent's will or the appointment of a personal representative for the decedent's estate has been filed but before the application is heard, an application is filed for the probate of a will of the same decedent that has not previously been presented for probate, the court shall:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c256/scC/s256.101/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>hear both applications together; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c256/scC/s256.101/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<chapeau>determine:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c256/scC/s256.101/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>if both applications are for the probate of a will, which will should be admitted to probate, if either, or whether the decedent died intestate; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c256/scC/s256.101/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>if only one application is for the probate of a will, whether the will should be admitted to probate or whether the decedent died intestate.</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c256/scC/s256.101/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The court may not sever or bifurcate the proceeding on the applications described in Subsection (a).</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1338 (S.B. 1198), Sec. 2.31, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c256/scC/s256.102">
<num value="256.102">Sec. 256.102.</num>
<heading>PROCEDURE ON FILING OF SECOND APPLICATION FOR PROBATE AFTER FIRST WILL HAS BEEN ADMITTED</heading>
<chapeau>If, after a decedent's will has been admitted to probate, an application is filed for the probate of a will of the same decedent that has not previously been presented for probate, the court shall determine:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c256/scC/s256.102/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>whether the former probate should be set aside; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c256/scC/s256.102/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<chapeau>if the former probate is to be set aside, whether:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c256/scC/s256.102/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>the other will should be admitted to probate; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c256/scC/s256.102/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>the decedent died intestate.</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c256/scC/s256.103">
<num value="256.103">Sec. 256.103.</num>
<heading>PROCEDURE WHEN APPLICATION FOR PROBATE IS FILED AFTER LETTERS OF ADMINISTRATION HAVE BEEN GRANTED</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c256/scC/s256.103/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>A lawful will of a decedent that is discovered after letters of administration have been granted on the decedent's estate may be proved in the manner provided for the proof of wills.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c256/scC/s256.103/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The court shall allow an executor named in a will described by Subsection (a) who is not disqualified to qualify and accept as executor. The court shall revoke the previously granted letters of administration.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c256/scC/s256.103/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>If an executor is not named in a will described by Subsection (a), or if the executor named is disqualified or dead, renounces the executorship, fails or is unable to accept and qualify before the 21st day after the date of the probate of the will, or fails to present the will for probate before the 31st day after the discovery of the will, the court, as in other cases, shall grant an administration with the will annexed of the testator's estate.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c256/scC/s256.103/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>An act performed by the first administrator before the executor described by Subsection (b) or the administrator with the will annexed described by Subsection (c) qualifies is as valid as if no will had been discovered.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c256/scD">
<num value="D">SUBCHAPTER D.</num>
<heading>REQUIRED PROOF FOR PROBATE OF WILL</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c256/scD/s256.151">
<num value="256.151">Sec. 256.151.</num>
<heading>GENERAL PROOF REQUIREMENTS</heading>
<chapeau>An applicant for the probate of a will must prove to the court's satisfaction that:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c256/scD/s256.151/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the testator is dead;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c256/scD/s256.151/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>four years have not elapsed since the date of the testator's death and before the application;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c256/scD/s256.151/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the court has jurisdiction and venue over the estate;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c256/scD/s256.151/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>citation has been served and returned in the manner and for the period required by this title; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c256/scD/s256.151/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>the person for whom letters testamentary or of administration are sought is entitled by law to the letters and is not disqualified.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c256/scD/s256.152">
<num value="256.152">Sec. 256.152.</num>
<heading>ADDITIONAL PROOF REQUIRED FOR PROBATE OF WILL</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c256/scD/s256.152/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>An applicant for the probate of a will must prove the following to the court's satisfaction, in addition to the proof required by Section 256.151, to obtain the probate:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c256/scD/s256.152/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the testator did not revoke the will; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c256/scD/s256.152/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<chapeau>if the will is not self-proved, the testator:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c256/scD/s256.152/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>executed the will with the formalities and solemnities and under the circumstances required by law to make the will valid; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c256/scD/s256.152/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>at the time of executing the will, was of sound mind and:</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c256/scD/s256.152/i">
<num value="i">(i)</num>
<chapeau>was 18 years of age or older;</chapeau>
<clause identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c256/scD/s256.152/ii">
<num value="ii">(ii)</num>
<content>was or had been married; or</content>
</clause>
<clause identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c256/scD/s256.152/iii">
<num value="iii">(iii)</num>
<content>was a member of the armed forces of the United States, an auxiliary of the armed forces of the United States, or the United States Maritime Service.</content>
</clause>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c256/scD/s256.152/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A will that is self-proved as provided by Subchapter C, Chapter 251, that is self-proved in accordance with the law of another state or foreign country where the will was executed, as that law existed at the time of the will's execution, or that is self-proved in accordance with the law of another state or foreign country where the testator was domiciled or had a place of residence, as that law existed at the time of the will's execution or the time of the testator's death, is not required to have any additional proof that the will was executed with the formalities and solemnities and under the circumstances required to make the will valid.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c256/scD/s256.152/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<chapeau>As an alternative to Subsection (b), a will is considered self-proved without further evidence of the law of any state or foreign country if:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c256/scD/s256.152/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the will was executed in another state or a foreign country or the testator was domiciled or had a place of residence in another state or a foreign country at the time of the will's execution or the time of the testator's death; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c256/scD/s256.152/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<chapeau>the will, or an affidavit of the testator and attesting witnesses attached or annexed to the will, provides that:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c256/scD/s256.152/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>the testator declared that the testator signed the instrument as the testator's will, the testator signed it willingly or willingly directed another to sign for the testator, the testator executed the will as the testator's free and voluntary act for the purposes expressed in the instrument, the testator is of sound mind and under no constraint or undue influence, and the testator is eighteen years of age or over or, if under that age, was or had been lawfully married, or was then a member of the armed forces of the United States, an auxiliary of the armed forces of the United States, or the United States Maritime Service; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c256/scD/s256.152/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>the witnesses declared that the testator signed the instrument as the testator's will, the testator signed it willingly or willingly directed another to sign for the testator, each of the witnesses, in the presence and hearing of the testator, signed the will as witness to the testator's signing, and to the best of their knowledge the testator was of sound mind and under no constraint or undue influence, and the testator was eighteen years of age or over or, if under that age, was or had been lawfully married, or was then a member of the armed forces of the United States, an auxiliary of the armed forces of the United States, or the United States Maritime Service.</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1338 (S.B. 1198), Sec. 2.32, eff. January 1, 2014.
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1136 (H.B. 2912), Sec. 26, eff. January 1, 2014.
Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 949 (S.B. 995), Sec. 24, eff. September 1, 2015.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c256/scD/s256.153">
<num value="256.153">Sec. 256.153.</num>
<heading>PROOF OF EXECUTION OF ATTESTED WILL</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c256/scD/s256.153/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>An attested will produced in court that is not self-proved as provided by this title may be proved in the manner provided by this section.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c256/scD/s256.153/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A will described by Subsection (a) may be proved by the sworn testimony or affidavit of one or more of the subscribing witnesses to the will taken in open court.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c256/scD/s256.153/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<chapeau>If all the witnesses to a will described by Subsection (a) are nonresidents of the county or the witnesses who are residents of the county are unable to attend court, the will may be proved:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c256/scD/s256.153/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>by the sworn testimony of one or more of the witnesses by written or oral deposition taken in accordance with Section 51.203 or the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c256/scD/s256.153/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<chapeau>if no opposition in writing to the will is filed on or before the date set for the hearing on the will, by the sworn testimony or affidavit of two witnesses taken in open court, or by deposition as provided by Subdivision (1), to the signature or the handwriting evidenced by the signature of:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c256/scD/s256.153/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>one or more of the attesting witnesses; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c256/scD/s256.153/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>the testator, if the testator signed the will; or</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c256/scD/s256.153/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>if it is shown under oath to the court's satisfaction that, after a diligent search was made, only one witness can be found who can make the required proof, by the sworn testimony or affidavit of that witness taken in open court, or by deposition as provided by Subdivision (1), to a signature, or the handwriting evidenced by a signature, described by Subdivision (2).</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c256/scD/s256.153/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<chapeau>If none of the witnesses to a will described by Subsection (a) are living, or if each of the witnesses is a member of the armed forces or the armed forces reserves of the United States, an auxiliary of the armed forces or armed forces reserves, or the United States Maritime Service and is beyond the court's jurisdiction, the will may be proved:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c256/scD/s256.153/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<chapeau>by two witnesses to the handwriting of one or both of the subscribing witnesses to the will or the testator, if the testator signed the will, by:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c256/scD/s256.153/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>sworn testimony or affidavit taken in open court; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c256/scD/s256.153/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>written or oral deposition taken in accordance with Section 51.203 or the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure; or</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c256/scD/s256.153/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>if it is shown under oath to the court's satisfaction that, after a diligent search was made, only one witness can be found who can make the required proof, by the sworn testimony or affidavit of that witness taken in open court, or by deposition as provided by Subdivision (1), to a signature or the handwriting described by Subdivision (1).</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c256/scD/s256.153/e">
<num value="e">(e)</num>
<content>A witness being deposed for purposes of proving the will as provided by Subsection (c) or (d) may testify by referring to a certified copy of the will, without the judge requiring the original will to be removed from the court's file and shown to the witness.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1136 (H.B. 2912), Sec. 27, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c256/scD/s256.154">
<num value="256.154">Sec. 256.154.</num>
<heading>PROOF OF EXECUTION OF HOLOGRAPHIC WILL</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c256/scD/s256.154/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>A will wholly in the handwriting of the testator that is not self-proved as provided by this title may be proved by two witnesses to the testator's handwriting. The evidence may be by:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c256/scD/s256.154/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>sworn testimony or affidavit taken in open court; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c256/scD/s256.154/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>if the witnesses are nonresidents of the county or are residents who are unable to attend court, written or oral deposition taken in accordance with Section 51.203 or the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c256/scD/s256.154/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A witness being deposed for purposes of proving the will as provided by Subsection (a)(2) may testify by referring to a certified copy of the will, without the judge requiring the original will to be removed from the court's file and shown to the witness.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1136 (H.B. 2912), Sec. 28, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c256/scD/s256.155">
<num value="256.155">Sec. 256.155.</num>
<heading>PROCEDURES FOR DEPOSITIONS WHEN NO CONTEST IS FILED</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c256/scD/s256.155/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>This section, rather than Sections 256.153(c) and (d) and 256.154 regarding the taking of depositions, applies if no contest has been filed with respect to an application for the probate of a will.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c256/scD/s256.155/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>Depositions for the purpose of establishing a will may be taken in the manner provided by Section 51.203 for the taking of depositions when there is no opposing party or attorney of record on whom notice and copies of interrogatories may be served.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1136 (H.B. 2912), Sec. 29, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c256/scD/s256.156">
<num value="256.156">Sec. 256.156.</num>
<heading>PROOF OF WILL NOT PRODUCED IN COURT</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c256/scD/s256.156/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>A will that cannot be produced in court must be proved in the same manner as provided in Section 256.153 for an attested will or Section 256.154 for a holographic will, as applicable. The same amount and character of testimony is required to prove the will not produced in court as is required to prove a will produced in court.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c256/scD/s256.156/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>In addition to the proof required by Subsection (a):</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c256/scD/s256.156/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the cause of the nonproduction of a will not produced in court must be proved, which must be sufficient to satisfy the court that the will cannot by any reasonable diligence be produced; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c256/scD/s256.156/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the contents of the will must be substantially proved by the testimony of a credible witness who has read either the original or a copy of the will, has heard the will read, or can identify a copy of the will.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c256/scD/s256.156/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>A copy of a will that cannot be produced in court that includes a copy of a self-proving affidavit is sufficient to make the will self-proved if the self-proving affidavit meets the form and content requirements under Subchapter C, Chapter 251.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1136 (H.B. 2912), Sec. 30, eff. January 1, 2014.
Acts 2025, 89th Leg., R.S., Ch. 438 (H.B. 3421), Sec. 2, eff. September 1, 2025.
Acts 2025, 89th Leg., R.S., Ch. 831 (S.B. 1448), Sec. 3, eff. September 1, 2025.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c256/scD/s256.157">
<num value="256.157">Sec. 256.157.</num>
<heading>TESTIMONY REGARDING PROBATE TO BE COMMITTED TO WRITING</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c256/scD/s256.157/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>Except as provided by Subsection (b), all testimony taken in open court on the hearing of an application to probate a will must be:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c256/scD/s256.157/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>committed to writing at the time the testimony is taken;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c256/scD/s256.157/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>subscribed and sworn to in open court by the witness; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c256/scD/s256.157/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>filed by the clerk.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c256/scD/s256.157/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>In a contested case, the court, on the agreement of the parties or, if there is no agreement, on the court's own motion, may waive the requirements of Subsection (a).</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c256/scE">
<num value="E">SUBCHAPTER E.</num>
<heading>ADMISSION OF WILL TO, AND PROCEDURES FOLLOWING, PROBATE</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c256/scE/s256.201">
<num value="256.201">Sec. 256.201.</num>
<heading>ADMISSION OF WILL TO PROBATE</heading>
<chapeau>If the court is satisfied on the completion of hearing an application for the probate of a will that the will should be admitted to probate, the court shall enter an order admitting the will to probate. Certified copies of the will and the order admitting the will to probate, or of the record of the will and order, and the record of testimony, may be:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c256/scE/s256.201/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>recorded in other counties; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c256/scE/s256.201/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>used in evidence, as the originals may be used, on the trial of the same matter in any other court when taken to that court by appeal or otherwise.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c256/scE/s256.202">
<num value="256.202">Sec. 256.202.</num>
<heading>CUSTODY OF PROBATED WILL</heading>
<chapeau>An original will, or a paper copy of a will proved under Section 256.156, and the probate of the will shall be deposited in the office of the county clerk of the county in which the will was probated. The will and probate of the will shall remain in that office except during a time the will and the probate of the will are removed for inspection to another place on an order of the court where the will was probated. If that court orders the original will to be removed to another place for inspection:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c256/scE/s256.202/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the person removing the will shall give a receipt for the will;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c256/scE/s256.202/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the court clerk shall make and retain a copy of the will; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c256/scE/s256.202/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the will shall be delivered back to the office of the county clerk of the county in which the will was probated after the inspection is completed.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2019, 86th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1141 (H.B. 2782), Sec. 14, eff. September 1, 2019.
Acts 2025, 89th Leg., R.S., Ch. 438 (H.B. 3421), Sec. 3, eff. September 1, 2025.
Acts 2025, 89th Leg., R.S., Ch. 831 (S.B. 1448), Sec. 4, eff. September 1, 2025.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c256/scE/s256.203">
<num value="256.203">Sec. 256.203.</num>
<heading>ESTABLISHING CONTENTS OF WILL NOT IN COURT'S CUSTODY</heading>
<chapeau>If for any reason a will is not in the court's custody, the court shall find the contents of the will by written order. Certified copies of the contents as established by the order may be:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c256/scE/s256.203/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>recorded in other counties; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c256/scE/s256.203/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>used in evidence, as certified copies of wills in the custody of the court may be used.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1136 (H.B. 2912), Sec. 31, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c256/scE/s256.204">
<num value="256.204">Sec. 256.204.</num>
<heading>PERIOD FOR CONTEST</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c256/scE/s256.204/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>After a will is admitted to probate, an interested person may commence a suit to contest the validity thereof not later than the second anniversary of the date the will was admitted to probate, except that an interested person may commence a suit to cancel a will for forgery or other fraud not later than the second anniversary of the date the forgery or fraud was discovered.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c256/scE/s256.204/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>Notwithstanding Subsection (a), an incapacitated person may commence the contest under that subsection on or before the second anniversary of the date the person's disabilities are removed.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
</chapter>
<chapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c257">
<num value="257">CHAPTER 257.</num>
<heading>PROBATE OF WILL AS MUNIMENT OF TITLE</heading>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c257/scA">
<num value="A">SUBCHAPTER A.</num>
<heading>AUTHORIZATION</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c257/scA/s257.001">
<num value="257.001">Sec. 257.001.</num>
<heading>PROBATE OF WILL AS MUNIMENT OF TITLE AUTHORIZED</heading>
<chapeau>A court may admit a will to probate as a muniment of title if the court is satisfied that the will should be admitted to probate and the court:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c257/scA/s257.001/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>is satisfied that the testator's estate does not owe an unpaid debt, other than any debt secured by a lien on real estate; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c257/scA/s257.001/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>finds for another reason that there is no necessity for administration of the estate.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c257/scB">
<num value="B">SUBCHAPTER B.</num>
<heading>APPLICATION AND PROOF REQUIREMENTS</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c257/scB/s257.051">
<num value="257.051">Sec. 257.051.</num>
<heading>CONTENTS OF APPLICATION GENERALLY</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c257/scB/s257.051/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>An application for the probate of a will as a muniment of title must state and aver the following to the extent each is known to the applicant or can, with reasonable diligence, be ascertained by the applicant:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c257/scB/s257.051/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>each applicant's name and domicile;</content>
<continuation>(1-a) the last three numbers of each applicant's driver's license number and social security number, if the applicant has been issued one;</continuation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c257/scB/s257.051/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the testator's name, domicile, and, if known, age, on the date of the testator's death;</content>
<continuation>(2-a) the last three numbers of the testator's driver's license number and social security number;</continuation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c257/scB/s257.051/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the fact, date, and place of the testator's death;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c257/scB/s257.051/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>facts showing that the court with which the application is filed has venue;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c257/scB/s257.051/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>that the testator owned property, including a statement generally describing the property and the property's probable value;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c257/scB/s257.051/6">
<num value="6">(6)</num>
<content>the date of the will;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c257/scB/s257.051/7">
<num value="7">(7)</num>
<content>the name, state of residence, and physical address where service can be had of the executor named in the will;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c257/scB/s257.051/8">
<num value="8">(8)</num>
<content>the name of each subscribing witness to the will, if any;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c257/scB/s257.051/9">
<num value="9">(9)</num>
<content>whether one or more children born to or adopted by the testator after the testator executed the will survived the testator and, if so, the name of each of those children;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c257/scB/s257.051/10">
<num value="10">(10)</num>
<content>that the testator's estate does not owe an unpaid debt, other than any debt secured by a lien on real estate, or that for another reason there is no necessity for administration of the estate;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c257/scB/s257.051/11">
<num value="11">(11)</num>
<content>whether a marriage of the testator was ever dissolved after the will was made and, if so, when and from whom; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c257/scB/s257.051/12">
<num value="12">(12)</num>
<content>whether the state, a governmental agency of the state, or a charitable organization is named in the will as a devisee.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c257/scB/s257.051/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>If an applicant does not state or aver any matter required by Subsection (a) in the application, the application must state the reason the matter is not stated and averred.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1338 (S.B. 1198), Sec. 2.33(a), eff. January 1, 2014.
Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 949 (S.B. 995), Sec. 25, eff. September 1, 2015.
Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 844 (H.B. 2271), Sec. 24, eff. September 1, 2017.
Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1039 (H.B. 1814), Sec. 2, eff. September 1, 2017.
Acts 2019, 86th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1141 (H.B. 2782), Sec. 15, eff. September 1, 2019.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c257/scB/s257.052">
<num value="257.052">Sec. 257.052.</num>
<heading>FILING OF WILL WITH APPLICATION GENERALLY REQUIRED</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c257/scB/s257.052/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>An applicant for the probate of a will as a muniment of title shall file the will with the application if the will is in the applicant's control.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c257/scB/s257.052/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A will filed under Subsection (a) must remain in the custody of the county clerk unless removed from the clerk's custody by court order.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1136 (H.B. 2912), Sec. 32, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c257/scB/s257.053">
<num value="257.053">Sec. 257.053.</num>
<heading>ADDITIONAL APPLICATION REQUIREMENTS WHEN NO WILL IS PRODUCED</heading>
<chapeau>In addition to the requirements for an application under Section 257.051, if an applicant for the probate of a will as a muniment of title cannot produce the will in court, the application must state:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c257/scB/s257.053/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the reason the will cannot be produced;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c257/scB/s257.053/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the contents of the will, to the extent known; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c257/scB/s257.053/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<chapeau>the name and address, if known, whether the person is an adult or minor, and the relationship to the testator, if any, of:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c257/scB/s257.053/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>each devisee;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c257/scB/s257.053/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>each person who would inherit as an heir of the testator in the absence of a valid will; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c257/scB/s257.053/C">
<num value="C">(C)</num>
<content>in the case of partial intestacy, each heir of the testator.</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1136 (H.B. 2912), Sec. 33, eff. January 1, 2014.
Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 949 (S.B. 995), Sec. 26, eff. September 1, 2015.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c257/scB/s257.054">
<num value="257.054">Sec. 257.054.</num>
<heading>PROOF REQUIRED</heading>
<chapeau>An applicant for the probate of a will as a muniment of title must prove to the court's satisfaction that:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c257/scB/s257.054/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the testator is dead;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c257/scB/s257.054/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>four years have not elapsed since the date of the testator's death and before the application;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c257/scB/s257.054/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the court has jurisdiction and venue over the estate;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c257/scB/s257.054/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>citation has been served and returned in the manner and for the period required by this title;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c257/scB/s257.054/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>the testator's estate does not owe an unpaid debt, other than any debt secured by a lien on real estate, or that for another reason there is no necessity for administration of the estate;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c257/scB/s257.054/6">
<num value="6">(6)</num>
<content>the testator did not revoke the will; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c257/scB/s257.054/7">
<num value="7">(7)</num>
<chapeau>if the will is not self-proved in the manner provided by this title, the testator:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c257/scB/s257.054/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>executed the will with the formalities and solemnities and under the circumstances required by law to make the will valid; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c257/scB/s257.054/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>at the time of executing the will was of sound mind and:</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c257/scB/s257.054/i">
<num value="i">(i)</num>
<chapeau>was 18 years of age or older;</chapeau>
<clause identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c257/scB/s257.054/ii">
<num value="ii">(ii)</num>
<content>was or had been married; or</content>
</clause>
<clause identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c257/scB/s257.054/iii">
<num value="iii">(iii)</num>
<content>was a member of the armed forces of the United States, an auxiliary of the armed forces of the United States, or the United States Maritime Service.</content>
</clause>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 844 (H.B. 2271), Sec. 25, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c257/scC">
<num value="C">SUBCHAPTER C.</num>
<heading>ORDER ADMITTING WILL; REPORT</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c257/scC/s257.101">
<num value="257.101">Sec. 257.101.</num>
<heading>DECLARATORY JUDGMENT CONSTRUING WILL</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c257/scC/s257.101/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>On application and notice as provided by Chapter 37, Civil Practice and Remedies Code, the court may hear evidence and include in an order probating a will as a muniment of title a declaratory judgment:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c257/scC/s257.101/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>construing the will, if a question of construction of the will exists; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c257/scC/s257.101/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>determining those persons who are entitled to receive property under the will and the persons' shares or interests in the estate, if a person who is entitled to property under the provisions of the will cannot be ascertained solely by reference to the will.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c257/scC/s257.101/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A declaratory judgment under this section is conclusive in any suit between a person omitted from the judgment and a bona fide purchaser for value who purchased property after entry of the judgment without actual notice of the claim of the omitted person to an interest in the estate.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c257/scC/s257.101/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>A person who delivered the testator's property to a person declared to be entitled to the property under the declaratory judgment under this section or engaged in any other transaction with the person in good faith after entry of the judgment is not liable to any person for actions taken in reliance on the judgment.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c257/scC/s257.102">
<num value="257.102">Sec. 257.102.</num>
<heading>AUTHORITY OF CERTAIN PERSONS ACTING IN ACCORDANCE WITH ORDER</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c257/scC/s257.102/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>An order admitting a will to probate as a muniment of title constitutes sufficient legal authority for each person who owes money to the testator's estate, has custody of property, acts as registrar or transfer agent of any evidence of interest, indebtedness, property, or right belonging to the estate, or purchases from or otherwise deals with the estate, to pay or transfer without administration the applicable asset without liability to a person described in the will as entitled to receive the asset.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c257/scC/s257.102/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A person who is entitled to property under the provisions of a will admitted to probate as a muniment of title is entitled to deal with and treat the property in the same manner as if the record of title to the property was vested in the person's name.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c257/scC/s257.103">
<num value="257.103">Sec. 257.103.</num>
<heading>REPORT BY APPLICANT AFTER PROBATE</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c257/scC/s257.103/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>Except as provided by Subsection (b), not later than the 180th day after the date a will is admitted to probate as a muniment of title, the applicant for the probate of the will shall file with the court clerk a sworn affidavit stating specifically the terms of the will that have been fulfilled and the terms that have not been fulfilled.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c257/scC/s257.103/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>The court may:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c257/scC/s257.103/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>waive the requirement under Subsection (a); or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c257/scC/s257.103/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>extend the time for filing the affidavit under Subsection (a).</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c257/scC/s257.103/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>The failure of an applicant for probate of a will to file the affidavit required by Subsection (a) does not affect title to property passing under the terms of the will.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c257/scD">
<num value="D">SUBCHAPTER D.</num>
<heading>SUBSEQUENT ESTATE ADMINISTRATION</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c257/scD/s257.151">
<num value="257.151">Sec. 257.151.</num>
<heading>APPOINTMENT OF PERSONAL REPRESENTATIVE AND OPENING OF ADMINISTRATION AFTER WILL ADMITTED TO PROBATE AS MUNIMENT OF TITLE</heading>
<chapeau>A court order admitting a will to probate as a muniment of title under this chapter does not preclude the subsequent appointment of a personal representative and opening of an administration for the testator's estate if:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c257/scD/s257.151/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>an application under Chapter 301 is filed not later than the fourth anniversary of the testator's death; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c257/scD/s257.151/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the administration of the testator's estate is necessary for a reason provided by Section 301.002(b).</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2019, 86th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1141 (H.B. 2782), Sec. 16, eff. September 1, 2019.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c257/scD/s257.152">
<num value="257.152">Sec. 257.152.</num>
<heading>COMPUTATION OF CERTAIN PERIODS</heading>
<chapeau>If a personal representative is appointed for a testator's estate after the testator's will has been admitted to probate as a muniment of title, the periods prescribed by the following sections begin to run from the date of qualification of the personal representative rather than from the date the will is admitted to probate as a muniment of title:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c257/scD/s257.152/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>Section 306.001;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c257/scD/s257.152/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>Section 306.002(a)(2)(B)(ii);</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c257/scD/s257.152/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>Section 308.002; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c257/scD/s257.152/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>Section 308.004.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2019, 86th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1141 (H.B. 2782), Sec. 16, eff. September 1, 2019.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
</chapter>
<chapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c258">
<num value="258">CHAPTER 258.</num>
<heading>CITATIONS AND NOTICES RELATING TO PROBATE OF WILL</heading>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c258/scA">
<num value="A">SUBCHAPTER A.</num>
<heading>CITATIONS WITH RESPECT TO APPLICATIONS FOR PROBATE OF WILL</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c258/scA/s258.001">
<num value="258.001">Sec. 258.001.</num>
<heading>CITATION ON APPLICATION FOR PROBATE OF WILL PRODUCED IN COURT</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c258/scA/s258.001/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>On the filing with the clerk of an application for the probate of a written will produced in court, the clerk shall issue a citation to all parties interested in the estate.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c258/scA/s258.001/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>The citation required by Subsection (a) shall be served by posting and must state:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c258/scA/s258.001/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>that the application has been filed;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c258/scA/s258.001/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the nature of the application;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c258/scA/s258.001/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the testator's name;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c258/scA/s258.001/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>the applicant's name;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c258/scA/s258.001/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>the time when the court will act on the application; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c258/scA/s258.001/6">
<num value="6">(6)</num>
<content>that any person interested in the estate may appear at the time stated in the citation to contest the application.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c258/scA/s258.002">
<num value="258.002">Sec. 258.002.</num>
<heading>CITATION ON APPLICATION FOR PROBATE OF WILL NOT PRODUCED IN COURT</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c258/scA/s258.002/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>On the filing of an application for the probate of a written will that cannot be produced in court, the clerk shall issue a citation to all parties interested in the estate. The citation must:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c258/scA/s258.002/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>contain substantially the statements made in the application for probate;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c258/scA/s258.002/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>identify the court that will act on the application; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c258/scA/s258.002/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>state the time and place of the court's action on the application.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c258/scA/s258.002/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The citation required by Subsection (a) shall be served on the testator's heirs by personal service if the heirs are residents of this state and their addresses are known.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c258/scA/s258.002/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<chapeau>Service of the citation required by Subsection (a) may be made by publication if:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c258/scA/s258.002/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the heirs are not residents of this state;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c258/scA/s258.002/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the names or addresses of the heirs are unknown; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c258/scA/s258.002/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the heirs are transient persons.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c258/scA/s258.002/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>An heir who is 16 years of age or older may waive citation required by this section to be served on the heir.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c258/scA/s258.002/e">
<num value="e">(e)</num>
<content>The parent, managing conservator, guardian, attorney ad litem, or guardian ad litem of an heir who is younger than 16 years of age may waive citation required by this section to be served on the heir.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 205 (S.B. 1373), Sec. 18, eff. September 1, 2023.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c258/scA/s258.003">
<num value="258.003">Sec. 258.003.</num>
<heading>COURT ACTION PROHIBITED BEFORE SERVICE OF CITATION</heading>
<content>A court may not act on an application for the probate of a will until service of citation has been made in the manner provided by this subchapter.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c258/scB">
<num value="B">SUBCHAPTER B.</num>
<heading>NOTICES WITH RESPECT TO APPLICATION TO PROBATE WILL AFTER THE PERIOD FOR PROBATE</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c258/scB/s258.051">
<num value="258.051">Sec. 258.051.</num>
<heading>NOTICE TO HEIRS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c258/scB/s258.051/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>Except as provided by Subsection (c), an applicant for the probate of a will under Section 256.003(a) must give notice by service of process to each of the testator's heirs whose address can be ascertained by the applicant with reasonable diligence.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c258/scB/s258.051/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>The notice required by Subsection (a) must:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c258/scB/s258.051/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<chapeau>contain a statement that:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c258/scB/s258.051/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>the testator's property will pass to the testator's heirs if the will is not admitted to probate; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c258/scB/s258.051/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>the person offering the testator's will for probate may not be in default for failing to present the will for probate during the four-year period immediately following the testator's death; and</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c258/scB/s258.051/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>be given before the probate of the testator's will.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c258/scB/s258.051/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<chapeau>Notice otherwise required by Subsection (a) is not required to be given to an heir who has delivered to the court an affidavit signed by the heir that:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c258/scB/s258.051/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>contains the statement described by Subsection (b)(1); and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c258/scB/s258.051/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>states that the heir does not object to the offer of the testator's will for probate.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c258/scB/s258.052">
<num value="258.052">Sec. 258.052.</num>
<heading>APPOINTMENT OF ATTORNEY AD LITEM</heading>
<content>If an applicant described by Section 258.051(a) cannot, with reasonable diligence, ascertain the address of any of the testator's heirs, the court shall appoint an attorney ad litem to protect the interests of the testator's unknown heirs after an application for the probate of a will is made under Section 256.003(a).</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c258/scB/s258.053">
<num value="258.053">Sec. 258.053.</num>
<heading>PREVIOUSLY PROBATED WILL</heading>
<content>With respect to an application under Section 256.003(a) for the probate of a will of a testator who has had another will admitted to probate, this subchapter applies so as to require notice to the beneficiaries of the testator's probated will instead of to the testator's heirs.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c258/scC">
<num value="C">SUBCHAPTER C.</num>
<heading>SERVICE BY PUBLICATION OR OTHER SUBSTITUTED SERVICE</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c258/scC/s258.101">
<num value="258.101">Sec. 258.101.</num>
<heading>SERVICE BY PUBLICATION OR OTHER SUBSTITUTED SERVICE</heading>
<content>Notwithstanding any other provision of this chapter, if an attempt to make service under this chapter is unsuccessful, service may be made in the manner provided by Rule 109 or 109a, Texas Rules of Civil Procedure, for the service of a citation on a party by publication or other substituted service.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
</chapter>
<chapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c301">
<num value="301">CHAPTER 301.</num>
<heading>APPLICATION FOR LETTERS TESTAMENTARY OR OF ADMINISTRATION</heading>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c301/scA">
<num value="A">SUBCHAPTER A.</num>
<heading>PERIOD FOR APPLICATION FOR LETTERS</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c301/scA/s301.001">
<num value="301.001">Sec. 301.001.</num>
<heading>ADMINISTRATION BEFORE DEATH VOID</heading>
<content>The administration of an estate of a living person is void.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c301/scA/s301.002">
<num value="301.002">Sec. 301.002.</num>
<heading>PERIOD FOR FILING APPLICATION FOR LETTERS TESTAMENTARY OR OF ADMINISTRATION</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c301/scA/s301.002/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>Except as provided by Subsection (b) and Section 501.006 with respect to a foreign will, an application for the grant of letters testamentary or of administration of an estate must be filed not later than the fourth anniversary of the decedent's death.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c301/scA/s301.002/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>This section does not apply if administration is necessary to:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c301/scA/s301.002/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>receive or recover property due a decedent's estate; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c301/scA/s301.002/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>prevent real property in a decedent's estate from becoming a danger to the health, safety, or welfare of the general public and the applicant for the issuance of letters testamentary or of administration is a home-rule municipality that is a creditor of the estate.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 576 (H.B. 3160), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2015.
Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 949 (S.B. 995), Sec. 27, eff. September 1, 2015.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c301/scB">
<num value="B">SUBCHAPTER B.</num>
<heading>APPLICATION REQUIREMENTS</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c301/scB/s301.051">
<num value="301.051">Sec. 301.051.</num>
<heading>ELIGIBLE APPLICANTS FOR LETTERS</heading>
<chapeau>An executor named in a will, an administrator designated as authorized under Section 254.006, an independent administrator designated by all of the distributees of the decedent under Section 401.002(b) or 401.003, or an interested person may file an application with the court for:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c301/scB/s301.051/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the appointment of the executor named in the will;</content>
<continuation>(1-a) the appointment of the designated administrator; or</continuation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c301/scB/s301.051/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<chapeau>the appointment of an administrator, if:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c301/scB/s301.051/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>there is a will, but:</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c301/scB/s301.051/i">
<num value="i">(i)</num>
<chapeau>no executor is named in the will;</chapeau>
<clause identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c301/scB/s301.051/ii">
<num value="ii">(ii)</num>
<content>the executor named in the will is disqualified, refuses to serve, is dead, or resigns;</content>
</clause>
<clause identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c301/scB/s301.051/iii">
<num value="iii">(iii)</num>
<content>a person designated to serve as administrator under Section 254.006 is disqualified, refuses to serve, is dead, or resigns; or</content>
</clause>
<clause identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c301/scB/s301.051/iv">
<num value="iv">(iv)</num>
<content>an authorized person other than the executor has not designated any person to serve as administrator under Section 254.006 as of the date of the filing of the application and the applicant notifies the court that the authorized person has no intention of doing so; or</content>
</clause>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c301/scB/s301.051/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>there is no will.</content>
</subparagraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 949 (S.B. 995), Sec. 28, eff. September 1, 2015.
Acts 2019, 86th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1141 (H.B. 2782), Sec. 17, eff. September 1, 2019.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c301/scB/s301.052">
<num value="301.052">Sec. 301.052.</num>
<heading>CONTENTS OF APPLICATION FOR LETTERS OF ADMINISTRATION</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c301/scB/s301.052/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>An application for letters of administration when no will is alleged to exist must state:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c301/scB/s301.052/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the applicant's name, domicile, and, if any, relationship to the decedent;</content>
<continuation>(1-a) the last three numbers of:</continuation>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c301/scB/s301.052/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>the applicant's driver's license number, if the applicant has been issued one; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c301/scB/s301.052/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>the applicant's social security number, if the applicant has been issued one;</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c301/scB/s301.052/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the decedent's name and that the decedent died intestate;</content>
<continuation>(2-a) if known by the applicant at the time the applicant files the application, the last three numbers of the decedent's driver's license number and social security number;</continuation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c301/scB/s301.052/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the fact, date, and place of the decedent's death;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c301/scB/s301.052/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>facts necessary to show that the court with which the application is filed has venue;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c301/scB/s301.052/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>whether the decedent owned property and, if so, include a statement of the property's probable value;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c301/scB/s301.052/6">
<num value="6">(6)</num>
<content>the name and address, if known, whether the heir is an adult or minor, and the relationship to the decedent of each of the decedent's heirs;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c301/scB/s301.052/7">
<num value="7">(7)</num>
<content>if known by the applicant at the time the applicant files the application, whether one or more children were born to or adopted by the decedent and, if so, the name, birth date, and place of birth of each child;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c301/scB/s301.052/8">
<num value="8">(8)</num>
<content>if known by the applicant at the time the applicant files the application, whether the decedent was ever divorced and, if so, when and from whom;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c301/scB/s301.052/9">
<num value="9">(9)</num>
<content>that a necessity exists for administration of the decedent's estate and an allegation of the facts that show that necessity; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c301/scB/s301.052/10">
<num value="10">(10)</num>
<content>that the applicant is not disqualified by law from acting as administrator.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c301/scB/s301.052/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>If an applicant does not state the last three numbers of the decedent's driver's license number or social security number under Subsection (a)(2-a), the application must state the reason the numbers are not stated.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 949 (S.B. 995), Sec. 29, eff. September 1, 2015.
Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1039 (H.B. 1814), Sec. 3, eff. September 1, 2017.
Acts 2019, 86th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1141 (H.B. 2782), Sec. 18, eff. September 1, 2019.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c301/scC">
<num value="C">SUBCHAPTER C.</num>
<heading>OPPOSITION TO CERTAIN APPLICATIONS</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c301/scC/s301.101">
<num value="301.101">Sec. 301.101.</num>
<heading>OPPOSITION TO APPLICATION FOR LETTERS OF ADMINISTRATION</heading>
<content>An interested person may, at any time before an application for letters of administration is granted, file an opposition to the application in writing and may apply for the grant of letters to the interested person or any other person. On the trial, the court, considering the applicable provisions of this code, shall grant letters to the person that seems best entitled to the letters without notice other than the notice given on the original application.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c301/scD">
<num value="D">SUBCHAPTER D.</num>
<heading>REQUIRED PROOF FOR ISSUANCE OF LETTERS</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c301/scD/s301.151">
<num value="301.151">Sec. 301.151.</num>
<heading>GENERAL PROOF REQUIREMENTS</heading>
<chapeau>An applicant for the issuance of letters testamentary or of administration of an estate must prove to the court's satisfaction that:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c301/scD/s301.151/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the person whose estate is the subject of the application is dead;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c301/scD/s301.151/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>except as provided by Sections 301.002(b)(1) and (2) with respect to administration necessary to receive or recover property or to prevent real property of the estate from becoming a danger, and Section 501.006 with respect to a foreign will, four years have not elapsed since the date of the decedent's death and before the application;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c301/scD/s301.151/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the court has jurisdiction and venue over the estate;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c301/scD/s301.151/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>citation has been served and returned in the manner and for the period required by this title; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c301/scD/s301.151/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>the person for whom letters testamentary or of administration are sought is entitled by law to the letters and is not disqualified.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 576 (H.B. 3160), Sec. 2, eff. September 1, 2015.
Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 949 (S.B. 995), Sec. 30, eff. September 1, 2015.
Reenacted and amended by Acts 2019, 86th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1141 (H.B. 2782), Sec. 19, eff. September 1, 2019.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c301/scD/s301.152">
<num value="301.152">Sec. 301.152.</num>
<heading>ADDITIONAL PROOF REQUIRED FOR LETTERS TESTAMENTARY</heading>
<chapeau>If letters testamentary are to be granted, it must appear to the court that:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c301/scD/s301.152/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the proof required for the probate of the will has been made; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c301/scD/s301.152/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the person to whom the letters are to be granted is named as executor in the will.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c301/scD/s301.153">
<num value="301.153">Sec. 301.153.</num>
<heading>ADDITIONAL PROOF REQUIRED FOR LETTERS OF ADMINISTRATION; EFFECT OF FINDING NO NECESSITY FOR ADMINISTRATION EXISTS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c301/scD/s301.153/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>If letters of administration are to be granted, the applicant for the letters must prove to the court's satisfaction that a necessity for an administration of the estate exists.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c301/scD/s301.153/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>If an application is filed for letters of administration but the court finds that no necessity for an administration of the estate exists, the court shall recite in the court's order refusing the application that no necessity for an administration exists.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c301/scD/s301.153/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>A court order containing a recital that no necessity for an administration of the estate exists constitutes sufficient legal authority for each person who owes money, has custody of property, or acts as registrar or transfer agent of any evidence of interest, indebtedness, property, or right belonging to the estate, and to each person purchasing or otherwise dealing with the estate, for payment or transfer to the distributees.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c301/scD/s301.153/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>A distributee is entitled to enforce by suit the distributee's right to payment or transfer described by Subsection (c).</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c301/scD/s301.154">
<num value="301.154">Sec. 301.154.</num>
<heading>PROOF REQUIRED WHEN LETTERS HAVE PREVIOUSLY BEEN GRANTED</heading>
<content>If letters testamentary or of administration have previously been granted with respect to an estate, an applicant for the granting of subsequent letters must show only that the person for whom the letters are sought is entitled by law to the letters and is not disqualified.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c301/scD/s301.155">
<num value="301.155">Sec. 301.155.</num>
<heading>AUTHORIZED METHODS OF PROOF</heading>
<chapeau>A fact contained in an application for issuance of letters testamentary or of administration or any other fact required to be proved by this subchapter may be proved by the sworn testimony of a witness with personal knowledge of the fact that is:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c301/scD/s301.155/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>taken in open court; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c301/scD/s301.155/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>if proved under oath to the satisfaction of the court that the witness is unavailable, taken by deposition on written questions in accordance with Section 51.203 or the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1136 (H.B. 2912), Sec. 34, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c301/scE">
<num value="E">SUBCHAPTER E.</num>
<heading>PREVENTION OF ADMINISTRATION</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c301/scE/s301.201">
<num value="301.201">Sec. 301.201.</num>
<heading>METHOD OF PREVENTING ADMINISTRATION REQUESTED BY CREDITOR</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c301/scE/s301.201/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>If a creditor files an application for letters of administration of an estate, another interested person who does not desire the administration can defeat the application by:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c301/scE/s301.201/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>paying the creditor's claim;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c301/scE/s301.201/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>proving to the court's satisfaction that the creditor's claim is fictitious, fraudulent, illegal, or barred by limitation; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c301/scE/s301.201/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<chapeau>executing a bond that is:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c301/scE/s301.201/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>payable to, and to be approved by, the judge in an amount that is twice the amount of the creditor's claim; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c301/scE/s301.201/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>conditioned on the obligors paying the claim on the establishment of the claim by suit in any court in the county having jurisdiction of the amount.</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c301/scE/s301.201/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A bond executed and approved under Subsection (a)(3) must be filed with the county clerk.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c301/scE/s301.202">
<num value="301.202">Sec. 301.202.</num>
<heading>SUIT ON BOND</heading>
<content>Any creditor for whose protection a bond is executed under Section 301.201(a)(3) may sue on the bond in the creditor's own name to recover the creditor's claim.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c301/scE/s301.203">
<num value="301.203">Sec. 301.203.</num>
<heading>BOND SECURED BY LIEN</heading>
<content>If a bond is executed and approved under Section 301.201(a)(3), a lien exists on all of the estate in the possession of the distributees, and those claiming under the distributees with notice of the lien, to secure the ultimate payment of the bond.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
</chapter>
<chapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c303">
<num value="303">CHAPTER 303.</num>
<heading>CITATIONS AND NOTICES IN GENERAL ON OPENING OF ADMINISTRATION</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c303/s303.001">
<num value="303.001">Sec. 303.001.</num>
<heading>CITATION ON APPLICATION FOR ISSUANCE OF LETTERS OF ADMINISTRATION</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c303/s303.001/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>On the filing with the clerk of an application for letters of administration, the clerk shall issue a citation to all parties interested in the estate.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c303/s303.001/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>The citation required by Subsection (a) shall be served by posting and must state:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c303/s303.001/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>that the application has been filed;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c303/s303.001/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the nature of the application;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c303/s303.001/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the decedent's name;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c303/s303.001/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>the applicant's name;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c303/s303.001/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>the time when the court will act on the application; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c303/s303.001/6">
<num value="6">(6)</num>
<content>that any person interested in the estate may appear at the time stated in the citation to contest the application.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c303/s303.002">
<num value="303.002">Sec. 303.002.</num>
<heading>COURT ACTION PROHIBITED BEFORE SERVICE OF CITATION</heading>
<content>A court may not act on an application for the issuance of letters of administration until service of citation has been made in the manner provided by this chapter.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</chapter>
<chapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c304">
<num value="304">CHAPTER 304.</num>
<heading>PERSONS WHO MAY SERVE AS PERSONAL REPRESENTATIVES</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c304/s304.001">
<num value="304.001">Sec. 304.001.</num>
<heading>ORDER OF PERSONS QUALIFIED TO SERVE AS PERSONAL REPRESENTATIVE</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c304/s304.001/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>The court shall grant letters testamentary or of administration to persons qualified to act, in the following order:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c304/s304.001/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the person named as executor in the decedent's will;</content>
<continuation>(1-a) the person designated as administrator as authorized under Section 254.006;</continuation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c304/s304.001/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the decedent's surviving spouse;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c304/s304.001/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the principal devisee of the decedent;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c304/s304.001/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>any devisee of the decedent;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c304/s304.001/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>the next of kin of the decedent;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c304/s304.001/6">
<num value="6">(6)</num>
<content>a creditor of the decedent;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c304/s304.001/7">
<num value="7">(7)</num>
<content>any person of good character residing in the county who applies for the letters;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c304/s304.001/8">
<num value="8">(8)</num>
<content>any other person who is not disqualified under Section 304.003; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c304/s304.001/9">
<num value="9">(9)</num>
<content>any appointed public probate administrator.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c304/s304.001/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>For purposes of Subsection (a)(5), the decedent's next of kin:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c304/s304.001/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>is determined in accordance with order of descent, with the person nearest in order of descent first, and so on; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c304/s304.001/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>includes a person and the person's descendants who legally adopted the decedent or who have been legally adopted by the decedent.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c304/s304.001/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<chapeau>If persons are equally entitled to letters testamentary or of administration, the court:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c304/s304.001/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>shall grant the letters to the person who, in the judgment of the court, is most likely to administer the estate advantageously; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c304/s304.001/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>may grant the letters to two or more of those persons.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 671 (H.B. 1755), Sec. 3, eff. January 1, 2014.
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1136 (H.B. 2912), Sec. 35, eff. January 1, 2014.
Acts 2019, 86th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1141 (H.B. 2782), Sec. 20, eff. September 1, 2019.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c304/s304.002">
<num value="304.002">Sec. 304.002.</num>
<heading>RENOUNCING RIGHT TO SERVE AS PERSONAL REPRESENTATIVE</heading>
<content>A decedent's surviving spouse, or, if there is no surviving spouse, the heirs or any one of the heirs of the decedent to the exclusion of any person not equally entitled to letters testamentary or of administration, may renounce the right to the letters in favor of another qualified person in open court or by a power of attorney authenticated and filed with the county clerk of the county where the application for the letters is filed. After the right to the letters has been renounced, the court may grant the letters to the other qualified person.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c304/s304.003">
<num value="304.003">Sec. 304.003.</num>
<heading>PERSONS DISQUALIFIED TO SERVE AS EXECUTOR OR ADMINISTRATOR</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c304/s304.003/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>Except as provided by Subsection (b), a person is not qualified to serve as an executor or administrator if the person is:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c304/s304.003/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>incapacitated;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c304/s304.003/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>a felon convicted under the laws of the United States or of any state of the United States unless, in accordance with law, the person has been pardoned or has had the person's civil rights restored;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c304/s304.003/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<chapeau>a nonresident of this state who:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c304/s304.003/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>is a natural person or corporation; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c304/s304.003/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>has not:</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c304/s304.003/i">
<num value="i">(i)</num>
<chapeau>appointed a resident agent to accept service of process in all actions or proceedings with respect to the estate; or</chapeau>
<clause identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c304/s304.003/ii">
<num value="ii">(ii)</num>
<content>had that appointment filed with the court;</content>
</clause>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c304/s304.003/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>a corporation not authorized to act as a fiduciary in this state; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c304/s304.003/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>a person whom the court finds unsuitable.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c304/s304.003/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>A person described by Subsection (a)(2) is not disqualified from serving as an executor of a decedent's estate under Subsection (a)(2) if:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c304/s304.003/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the person is named as executor in the decedent's will;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c304/s304.003/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the person is otherwise qualified to serve as an executor; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c304/s304.003/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the court approves the person serving as an executor.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 205 (S.B. 1373), Sec. 19, eff. September 1, 2023.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</chapter>
<chapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305">
<num value="305">CHAPTER 305.</num>
<heading>QUALIFICATION OF PERSONAL REPRESENTATIVES</heading>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scA">
<num value="A">SUBCHAPTER A.</num>
<heading>GENERAL PROVISIONS</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scA/s305.001">
<num value="305.001">Sec. 305.001.</num>
<heading>DEFINITIONS</heading>
<chapeau>In this chapter:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scA/s305.001/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>"Bond" means a bond required by this chapter to be given by a person appointed to serve as a personal representative.</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scA/s305.001/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>"Declaration" means a written declaration that may be made and signed by a person appointed to serve as a personal representative.</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scA/s305.001/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>"Oath" means an oath that may be taken by a person appointed to serve as a personal representative.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 205 (S.B. 1373), Sec. 20, eff. September 1, 2023.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scA/s305.002">
<num value="305.002">Sec. 305.002.</num>
<heading>MANNER OF QUALIFICATION OF PERSONAL REPRESENTATIVE</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scA/s305.002/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>A personal representative, other than an executor described by Subsection (b), is considered to have qualified when the representative has:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scA/s305.002/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>taken and filed the oath prescribed by Subchapter B or made, signed, and filed the declaration prescribed by Subchapter B;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scA/s305.002/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>filed the required bond with the clerk; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scA/s305.002/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>obtained the judge's approval of the bond.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scA/s305.002/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>An executor who is not required to give a bond is considered to have qualified when the executor has taken and filed the oath prescribed by Subchapter B or made, signed, and filed the declaration prescribed by Subchapter B.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1136 (H.B. 2912), Sec. 36, eff. January 1, 2014.
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 205 (S.B. 1373), Sec. 21, eff. September 1, 2023.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scA/s305.003">
<num value="305.003">Sec. 305.003.</num>
<heading>PERIOD FOR TAKING OATH OR MAKING AND SIGNING DECLARATION</heading>
<chapeau>An oath may be taken and subscribed or a declaration may be made and signed at any time before:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scA/s305.003/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the 21st day after the date of the order granting letters testamentary or of administration, as applicable; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scA/s305.003/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the letters testamentary or of administration, as applicable, are revoked for a failure to qualify within the period allowed.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1136 (H.B. 2912), Sec. 37, eff. January 1, 2014.
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 205 (S.B. 1373), Sec. 22, eff. September 1, 2023.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scA/s305.004">
<num value="305.004">Sec. 305.004.</num>
<heading>PERIOD FOR GIVING BOND</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scA/s305.004/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>A bond may be filed with the clerk at any time before:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scA/s305.004/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<chapeau>the 21st day after:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scA/s305.004/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>the date of the order granting letters testamentary or of administration, as applicable; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scA/s305.004/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>the date of any order modifying the bond requirement; or</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scA/s305.004/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the date letters testamentary or of administration, as applicable, are revoked for a failure to qualify within the period allowed.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scA/s305.004/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The court shall act promptly to review a bond filed as provided by Subsection (a) and, if acceptable, shall approve the bond.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scA/s305.004/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>If no action has been taken by the court on the bond before the 21st day after the date the bond is filed, the person appointed personal representative may file a motion requiring the judge of the court in which the bond was filed to specify on the record the reason or reasons for the judge's failure to act on the bond. The hearing on the motion must be held before the 11th day after the date the motion is filed.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1136 (H.B. 2912), Sec. 38, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scB">
<num value="B">SUBCHAPTER B.</num>
<heading>OATHS OR DECLARATIONS</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scB/s305.051">
<num value="305.051">Sec. 305.051.</num>
<heading>OATH OR DECLARATION OF EXECUTOR OR ADMINISTRATOR WITH WILL ANNEXED</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scB/s305.051/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>Before the issuance of letters testamentary or letters of administration with the will annexed, the person named as executor or appointed as administrator with the will annexed shall:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scB/s305.051/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>take and subscribe an oath as prescribed by Subsection (b); or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scB/s305.051/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>make and sign a declaration as prescribed by Subsection (c).</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scB/s305.051/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>If the person named as executor or appointed as administrator with the will annexed elects to take an oath under this section, the person shall take and subscribe an oath in substantially the following form:</content>
<continuation>I do solemnly swear that the writing offered for probate is the last will of ________ (insert name of testator), so far as I know or believe, and that I will well and truly perform all the duties of __________ (insert "executor of the will" or "administrator with the will annexed," as applicable) for the estate of _______ (insert name of testator).</continuation>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scB/s305.051/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>If the person named as executor or appointed as administrator with the will annexed elects to make a declaration under this section, the person shall make and sign a declaration in substantially the following form:</content>
<continuation>My name is ________ (insert name of "executor of the will" or "administrator with the will annexed" as it appears on the order appointing the person as executor or administrator with the will annexed), my date of birth is ________ (insert date of birth of "executor of the will" or "administrator with the will annexed," as applicable), and my address is ________ (insert street, city, state, zip code, and country of "executor of the will" or "administrator with the will annexed," as applicable). I declare under penalty of perjury that the writing offered for probate is the last will of ________ (insert name of testator), so far as I know or believe. I also solemnly declare that I will well and truly perform all the duties of ________ (insert "executor of will" or "administrator with the will annexed," as applicable) for the estate of ________ (insert name of testator).</continuation>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 205 (S.B. 1373), Sec. 24, eff. September 1, 2023.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scB/s305.052">
<num value="305.052">Sec. 305.052.</num>
<heading>OATH OR DECLARATION OF ADMINISTRATOR</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scB/s305.052/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>Before the issuance of letters of administration, the person appointed as administrator shall:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scB/s305.052/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>take and subscribe an oath as prescribed by Subsection (b); or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scB/s305.052/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>make and sign a declaration as prescribed by Subsection (c).</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scB/s305.052/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>If the person appointed as administrator elects to take an oath under this section, the person shall take and subscribe an oath in substantially the following form:</content>
<continuation>I do solemnly swear that ___________ (insert name of decedent), deceased, died _______ (insert "without leaving any lawful will" or "leaving a lawful will, but the executor named in the will is dead or has failed to offer the will for probate or to accept and qualify as executor, within the period required," as applicable), so far as I know or believe, and that I will well and truly perform all the duties of administrator of the estate of ________ (insert name of testator).</continuation>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scB/s305.052/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>If the person appointed as administrator elects to make a declaration under this section, the person shall make and sign a declaration in substantially the following form:</content>
<continuation>My name is ________ (insert name of administrator as it appears on the order appointing the person as administrator), my date of birth is ________ (insert date of birth of "administrator"), and my address is ________ (insert street, city, state, zip code, and country of "administrator"). I declare under penalty of perjury that ________ (insert name of decedent), deceased, died ________ (insert "without leaving any lawful will" or "leaving a lawful will, but the executor named in the will is dead or has failed to offer the will for probate or to accept and qualify as executor, within the period required," as applicable), so far as I know or believe. I also solemnly declare that I will well and truly perform all the duties of administrator of the estate of ________ (insert name of decedent).</continuation>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 205 (S.B. 1373), Sec. 25, eff. September 1, 2023.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scB/s305.053">
<num value="305.053">Sec. 305.053.</num>
<heading>OATH OR DECLARATION OF TEMPORARY ADMINISTRATOR</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scB/s305.053/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>Before the issuance of temporary letters of administration, the person appointed as temporary administrator shall:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scB/s305.053/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>take and subscribe an oath as prescribed by Subsection (b); or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scB/s305.053/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>make and sign a declaration as prescribed by Subsection (c).</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scB/s305.053/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>If the person appointed as temporary administrator elects to take an oath under this section, the person shall take and subscribe an oath in substantially the following form:</content>
<continuation>I do solemnly swear that I will well and truly perform the duties of temporary administrator of the estate of __________ (insert name of decedent), deceased, in accordance with the law, and with the order of the court appointing me as temporary administrator.</continuation>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scB/s305.053/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>If the person appointed as temporary administrator elects to make a declaration under this section, the person shall make and sign a declaration in substantially the following form:</content>
<continuation>My name is _______ (insert name of temporary administrator as it appears on the order appointing the person as temporary administrator), my date of birth is _______ (insert date of birth of "temporary administrator"), and my address is _______ (insert street, city, state, zip code, and country of "temporary administrator"). I solemnly declare that I will well and truly perform all the duties of temporary administrator of the estate of _______ (insert name of decedent), in accordance with the law, and with the order of the court appointing me as temporary administrator.</continuation>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 205 (S.B. 1373), Sec. 26, eff. September 1, 2023.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scB/s305.054">
<num value="305.054">Sec. 305.054.</num>
<heading>ADMINISTRATION OF OATH</heading>
<content>An oath may be taken before any person authorized to administer oaths under the laws of this state.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scB/s305.055">
<num value="305.055">Sec. 305.055.</num>
<heading>FILING AND RECORDING OF OATH OR DECLARATION</heading>
<chapeau>An oath or declaration shall be:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scB/s305.055/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>filed with the clerk of the court granting the letters testamentary or of administration, as applicable; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scB/s305.055/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>recorded in the judge's probate docket.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 91 (S.B. 1303), Sec. 8.012, eff. January 1, 2014.
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 205 (S.B. 1373), Sec. 27, eff. September 1, 2023.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scC">
<num value="C">SUBCHAPTER C.</num>
<heading>GENERAL PROVISIONS RELATING TO BONDS</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scC/s305.101">
<num value="305.101">Sec. 305.101.</num>
<heading>BOND GENERALLY REQUIRED; EXCEPTIONS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scC/s305.101/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>Except as otherwise provided by this title, a person to whom letters testamentary or of administration will be issued must enter into a bond before issuance of the letters.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scC/s305.101/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>Letters testamentary shall be issued without the requirement of a bond to a person named as executor in a will probated in a court of this state if:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scC/s305.101/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the will directs that no bond or security be required of the person; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scC/s305.101/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the court finds that the person is qualified.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scC/s305.101/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>A bond is not required if a personal representative is a corporate fiduciary.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scC/s305.102">
<num value="305.102">Sec. 305.102.</num>
<heading>BOND REQUIRED FROM EXECUTOR OTHERWISE EXEMPT</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scC/s305.102/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>This section applies only to an estate for which an executor was appointed under a will, but from whom no bond was required.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scC/s305.102/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A person who has a debt, claim, or demand against the estate, with respect to the justice of which the person or the person's agent or attorney has made an oath, or another person interested in the estate, whether in person or as the representative of another, may file a written complaint in the court where the will is probated.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scC/s305.102/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>On the filing of the complaint, the court shall cite the executor to appear and show cause why the executor should not be required to give a bond.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scC/s305.102/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<chapeau>On hearing the complaint, the court shall enter an order requiring the executor to give a bond not later than the 10th day after the date of the order if it appears to the court that:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scC/s305.102/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the executor is wasting, mismanaging, or misapplying the estate; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scC/s305.102/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<chapeau>as a result of conduct described by Subdivision (1):</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scC/s305.102/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>a creditor may probably lose the creditor's debt; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scC/s305.102/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>a person's interest in the estate may be diminished or lost.</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scC/s305.102/e">
<num value="e">(e)</num>
<chapeau>A bond required under this section must be:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scC/s305.102/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>in an amount sufficient to protect the estate and the estate's creditors;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scC/s305.102/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>payable to and approved by the judge; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scC/s305.102/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<chapeau>conditioned that the executor:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scC/s305.102/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>will well and truly administer the estate; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scC/s305.102/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>will not waste, mismanage, or misapply the estate.</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scC/s305.102/f">
<num value="f">(f)</num>
<chapeau>If the executor fails to give a bond required under this section on or before the 10th day after the date of the order and the judge has not extended the period for giving the bond, the judge, without citation, shall remove the executor and appoint a competent person in the executor's place who shall administer the estate according to the will and law. Before entering into the administration of the estate, the appointed person must:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scC/s305.102/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>take the oath required of an administrator with the will annexed under Section 305.051; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scC/s305.102/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>give a bond in the manner and amount provided by this chapter for the issuance of original letters of administration.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scC/s305.103">
<num value="305.103">Sec. 305.103.</num>
<heading>BONDS OF JOINT PERSONAL REPRESENTATIVES</heading>
<chapeau>If two or more persons are appointed as personal representatives of an estate and are required by this chapter or by the court to give a bond, the court may require:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scC/s305.103/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>a separate bond from each person; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scC/s305.103/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>a joint bond from all of the persons.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scC/s305.104">
<num value="305.104">Sec. 305.104.</num>
<heading>BOND OF MARRIED PERSON</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scC/s305.104/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>A married person appointed as a personal representative may execute a bond required by law:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scC/s305.104/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>jointly with the person's spouse; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scC/s305.104/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>separately without the person's spouse.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scC/s305.104/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A bond executed by a married person binds the person's separate estate, but does not bind the person's spouse unless the spouse signed the bond.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scC/s305.105">
<num value="305.105">Sec. 305.105.</num>
<heading>BOND OF MARRIED PERSON UNDER 18 YEARS OF AGE</heading>
<content>Any bond required to be executed by a person who is under 18 years of age, is or has been married, and accepts and qualifies as an executor or administrator is as valid and binding for all purposes as if the person were of legal age.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scC/s305.106">
<num value="305.106">Sec. 305.106.</num>
<heading>GENERAL FORMALITIES</heading>
<chapeau>A bond required under Section 305.101(a) must:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scC/s305.106/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>be conditioned as required by law;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scC/s305.106/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>be payable to the judge and the judge's successors in office;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scC/s305.106/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>bear the written approval of the judge in the judge's official capacity; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scC/s305.106/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>be executed and approved in accordance with this chapter.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scC/s305.107">
<num value="305.107">Sec. 305.107.</num>
<heading>SUBSCRIPTION OF BOND BY PRINCIPALS AND SURETIES</heading>
<content>A bond required under Section 305.101 shall be subscribed by both principals and sureties.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scC/s305.108">
<num value="305.108">Sec. 305.108.</num>
<heading>FORM OF BOND</heading>
<chapeau>The following form, or a form with the same substance, may be used for the bond of a personal representative:</chapeau>
<continuation>The State of Texas</continuation>
<continuation>County of ________</continuation>
<continuation>Know all persons by these presents that we, _______ (insert name of each principal), as principal, and _______ (insert name of each surety), as sureties, are held and firmly bound unto the judge of ____________ (insert reference to appropriate judge), and that judge's successors in office, in the sum of _____ dollars, conditioned that the above bound principal or principals, appointed as _______ (insert "executor of the will," "administrator with the will annexed of the estate," "administrator of the estate," or "temporary administrator of the estate," as applicable) of _______ (insert name of decedent), deceased, shall well and truly perform all of the duties required of the principal or principals by law under that appointment.</continuation>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 844 (H.B. 2271), Sec. 26, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scC/s305.109">
<num value="305.109">Sec. 305.109.</num>
<heading>FILING OF BOND</heading>
<content>A bond required under Section 305.101 shall be filed with the clerk after the court approves the bond.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scC/s305.110">
<num value="305.110">Sec. 305.110.</num>
<heading>FAILURE TO GIVE BOND</heading>
<content>Another person may be appointed as personal representative to replace a personal representative who at any time fails to give a bond as required by the court in the period prescribed by this chapter.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scC/s305.111">
<num value="305.111">Sec. 305.111.</num>
<heading>BOND NOT VOID ON FIRST RECOVERY</heading>
<content>A personal representative's bond does not become void on the first recovery but may be put in suit and prosecuted from time to time until the entire amount of the bond has been recovered.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scD">
<num value="D">SUBCHAPTER D.</num>
<heading>AMOUNT OF BOND AND ASSOCIATED DEPOSITS</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scD/s305.151">
<num value="305.151">Sec. 305.151.</num>
<heading>GENERAL STANDARD REGARDING AMOUNT OF BOND</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scD/s305.151/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>The judge shall set the amount of a bond, in an amount considered sufficient to protect the estate and the estate's creditors, as provided by this chapter.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scD/s305.151/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>Notwithstanding Subsection (a) or other provisions generally applicable to bonds of personal representatives, if the person to whom letters testamentary or of administration are granted is entitled to all of the decedent's estate after payment of debts, a bond shall be in an amount sufficient to protect creditors only.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scD/s305.152">
<num value="305.152">Sec. 305.152.</num>
<heading>EVIDENTIARY HEARING ON AMOUNT OF BOND</heading>
<chapeau>Before setting the amount of a bond, the court shall hear evidence and determine:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scD/s305.152/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the amount of cash on hand and where that cash is deposited;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scD/s305.152/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the amount of cash estimated to be needed for administrative purposes, including operation of a business, factory, farm, or ranch owned by the estate, and expenses of administration for one year;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scD/s305.152/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the revenue anticipated to be received in the succeeding 12 months from dividends, interest, rentals, or use of property belonging to the estate and the aggregate amount of any installments or periodic payments to be collected;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scD/s305.152/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>the estimated value of certificates of stock, bonds, notes, or other securities of the estate and the name of the depository, if any, in which those assets are deposited;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scD/s305.152/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>the face value of life insurance or other policies payable to the person on whose estate administration is sought or to the estate;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scD/s305.152/6">
<num value="6">(6)</num>
<content>the estimated value of other personal property owned by the estate; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scD/s305.152/7">
<num value="7">(7)</num>
<content>the estimated amount of debts due and owing by the estate.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scD/s305.153">
<num value="305.153">Sec. 305.153.</num>
<heading>SPECIFIC BOND AMOUNT</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scD/s305.153/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>Except as otherwise provided by this section, the judge shall set the bond in an amount equal to the sum of:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scD/s305.153/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the estimated value of all personal property belonging to the estate; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scD/s305.153/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<chapeau>an additional amount to cover revenue anticipated to be derived during the succeeding 12 months from:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scD/s305.153/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>interest and dividends;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scD/s305.153/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>collectible claims;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scD/s305.153/C">
<num value="C">(C)</num>
<content>the aggregate amount of any installments or periodic payments, excluding income derived or to be derived from federal social security payments; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scD/s305.153/D">
<num value="D">(D)</num>
<content>rentals for the use of property.</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scD/s305.153/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>The judge shall reduce the amount of the original bond under Subsection (a) in proportion to the amount of cash or the value of securities or other assets:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scD/s305.153/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>authorized or required to be deposited by court order; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scD/s305.153/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>voluntarily deposited by the personal representative or the sureties on the representative's bond, as provided by Sections 305.155 and 305.156.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scD/s305.153/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>A bond required to be given by a temporary administrator shall be in the amount that the judge directs.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scD/s305.154">
<num value="305.154">Sec. 305.154.</num>
<heading>AGREEMENT REGARDING DEPOSIT OF ESTATE ASSETS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scD/s305.154/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>A personal representative may agree with the surety or sureties on a bond, either corporate or personal, for the deposit of any cash and other estate assets in a depository described by Subsection (c), if the deposit is otherwise proper, in a manner that prevents the withdrawal of the cash or other assets without:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scD/s305.154/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the written consent of the surety or sureties; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scD/s305.154/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>a court order entered after notice to the surety or sureties as directed by the court.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scD/s305.154/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The court may require the action described by Subsection (a) if the court considers that action to be in the best interest of the estate.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scD/s305.154/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<chapeau>Cash and assets must be deposited under this section in a financial institution, as defined by Section 201.101, Finance Code, that:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scD/s305.154/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>has its main office or a branch office in this state; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scD/s305.154/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>is qualified to act as a depository in this state under the laws of this state or the United States.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scD/s305.154/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>An agreement under this section may not release the principal or sureties from liability, or change the liability of the principal or sureties, as established by the terms of the bond.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scD/s305.155">
<num value="305.155">Sec. 305.155.</num>
<heading>DEPOSIT OF ESTATE ASSETS ON TERMS PRESCRIBED BY COURT</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scD/s305.155/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>Cash, securities, or other personal assets of an estate or to which the estate is entitled may or, if considered by the court to be in the best interest of the estate, shall, be deposited in one or more depositories described by Section 305.154(c) on terms prescribed by the court.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scD/s305.155/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>The court in which the proceedings are pending may authorize or require additional estate assets currently on hand or that accrue during the pendency of the proceedings to be deposited as provided by Subsection (a) on:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scD/s305.155/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the court's own motion; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scD/s305.155/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the written application of the personal representative or any other person interested in the estate.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scD/s305.155/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>The amount of the bond required to be given by the personal representative shall be reduced in proportion to the amount of the cash and the value of the securities or other assets deposited under this section.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scD/s305.155/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>Cash, securities, or other assets deposited under this section may be withdrawn in whole or in part from the depository only in accordance with a court order, and the amount of the personal representative's bond shall be increased in proportion to the amount of the cash and the value of the securities or other assets authorized to be withdrawn.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scD/s305.156">
<num value="305.156">Sec. 305.156.</num>
<heading>DEPOSITS OF PERSONAL REPRESENTATIVE</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scD/s305.156/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>Instead of giving a surety or sureties on a bond, or to reduce the amount of a bond, a personal representative may deposit the representative's own cash or securities acceptable to the court with a depository described by Subsection (b), if the deposit is otherwise proper.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scD/s305.156/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>Cash or securities must be deposited under this section in:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scD/s305.156/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>a depository described by Section 305.154(c); or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scD/s305.156/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>any other corporate depository approved by the court.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scD/s305.156/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>A deposit may be in an amount or value equal to the amount of the bond required or in a lesser amount or value, in which case the amount of the bond is reduced by the amount or value of the deposit.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scD/s305.156/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>The amount of cash or securities on deposit may be increased or decreased, by court order from time to time, as the interest of the estate requires.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scD/s305.156/e">
<num value="e">(e)</num>
<content>A deposit of cash or securities made instead of a surety or sureties on a bond may be withdrawn or released only on order of a court having jurisdiction.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scD/s305.156/f">
<num value="f">(f)</num>
<content>A creditor has the same rights against a personal representative and deposits made under this section as are provided for recovery against sureties on a bond.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scD/s305.157">
<num value="305.157">Sec. 305.157.</num>
<heading>RECEIPT FOR DEPOSITS OF PERSONAL REPRESENTATIVE</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scD/s305.157/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>A depository that receives a deposit made under Section 305.156 instead of a surety or sureties on a bond shall issue a receipt for the deposit that:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scD/s305.157/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>shows the amount of cash deposited or the amount and description of the securities deposited, as applicable; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scD/s305.157/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>states that the depository agrees to disburse or deliver the cash or securities only on receipt of a certified copy of an order of the court in which the proceedings are pending.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scD/s305.157/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A receipt issued by a depository under Subsection (a) shall be attached to the personal representative's bond and be delivered to and filed by the county clerk after approval by the judge.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scD/s305.158">
<num value="305.158">Sec. 305.158.</num>
<heading>BOND REQUIRED INSTEAD OF DEPOSITS BY PERSONAL REPRESENTATIVE</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scD/s305.158/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>The court may on its own motion or on the written application by the personal representative or any other person interested in the estate:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scD/s305.158/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>require that an adequate bond be given instead of a deposit under Section 305.156; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scD/s305.158/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>authorize withdrawal of a deposit made under Section 305.156 and substitution of a bond with sureties.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scD/s305.158/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>Not later than the 20th day after the date of entry of the court's motion or the date the personal representative is personally served with notice of the filing of an application by another person interested in the estate, the representative shall file a sworn statement showing the condition of the estate.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scD/s305.158/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>A personal representative who fails to comply with Subsection (b) is subject to removal as in other cases.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scD/s305.158/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<chapeau>The personal representative's deposit under Section 305.156 may not be released or withdrawn until the court has:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scD/s305.158/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>been satisfied as to the condition of the estate;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scD/s305.158/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>determined the amount of the bond; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scD/s305.158/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>received and approved the bond.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scD/s305.159">
<num value="305.159">Sec. 305.159.</num>
<heading>WITHDRAWAL OF DEPOSITS ON CLOSING OF ADMINISTRATION</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scD/s305.159/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>Any deposit of assets of the personal representative, the estate, or a surety that remains at the time an estate is closed shall be released by court order and paid to the person or persons entitled to the deposit.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scD/s305.159/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>Except as provided by Subsection (c), a writ of attachment or garnishment does not lie against a deposit described by Subsection (a).</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scD/s305.159/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>A writ of attachment or garnishment may lie against a deposit described by Subsection (a) as to a claim of a creditor of the estate being administered or a person interested in the estate, including a distributee or ward, to the extent the court has ordered distribution.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scD/s305.160">
<num value="305.160">Sec. 305.160.</num>
<heading>INCREASED OR ADDITIONAL BONDS IN CERTAIN CIRCUMSTANCES</heading>
<chapeau>The provisions of this subchapter regarding the deposit of cash and securities govern, to the extent the provisions may be applicable, the court orders to be entered when:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scD/s305.160/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<chapeau>one of the following circumstances occurs:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scD/s305.160/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>estate property has been authorized to be sold or rented;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scD/s305.160/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>money has been borrowed on estate property; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scD/s305.160/C">
<num value="C">(C)</num>
<content>real property, or an interest in real property, has been authorized to be leased for mineral development or subjected to unitization; and</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scD/s305.160/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the general bond has been found to be insufficient.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scE">
<num value="E">SUBCHAPTER E.</num>
<heading>BOND SURETIES</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scE/s305.201">
<num value="305.201">Sec. 305.201.</num>
<heading>PERSONAL OR AUTHORIZED CORPORATE SURETIES</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scE/s305.201/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>The surety or sureties on a bond may be personal or authorized corporate sureties.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scE/s305.201/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>A bond with sureties who are individuals must have at least two sureties, each of whom must:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scE/s305.201/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>execute an affidavit in the manner provided by this subchapter; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scE/s305.201/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>own property in this state, excluding property exempt by law, that the judge is satisfied is sufficient to qualify the person as a surety as required by law.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scE/s305.201/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>A bond with an authorized corporate surety is only required to have one surety, except as provided by law.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scE/s305.202">
<num value="305.202">Sec. 305.202.</num>
<heading>SURETIES FOR CERTAIN BONDS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scE/s305.202/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>If the amount of a bond exceeds $50,000, the court may require that the bond be signed by:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scE/s305.202/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>at least two authorized corporate sureties; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scE/s305.202/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>one authorized corporate surety and at least two good and sufficient personal sureties.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scE/s305.202/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The estate shall pay the cost of a bond with corporate sureties.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scE/s305.203">
<num value="305.203">Sec. 305.203.</num>
<heading>AFFIDAVIT OF PERSONAL SURETY</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scE/s305.203/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>Before a judge may consider a bond with personal sureties, each person offered as surety must execute an affidavit stating the amount by which the person's assets that are reachable by creditors exceeds the person's liabilities, and each affidavit must be presented to the judge for consideration.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scE/s305.203/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The total worth of the personal sureties on a bond must equal at least twice the amount of the bond.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scE/s305.203/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>An affidavit presented to and approved by the judge under this section shall be attached to and form part of the bond.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scE/s305.204">
<num value="305.204">Sec. 305.204.</num>
<heading>LIEN ON REAL PROPERTY OWNED BY PERSONAL SURETIES</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scE/s305.204/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>If a judge finds that the estimated value of personal property of the estate that cannot be deposited, as provided by Subchapter D, is such that personal sureties cannot be accepted without the creation of a specific lien on real property owned by each of the sureties, the judge shall enter an order requiring each surety to:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scE/s305.204/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<chapeau>designate real property that:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scE/s305.204/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>is owned by the surety and located in this state;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scE/s305.204/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>is subject to execution; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scE/s305.204/C">
<num value="C">(C)</num>
<content>has a value that exceeds all liens and unpaid taxes by an amount at least equal to the amount of the bond; and</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scE/s305.204/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>give an adequate legal description of the real property designated under Subdivision (1).</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scE/s305.204/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The surety shall incorporate the information required in the order under Subsection (a) in an affidavit. Following approval by the judge, the affidavit shall be attached to and form part of the bond.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scE/s305.204/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>A lien arises as security for the performance of the obligation of the bond only on the real property designated in the affidavit.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scE/s305.204/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<chapeau>Before letters testamentary or of administration are issued to the personal representative whose bond includes an affidavit under this section, the court clerk shall mail a statement to the office of the county clerk of each county in which any real property designated in the affidavit is located. The statement must be signed by the court clerk and include:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scE/s305.204/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>a sufficient description of the real property located in that county;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scE/s305.204/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the names of the principal and sureties on the bond;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scE/s305.204/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the amount of the bond; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scE/s305.204/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>the name of the estate and court in which the bond is given.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scE/s305.204/e">
<num value="e">(e)</num>
<content>Each county clerk who receives a statement required by Subsection (d) shall record the statement in the county deed records. Each recorded statement shall be indexed in a manner that permits the convenient determination of the existence and character of the liens described in the statements.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scE/s305.204/f">
<num value="f">(f)</num>
<content>The recording and indexing required by Subsection (e) constitutes constructive notice to all persons regarding the existence of the lien on real property located in the county, effective as of the date of the indexing.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scE/s305.204/g">
<num value="g">(g)</num>
<chapeau>If each personal surety subject to a court order under this section does not comply with the order, the judge may require that the bond be signed by:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scE/s305.204/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>an authorized corporate surety; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scE/s305.204/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>an authorized corporate surety and at least two personal sureties.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scE/s305.205">
<num value="305.205">Sec. 305.205.</num>
<heading>SUBORDINATION OF LIEN ON REAL PROPERTY OWNED BY PERSONAL SURETIES</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scE/s305.205/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>A personal surety required to create a lien on specific real property under Section 305.204 who wishes to lease the real property for mineral development may file a written application in the court in which the proceedings are pending requesting subordination of the lien to the proposed lease.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scE/s305.205/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The judge may enter an order granting the application.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scE/s305.205/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>A certified copy of the order, filed and recorded in the deed records of the proper county, is sufficient to subordinate the lien to the rights of a lessee under the proposed lease.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scE/s305.206">
<num value="305.206">Sec. 305.206.</num>
<heading>RELEASE OF LIEN ON REAL PROPERTY OWNED BY PERSONAL SURETIES</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scE/s305.206/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>A personal surety who has given a lien under Section 305.204 may apply to the court to have the lien released.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scE/s305.206/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>The court shall order the lien released if:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scE/s305.206/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the court is satisfied that the bond is sufficient without the lien; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scE/s305.206/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>sufficient other real or personal property of the surety is substituted on the same terms required for the lien that is to be released.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scE/s305.206/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>If the personal surety does not offer a lien on other substituted property under Subsection (b)(2) and the court is not satisfied that the bond is sufficient without the substitution of other property, the court shall order the personal representative to appear and give a new bond.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scE/s305.206/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>A certified copy of the court's order releasing the lien and describing the property that was subject to the lien has the effect of cancelling the lien if the order is filed with the county clerk of the county in which the property is located and recorded in the deed records of that county.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scE/s305.207">
<num value="305.207">Sec. 305.207.</num>
<heading>DEPOSITS BY PERSONAL SURETY</heading>
<chapeau>Instead of executing an affidavit under Section 305.203 or creating a lien under Section 305.204 when required, a personal surety may deposit the surety's own cash or securities instead of pledging real property as security. The deposit:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scE/s305.207/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>must be made in the same manner a personal representative deposits the representative's own cash or securities; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scE/s305.207/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>is subject, to the extent applicable, to the provisions governing the same type of deposits made by personal representatives.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scF">
<num value="F">SUBCHAPTER F.</num>
<heading>NEW BONDS</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scF/s305.251">
<num value="305.251">Sec. 305.251.</num>
<heading>GROUNDS FOR REQUIRING NEW BOND</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scF/s305.251/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>A personal representative may be required to give a new bond if:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scF/s305.251/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>a surety on a bond dies, removes beyond the limits of this state, or becomes insolvent;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scF/s305.251/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<chapeau>in the court's opinion:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scF/s305.251/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>the sureties on a bond are insufficient; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scF/s305.251/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>a bond is defective;</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scF/s305.251/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the amount of a bond is insufficient;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scF/s305.251/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>a surety on a bond petitions the court to be discharged from future liability on the bond; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scF/s305.251/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>a bond and the record of the bond have been lost or destroyed.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scF/s305.251/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>Any person interested in the estate may have the personal representative cited to appear and show cause why the representative should not be required to give a new bond by filing a written application with the county clerk of the county in which the probate proceedings are pending. The application must allege that:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scF/s305.251/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the bond is insufficient or defective; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scF/s305.251/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the bond and the record of the bond have been lost or destroyed.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 91 (S.B. 1303), Sec. 8.013, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scF/s305.252">
<num value="305.252">Sec. 305.252.</num>
<heading>COURT ORDER OR CITATION ON NEW BOND</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scF/s305.252/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>When a judge becomes aware that a bond is in any respect insufficient or that a bond and the record of the bond have been lost or destroyed, the judge shall:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scF/s305.252/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>without delay and without notice enter an order requiring the personal representative to give a new bond; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scF/s305.252/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>without delay have the representative cited to show cause why the representative should not be required to give a new bond.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scF/s305.252/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>An order entered under Subsection (a)(1) must state:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scF/s305.252/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the reasons for requiring a new bond;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scF/s305.252/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the amount of the new bond; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scF/s305.252/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the period within which the new bond must be given, which may not be earlier than the 10th day after the date of the order.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scF/s305.252/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>A personal representative who opposes an order entered under Subsection (a)(1) may demand a hearing on the order. The hearing must be held before the expiration of the period within which the new bond must be given.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scF/s305.253">
<num value="305.253">Sec. 305.253.</num>
<heading>SHOW CAUSE HEARING ON NEW BOND REQUIREMENT</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scF/s305.253/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>On the return of a citation ordering a personal representative to show cause why the representative should not be required to give a new bond, the judge shall, on the date specified for the hearing of the matter, inquire into the sufficiency of the reasons for requiring a new bond.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scF/s305.253/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>If the judge is satisfied that a new bond should be required, the judge shall enter an order requiring a new bond. The order must state:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scF/s305.253/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the amount of the new bond; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scF/s305.253/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the period within which the new bond must be given, which may not be later than the 20th day after the date of the order.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scF/s305.254">
<num value="305.254">Sec. 305.254.</num>
<heading>EFFECT OF ORDER REQUIRING NEW BOND</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scF/s305.254/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>An order requiring a personal representative to give a new bond has the effect of suspending the representative's powers.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scF/s305.254/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>After the order is entered, the personal representative may not pay out any of the estate's money or take any other official action, except to preserve estate property, until the new bond is given and approved.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scF/s305.255">
<num value="305.255">Sec. 305.255.</num>
<heading>NEW BOND IN DECREASED AMOUNT</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scF/s305.255/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>A personal representative required to give a bond may at any time file with the clerk a written application requesting that the court reduce the amount of the bond.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scF/s305.255/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>On the filing of an application under Subsection (a), the clerk shall promptly issue and have notice posted to all interested persons and the sureties on the bond. The notice must inform the interested persons and sureties of:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scF/s305.255/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the fact that the application has been filed;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scF/s305.255/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the nature of the application; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scF/s305.255/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the time the judge will hear the application.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scF/s305.255/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<chapeau>The judge may permit the filing of a new bond in a reduced amount if:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scF/s305.255/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>proof is submitted that a bond in an amount less than the bond in effect will be adequate to meet the requirements of law and protect the estate; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scF/s305.255/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the judge approves an accounting filed at the time of the application.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scF/s305.256">
<num value="305.256">Sec. 305.256.</num>
<heading>REQUEST BY SURETY FOR NEW BOND</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scF/s305.256/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>A surety on a bond may at any time file with the clerk a petition requesting that the court in which the proceedings are pending:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scF/s305.256/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>require the personal representative to give a new bond; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scF/s305.256/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>discharge the petitioner from all liability for the future acts of the representative.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scF/s305.256/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>On the filing of a petition under Subsection (a), the personal representative shall be cited to appear and give a new bond.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c305/scF/s305.257">
<num value="305.257">Sec. 305.257.</num>
<heading>DISCHARGE OF FORMER SURETIES ON EXECUTION OF NEW BOND</heading>
<content>When a new bond has been given and approved, the court shall enter an order discharging the sureties on the former bond from all liability for the future acts of the principal on the bond.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
</chapter>
<chapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c306">
<num value="306">CHAPTER 306.</num>
<heading>GRANTING AND</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c306/s306.001">
<num value="306.001">Sec. 306.001.</num>
<heading>GRANTING OF LETTERS TESTAMENTARY</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c306/s306.001/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>Before the 21st day after the date a will has been probated, the court shall grant letters testamentary, if permitted by law, to each executor appointed by the will who:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c306/s306.001/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>is not disqualified; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c306/s306.001/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>is willing to accept the trust and qualify according to law.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c306/s306.001/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>Failure of the court to issue letters testamentary within the period prescribed by this section does not affect the validity of any letters testamentary issued in accordance with law after that period.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c306/s306.002">
<num value="306.002">Sec. 306.002.</num>
<heading>GRANTING OF LETTERS OF ADMINISTRATION</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c306/s306.002/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>Subject to Subsection (b), the court hearing an application under Chapter 301 shall grant:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c306/s306.002/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the administration of a decedent's estate if the decedent died intestate; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c306/s306.002/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<chapeau>the administration of the decedent's estate with the will annexed if the decedent died leaving a will but:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c306/s306.002/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>the will does not name an executor; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c306/s306.002/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>the executor named in the will:</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c306/s306.002/i">
<num value="i">(i)</num>
<chapeau>is deceased;</chapeau>
<clause identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c306/s306.002/ii">
<num value="ii">(ii)</num>
<content>fails to accept and qualify before the 21st day after the date the will is probated; or</content>
</clause>
<clause identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c306/s306.002/iii">
<num value="iii">(iii)</num>
<content>fails to present the will for probate before the 31st day after the date of the decedent's death and the court finds there was no good cause for that failure.</content>
</clause>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c306/s306.002/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The court may not grant any administration of an estate unless a necessity for the administration exists, as determined by the court.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c306/s306.002/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<chapeau>The court may find other instances of necessity for an administration based on proof before the court, but a necessity is considered to exist if:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c306/s306.002/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>there are two or more debts against the estate;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c306/s306.002/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>there is a desire for the county court to partition the estate among the distributees;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c306/s306.002/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the administration is necessary to receive or recover funds or other property due the estate; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c306/s306.002/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>the administration is necessary to prevent real property in a decedent's estate from becoming a danger to the health, safety, or welfare of the general public.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 576 (H.B. 3160), Sec. 3, eff. September 1, 2015.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c306/s306.003">
<num value="306.003">Sec. 306.003.</num>
<heading>ORDER GRANTING LETTERS</heading>
<chapeau>When letters testamentary or of administration are granted, the court shall enter an order to that effect stating:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c306/s306.003/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the name of the decedent;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c306/s306.003/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the name of the person to whom the letters are granted;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c306/s306.003/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the amount of any required bond;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c306/s306.003/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<chapeau>the name of at least one but not more than three disinterested persons appointed to appraise the estate and return the appraisement to the court, if:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c306/s306.003/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>any interested person applies to the court for the appointment of an appraiser; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c306/s306.003/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>the court considers an appraisement to be necessary; and</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c306/s306.003/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>that the clerk shall issue letters in accordance with the order when the person to whom the letters are granted has qualified according to law.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c306/s306.004">
<num value="306.004">Sec. 306.004.</num>
<heading>ISSUANCE OF ORIGINAL LETTERS</heading>
<content>When an executor or administrator has qualified in the manner required by law, the clerk of the court granting the letters testamentary or of administration shall promptly issue and deliver the letters to the executor or administrator. If more than one person qualifies as executor or administrator, the clerk shall issue the letters to each person who qualifies.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c306/s306.005">
<num value="306.005">Sec. 306.005.</num>
<heading>FORM AND CONTENT OF LETTERS</heading>
<chapeau>Letters testamentary or of administration shall be in the form of a certificate of the clerk of the court granting the letters, attested by the court's seal, that states:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c306/s306.005/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the executor or administrator, as applicable, has qualified as executor or administrator in the manner required by law;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c306/s306.005/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the date of the qualification; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c306/s306.005/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the name of the decedent.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c306/s306.006">
<num value="306.006">Sec. 306.006.</num>
<heading>REPLACEMENT AND OTHER ADDITIONAL LETTERS</heading>
<content>When letters testamentary or of administration have been destroyed or lost, the clerk shall issue other letters to replace the original letters, which have the same effect as the original letters. The clerk shall also issue any number of letters as and when requested by the person or persons who hold the letters.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c306/s306.007">
<num value="306.007">Sec. 306.007.</num>
<heading>EFFECT OF LETTERS</heading>
<chapeau>Letters testamentary or of administration issued under the court's seal by the clerk of the court that granted the letters are sufficient evidence of:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c306/s306.007/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the appointment and qualification of the personal representative of an estate; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c306/s306.007/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the date of qualification.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2025, 89th Leg., R.S., Ch. 818 (S.B. 1335), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2025.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</chapter>
<chapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c307">
<num value="307">CHAPTER 307.</num>
<heading>VALIDITY OF CERTAIN ACTS OF EXECUTORS AND ADMINISTRATORS</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c307/s307.001">
<num value="307.001">Sec. 307.001.</num>
<heading>RIGHTS OF GOOD FAITH PURCHASERS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c307/s307.001/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>This section applies only to an act performed by a qualified executor or administrator in that capacity and in conformity with the law and the executor's or administrator's authority.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c307/s307.001/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>An act continues to be valid for all intents and purposes in regard to the rights of an innocent purchaser who purchases any of the estate property from the executor or administrator for valuable consideration, in good faith, and without notice of any illegality in the title to the property, even if the act or the authority under which the act was performed is subsequently set aside, annulled, and declared invalid.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c307/s307.002">
<num value="307.002">Sec. 307.002.</num>
<heading>JOINT EXECUTORS OR ADMINISTRATORS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c307/s307.002/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>Except as provided by Subsection (b), if there is more than one executor or administrator of an estate at the same time, the acts of one of the executors or administrators in that capacity are valid as if all the executors or administrators had acted jointly. If one of the executors or administrators dies, resigns, or is removed, a co-executor or co-administrator of the estate shall proceed with the administration as if the death, resignation, or removal had not occurred.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c307/s307.002/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>If there is more than one executor or administrator of an estate at the same time, all of the qualified executors or administrators who are acting in that capacity must join in the conveyance of real estate unless the court, after due hearing, authorizes fewer than all to act.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</chapter>
<chapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c308">
<num value="308">CHAPTER 308.</num>
<heading>NOTICE TO BENEFICIARIES AND CLAIMANTS</heading>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c308/scA">
<num value="A">SUBCHAPTER A.</num>
<heading>NOTICE TO CERTAIN BENEFICIARIES AFTER PROBATE OF WILL</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c308/scA/s308.001">
<num value="308.001">Sec. 308.001.</num>
<heading>DEFINITION</heading>
<content>In this subchapter, "beneficiary" means a person, entity, state, governmental agency of the state, charitable organization, or trustee of a trust entitled to receive property under the terms of a decedent's will, to be determined for purposes of this subchapter with the assumption that each person who is alive on the date of the decedent's death survives any period required to receive the bequest as specified by the terms of the will. The term does not include a person, entity, state, governmental agency of the state, charitable organization, or trustee of a trust that would be entitled to receive property under the terms of a decedent's will on the occurrence of a contingency that has not occurred as of the date of the decedent's death.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1338 (S.B. 1198), Sec. 2.34, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c308/scA/s308.0015">
<num value="308.0015">Sec. 308.0015.</num>
<heading>APPLICATION</heading>
<content>This subchapter does not apply to the probate of a will as a muniment of title.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1338 (S.B. 1198), Sec. 2.35, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c308/scA/s308.002">
<num value="308.002">Sec. 308.002.</num>
<heading>REQUIRED NOTICE TO CERTAIN BENEFICIARIES AFTER PROBATE OF WILL</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c308/scA/s308.002/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>Except as provided by Subsection (c), not later than the 60th day after the date of an order admitting a decedent's will to probate, the personal representative of the decedent's estate, including an independent executor or independent administrator, shall give notice that complies with Section 308.003 to each beneficiary named in the will whose identity and address are known to the representative or, through reasonable diligence, can be ascertained. If, after the 60th day after the date of the order, the representative becomes aware of the identity and address of a beneficiary who was not given notice on or before the 60th day, the representative shall give the notice as soon as possible after becoming aware of that information.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c308/scA/s308.002/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>Notwithstanding the requirement under Subsection (a) that the personal representative give the notice to the beneficiary, the representative shall give the notice with respect to a beneficiary described by this subsection as follows:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c308/scA/s308.002/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>if the beneficiary is a trustee of a trust, to the trustee, unless the representative is the trustee, in which case the representative shall, except as provided by Subsection (b-1), give the notice to the person or class of persons first eligible to receive the trust income, to be determined for purposes of this subdivision as if the trust were in existence on the date of the decedent's death;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c308/scA/s308.002/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>if the beneficiary has a court-appointed guardian or conservator, to that guardian or conservator;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c308/scA/s308.002/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>if the beneficiary is a minor for whom no guardian or conservator has been appointed, to a parent of the minor; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c308/scA/s308.002/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>if the beneficiary is a charity that for any reason cannot be notified, to the attorney general.</content>
<continuation>(b-1) The personal representative is not required to give the notice otherwise required by Subsection (b)(1) to a person eligible to receive trust income at the sole discretion of the trustee of a trust if:</continuation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c308/scA/s308.002/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the representative has given the notice to an ancestor of the person who has a similar interest in the trust; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c308/scA/s308.002/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>no apparent conflict exists between the ancestor and the person eligible to receive trust income.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c308/scA/s308.002/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<chapeau>A personal representative is not required to give the notice otherwise required by this section to a beneficiary who:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c308/scA/s308.002/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>has made an appearance in the proceeding with respect to the decedent's estate before the will was admitted to probate;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c308/scA/s308.002/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>is entitled to receive aggregate gifts under the will with an estimated value of $2,000 or less;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c308/scA/s308.002/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>has received all gifts to which the beneficiary is entitled under the will not later than the 60th day after the date of the order admitting the decedent's will to probate; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c308/scA/s308.002/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<chapeau>has received a copy of the will that was admitted to probate or a written summary of the gifts to the beneficiary under the will and has waived the right to receive the notice in an instrument that:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c308/scA/s308.002/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>either acknowledges the receipt of the copy of the will or includes the written summary of the gifts to the beneficiary under the will;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c308/scA/s308.002/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>is signed by the beneficiary; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c308/scA/s308.002/C">
<num value="C">(C)</num>
<content>is filed with the court.</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c308/scA/s308.002/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>The notice required by this section must be sent by a qualified delivery method.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1338 (S.B. 1198), Sec. 2.36, eff. January 1, 2014.
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 205 (S.B. 1373), Sec. 28, eff. September 1, 2023.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c308/scA/s308.003">
<num value="308.003">Sec. 308.003.</num>
<heading>CONTENTS OF NOTICE</heading>
<chapeau>The notice required by Section 308.002 must include:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c308/scA/s308.003/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the name and address of the beneficiary to whom the notice is given or, for a beneficiary described by Section 308.002(b), the name and address of the beneficiary for whom the notice is given and of the person to whom the notice is given;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c308/scA/s308.003/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the decedent's name;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c308/scA/s308.003/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>a statement that the decedent's will has been admitted to probate;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c308/scA/s308.003/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>a statement that the beneficiary to whom or for whom the notice is given is named as a beneficiary in the will;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c308/scA/s308.003/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>the personal representative's name and contact information; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c308/scA/s308.003/6">
<num value="6">(6)</num>
<chapeau>either:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c308/scA/s308.003/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>a copy of the will that was admitted to probate and of the order admitting the will to probate; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c308/scA/s308.003/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>a summary of the gifts to the beneficiary under the will, the court in which the will was admitted to probate, the docket number assigned to the estate, the date the will was admitted to probate, and, if different, the date the court appointed the personal representative.</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1338 (S.B. 1198), Sec. 2.37, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c308/scA/s308.004">
<num value="308.004">Sec. 308.004.</num>
<heading>AFFIDAVIT OR CERTIFICATE</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c308/scA/s308.004/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>Not later than the 90th day after the date of an order admitting a will to probate, the personal representative shall file with the clerk of the court in which the decedent's estate is pending a sworn affidavit of the representative or a certificate signed by the representative's attorney stating:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c308/scA/s308.004/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>for each beneficiary to whom notice was required to be given under this subchapter, the name of the beneficiary to whom the representative gave the notice or, for a beneficiary described by Section 308.002(b), the name of the beneficiary and of the person to whom the notice was given;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c308/scA/s308.004/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the name of each beneficiary to whom notice was not required to be given under Section 308.002(c)(2), (3), or (4);</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c308/scA/s308.004/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the name of each beneficiary whose identity or address could not be ascertained despite the representative's exercise of reasonable diligence; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c308/scA/s308.004/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>any other information necessary to explain the representative's inability to give the notice to or for any beneficiary as required by this subchapter.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c308/scA/s308.004/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The affidavit or certificate required by Subsection (a) may be included with any pleading or other document filed with the court clerk, including the inventory, appraisement, and list of claims, an affidavit in lieu of the inventory, appraisement, and list of claims, or an application for an extension of the deadline to file the inventory, appraisement, and list of claims or an affidavit in lieu of the inventory, appraisement, and list of claims, provided that the pleading or other document is filed not later than the date the affidavit or certificate is required to be filed under Subsection (a).</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1338 (S.B. 1198), Sec. 2.38, eff. January 1, 2014.
Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 949 (S.B. 995), Sec. 31, eff. September 1, 2015.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c308/scB">
<num value="B">SUBCHAPTER B.</num>
<heading>NOTICE TO CLAIMANTS</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c308/scB/s308.051">
<num value="308.051">Sec. 308.051.</num>
<heading>REQUIRED NOTICE REGARDING PRESENTMENT OF CLAIMS IN GENERAL</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c308/scB/s308.051/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>Within one month after receiving letters testamentary or of administration, a personal representative of an estate shall provide notice requiring each person who has a claim against the estate to present the claim within the period prescribed by law by:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c308/scB/s308.051/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>having the notice published in a newspaper of general circulation in the county in which the letters were issued; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c308/scB/s308.051/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>if the decedent remitted or should have remitted taxes administered by the comptroller, sending the notice to the comptroller by a qualified delivery method.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c308/scB/s308.051/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>Notice provided under Subsection (a) must include:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c308/scB/s308.051/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the date the letters testamentary or of administration were issued to the personal representative;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c308/scB/s308.051/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the address to which a claim may be presented; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c308/scB/s308.051/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<chapeau>an instruction of the representative's choice that the claim be addressed in care of:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c308/scB/s308.051/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>the representative;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c308/scB/s308.051/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>the representative's attorney; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c308/scB/s308.051/C">
<num value="C">(C)</num>
<content>"Representative, Estate of __________" (naming the estate).</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c308/scB/s308.051/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>If there is no newspaper of general circulation in the county in which the letters testamentary or of administration were issued, the notice must be posted and the return made and filed as otherwise required by this title.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 844 (H.B. 2271), Sec. 27, eff. September 1, 2017.
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 205 (S.B. 1373), Sec. 29, eff. September 1, 2023.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c308/scB/s308.052">
<num value="308.052">Sec. 308.052.</num>
<heading>PROOF OF PUBLICATION</heading>
<content>A copy of the published notice required by Section 308.051(a)(1), together with the publisher's affidavit, sworn to and subscribed before a proper officer, to the effect that the notice was published as provided in this title for the service of citation or notice by publication, shall be filed in the court in which the cause is pending.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c308/scB/s308.053">
<num value="308.053">Sec. 308.053.</num>
<heading>REQUIRED NOTICE TO SECURED CREDITOR</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c308/scB/s308.053/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>Within two months after receiving letters testamentary or of administration, a personal representative of an estate shall give notice of the issuance of the letters to each person the representative knows to have a claim for money against the estate that is secured by estate property.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c308/scB/s308.053/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>Within a reasonable period after a personal representative obtains actual knowledge of the existence of a person who has a secured claim for money against the estate and to whom notice was not previously given, the representative shall give notice to the person of the issuance of the letters testamentary or of administration.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c308/scB/s308.053/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<chapeau>Notice provided under this section must be:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c308/scB/s308.053/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>sent by a qualified delivery method; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c308/scB/s308.053/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>addressed to the record holder of the claim at the record holder's last known post office address.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c308/scB/s308.053/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<chapeau>The following shall be filed with the clerk of the court in which the letters testamentary or of administration were issued:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c308/scB/s308.053/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>a copy of each notice and of each return receipt or other proof of delivery receipt; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c308/scB/s308.053/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<chapeau>the personal representative's affidavit stating:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c308/scB/s308.053/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>that the notice was sent as required by law; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c308/scB/s308.053/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>the name of the person to whom the notice was sent, if that name is not shown on the notice or receipt.</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 205 (S.B. 1373), Sec. 30, eff. September 1, 2023.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c308/scB/s308.054">
<num value="308.054">Sec. 308.054.</num>
<heading>PERMISSIVE NOTICE TO UNSECURED CREDITOR</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c308/scB/s308.054/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>At any time before an estate administration is closed, a personal representative may give notice by a qualified delivery method to an unsecured creditor who has a claim for money against the estate.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c308/scB/s308.054/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>Notice given under Subsection (a) must:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c308/scB/s308.054/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>expressly state that the creditor must present the claim before the 121st day after the date of the receipt of the notice or the claim is barred, if the claim is not barred by the general statutes of limitation; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c308/scB/s308.054/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<chapeau>include:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c308/scB/s308.054/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>the date the letters testamentary or of administration held by the personal representative were issued to the representative;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c308/scB/s308.054/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>the address to which the claim may be presented; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c308/scB/s308.054/C">
<num value="C">(C)</num>
<content>an instruction of the representative's choice that the claim be addressed in care of:</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c308/scB/s308.054/i">
<num value="i">(i)</num>
<chapeau>the representative;</chapeau>
<clause identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c308/scB/s308.054/ii">
<num value="ii">(ii)</num>
<content>the representative's attorney; or</content>
</clause>
<clause identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c308/scB/s308.054/iii">
<num value="iii">(iii)</num>
<content>"Representative, Estate of _______" (naming the estate).</content>
</clause>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1136 (H.B. 2912), Sec. 39, eff. January 1, 2014.
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 205 (S.B. 1373), Sec. 31, eff. September 1, 2023.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c308/scB/s308.055">
<num value="308.055">Sec. 308.055.</num>
<heading>ONE NOTICE SUFFICIENT</heading>
<content>A personal representative is not required to give a notice required by Section 308.051 or 308.053 if another person also appointed as personal representative of the estate or a former personal representative of the estate has given that notice.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c308/scB/s308.056">
<num value="308.056">Sec. 308.056.</num>
<heading>LIABILITY FOR FAILURE TO GIVE REQUIRED NOTICE</heading>
<content>A personal representative who fails to give a notice required by Section 308.051 or 308.053, or to cause the notice to be given, and the sureties on the representative's bond are liable for any damage a person suffers due to that neglect, unless it appears that the person otherwise had notice.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
</chapter>
<chapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c309">
<num value="309">CHAPTER 309.</num>
<heading>INVENTORY, APPRAISEMENT, AND LIST OF CLAIMS</heading>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c309/scA">
<num value="A">SUBCHAPTER A.</num>
<heading>APPRAISERS</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c309/scA/s309.001">
<num value="309.001">Sec. 309.001.</num>
<heading>APPOINTMENT OF APPRAISERS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c309/scA/s309.001/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>At any time after letters testamentary or of administration are granted, the court, for good cause, on the court's own motion or on the motion of an interested person shall appoint at least one but not more than three disinterested persons who are residents of the county in which the letters were granted to appraise the estate property.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c309/scA/s309.001/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>If the court makes an appointment under Subsection (a) and part of the estate is located in a county other than the county in which the letters were granted, the court, if the court considers necessary, may appoint at least one but not more than three disinterested persons who are residents of the county in which the relevant part of the estate is located to appraise the estate property located in that county.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 949 (S.B. 995), Sec. 32, eff. September 1, 2015.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c309/scA/s309.002">
<num value="309.002">Sec. 309.002.</num>
<heading>APPRAISERS' FEES</heading>
<content>An appraiser appointed by the court as herein authorized is entitled to receive compensation, payable out of the estate, of at least $5 for each day the appraiser actually serves in performing the appraiser's duties.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c309/scA/s309.003">
<num value="309.003">Sec. 309.003.</num>
<heading>FAILURE OR REFUSAL TO ACT BY APPRAISERS</heading>
<content>If an appraiser appointed under Section 309.001 fails or refuses to act, the court by one or more similar orders shall remove the appraiser and appoint one or more other appraisers, as the case requires.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c309/scB">
<num value="B">SUBCHAPTER B.</num>
<heading>REQUIREMENTS FOR INVENTORY, APPRAISEMENT, AND LIST OF CLAIMS; AFFIDAVIT IN LIEU OF INVENTORY, APPRAISEMENT, AND LIST OF CLAIMS</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c309/scB/s309.051">
<num value="309.051">Sec. 309.051.</num>
<heading>INVENTORY AND APPRAISEMENT</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c309/scB/s309.051/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>Except as provided by Subsection (c) or Section 309.056 or unless a longer period is granted by the court, before the 91st day after the date the personal representative qualifies, the representative shall prepare and file with the court clerk a single written instrument that contains a verified, full, and detailed inventory of all estate property that has come into the representative's possession or of which the representative has knowledge. The inventory must:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c309/scB/s309.051/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<chapeau>include:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c309/scB/s309.051/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>all estate real property located in this state; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c309/scB/s309.051/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>all estate personal property regardless of where the property is located; and</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c309/scB/s309.051/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>state whether the decedent was married at the time of the decedent's death, and if the decedent was married at the time of the decedent's death, specify which portion of the property, if any, is separate property and which, if any, is community property.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c309/scB/s309.051/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>The personal representative shall:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c309/scB/s309.051/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>set out in the inventory the representative's appraisement of the fair market value on the date of the decedent's death of each item in the inventory; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c309/scB/s309.051/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<chapeau>if the court has appointed one or more appraisers for the estate:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c309/scB/s309.051/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>determine the fair market value of each item in the inventory with the assistance of the appraiser or appraisers; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c309/scB/s309.051/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>set out that appraisement in the inventory.</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c309/scB/s309.051/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>The court for good cause shown may require the personal representative to file the inventory and appraisement within a shorter period than the period prescribed by Subsection (a).</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c309/scB/s309.051/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>The inventory, when approved by the court and filed with the court clerk, is for all purposes the inventory and appraisement of the estate referred to in this title.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 91 (S.B. 1303), Sec. 8.014, eff. January 1, 2014.
Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1338 (S.B. 1198), Sec. 2.40, eff. January 1, 2014.
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1136 (H.B. 2912), Sec. 40, eff. January 1, 2014.
Acts 2025, 89th Leg., R.S., Ch. 438 (H.B. 3421), Sec. 4, eff. September 1, 2025.
Acts 2025, 89th Leg., R.S., Ch. 831 (S.B. 1448), Sec. 5, eff. September 1, 2025.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c309/scB/s309.052">
<num value="309.052">Sec. 309.052.</num>
<heading>LIST OF CLAIMS</heading>
<chapeau>A complete list of claims due or owing to the estate must be attached to the inventory and appraisement required by Section 309.051. The list of claims must state:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c309/scB/s309.052/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the name and, if known, address of each person indebted to the estate; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c309/scB/s309.052/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<chapeau>regarding each claim:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c309/scB/s309.052/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>the nature of the debt, whether by note, bill, bond, or other written obligation, or by account or verbal contract;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c309/scB/s309.052/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>the date the debt was incurred;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c309/scB/s309.052/C">
<num value="C">(C)</num>
<content>the date the debt was or is due;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c309/scB/s309.052/D">
<num value="D">(D)</num>
<content>the amount of the claim, the rate of interest on the claim, and the period for which the claim bears interest; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c309/scB/s309.052/E">
<num value="E">(E)</num>
<content>whether the claim is separate property or community property, if the decedent was married at the time of the decedent's death.</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1338 (S.B. 1198), Sec. 2.41, eff. January 1, 2014.
Acts 2025, 89th Leg., R.S., Ch. 438 (H.B. 3421), Sec. 5, eff. September 1, 2025.
Acts 2025, 89th Leg., R.S., Ch. 831 (S.B. 1448), Sec. 6, eff. September 1, 2025.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c309/scB/s309.053">
<num value="309.053">Sec. 309.053.</num>
<heading>AFFIDAVIT OF PERSONAL REPRESENTATIVE</heading>
<content>The personal representative shall attach to the inventory, appraisement, and list of claims the representative's affidavit, subscribed and sworn to before an officer in the county authorized by law to administer oaths, that the inventory, appraisement, and list of claims are a true and complete statement of the property and claims of the estate of which the representative has knowledge.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c309/scB/s309.054">
<num value="309.054">Sec. 309.054.</num>
<heading>APPROVAL OR DISAPPROVAL BY THE COURT</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c309/scB/s309.054/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>On the filing of the inventory, appraisement, and list of claims with the court clerk, the judge shall examine and approve or disapprove the inventory, appraisement, and list of claims.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c309/scB/s309.054/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>If the judge approves the inventory, appraisement, and list of claims, the judge shall enter an order to that effect.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c309/scB/s309.054/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<chapeau>If the judge does not approve the inventory, appraisement, or list of claims, the judge:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c309/scB/s309.054/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>shall enter an order to that effect requiring the filing of another inventory, appraisement, or list of claims, whichever is not approved, within a period specified in the order not to exceed 20 days after the date the order is entered; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c309/scB/s309.054/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>may, if considered necessary, appoint new appraisers.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c309/scB/s309.055">
<num value="309.055">Sec. 309.055.</num>
<heading>FAILURE OF JOINT PERSONAL REPRESENTATIVES TO FILE INVENTORY, APPRAISEMENT, AND LIST OF CLAIMS OR AFFIDAVIT IN LIEU OF INVENTORY, APPRAISEMENT, AND LIST OF CLAIMS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c309/scB/s309.055/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>If more than one personal representative qualifies to serve, any one or more of the representatives, on the neglect of the other representatives, may make and file an inventory, appraisement, and list of claims or an affidavit in lieu of an inventory, appraisement, and list of claims.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c309/scB/s309.055/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A personal representative who neglects to make or file an inventory, appraisement, and list of claims or an affidavit in lieu of an inventory, appraisement, and list of claims may not interfere with and does not have any power over the estate after another representative makes and files an inventory, appraisement, and list of claims or an affidavit in lieu of an inventory, appraisement, and list of claims.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c309/scB/s309.055/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<chapeau>The personal representative who files the inventory, appraisement, and list of claims or the affidavit in lieu of an inventory, appraisement, and list of claims is entitled to the whole administration unless, before the 61st day after the date the representative files the inventory, appraisement, and list of claims or the affidavit in lieu of an inventory, appraisement, and list of claims, one or more delinquent representatives file with the court a written, sworn, and reasonable excuse that the court considers satisfactory. The court shall enter an order removing one or more delinquent representatives and revoking those representatives' letters if:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c309/scB/s309.055/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>an excuse is not filed; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c309/scB/s309.055/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the court does not consider the filed excuse sufficient.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1338 (S.B. 1198), Sec. 2.42, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c309/scB/s309.056">
<num value="309.056">Sec. 309.056.</num>
<heading>AFFIDAVIT IN LIEU OF INVENTORY, APPRAISEMENT, AND LIST OF CLAIMS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c309/scB/s309.056/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>In this section, "beneficiary" means a person, entity, state, governmental agency of the state, charitable organization, or trust entitled to receive property:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c309/scB/s309.056/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>under the terms of a decedent's will, to be determined for purposes of this section with the assumption that each person who is alive on the date of the decedent's death survives any period required to receive the bequest as specified by the terms of the will; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c309/scB/s309.056/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>as an heir of the decedent.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c309/scB/s309.056/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>Notwithstanding Sections 309.051 and 309.052, or any contrary provision in a decedent's will that does not specifically prohibit the filing of an affidavit described by this subsection, if there are no unpaid debts, except for secured debts, taxes, and administration expenses, at the time the inventory is due, including any extensions, an independent executor may file with the court clerk, in lieu of the inventory, appraisement, and list of claims, an affidavit stating that all debts, except for secured debts, taxes, and administration expenses, are paid and that all beneficiaries other than those described by Subsection (b-1) have received a verified, full, and detailed inventory and appraisement. The affidavit in lieu of the inventory, appraisement, and list of claims must be filed within the 90-day period prescribed by Section 309.051(a), unless the court grants an extension.</content>
<continuation>(b-1) Absent a written request by a beneficiary, an independent executor is not required to provide a verified, full, and detailed inventory and appraisement to a beneficiary who:</continuation>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c309/scB/s309.056/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>is entitled to receive aggregate devises under the will with an estimated value of $2,000 or less;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c309/scB/s309.056/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>has received all devises to which the beneficiary is entitled under the will on or before the date an affidavit under this section is filed; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c309/scB/s309.056/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>has waived in writing the beneficiary's right to receive a verified, full, and detailed inventory and appraisement.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c309/scB/s309.056/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<chapeau>If the independent executor files an affidavit in lieu of the inventory, appraisement, and list of claims as authorized under Subsection (b):</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c309/scB/s309.056/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>any person interested in the estate, including a possible heir of the decedent, a beneficiary under a prior will of the decedent, or a beneficiary described by Subsection (b-1), is entitled to receive a copy of the inventory, appraisement, and list of claims from the independent executor on written request;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c309/scB/s309.056/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the independent executor may provide a copy of the inventory, appraisement, and list of claims to any person the independent executor believes in good faith may be a person interested in the estate without liability to the estate or its beneficiaries; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c309/scB/s309.056/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>a person interested in the estate may apply to the court for an order compelling compliance with Subdivision (1), and the court, in its discretion, may compel the independent executor to provide a copy of the inventory, appraisement, and list of claims to the interested person or may deny the application.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c309/scB/s309.056/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<chapeau>An independent executor is not liable for choosing to file:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c309/scB/s309.056/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>an affidavit under this section in lieu of filing an inventory, appraisement, and list of claims, if permitted by law; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c309/scB/s309.056/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>an inventory, appraisement, and list of claims in lieu of filing an affidavit under this section.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c309/scB/s309.056/e">
<num value="e">(e)</num>
<content>Any extension granted by a court of the period in which to file an inventory, appraisement, and list of claims prescribed by Section 309.051 is considered an extension of the filing period for an affidavit under this section.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1338 (S.B. 1198), Sec. 2.43, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1136 (H.B. 2912), Sec. 41, eff. January 1, 2014.
Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 949 (S.B. 995), Sec. 33, eff. September 1, 2015.
Acts 2019, 86th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1141 (H.B. 2782), Sec. 21, eff. September 1, 2019.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c309/scB/s309.057">
<num value="309.057">Sec. 309.057.</num>
<heading>PENALTY FOR FAILURE TO TIMELY FILE INVENTORY, APPRAISEMENT, AND LIST OF CLAIMS OR AFFIDAVIT IN LIEU OF</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c309/scB/s309.057/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>This section applies only to a personal representative, including an independent executor or administrator, who does not file an inventory, appraisement, and list of claims or affidavit in lieu of the inventory, appraisement, and list of claims, as applicable, within the period prescribed by Section 309.051 or any extension granted by the court.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c309/scB/s309.057/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>Any person interested in the estate on written complaint, or the court on the court's own motion, may have a personal representative to whom this section applies cited to file the inventory, appraisement, and list of claims or affidavit in lieu of the inventory, appraisement, and list of claims, as applicable, and show cause for the failure to timely file.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c309/scB/s309.057/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>If the personal representative does not file the inventory, appraisement, and list of claims or affidavit in lieu of the inventory, appraisement, and list of claims, as applicable, after being cited or does not show good cause for the failure to timely file, the court on hearing may fine the representative in an amount not to exceed $1,000.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c309/scB/s309.057/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>The personal representative and the representative's sureties, if any, are liable for any fine imposed under this section and for all damages and costs sustained by the representative's failure. The fine, damages, and costs may be recovered in any court of competent jurisdiction.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1136 (H.B. 2912), Sec. 42, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c309/scB/s309.0575">
<num value="309.0575">Sec. 309.0575.</num>
<heading>PENALTY FOR MISREPRESENTATION IN AFFIDAVIT IN LIEU OF INVENTORY, APPRAISEMENT, AND LIST OF CLAIMS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c309/scB/s309.0575/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>The court, on its own motion or on motion of any person interested in the estate, and after an independent executor has been cited to answer at a time and place fixed in the notice, may fine an independent executor in an amount not to exceed $1,000 if the court finds that the executor misrepresented in an affidavit in lieu of the inventory, appraisement, and list of claims filed by the executor that all beneficiaries, other than those described by Section 309.056(b-1), received a verified, full, and detailed inventory and appraisement as required by Section 309.056(b).</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c309/scB/s309.0575/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The independent executor and the executor's sureties, if any, are liable for any fine imposed under this section and for all damages and costs sustained by the executor's misrepresentation. The fine, damages, and costs may be recovered in any court of competent jurisdiction.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1043 (H.B. 1877), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c309/scC">
<num value="C">SUBCHAPTER C.</num>
<heading>CHANGES TO INVENTORY, APPRAISEMENT, AND LIST OF CLAIMS</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c309/scC/s309.101">
<num value="309.101">Sec. 309.101.</num>
<heading>DISCOVERY OF ADDITIONAL PROPERTY OR CLAIMS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c309/scC/s309.101/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>If after the filing of the inventory, appraisement, and list of claims the personal representative acquires possession or knowledge of property or claims of the estate not included in the inventory, appraisement, and list of claims the representative shall promptly file with the court clerk a verified, full, and detailed supplemental inventory, appraisement, and list of claims.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c309/scC/s309.101/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>If after the filing of the affidavit in lieu of the inventory, appraisement, and list of claims the personal representative acquires possession or knowledge of property or claims of the estate not included in the inventory and appraisement given to the beneficiaries, the representative shall promptly file with the court clerk a supplemental affidavit in lieu of the inventory, appraisement, and list of claims stating that all beneficiaries have received a verified, full, and detailed supplemental inventory and appraisement.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1338 (S.B. 1198), Sec. 2.44, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c309/scC/s309.102">
<num value="309.102">Sec. 309.102.</num>
<heading>ADDITIONAL INVENTORY AND APPRAISEMENT OR LIST OF CLAIMS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c309/scC/s309.102/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>On the written complaint of any interested person that property or claims of the estate have not been included in the filed inventory, appraisement, and list of claims, the personal representative shall be cited to appear before the court in which the cause is pending and show cause why the representative should not be required to make and file an additional inventory and appraisement or list of claims, or both, as applicable.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c309/scC/s309.102/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>After hearing the complaint, if the court is satisfied of the truth of the complaint, the court shall enter an order requiring the personal representative to make and file an additional inventory and appraisement or list of claims, or both, as applicable. The additional inventory and appraisement or list of claims:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c309/scC/s309.102/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>must be made and filed in the same manner as the original inventory and appraisement or list of claims within the period prescribed by the court, not to exceed 20 days after the date the order is entered; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c309/scC/s309.102/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>may include only property or claims not previously included in the inventory and appraisement or list of claims.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c309/scC/s309.103">
<num value="309.103">Sec. 309.103.</num>
<heading>CORRECTION OF INVENTORY, APPRAISEMENT, OR LIST OF CLAIMS FOR ERRONEOUS OR UNJUST ITEM</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c309/scC/s309.103/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>Any interested person who considers an inventory, appraisement, or list of claims or an affidavit in lieu of the inventory, appraisement, and list of claims to be erroneous or unjust in any particular may:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c309/scC/s309.103/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>file a written complaint setting forth the alleged erroneous or unjust item; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c309/scC/s309.103/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>have the personal representative cited to appear before the court and show cause why the item should not be corrected.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c309/scC/s309.103/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>On the hearing of the complaint, if the court is satisfied from the evidence that the inventory, appraisement, or list of claims or an affidavit in lieu of the inventory, appraisement, and list of claims is erroneous or unjust as alleged in the complaint, the court shall enter an order:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c309/scC/s309.103/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>specifying the erroneous or unjust item and the corrections to be made; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c309/scC/s309.103/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>if the complaint relates to an inventory, appraisement, or list of claims, appointing appraisers to make a new appraisement correcting the erroneous or unjust item and requiring the filing of the new appraisement before the 21st day after the date of the order.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c309/scC/s309.103/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>The court on the court's own motion or that of the personal representative may also have a new appraisement made for the purposes described by this section.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1136 (H.B. 2912), Sec. 43, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c309/scC/s309.104">
<num value="309.104">Sec. 309.104.</num>
<heading>REAPPRAISEMENT</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c309/scC/s309.104/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>A reappraisement made, filed, and approved by the court replaces the original appraisement. Not more than one reappraisement may be made.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c309/scC/s309.104/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>Notwithstanding Subsection (a), an interested person may object to a reappraisement regardless of whether the court has approved the reappraisement. If the court finds that the reappraisement is erroneous or unjust, the court shall appraise the property on the basis of the evidence before the court.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c309/scD">
<num value="D">SUBCHAPTER D.</num>
<heading>USE OF INVENTORY, APPRAISEMENT, AND LIST OF CLAIMS AS EVIDENCE</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c309/scD/s309.151">
<num value="309.151">Sec. 309.151.</num>
<heading>USE OF INVENTORY, APPRAISEMENT, AND LIST OF CLAIMS AS EVIDENCE</heading>
<chapeau>Each inventory, appraisement, and list of claims that has been made, filed, and approved in accordance with law, the record of the inventory, appraisement, and list of claims, or a copy of an original or the record that has been certified under the seal of the county court affixed by the clerk:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c309/scD/s309.151/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>may be given in evidence in any court of this state in any suit by or against the personal representative; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c309/scD/s309.151/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<chapeau>is not conclusive for or against the representative if it is shown that:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c309/scD/s309.151/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>any property or claim of the estate is not shown in the originals, the record, or the copies; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c309/scD/s309.151/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>the value of the property or claim of the estate exceeded the value shown in the appraisement or list of claims.</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
</chapter>
<chapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c310">
<num value="310">CHAPTER 310.</num>
<heading>ALLOCATION OF ESTATE INCOME AND EXPENSES</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c310/s310.001">
<num value="310.001">Sec. 310.001.</num>
<heading>DEFINITION</heading>
<content>In this chapter, "undistributed assets" includes funds used to pay debts, administration expenses, and federal and state estate, inheritance, succession, and generation-skipping transfer taxes until the date the debts, expenses, and taxes are paid.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c310/s310.002">
<num value="310.002">Sec. 310.002.</num>
<heading>APPLICABILITY OF OTHER LAW</heading>
<content>Chapter 116, Property Code, controls to the extent of any conflict between this chapter and Chapter 116, Property Code.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c310/s310.003">
<num value="310.003">Sec. 310.003.</num>
<heading>ALLOCATION OF EXPENSES</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c310/s310.003/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>Except as provided by Section 310.004(a) and unless the will provides otherwise, all expenses incurred in connection with the settlement of a decedent's estate shall be charged against the principal of the estate, including:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c310/s310.003/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>debts;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c310/s310.003/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>funeral expenses;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c310/s310.003/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>estate taxes and penalties relating to estate taxes; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c310/s310.003/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>family allowances.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c310/s310.003/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>Fees and expenses of an attorney, accountant, or other professional advisor, commissions and expenses of a personal representative, court costs, and all other similar fees or expenses relating to the administration of the estate and interest relating to estate taxes shall be allocated between the income and principal of the estate as the executor determines in the executor's discretion to be just and equitable.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c310/s310.004">
<num value="310.004">Sec. 310.004.</num>
<heading>INCOME DETERMINATION AND DISTRIBUTION</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c310/s310.004/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>Unless a will provides otherwise, income from the assets of a decedent's estate that accrues after the death of the testator and before distribution, including income from property used to discharge liabilities, shall be:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c310/s310.004/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>determined according to the rules applicable to a trustee under the Texas Trust Code (Subtitle B, Title 9, Property Code); and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c310/s310.004/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>distributed as provided by Subsections (b) and (c) and by Chapter 116, Property Code.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c310/s310.004/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>Income from property devised to a specific devisee shall be distributed to the devisee after reduction for:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c310/s310.004/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>property taxes;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c310/s310.004/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>other taxes, including taxes imposed on income that accrues during the period of administration and that is payable to the devisee;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c310/s310.004/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>ordinary repairs;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c310/s310.004/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>insurance premiums;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c310/s310.004/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>interest accrued after the testator's death; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c310/s310.004/6">
<num value="6">(6)</num>
<content>other expenses of management and operation of the property.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c310/s310.004/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>The balance of the net income shall be distributed to all other devisees after reduction for the balance of property taxes, ordinary repairs, insurance premiums, interest accrued, other expenses of management and operation of all property from which the estate is entitled to income, and taxes imposed on income that accrues during the period of administration and that is payable or allocable to the devisees, in proportion to the devisees' respective interests in the undistributed assets of the estate.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c310/s310.005">
<num value="310.005">Sec. 310.005.</num>
<heading>TREATMENT OF INCOME RECEIVED BY TRUSTEE</heading>
<content>Income received by a trustee under this chapter shall be treated as income of the trust as provided by Section 116.101, Property Code.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c310/s310.006">
<num value="310.006">Sec. 310.006.</num>
<heading>FREQUENCY AND METHOD OF DETERMINING INTERESTS IN CERTAIN ESTATE ASSETS</heading>
<content>Except as required by Sections 2055 and 2056, Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (26 U.S.C. Sections 2055 and 2056), the frequency and method of determining the distributees' respective interests in the undistributed assets of an estate are in the sole and absolute discretion of the executor of the estate. The executor may consider all relevant factors, including administrative convenience and expense and the interests of the various distributees of the estate, to reach a fair and equitable result among distributees.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 844 (H.B. 2271), Sec. 28, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</chapter>
<chapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351">
<num value="351">CHAPTER 351.</num>
<heading>POWERS AND DUTIES OF PERSONAL REPRESENTATIVES IN GENERAL</heading>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scA">
<num value="A">SUBCHAPTER A.</num>
<heading>GENERAL PROVISIONS</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scA/s351.001">
<num value="351.001">Sec. 351.001.</num>
<heading>APPLICABILITY OF COMMON LAW</heading>
<content>The rights, powers, and duties of executors and administrators are governed by common law principles to the extent that those principles do not conflict with the statutes of this state.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scA/s351.002">
<num value="351.002">Sec. 351.002.</num>
<heading>APPEAL BOND</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scA/s351.002/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>Except as provided by Subsection (b), an appeal bond is not required if an appeal is taken by an executor or administrator.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scA/s351.002/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>An executor or administrator must give an appeal bond if the appeal personally concerns the executor or administrator.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scA/s351.003">
<num value="351.003">Sec. 351.003.</num>
<heading>CERTAIN COSTS ADJUDGED AGAINST PERSONAL REPRESENTATIVE</heading>
<chapeau>If a personal representative neglects to perform a required duty or is removed for cause, the representative and the sureties on the representative's bond are liable for:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scA/s351.003/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the costs of removal and other additional costs incurred that are not expenditures authorized by this title; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scA/s351.003/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<chapeau>reasonable attorney's fees incurred in:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scA/s351.003/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>removing the representative; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scA/s351.003/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>obtaining compliance regarding any statutory duty the representative has neglected.</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scB">
<num value="B">SUBCHAPTER B.</num>
<heading>GENERAL AUTHORITY OF PERSONAL REPRESENTATIVES</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scB/s351.051">
<num value="351.051">Sec. 351.051.</num>
<heading>EXERCISE OF AUTHORITY UNDER COURT ORDER</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scB/s351.051/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>A personal representative of an estate may renew or extend any obligation owed by or to the estate on application and order authorizing the renewal or extension. If a personal representative considers it in the interest of the estate, the representative may, on written application to the court and if authorized by court order:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scB/s351.051/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>purchase or exchange property;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scB/s351.051/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>take claims or property for the use and benefit of the estate in payment of a debt due or owed to the estate;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scB/s351.051/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>compound bad or doubtful debts due or owed to the estate;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scB/s351.051/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>make a compromise or settlement in relation to property or a claim in dispute or litigation;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scB/s351.051/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<chapeau>compromise or pay in full any secured claim that has been allowed and approved as required by law against the estate by conveying to the holder of the claim the real estate or personal property securing the claim:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scB/s351.051/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>in full payment, liquidation, and satisfaction of the claim; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scB/s351.051/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>in consideration of cancellation of notes, deeds of trust, mortgages, chattel mortgages, or other evidences of liens securing the payment of the claim; or</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scB/s351.051/6">
<num value="6">(6)</num>
<content>abandon the administration of burdensome or worthless estate property.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scB/s351.051/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>Abandoned property may be foreclosed on by a mortgagee or other secured party or a trustee without further court order.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scB/s351.052">
<num value="351.052">Sec. 351.052.</num>
<heading>EXERCISE OF AUTHORITY WITHOUT COURT ORDER</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scB/s351.052/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>A personal representative of an estate may, without application to or order of the court:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scB/s351.052/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>release a lien on payment at maturity of the debt secured by the lien;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scB/s351.052/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>vote stocks by limited or general proxy;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scB/s351.052/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>pay calls and assessments;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scB/s351.052/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>insure the estate against liability in appropriate cases;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scB/s351.052/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>insure estate property against fire, theft, and other hazards; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scB/s351.052/6">
<num value="6">(6)</num>
<content>pay taxes, court costs, and bond premiums.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scB/s351.052/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A personal representative who is under court control may apply and obtain a court order if the representative has doubts regarding the propriety of the exercise of any power listed in Subsection (a).</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scB/s351.053">
<num value="351.053">Sec. 351.053.</num>
<heading>AUTHORITY TO SERVE PENDING APPEAL OF APPOINTMENT</heading>
<chapeau>Pending an appeal from an order or judgment appointing an administrator or temporary administrator, the appointee shall continue to:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scB/s351.053/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>act as administrator or temporary administrator; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scB/s351.053/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>prosecute any suit then pending in favor of the estate.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scB/s351.054">
<num value="351.054">Sec. 351.054.</num>
<heading>AUTHORITY TO COMMENCE SUITS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scB/s351.054/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>An executor or administrator appointed in this state may commence a suit for:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scB/s351.054/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>recovery of personal property, debts, or damages; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scB/s351.054/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>title to or possession of land, any right attached to or arising from that land, or an injury or damage done to that land.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scB/s351.054/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A judgment in a suit described by Subsection (a) is conclusive, but may be set aside by any interested person for fraud or collusion on the executor's or administrator's part.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scC">
<num value="C">SUBCHAPTER C.</num>
<heading>POSSESSION AND CARE OF ESTATE PROPERTY</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scC/s351.101">
<num value="351.101">Sec. 351.101.</num>
<heading>DUTY OF CARE</heading>
<content>An executor or administrator of an estate shall take care of estate property as a prudent person would take of that person's own property, and if any buildings belong to the estate, the executor or administrator shall keep those buildings in good repair, except for extraordinary casualties, unless directed by a court order not to do so.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scC/s351.102">
<num value="351.102">Sec. 351.102.</num>
<heading>POSSESSION OF PERSONAL PROPERTY AND RECORDS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scC/s351.102/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>Immediately after receiving letters testamentary or of administration, the personal representative of an estate shall collect and take possession of the estate's personal property, record books, title papers, and other business papers.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scC/s351.102/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>The personal representative shall deliver the property, books, and papers described by Subsection (a) that are in the representative's possession to the person or persons legally entitled to the property, books, and papers when:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scC/s351.102/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the administration of the estate is closed; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scC/s351.102/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>a successor personal representative receives letters testamentary or of administration.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scC/s351.103">
<num value="351.103">Sec. 351.103.</num>
<heading>POSSESSION OF PROPERTY HELD IN COMMON OWNERSHIP</heading>
<content>If an estate holds or owns any property in common or as part owner with another, the personal representative of the estate is entitled to possession of the property in common with the other part owner or owners in the same manner as other owners in common or joint owners are entitled to possession of the property.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scC/s351.104">
<num value="351.104">Sec. 351.104.</num>
<heading>ADMINISTRATION OF PARTNERSHIP INTEREST</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scC/s351.104/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>If a decedent was a partner in a general partnership and the partnership agreement or articles of partnership provide that, on the death of a partner, the partner's personal representative is entitled to that partner's place in the partnership, a personal representative accordingly contracting to enter the partnership under the partnership agreement or articles of partnership is, to the extent allowed by law, liable to a third person only to the extent of:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scC/s351.104/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the deceased partner's capital in the partnership; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scC/s351.104/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the estate's assets held by the representative.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scC/s351.104/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>This section does not exonerate a personal representative from liability for the representative's negligence.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scC/s351.105">
<num value="351.105">Sec. 351.105.</num>
<heading>HOLDING OF STOCKS, BONDS, AND OTHER PERSONAL PROPERTY IN NOMINEE'S NAME</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scC/s351.105/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>Unless otherwise provided by the will, a personal representative of an estate may cause stocks, bonds, and other personal property of the estate to be registered and held in the name of a nominee without mentioning the fiduciary relationship in any instrument or record constituting or evidencing title to that property. The representative is liable for the acts of the nominee with respect to property registered in this manner. The representative's records must at all times show the ownership of the property.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scC/s351.105/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>Any property registered in the manner described by Subsection (a) shall be kept:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scC/s351.105/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>in the possession and control of the personal representative at all times; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scC/s351.105/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>separate from the representative's individual property.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scC/s351.106">
<num value="351.106">Sec. 351.106.</num>
<heading>DIGITAL ASSETS</heading>
<chapeau>A personal representative of a decedent's estate may apply for and obtain a court order, either at the time the personal representative is appointed or at any time before the administration of the estate is closed, that:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scC/s351.106/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>directs disclosure of the content of electronic communications of the decedent to the personal representative as provided by Section 2001.101 and that contains any court finding described by Section 2001.101(b)(3);</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scC/s351.106/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>with respect to a catalog of electronic communications sent or received by the decedent and other digital assets of the decedent, other than the content of an electronic communication, contains any court finding described by Section 2001.102(b)(4); or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scC/s351.106/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>directs under Section 2001.231 a custodian to comply with a request to disclose digital assets under Chapter 2001.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2019, 86th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1141 (H.B. 2782), Sec. 22, eff. September 1, 2019.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scD">
<num value="D">SUBCHAPTER D.</num>
<heading>COLLECTION OF CLAIMS; RECOVERY OF PROPERTY</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scD/s351.151">
<num value="351.151">Sec. 351.151.</num>
<heading>ORDINARY DILIGENCE REQUIRED</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scD/s351.151/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>If there is a reasonable prospect of collecting the claims or recovering the property of an estate, the personal representative of the estate shall use ordinary diligence to:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scD/s351.151/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>collect all claims and debts due the estate; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scD/s351.151/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>recover possession of all property to which the estate has claim or title.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scD/s351.151/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>If a personal representative wilfully neglects to use the ordinary diligence required under Subsection (a), the representative and the sureties on the representative's bond are liable, on the suit of any person interested in the estate, for the use of the estate, for the amount of those claims or the value of that property lost by the neglect.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scD/s351.152">
<num value="351.152">Sec. 351.152.</num>
<heading>CONTINGENT INTEREST FOR CERTAIN ATTORNEY'S FEES; COURT APPROVAL</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scD/s351.152/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>A personal representative may, without court approval, convey or enter into a contract to convey for attorney services a contingent interest in any property sought to be recovered, not to exceed a one-third interest in the property.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scD/s351.152/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A personal representative, including an independent executor or independent administrator, may convey or enter into a contract to convey for attorney services a contingent interest in any property sought to be recovered under this subchapter in an amount that exceeds a one-third interest in the property only on the approval of the court in which the estate is being administered. The court must approve a contract or conveyance described by this subsection before an attorney performs any legal services. A contract entered into or a conveyance made in violation of this subsection is void unless the court ratifies or reforms the contract or documents relating to the conveyance to the extent necessary to make the contract or conveyance meet the requirements of this subsection.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scD/s351.152/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<chapeau>In approving a contract or conveyance under this section, the court shall consider:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scD/s351.152/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the time and labor required, the novelty and difficulty of the questions involved, and the skill required to perform the legal services properly;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scD/s351.152/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the fee customarily charged in the locality for similar legal services;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scD/s351.152/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the value of the property recovered or sought to be recovered by the personal representative under this subchapter;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scD/s351.152/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>the benefits to the estate that the attorney will be responsible for securing; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scD/s351.152/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>the experience and ability of the attorney who will perform the services.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2019, 86th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1141 (H.B. 2782), Sec. 23, eff. September 1, 2019.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scD/s351.153">
<num value="351.153">Sec. 351.153.</num>
<heading>RECOVERY OF CERTAIN EXPENSES</heading>
<chapeau>On proof satisfactory to the court, a personal representative of an estate is entitled to all necessary and reasonable expenses incurred by the representative in:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scD/s351.153/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>collecting or attempting to collect a claim or debt owed to the estate; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scD/s351.153/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>recovering or attempting to recover property to which the estate has a title or claim.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scE">
<num value="E">SUBCHAPTER E.</num>
<heading>OPERATION OF BUSINESS</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scE/s351.201">
<num value="351.201">Sec. 351.201.</num>
<heading>DEFINITION</heading>
<content>In this subchapter, "business" includes a farm, ranch, or factory.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scE/s351.202">
<num value="351.202">Sec. 351.202.</num>
<heading>ORDER REQUIRING PERSONAL REPRESENTATIVE TO OPERATE BUSINESS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scE/s351.202/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>A court, after notice to all interested persons and a hearing, may order the personal representative of an estate to operate a business that is part of the estate and may grant the representative the powers to operate the business that the court determines are appropriate, after considering the factors listed in Subsection (b), if:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scE/s351.202/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the disposition of the business has not been specifically directed by the decedent's will;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scE/s351.202/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>it is not necessary to sell the business at once for the payment of debts or for any other lawful purpose; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scE/s351.202/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the court determines that the operation of the business by the representative is in the best interest of the estate.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scE/s351.202/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>In determining which powers to grant a personal representative in an order entered under Subsection (a), the court shall consider:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scE/s351.202/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the condition of the estate and the business;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scE/s351.202/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the necessity that may exist for the future sale of the business or of business property to provide for payment of debts or claims against the estate or other lawful expenditures with respect to the estate;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scE/s351.202/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the effect of the order on the speedy settlement of the estate; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scE/s351.202/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>the best interests of the estate.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scE/s351.203">
<num value="351.203">Sec. 351.203.</num>
<heading>POWERS OF PERSONAL REPRESENTATIVE REGARDING BUSINESS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scE/s351.203/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>A personal representative granted authority to operate a business in an order entered under Section 351.202(a) has the powers granted under Section 351.052, regardless of whether the order specifies that the representative has those powers, unless the order specifically provides that the representative does not have one or more of the powers listed in Section 351.052.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scE/s351.203/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>In addition to the powers granted to the personal representative under Section 351.052, subject to any specific limitation on those powers in accordance with Subsection (a), an order entered under Section 351.202(a) may grant the representative one or more of the following powers:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scE/s351.203/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the power to hire, pay, and terminate the employment of employees of the business;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scE/s351.203/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the power to incur debt on behalf of the business, including debt secured by liens against assets of the business or estate, if permitted or directed by the order;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scE/s351.203/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the power to purchase and sell property in the ordinary course of the operation of the business, including the power to purchase and sell real property if the court finds that the principal purpose of the business is the purchasing and selling of real property and the order states that finding;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scE/s351.203/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>the power to enter into a lease or contract, the term of which may extend beyond the settlement of the estate, but only to the extent that granting the power appears to be consistent with the speedy settlement of the estate; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scE/s351.203/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>any other power the court finds necessary with respect to the operation of the business.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scE/s351.203/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<chapeau>If the order entered under Section 351.202(a) gives the personal representative the power to purchase, sell, lease, or otherwise encumber property:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scE/s351.203/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the purchase, sale, lease, or encumbrance is governed by the terms of the order; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scE/s351.203/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the representative is not required to comply with any other provision of this title regarding the purchase, sale, lease, or encumbrance, including any provision requiring citation or notice.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scE/s351.204">
<num value="351.204">Sec. 351.204.</num>
<heading>FIDUCIARY DUTIES OF PERSONAL REPRESENTATIVE REGARDING BUSINESS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scE/s351.204/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>A personal representative who operates a business under an order entered under Section 351.202(a) has the same fiduciary duties as a representative who does not operate a business that is part of an estate.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scE/s351.204/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>In operating a business under an order entered under Section 351.202(a), a personal representative shall consider:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scE/s351.204/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the condition of the estate and the business;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scE/s351.204/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the necessity that may exist for the future sale of the business or of business property to provide for payment of debts or claims against the estate or other lawful expenditures with respect to the estate;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scE/s351.204/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the effect of the order on the speedy settlement of the estate; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scE/s351.204/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>the best interests of the estate.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scE/s351.204/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>A personal representative who operates a business under an order entered under Section 351.202(a) shall report to the court with respect to the operation and condition of the business as part of the accounts required by Chapters 359 and 362, unless the court orders the reports regarding the business to be made more frequently or in a different manner or form.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scE/s351.205">
<num value="351.205">Sec. 351.205.</num>
<heading>REAL PROPERTY OF BUSINESS; NOTICE</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scE/s351.205/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>A personal representative shall file a notice in the real property records of the county in which the real property is located before purchasing, selling, leasing, or otherwise encumbering any real property of the business in accordance with an order entered under Section 351.202(a).</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scE/s351.205/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>The notice filed under Subsection (a) must:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scE/s351.205/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<chapeau>state:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scE/s351.205/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>the decedent's name;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scE/s351.205/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>the county of the court in which the decedent's estate is pending;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scE/s351.205/C">
<num value="C">(C)</num>
<content>the cause number assigned to the pending estate; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scE/s351.205/D">
<num value="D">(D)</num>
<content>that one or more orders have been entered under Section 351.202(a); and</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scE/s351.205/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>include a description of the property that is the subject of the purchase, sale, lease, or other encumbrance.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scE/s351.205/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>For purposes of determining a personal representative's authority with respect to a purchase, sale, lease, or other encumbrance of real property of a business that is part of an estate, a third party who deals in good faith with the representative with respect to the transaction may rely on the notice filed under Subsection (a) and an order entered under Section 351.202(a) and filed as part of the estate records maintained by the clerk of the court in which the estate is pending.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scF">
<num value="F">SUBCHAPTER F.</num>
<heading>AUTHORITY TO ENGAGE IN CERTAIN BORROWING</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scF/s351.251">
<num value="351.251">Sec. 351.251.</num>
<heading>MORTGAGE OR PLEDGE OF ESTATE PROPERTY AUTHORIZED IN CERTAIN CIRCUMSTANCES</heading>
<chapeau>Under order of the court, a personal representative of an estate may mortgage or pledge by deed of trust or otherwise as security for an indebtedness any property of the estate as necessary for:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scF/s351.251/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the payment of any ad valorem, income, gift, estate, inheritance, or transfer taxes on the transfer of an estate or due from a decedent or the estate, regardless of whether those taxes are assessed by a state, a political subdivision of a state, the federal government, or a foreign country;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scF/s351.251/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the payment of expenses of administration, including amounts necessary for operation of a business, farm, or ranch owned by the estate;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scF/s351.251/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the payment of claims allowed and approved, or established by suit, against the estate; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scF/s351.251/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>the renewal and extension of an existing lien.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scF/s351.252">
<num value="351.252">Sec. 351.252.</num>
<heading>APPLICATION; ORDER</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scF/s351.252/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>If necessary to borrow money for a purpose described by Section 351.251 or to create or extend a lien on estate property as security, the personal representative of the estate shall file a sworn application for that authority with the court. The application must state fully and in detail the circumstances that the representative believes make the granting of the authority necessary.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scF/s351.252/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>On the filing of an application under Subsection (a), the clerk shall issue and have posted a citation to all interested persons, stating the nature of the application and requiring any interested person who chooses to do so to appear and show cause, if any, why the application should not be granted.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scF/s351.252/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>If satisfied by the evidence adduced at the hearing on an application filed under Subsection (a) that it is in the interest of the estate to borrow money or to extend and renew an existing lien, the court shall issue an order to that effect that sets out the terms of the authority granted under the order.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scF/s351.252/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>If a new lien is created on estate property, the court may require, for the protection of the estate and the creditors, that the personal representative's general bond be increased or an additional bond given, as for the sale of real property belonging to the estate.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scF/s351.253">
<num value="351.253">Sec. 351.253.</num>
<heading>TERM OF LOAN OR LIEN EXTENSION</heading>
<content>Except as otherwise provided by this section, the term of a loan or lien renewal authorized under Section 351.252 may not exceed a period of three years from the date original letters testamentary or of administration are granted to the personal representative of the affected estate. The court may authorize an extension of a lien renewed under Section 351.252 for not more than one additional year without further citation or notice.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scG">
<num value="G">SUBCHAPTER G.</num>
<heading>PAYMENT OF INCOME OF CERTAIN ESTATES DURING ADMINISTRATION</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scG/s351.301">
<num value="351.301">Sec. 351.301.</num>
<heading>APPLICABILITY OF SUBCHAPTER</heading>
<content>This subchapter applies only to the estate of a decedent that is being administered under the direction, control, and orders of a court in the exercise of the court's probate jurisdiction.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scG/s351.302">
<num value="351.302">Sec. 351.302.</num>
<heading>APPLICATION AND ORDER FOR PAYMENT OF CERTAIN ESTATE INCOME</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scG/s351.302/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>On the application of the executor or administrator of an estate or of any interested party, and after notice of the application has been given by posting, the court may order and direct the executor or administrator to pay, or credit to the account of, those persons who the court finds will own the estate assets when administration on the estate is completed, and in the same proportions, that part of the annual net income received by or accruing to the estate that the court finds can conveniently be paid to those owners without prejudice to the rights of creditors, legatees, or other interested parties, if:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scG/s351.302/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>it appears from evidence introduced at a hearing on the application, and the court finds, that the reasonable market value of the estate assets on hand at that time, excluding the annual income from the estate assets, is at least twice the aggregate amount of all unpaid debts, administration expenses, and legacies; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scG/s351.302/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>no estate creditor or legatee has appeared and objected.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scG/s351.302/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>Except as otherwise provided by this title, nothing in this subchapter authorizes the court to order paid over to the owners of the estate any part of the principal of the estate.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scG/s351.303">
<num value="351.303">Sec. 351.303.</num>
<heading>TREATMENT OF CERTAIN AMOUNTS RECEIVED FROM MINERAL LEASE</heading>
<content>For the purposes of this subchapter, bonuses, rentals, and royalties received for or from an oil, gas, or other mineral lease shall be treated as income rather than as principal.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scH">
<num value="H">SUBCHAPTER H.</num>
<heading>CERTAIN ADMINISTERED ESTATES</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scH/s351.351">
<num value="351.351">Sec. 351.351.</num>
<heading>APPLICABILITY</heading>
<chapeau>This subchapter does not apply to:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scH/s351.351/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the appointment of an independent executor or administrator under Section 401.002 or 401.003(a); or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scH/s351.351/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the appointment of a successor independent administrator under Section 404.005.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 161 (S.B. 1093), Sec. 6.012, eff. January 1, 2014.
Acts 2021, 87th Leg., R.S., Ch. 521 (S.B. 626), Sec. 7, eff. September 1, 2021.
Acts 2021, 87th Leg., R.S., Ch. 576 (S.B. 615), Sec. 7, eff. September 1, 2021.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scH/s351.352">
<num value="351.352">Sec. 351.352.</num>
<heading>ENSURING COMPLIANCE WITH LAW</heading>
<content>A county or probate court shall use reasonable diligence to see that personal representatives of estates administered under court orders and other officers of the court perform the duty enjoined on them by law applicable to those estates.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scH/s351.353">
<num value="351.353">Sec. 351.353.</num>
<heading>ANNUAL EXAMINATION OF CERTAIN ESTATES; BOND OF PERSONAL REPRESENTATIVE</heading>
<content>For each estate administered under orders of a county or probate court, the judge shall, if the judge considers it necessary, annually examine the condition of the estate and the solvency of the bond of the estate's personal representative. If the judge finds the representative's bond is not sufficient to protect the estate, the judge shall require the representative to execute a new bond in accordance with law. In each case, the judge, as provided by law, shall notify the representative and the sureties on the representative's bond.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scH/s351.354">
<num value="351.354">Sec. 351.354.</num>
<heading>JUDGE'S LIABILITY</heading>
<content>A judge is liable on the judge's bond to those damaged if damage or loss results to an estate administered under orders of a county or probate court from the gross neglect of the judge to use reasonable diligence in the performance of the judge's duty under this subchapter.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scH/s351.355">
<num value="351.355">Sec. 351.355.</num>
<heading>IDENTIFYING INFORMATION</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scH/s351.355/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>The court may request an applicant or court-appointed fiduciary to produce other information identifying an applicant, decedent, or personal representative, including a social security number, in addition to identifying information the applicant or fiduciary is required to produce under this title.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c351/scH/s351.355/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The court shall maintain any information required under this section, and the information may not be filed with the clerk.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
</chapter>
<chapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c352">
<num value="352">CHAPTER 352.</num>
<heading>COMPENSATION AND EXPENSES OF PERSONAL REPRESENTATIVES AND OTHERS</heading>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c352/scA">
<num value="A">SUBCHAPTER A.</num>
<heading>COMPENSATION OF PERSONAL REPRESENTATIVES</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c352/scA/s352.001">
<num value="352.001">Sec. 352.001.</num>
<heading>DEFINITION</heading>
<chapeau>In this subchapter, "financial institution" means an organization authorized to engage in business under state or federal laws relating to financial institutions, including:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c352/scA/s352.001/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>a bank;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c352/scA/s352.001/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>a trust company;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c352/scA/s352.001/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>a savings bank;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c352/scA/s352.001/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>a building and loan association;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c352/scA/s352.001/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>a savings and loan company or association; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c352/scA/s352.001/6">
<num value="6">(6)</num>
<content>a credit union.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c352/scA/s352.002">
<num value="352.002">Sec. 352.002.</num>
<heading>STANDARD COMPENSATION</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c352/scA/s352.002/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>An executor, administrator, or temporary administrator a court finds to have taken care of and managed an estate in compliance with the standards of this title is entitled to receive a five percent commission on all amounts that the executor or administrator actually receives or pays out in cash in the administration of the estate.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c352/scA/s352.002/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>The commission described by Subsection (a):</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c352/scA/s352.002/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>may not exceed, in the aggregate, more than five percent of the gross fair market value of the estate subject to administration; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c352/scA/s352.002/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<chapeau>is not allowed for:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c352/scA/s352.002/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>receiving funds belonging to the testator or intestate that were, at the time of the testator's or intestate's death, either on hand or held for the testator or intestate in a financial institution or a brokerage firm, including cash or a cash equivalent held in a checking account, savings account, certificate of deposit, or money market account;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c352/scA/s352.002/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>collecting the proceeds of a life insurance policy; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c352/scA/s352.002/C">
<num value="C">(C)</num>
<content>paying out cash to an heir or legatee in that person's capacity as an heir or legatee.</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c352/scA/s352.003">
<num value="352.003">Sec. 352.003.</num>
<heading>ALTERNATE COMPENSATION</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c352/scA/s352.003/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>The court may allow an executor, administrator, or temporary administrator reasonable compensation for the executor's or administrator's services, including unusual efforts to collect funds or life insurance, if:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c352/scA/s352.003/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the executor or administrator manages a farm, ranch, factory, or other business of the estate; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c352/scA/s352.003/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the compensation calculated under Section 352.002 is unreasonably low.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c352/scA/s352.003/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The county court has jurisdiction to receive, consider, and act on applications from independent executors for purposes of this section.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c352/scA/s352.004">
<num value="352.004">Sec. 352.004.</num>
<heading>DENIAL OF COMPENSATION</heading>
<chapeau>The court may, on application of an interested person or on the court's own motion, wholly or partly deny a commission allowed by this subchapter if:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c352/scA/s352.004/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the court finds that the executor or administrator has not taken care of and managed estate property prudently; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c352/scA/s352.004/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the executor or administrator has been removed under Section 404.003 or Subchapter B, Chapter 361.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1338 (S.B. 1198), Sec. 2.45, eff. January 1, 2014.
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 161 (S.B. 1093), Sec. 6.013, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c352/scB">
<num value="B">SUBCHAPTER B.</num>
<heading>EXPENSES OF PERSONAL REPRESENTATIVES AND OTHERS</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c352/scB/s352.051">
<num value="352.051">Sec. 352.051.</num>
<heading>EXPENSES; ATTORNEY'S FEES</heading>
<chapeau>On proof satisfactory to the court, a personal representative of an estate is entitled to:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c352/scB/s352.051/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<chapeau>necessary and reasonable expenses incurred by the representative in:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c352/scB/s352.051/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>preserving, safekeeping, and managing the estate;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c352/scB/s352.051/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>collecting or attempting to collect claims or debts; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c352/scB/s352.051/C">
<num value="C">(C)</num>
<content>recovering or attempting to recover property to which the estate has a title or claim; and</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c352/scB/s352.051/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>reasonable attorney's fees necessarily incurred in connection with the proceedings and management of the estate.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c352/scB/s352.052">
<num value="352.052">Sec. 352.052.</num>
<heading>ALLOWANCE FOR DEFENSE OR SUCCESSFUL CONTEST OF WILL</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c352/scB/s352.052/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>A person designated as executor in a will or an alleged will, or as administrator with the will or alleged will annexed, who, for the purpose of having the will or alleged will admitted to probate, defends the will or alleged will or prosecutes any proceeding in good faith and with just cause, whether or not successful, shall be allowed out of the estate the executor's or administrator's necessary expenses and disbursements in those proceedings, including reasonable attorney's fees.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c352/scB/s352.052/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A person designated as a devisee in or beneficiary of a will or an alleged will who, for the purpose of having the will or alleged will admitted to probate, defends the will or alleged will or prosecutes any proceeding in good faith and with just cause, whether or not successful, may be allowed out of the estate the person's necessary expenses and disbursements in those proceedings, including reasonable attorney's fees.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c352/scB/s352.052/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>In this subsection, "interested person" does not include a creditor or any other having a claim against the estate. An interested person who, in good faith and with just cause, successfully prosecutes a proceeding to contest the validity of a will or alleged will offered for or admitted to probate may be allowed out of the estate the person's necessary expenses and disbursements in that proceeding, including reasonable attorney's fees.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 949 (S.B. 995), Sec. 34, eff. September 1, 2015.
Acts 2019, 86th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1141 (H.B. 2782), Sec. 24, eff. September 1, 2019.
Acts 2019, 86th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1141 (H.B. 2782), Sec. 25, eff. September 1, 2019.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c352/scB/s352.053">
<num value="352.053">Sec. 352.053.</num>
<heading>EXPENSE CHARGES</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c352/scB/s352.053/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>The court shall act on expense charges in the same manner as other claims against the estate.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c352/scB/s352.053/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>All expense charges shall be:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c352/scB/s352.053/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>made in writing, showing specifically each item of expense and the date of the expense;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c352/scB/s352.053/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>verified by the personal representative's affidavit;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c352/scB/s352.053/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>filed with the clerk; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c352/scB/s352.053/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>entered on the claim docket.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
</chapter>
<chapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c353">
<num value="353">CHAPTER 353.</num>
<heading>EXEMPT PROPERTY AND FAMILY ALLOWANCE</heading>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c353/scA">
<num value="A">SUBCHAPTER A.</num>
<heading>GENERAL PROVISIONS</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c353/scA/s353.001">
<num value="353.001">Sec. 353.001.</num>
<heading>TREATMENT OF CERTAIN CHILDREN</heading>
<content>For purposes of distributing exempt property and making a family allowance, a child is a child of his or her mother and a child of his or her father, as provided by Sections 201.051, 201.052, and 201.053.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c353/scB">
<num value="B">SUBCHAPTER B.</num>
<heading>EXEMPT PROPERTY; ALLOWANCE IN LIEU OF EXEMPT PROPERTY</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c353/scB/s353.051">
<num value="353.051">Sec. 353.051.</num>
<heading>EXEMPT PROPERTY TO BE SET ASIDE</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c353/scB/s353.051/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>Unless an application and verified affidavit are filed as provided by Subsection (b), immediately after the inventory, appraisement, and list of claims of an estate are approved or after the affidavit in lieu of the inventory, appraisement, and list of claims is filed, the court by order shall set aside:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c353/scB/s353.051/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the homestead for the use and benefit of the decedent's surviving spouse and minor children; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c353/scB/s353.051/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<chapeau>all other exempt property described by Section 42.002(a), Property Code, for the use and benefit of the decedent's:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c353/scB/s353.051/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>surviving spouse and minor children;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c353/scB/s353.051/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>unmarried adult children remaining with the decedent's family; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c353/scB/s353.051/C">
<num value="C">(C)</num>
<content>each other adult child who is incapacitated.</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c353/scB/s353.051/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>Before the inventory, appraisement, and list of claims of an estate are approved or, if applicable, before the affidavit in lieu of the inventory, appraisement, and list of claims is filed:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c353/scB/s353.051/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the decedent's surviving spouse or any other person authorized to act on behalf of the decedent's minor children may apply to the court to have exempt property described by Subsection (a), including the homestead, set aside by filing an application and a verified affidavit listing all exempt property that the applicant claims is exempt property described by Subsection (a); and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c353/scB/s353.051/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>any of the decedent's unmarried adult children remaining with the decedent's family, any other adult child of the decedent who is incapacitated, or a person who is authorized to act on behalf of the adult incapacitated child may apply to the court to have all exempt property described by Subsection (a), other than the homestead, set aside by filing an application and a verified affidavit listing all the exempt property, other than the homestead, that the applicant claims is exempt property described by Subsection (a).</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c353/scB/s353.051/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>At a hearing on an application filed under Subsection (b), the applicant has the burden of proof by a preponderance of the evidence. The court shall set aside property of the decedent's estate that the court finds is exempt.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 810 (H.B. 2492), Sec. 2.01, eff. January 1, 2014.
Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1338 (S.B. 1198), Sec. 2.46, eff. January 1, 2014.
Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 949 (S.B. 995), Sec. 35, eff. September 1, 2015.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c353/scB/s353.052">
<num value="353.052">Sec. 353.052.</num>
<heading>DELIVERY OF EXEMPT PROPERTY</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c353/scB/s353.052/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>This section only applies to exempt property described by Section 353.051(a).</content>
<continuation>(a-1) The executor or administrator of an estate shall deliver, without delay, exempt property that has been set aside for the decedent's surviving spouse and children in accordance with this section.</continuation>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c353/scB/s353.052/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>If there is a surviving spouse and there are no children of the decedent, or if all the children, including any adult incapacitated children, of the decedent are also the children of the surviving spouse, the executor or administrator shall deliver all exempt property to the surviving spouse.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c353/scB/s353.052/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<chapeau>If there is a surviving spouse and there are children of the decedent who are not also children of the surviving spouse, the executor or administrator shall deliver the share of those children in exempt property, other than the homestead, to:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c353/scB/s353.052/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the children, if the children are of legal age;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c353/scB/s353.052/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the children's guardian, if the children are minors; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c353/scB/s353.052/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the guardian of each of the children who is an incapacitated adult, or to another appropriate person, as determined by the court, on behalf of the adult incapacitated child if there is no guardian.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c353/scB/s353.052/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<chapeau>If there is no surviving spouse and there are children of the decedent, the executor or administrator shall deliver exempt property, other than the homestead, to:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c353/scB/s353.052/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the children, if the children are of legal age;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c353/scB/s353.052/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the children's guardian, if the children are minors; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c353/scB/s353.052/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the guardian of each of the children who is an incapacitated adult, or to another appropriate person, as determined by the court, on behalf of the adult incapacitated child if there is no guardian.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c353/scB/s353.052/e">
<num value="e">(e)</num>
<chapeau>In all cases, the executor or administrator shall deliver the homestead to:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c353/scB/s353.052/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the decedent's surviving spouse, if there is a surviving spouse; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c353/scB/s353.052/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the guardian of the decedent's minor children, if there is not a surviving spouse.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 810 (H.B. 2492), Sec. 2.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 949 (S.B. 995), Sec. 36, eff. September 1, 2015.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c353/scB/s353.053">
<num value="353.053">Sec. 353.053.</num>
<heading>ALLOWANCE IN LIEU OF EXEMPT PROPERTY</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c353/scB/s353.053/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>If all or any of the specific articles of exempt property described by Section 353.051(a) are not among the decedent's effects, the court shall make, in lieu of the articles not among the effects, a reasonable allowance to be paid to the decedent's surviving spouse and children as provided by Section 353.054.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c353/scB/s353.053/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The allowance in lieu of a homestead may not exceed $45,000, and the allowance in lieu of other exempt property may not exceed $30,000, excluding the family allowance for the support of the surviving spouse, minor children, and adult incapacitated children provided by Subchapter C.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 810 (H.B. 2492), Sec. 2.03, eff. January 1, 2014.
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 647 (H.B. 789), Sec. 2.01, eff. January 1, 2014.
Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 949 (S.B. 995), Sec. 37, eff. September 1, 2015.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c353/scB/s353.054">
<num value="353.054">Sec. 353.054.</num>
<heading>PAYMENT OF ALLOWANCE IN LIEU OF EXEMPT PROPERTY</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c353/scB/s353.054/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>The executor or administrator of an estate shall pay an allowance in lieu of exempt property in accordance with this section.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c353/scB/s353.054/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>If there is a surviving spouse and there are no children of the decedent, or if all the children, including any adult incapacitated children, of the decedent are also the children of the surviving spouse, the executor or administrator shall pay the entire allowance to the surviving spouse.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c353/scB/s353.054/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<chapeau>If there is a surviving spouse and there are children of the decedent who are not also children of the surviving spouse, the executor or administrator shall pay the surviving spouse one-half of the entire allowance plus the shares of the decedent's children of whom the surviving spouse is the parent. The remaining shares must be paid to:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c353/scB/s353.054/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the decedent's adult children of whom the surviving spouse is not a parent and who are not incapacitated;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c353/scB/s353.054/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the guardian of the children of whom the surviving spouse is not a parent and who are minors; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c353/scB/s353.054/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the guardian or another appropriate person, as determined by the court, if there is no guardian, of each child who is an incapacitated adult.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c353/scB/s353.054/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<chapeau>If there is no surviving spouse and there are children of the decedent, the executor or administrator shall divide the entire allowance equally among the children and pay the children's shares to:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c353/scB/s353.054/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>each of those children who are adults and who are not incapacitated;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c353/scB/s353.054/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the guardian of each of those children who are minors; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c353/scB/s353.054/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the guardian or another appropriate person, as determined by the court, if there is no guardian, of each of those children who is an incapacitated adult.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 810 (H.B. 2492), Sec. 2.04, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c353/scB/s353.055">
<num value="353.055">Sec. 353.055.</num>
<heading>METHOD OF PAYING ALLOWANCE IN LIEU OF EXEMPT PROPERTY</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c353/scB/s353.055/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>An allowance in lieu of any exempt property shall be paid in the manner selected by the decedent's surviving spouse or children of legal age, or by the guardian of the decedent's minor children, or by the guardian of each adult incapacitated child or other appropriate person, as determined by the court, if there is no guardian, as follows:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c353/scB/s353.055/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>in money out of estate funds that come into the executor's or administrator's possession;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c353/scB/s353.055/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>in any of the decedent's property or a part of the property chosen by those individuals at the appraisement; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c353/scB/s353.055/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>part in money described by Subdivision (1) and part in property described by Subdivision (2).</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c353/scB/s353.055/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>Property specifically devised to another may be taken as provided by Subsection (a) only if other available property is insufficient to pay the allowance.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 810 (H.B. 2492), Sec. 2.05, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c353/scB/s353.056">
<num value="353.056">Sec. 353.056.</num>
<heading>SALE OF PROPERTY TO RAISE FUNDS FOR ALLOWANCE IN LIEU OF EXEMPT PROPERTY</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c353/scB/s353.056/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>On the written application of the decedent's surviving spouse and children, or of a person authorized to represent any of those children, the court shall order the sale of estate property for cash in an amount that will be sufficient to raise the amount of the allowance provided under Section 353.053 or a portion of that amount, as necessary, if:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c353/scB/s353.056/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the decedent had no property that the surviving spouse or children are willing to take for the allowance or the decedent had insufficient property; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c353/scB/s353.056/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>there are not sufficient estate funds in the executor's or administrator's possession to pay the amount of the allowance or a portion of that amount, as applicable.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c353/scB/s353.056/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>Property specifically devised to another may be sold to raise cash as provided by Subsection (a) only if other available property is insufficient to pay the allowance.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 810 (H.B. 2492), Sec. 2.06, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c353/scC">
<num value="C">SUBCHAPTER C.</num>
<heading>FAMILY ALLOWANCE</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c353/scC/s353.101">
<num value="353.101">Sec. 353.101.</num>
<heading>FAMILY ALLOWANCE</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c353/scC/s353.101/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>Unless an application and verified affidavit are filed as provided by Subsection (b), immediately after the inventory, appraisement, and list of claims of an estate are approved or after the affidavit in lieu of the inventory, appraisement, and list of claims is filed, the court shall fix a family allowance for the support of the decedent's surviving spouse, minor children, and adult incapacitated children.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c353/scC/s353.101/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>Before the inventory, appraisement, and list of claims of an estate are approved or, if applicable, before the affidavit in lieu of the inventory, appraisement, and list of claims is filed, the decedent's surviving spouse or any other person authorized to act on behalf of the decedent's minor children or adult incapacitated children may apply to the court to have the court fix the family allowance by filing an application and a verified affidavit describing:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c353/scC/s353.101/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the amount necessary for the maintenance of the surviving spouse, the decedent's minor children, and the decedent's adult incapacitated children for one year after the date of the decedent's death; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c353/scC/s353.101/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the surviving spouse's separate property and any property that the decedent's minor children or adult incapacitated children have in their own right.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c353/scC/s353.101/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>At a hearing on an application filed under Subsection (b), the applicant has the burden of proof by a preponderance of the evidence. The court shall fix a family allowance for the support of the decedent's surviving spouse, minor children, and adult incapacitated children.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c353/scC/s353.101/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<chapeau>A family allowance may not be made for:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c353/scC/s353.101/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the decedent's surviving spouse, if the surviving spouse has separate property adequate for the surviving spouse's maintenance;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c353/scC/s353.101/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the decedent's minor children, if the minor children have property in their own right adequate for the children's maintenance; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c353/scC/s353.101/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<chapeau>any of the decedent's adult incapacitated children, if:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c353/scC/s353.101/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>the adult incapacitated child has property in the person's own right adequate for the person's maintenance; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c353/scC/s353.101/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>at the time of the decedent's death, the decedent was not supporting the adult incapacitated child.</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 810 (H.B. 2492), Sec. 2.07, eff. January 1, 2014.
Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1338 (S.B. 1198), Sec. 2.47, eff. January 1, 2014.
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1136 (H.B. 2912), Sec. 44, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c353/scC/s353.102">
<num value="353.102">Sec. 353.102.</num>
<heading>AMOUNT AND METHOD OF PAYMENT OF FAMILY ALLOWANCE</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c353/scC/s353.102/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>The amount of the family allowance must be sufficient for the maintenance of the decedent's surviving spouse, minor children, and adult incapacitated children for one year from the date of the decedent's death.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c353/scC/s353.102/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The allowance must be fixed with regard to the facts or circumstances then existing and the facts and circumstances anticipated to exist during the first year after the decedent's death.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c353/scC/s353.102/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>The allowance may be paid in a lump sum or in installments, as ordered by the court.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 810 (H.B. 2492), Sec. 2.08, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c353/scC/s353.103">
<num value="353.103">Sec. 353.103.</num>
<heading>ORDER FIXING FAMILY ALLOWANCE</heading>
<chapeau>When a family allowance has been fixed, the court shall enter an order that:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c353/scC/s353.103/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>states the amount of the allowance;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c353/scC/s353.103/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>provides how the allowance shall be payable; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c353/scC/s353.103/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>directs the executor or administrator to pay the allowance in accordance with law.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c353/scC/s353.104">
<num value="353.104">Sec. 353.104.</num>
<heading>PREFERENCE OF FAMILY ALLOWANCE</heading>
<content>The family allowance made for the support of the decedent's surviving spouse, minor children, and adult incapacitated children shall be paid in preference to all other debts of or charges against the estate, other than Class 1 claims.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 810 (H.B. 2492), Sec. 2.09, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c353/scC/s353.105">
<num value="353.105">Sec. 353.105.</num>
<heading>PAYMENT OF FAMILY ALLOWANCE</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c353/scC/s353.105/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>The executor or administrator of an estate shall apportion and pay the family allowance in accordance with this section.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c353/scC/s353.105/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>If there is a surviving spouse and there are no minor children or adult incapacitated children of the decedent, the executor or administrator shall pay the entire family allowance to the surviving spouse.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c353/scC/s353.105/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>If there is a surviving spouse and all of the minor children and adult incapacitated children of the decedent are also the children of the surviving spouse, the executor or administrator shall pay the entire family allowance to the surviving spouse for use by the surviving spouse, the decedent's minor children, and adult incapacitated children.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c353/scC/s353.105/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<chapeau>If there is a surviving spouse and some or all of the minor children or adult incapacitated children of the decedent are not also children of the surviving spouse, the executor or administrator shall pay:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c353/scC/s353.105/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the portion of the entire family allowance necessary for the support of those minor children to the guardian of those children; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c353/scC/s353.105/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the portion of the entire family allowance necessary for the support of each of those adult incapacitated children to the guardian of the adult incapacitated child or another appropriate person, as determined by the court, on behalf of the adult incapacitated child if there is no guardian.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c353/scC/s353.105/e">
<num value="e">(e)</num>
<chapeau>If there is no surviving spouse and there are minor children or adult incapacitated children of the decedent, the executor or administrator shall pay the family allowance:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c353/scC/s353.105/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>for the minor children, to the guardian of those children; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c353/scC/s353.105/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>for each adult incapacitated child, to the guardian of the adult incapacitated child or another appropriate person, as determined by the court, on behalf of the adult incapacitated child if there is no guardian.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 810 (H.B. 2492), Sec. 2.10, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c353/scC/s353.106">
<num value="353.106">Sec. 353.106.</num>
<heading>SURVIVING SPOUSE, MINOR CHILDREN, OR ADULT INCAPACITATED CHILDREN MAY TAKE PERSONAL PROPERTY FOR FAMILY ALLOWANCE</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c353/scC/s353.106/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>A decedent's surviving spouse, the guardian of the decedent's minor children, or the guardian of an adult incapacitated child of the decedent or another appropriate person, as determined by the court, on behalf of the adult incapacitated child if there is no guardian, as applicable, is entitled to take, at the property's appraised value as shown by the appraisement, any of the estate's personal property in full or partial payment of the family allowance.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c353/scC/s353.106/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>Property specifically devised to another may be taken as provided by Subsection (a) only if other available property is insufficient to pay the allowance.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 810 (H.B. 2492), Sec. 2.11, eff. January 1, 2014.
Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 810 (H.B. 2492), Sec. 2.12, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c353/scC/s353.107">
<num value="353.107">Sec. 353.107.</num>
<heading>SALE OF ESTATE PROPERTY TO RAISE FUNDS FOR FAMILY ALLOWANCE</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c353/scC/s353.107/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>The court shall, as soon as the inventory, appraisement, and list of claims are returned and approved or the affidavit in lieu of the inventory, appraisement, and list of claims is filed, order the sale of estate property for cash in an amount that will be sufficient to raise the amount of the family allowance, or a portion of that amount, as necessary, if:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c353/scC/s353.107/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the decedent had no personal property that the surviving spouse, the guardian of the decedent's minor children, or the guardian of the decedent's adult incapacitated child or other appropriate person acting on behalf of the adult incapacitated child is willing to take for the family allowance, or the decedent had insufficient personal property; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c353/scC/s353.107/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>there are not sufficient estate funds in the executor's or administrator's possession to pay the amount of the family allowance or a portion of that amount, as applicable.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c353/scC/s353.107/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>Property specifically devised to another may be sold to raise cash as provided by Subsection (a) only if other available property is insufficient to pay the family allowance.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 810 (H.B. 2492), Sec. 2.13, eff. January 1, 2014.
Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1338 (S.B. 1198), Sec. 2.48, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c353/scD">
<num value="D">SUBCHAPTER D.</num>
<heading>LIENS ON AND DISPOSITION OF EXEMPT PROPERTY AND PROPERTY TAKEN AS ALLOWANCE</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c353/scD/s353.151">
<num value="353.151">Sec. 353.151.</num>
<heading>LIENS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c353/scD/s353.151/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>This section applies to all estates, whether solvent or insolvent.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c353/scD/s353.151/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>If property on which there is a valid subsisting lien or encumbrance is set aside as exempt for the surviving spouse or children or is appropriated to make an allowance in lieu of exempt property or for the support of the surviving spouse or children, the debts secured by the lien shall, if necessary, be either paid or continued against the property.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c353/scD/s353.152">
<num value="353.152">Sec. 353.152.</num>
<heading>DISTRIBUTION OF EXEMPT PROPERTY OF SOLVENT ESTATE</heading>
<content>If on final settlement of an estate it appears that the estate is solvent, the exempt property, other than the homestead or any allowance made in lieu of the homestead, is subject to partition and distribution among the heirs of the decedent and the distributees in the same manner as other estate property.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c353/scD/s353.153">
<num value="353.153">Sec. 353.153.</num>
<heading>TITLE TO PROPERTY OF INSOLVENT ESTATE</heading>
<content>If on final settlement an estate proves to be insolvent, the decedent's surviving spouse and children have absolute title to all property and allowances set aside or paid to them under this title. The distributees are entitled to distribution of any remaining exempt property held by the executor or administrator in the same manner as other estate property. The property and allowances set aside or paid to the decedent's surviving spouse or children, and any remaining exempt property held by the executor or administrator, may not be taken for any of the estate debts except as provided by Section 353.155.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 949 (S.B. 995), Sec. 38, eff. September 1, 2015.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c353/scD/s353.154">
<num value="353.154">Sec. 353.154.</num>
<heading>CERTAIN PROPERTY NOT CONSIDERED IN DETERMINING SOLVENCY</heading>
<content>In determining whether an estate is solvent or insolvent, the exempt property set aside for the decedent's surviving spouse or children, any allowance made in lieu of that exempt property, the family allowance under Subchapter C, and any remaining exempt property held by the executor or administrator may not be estimated or considered as estate assets.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 949 (S.B. 995), Sec. 38, eff. September 1, 2015.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c353/scD/s353.155">
<num value="353.155">Sec. 353.155.</num>
<heading>EXEMPT PROPERTY LIABLE FOR CERTAIN DEBTS</heading>
<chapeau>The exempt property, other than the homestead or any allowance made in lieu of the homestead:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c353/scD/s353.155/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>is liable for the payment of Class 1 claims; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c353/scD/s353.155/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>is not liable for any estate debts other than the claims described by Subdivision (1).</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
</chapter>
<chapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c354">
<num value="354">CHAPTER 354.</num>
<heading>SUMMARY PROCEEDINGS FOR, OR WITHDRAWAL FROM ADMINISTRATION OF, CERTAIN ESTATES</heading>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c354/scA">
<num value="A">SUBCHAPTER A.</num>
<heading>SUMMARY PROCEEDINGS FOR CERTAIN SMALL ESTATES</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c354/scA/s354.001">
<num value="354.001">Sec. 354.001.</num>
<heading>SUMMARY PROCEEDINGS FOR CERTAIN SMALL ESTATES</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c354/scA/s354.001/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>If, after a personal representative of an estate has filed the inventory, appraisement, and list of claims or the affidavit in lieu of the inventory, appraisement, and list of claims as provided by Chapter 309, it is established that the decedent's estate, excluding any homestead, exempt property, and family allowance to the decedent's surviving spouse, minor children, and adult incapacitated children, does not exceed the amount sufficient to pay the claims against the estate classified as Classes 1 through 4 under Section 355.102, the representative shall:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c354/scA/s354.001/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>on order of the court, pay those claims in the order provided and to the extent permitted by the assets of the estate subject to the payment of those claims; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c354/scA/s354.001/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>after paying the claims in accordance with Subdivision (1), present to the court the representative's account with an application for the settlement and allowance of the account.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c354/scA/s354.001/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>On presentation of the personal representative's account and application under Subsection (a), the court, with or without notice or citation, may adjust, correct, settle, allow, or disallow the account.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c354/scA/s354.001/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<chapeau>If the court settles and allows the personal representative's account under Subsection (b), the court may:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c354/scA/s354.001/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>decree final distribution;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c354/scA/s354.001/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>discharge the representative; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c354/scA/s354.001/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>close the administration.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 810 (H.B. 2492), Sec. 2.14, eff. January 1, 2014.
Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1338 (S.B. 1198), Sec. 2.49, eff. January 1, 2014.
Acts 2025, 89th Leg., R.S., Ch. 438 (H.B. 3421), Sec. 6, eff. September 1, 2025.
Acts 2025, 89th Leg., R.S., Ch. 831 (S.B. 1448), Sec. 7, eff. September 1, 2025.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c354/scB">
<num value="B">SUBCHAPTER B.</num>
<heading>WITHDRAWAL FROM ADMINISTRATION OF CERTAIN ESTATES</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c354/scB/s354.051">
<num value="354.051">Sec. 354.051.</num>
<heading>REQUIRED REPORT ON CONDITION OF ESTATE</heading>
<content>At any time after the return of the inventory, appraisement, and list of claims of an estate required by Chapter 309, anyone entitled to a portion of the estate, by a written complaint filed in the court in which the case is pending, may have the estate's executor or administrator cited to appear and render under oath an exhibit of the condition of the estate.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c354/scB/s354.052">
<num value="354.052">Sec. 354.052.</num>
<heading>BOND REQUIRED TO WITHDRAW ESTATE FROM ADMINISTRATION</heading>
<chapeau>After the executor or administrator has rendered the exhibit of the condition of the estate if required under Section 354.051, one or more persons entitled to the estate, or other persons for them, may execute and deliver a bond to the court. The bond must be:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c354/scB/s354.052/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<chapeau>conditioned that the persons executing the bond shall:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c354/scB/s354.052/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>pay all unpaid debts against the estate that have been or are:</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c354/scB/s354.052/i">
<num value="i">(i)</num>
<chapeau>allowed by the executor or administrator and approved by the court; or</chapeau>
<clause identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c354/scB/s354.052/ii">
<num value="ii">(ii)</num>
<content>established by suit against the estate; and</content>
</clause>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c354/scB/s354.052/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>pay to the executor or administrator any balance that the court in its judgment on the exhibit finds to be due the executor or administrator;</content>
</subparagraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c354/scB/s354.052/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>payable to the judge and the judge's successors in office in an amount equal to at least twice the gross appraised value of the estate as shown by the inventory, appraisement, and list of claims returned under Chapter 309; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c354/scB/s354.052/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>approved by the court.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c354/scB/s354.053">
<num value="354.053">Sec. 354.053.</num>
<heading>ORDER FOR DELIVERY OF ESTATE</heading>
<content>On the giving and approval of the bond under Section 354.052, the court shall enter an order requiring the executor or administrator to promptly deliver to each person entitled to any portion of the estate that portion to which the person is entitled.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c354/scB/s354.054">
<num value="354.054">Sec. 354.054.</num>
<heading>ORDER OF DISCHARGE</heading>
<chapeau>After an estate has been withdrawn from administration under Section 354.053, the court shall enter an order:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c354/scB/s354.054/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>discharging the executor or administrator; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c354/scB/s354.054/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>declaring the administration closed.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c354/scB/s354.055">
<num value="354.055">Sec. 354.055.</num>
<heading>LIEN ON PROPERTY OF ESTATE WITHDRAWN FROM ADMINISTRATION</heading>
<chapeau>A lien exists on all of the estate withdrawn from administration under Section 354.053 and in the possession of the distributees and those claiming under the distributees with notice of that lien, to secure the ultimate payment of:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c354/scB/s354.055/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the bond under Section 354.052; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c354/scB/s354.055/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>debts and claims secured by the bond.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c354/scB/s354.056">
<num value="354.056">Sec. 354.056.</num>
<heading>PARTITION OF ESTATE WITHDRAWN FROM ADMINISTRATION</heading>
<content>On written application to the court, any person entitled to any portion of an estate withdrawn from administration under Section 354.053 may cause a partition and distribution of the estate to be made among those persons entitled to the estate in accordance with the provisions of this title that relate to the partition and distribution of an estate.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c354/scB/s354.057">
<num value="354.057">Sec. 354.057.</num>
<heading>CREDITORS ENTITLED TO SUE ON BOND</heading>
<chapeau>A creditor of an estate withdrawn from administration under Section 354.053 whose debt or claim against the estate is unpaid and not barred by limitation is entitled to:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c354/scB/s354.057/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>commence a suit in the person's own name on the bond under Section 354.052; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c354/scB/s354.057/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>obtain a judgment on the bond for the debt or claim the creditor establishes against the estate.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c354/scB/s354.058">
<num value="354.058">Sec. 354.058.</num>
<heading>CREDITORS MAY SUE DISTRIBUTEES</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c354/scB/s354.058/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>A creditor of an estate withdrawn from administration under Section 354.053 whose debt or claim against the estate is unpaid and not barred by limitation may sue:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c354/scB/s354.058/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>any distributee who has received any of the estate; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c354/scB/s354.058/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>all the distributees jointly.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c354/scB/s354.058/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A distributee is not liable for more than the distributee's just proportion according to the amount of the estate the distributee received in the distribution.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
</chapter>
<chapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355">
<num value="355">CHAPTER 355.</num>
<heading>PRESENTMENT AND PAYMENT OF CLAIMS</heading>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scA">
<num value="A">SUBCHAPTER A.</num>
<heading>PRESENTMENT OF CLAIMS AGAINST ESTATES IN GENERAL</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scA/s355.001">
<num value="355.001">Sec. 355.001.</num>
<heading>PRESENTMENT OF CLAIM TO PERSONAL REPRESENTATIVE</heading>
<content>A claim may be presented to a personal representative of an estate at any time before the estate is closed if suit on the claim has not been barred by the general statutes of limitation.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scA/s355.002">
<num value="355.002">Sec. 355.002.</num>
<heading>PRESENTMENT OF CLAIM TO CLERK</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scA/s355.002/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>A claim may also be presented by depositing the claim with the clerk with vouchers and the necessary exhibits and affidavit attached to the claim. On receiving a claim deposited under this subsection, the clerk shall advise the personal representative or the representative's attorney of the deposit of the claim by a letter mailed to the representative's last known address.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scA/s355.002/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A claim deposited under Subsection (a) is presumed to be rejected if the personal representative fails to act on the claim on or before the 30th day after the date the claim is deposited.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scA/s355.002/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>Failure of the clerk to give the notice required under Subsection (a) does not affect the validity of the presentment or the presumption of rejection because the personal representative does not act on the claim within the 30-day period prescribed by Subsection (b).</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scA/s355.002/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>The clerk shall enter a claim deposited under Subsection (a) on the claim docket.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scA/s355.003">
<num value="355.003">Sec. 355.003.</num>
<heading>INCLUSION OF ATTORNEY'S FEES IN CLAIM</heading>
<content>If the instrument evidencing or supporting a claim provides for attorney's fees, the claimant may include as a part of the claim the portion of attorney's fees the claimant has paid or contracted to pay to an attorney to prepare, present, and collect the claim.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scA/s355.004">
<num value="355.004">Sec. 355.004.</num>
<heading>AFFIDAVIT AUTHENTICATING CLAIM FOR MONEY IN GENERAL</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scA/s355.004/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>Except as provided by Section 355.005, a claim for money against an estate must be supported by an affidavit that states:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scA/s355.004/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>that the claim is just;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scA/s355.004/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>that all legal offsets, payments, and credits known to the affiant have been allowed; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scA/s355.004/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>if the claim is not founded on a written instrument or account, the facts on which the claim is founded.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scA/s355.004/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A photostatic copy of an exhibit or voucher necessary to prove a claim may be offered with and attached to the claim instead of attaching the original.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scA/s355.005">
<num value="355.005">Sec. 355.005.</num>
<heading>AFFIDAVIT AUTHENTICATING CLAIM OF CORPORATION OR OTHER ENTITY</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scA/s355.005/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>An authorized officer or representative of a corporation or other entity shall make the affidavit required to authenticate a claim of the corporation or entity.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scA/s355.005/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>In an affidavit made by an officer of a corporation, or by an executor, administrator, trustee, assignee, agent, representative, or attorney, it is sufficient to state that the affiant has made diligent inquiry and examination and believes the claim is just and that all legal offsets, payments, and credits made known to the affiant have been allowed.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scA/s355.006">
<num value="355.006">Sec. 355.006.</num>
<heading>LOST OR DESTROYED EVIDENCE CONCERNING CLAIM</heading>
<chapeau>If evidence of a claim is lost or destroyed, the claimant or an authorized representative or agent of the claimant may make an affidavit to the fact of the loss or destruction. The affidavit must state:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scA/s355.006/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the amount, date, and nature of the claim;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scA/s355.006/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the due date of the claim;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scA/s355.006/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>that the claim is just;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scA/s355.006/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>that all legal offsets, payments, and credits known to the affiant have been allowed; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scA/s355.006/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>that the claimant is still the owner of the claim.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scA/s355.007">
<num value="355.007">Sec. 355.007.</num>
<heading>WAIVER OF CERTAIN DEFECTS OF FORM OR CLAIMS OF INSUFFICIENCY</heading>
<content>A defect of form or a claim of insufficiency of a presented exhibit or voucher is considered waived by the personal representative unless a written objection to the defect or insufficiency is made not later than the 30th day after the date the claim is presented and is filed with the county clerk.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scA/s355.008">
<num value="355.008">Sec. 355.008.</num>
<heading>EFFECT ON STATUTES OF LIMITATION OF PRESENTMENT OF OR SUIT ON CLAIM</heading>
<chapeau>The general statutes of limitation are tolled on the date:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scA/s355.008/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>a claim for money is filed or deposited with the clerk; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scA/s355.008/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>suit is brought against the personal representative of an estate with respect to a claim of the estate that is not required to be presented to the representative.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scB">
<num value="B">SUBCHAPTER B.</num>
<heading>ACTION ON CLAIMS</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scB/s355.051">
<num value="355.051">Sec. 355.051.</num>
<heading>ALLOWANCE OR REJECTION OF CLAIM</heading>
<chapeau>A personal representative of an estate shall, not later than the 30th day after the date an authenticated claim against the estate is presented to the representative, or deposited with the clerk as provided under Section 355.002, endorse on the claim, attach to the claim, or file with the clerk a memorandum signed by the representative stating:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scB/s355.051/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the date the claim was presented or deposited; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scB/s355.051/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>whether the representative allows or rejects the claim, or if the representative allows or rejects a part of the claim, the portion the representative allows or rejects.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scB/s355.052">
<num value="355.052">Sec. 355.052.</num>
<heading>FAILURE TO TIMELY ALLOW OR REJECT CLAIM</heading>
<chapeau>The failure of a personal representative to timely allow or reject a claim under Section 355.051 constitutes a rejection of the claim. If the claim is established by suit after that rejection:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scB/s355.052/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the costs shall be taxed against the representative, individually; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scB/s355.052/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the representative may be removed on the written complaint of any person interested in the claim after personal service of citation, hearing, and proof, as in other cases of removal.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scB/s355.053">
<num value="355.053">Sec. 355.053.</num>
<heading>CLAIM ENTERED ON CLAIM DOCKET</heading>
<content>After a claim against an estate has been presented to the personal representative and allowed or rejected, wholly or partly, by the representative, the claim must be filed with the county clerk of the proper county. The clerk shall enter the claim on the claim docket.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scB/s355.054">
<num value="355.054">Sec. 355.054.</num>
<heading>CONTEST OF CLAIM</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scB/s355.054/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>A person interested in an estate may, at any time before the court has acted on a claim, appear and object in writing to the approval of the claim or any part of the claim.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scB/s355.054/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>If a person objects under Subsection (a):</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scB/s355.054/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the parties are entitled to process for witnesses; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scB/s355.054/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the court shall hear evidence and render judgment as in ordinary suits.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scB/s355.055">
<num value="355.055">Sec. 355.055.</num>
<heading>COURT'S ACTION ON CLAIM</heading>
<chapeau>The court shall:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scB/s355.055/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>act on each claim that has been allowed and entered on the claim docket for a period of 10 days either approving the claim wholly or partly or disapproving the claim; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scB/s355.055/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>concurrently classify the claim.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scB/s355.056">
<num value="355.056">Sec. 355.056.</num>
<heading>HEARING ON CERTAIN CLAIMS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scB/s355.056/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>If a claim is properly authenticated and allowed but the court is not satisfied that the claim is just, the court shall:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scB/s355.056/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>examine the claimant and the personal representative under oath; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scB/s355.056/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>hear other evidence necessary to determine the issue.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scB/s355.056/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>If after conducting the examination and hearing the evidence under Subsection (a) the court is not convinced that the claim is just, the court shall disapprove the claim.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scB/s355.057">
<num value="355.057">Sec. 355.057.</num>
<heading>COURT ORDER REGARDING ACTION ON CLAIM</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scB/s355.057/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>The court acting on a claim shall state the exact action taken on the claim, whether the claim is approved or disapproved, or approved in part and disapproved in part, and the classification of the claim by endorsing on or attaching to the claim a written memorandum that is dated and officially signed.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scB/s355.057/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>An order under Subsection (a) has the effect of a final judgment.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scB/s355.058">
<num value="355.058">Sec. 355.058.</num>
<heading>APPEAL OF COURT'S ACTION ON CLAIM</heading>
<content>A claimant or any person interested in an estate who is dissatisfied with the court's action on a claim may appeal the action to the court of appeals in the manner other judgments of the county court in probate matters are appealed.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scB/s355.059">
<num value="355.059">Sec. 355.059.</num>
<heading>ALLOWANCE AND APPROVAL PROHIBITED WITHOUT AFFIDAVIT</heading>
<content>A personal representative of an estate may not allow, and the court may not approve, a claim for money against the estate unless the claim is supported by an affidavit that meets the applicable requirements of Sections 355.004(a) and 355.005.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scB/s355.060">
<num value="355.060">Sec. 355.060.</num>
<heading>UNSECURED CLAIMS BARRED UNDER CERTAIN CIRCUMSTANCES</heading>
<content>If a personal representative gives a notice permitted by Section 308.054 to an unsecured creditor for money and the creditor's claim is not presented before the 121st day after the date of receipt of the notice, the claim is barred.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1136 (H.B. 2912), Sec. 45, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scB/s355.061">
<num value="355.061">Sec. 355.061.</num>
<heading>ALLOWING BARRED CLAIM PROHIBITED: COURT DISAPPROVAL</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scB/s355.061/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>A personal representative may not allow a claim for money against a decedent or the decedent's estate if a suit on the claim is barred:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scB/s355.061/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>under Section 355.060, 355.064, or 355.201(b); or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scB/s355.061/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>by an applicable general statute of limitation.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scB/s355.061/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A claim for money that is allowed by the personal representative shall be disapproved if the court is satisfied that the claim is barred, including because the limitation has run.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scB/s355.062">
<num value="355.062">Sec. 355.062.</num>
<heading>CERTAIN ACTIONS ON CLAIMS WITH LOST OR DESTROYED EVIDENCE VOID</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scB/s355.062/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>Before a claim the evidence for which is lost or destroyed is approved, the claim must be proved by disinterested testimony taken in open court or by oral or written deposition.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scB/s355.062/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>The allowance or approval of a claim the evidence for which is lost or destroyed is void if the claim is:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scB/s355.062/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>allowed or approved without the affidavit under Section 355.006; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scB/s355.062/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>approved without satisfactory proof.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scB/s355.063">
<num value="355.063">Sec. 355.063.</num>
<heading>CLAIMS NOT ALLOWED AFTER ORDER FOR PARTITION AND DISTRIBUTION</heading>
<chapeau>After an order for final partition and distribution of an estate has been made:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scB/s355.063/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>a claim for money against the estate may not be allowed by a personal representative;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scB/s355.063/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>a suit may not be commenced against the representative on a claim for money against the estate; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scB/s355.063/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the owner of any claim that is not barred by the laws of limitation has a right of action on the claim against the heirs, devisees, or creditors of the estate, limited to the value of the property received by those heirs, devisees, or creditors in distributions from the estate.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scB/s355.064">
<num value="355.064">Sec. 355.064.</num>
<heading>SUIT ON REJECTED CLAIM</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scB/s355.064/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>A claim or part of a claim that has been rejected by the personal representative is barred unless not later than the 90th day after the date of rejection the claimant commences suit on the claim in the court of original probate jurisdiction in which the estate is pending.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scB/s355.064/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>In a suit commenced on the rejected claim, the memorandum endorsed on or attached to the claim, or any other memorandum of rejection filed with respect to the claim, is taken to be true without further proof unless denied under oath.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scB/s355.065">
<num value="355.065">Sec. 355.065.</num>
<heading>PRESENTMENT OF CLAIM PREREQUISITE FOR JUDGMENT</heading>
<chapeau>A judgment may not be rendered in favor of a claimant on a claim for money that has not been:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scB/s355.065/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>legally presented to the personal representative of an estate; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scB/s355.065/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>wholly or partly rejected by the representative or disapproved by the court.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scB/s355.066">
<num value="355.066">Sec. 355.066.</num>
<heading>JUDGMENT IN SUIT ON REJECTED CLAIM</heading>
<chapeau>No execution may issue on a rejected claim or part of a claim that is established by suit. The judgment in the suit shall be:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scB/s355.066/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>filed in the court in which the estate is pending;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scB/s355.066/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>entered on the claim docket;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scB/s355.066/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>classified by the court; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scB/s355.066/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>handled as if originally allowed and approved in due course of administration.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scC">
<num value="C">SUBCHAPTER C.</num>
<heading>PAYMENT OF CLAIMS, ALLOWANCES, AND EXPENSES</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scC/s355.101">
<num value="355.101">Sec. 355.101.</num>
<heading>APPROVAL OR ESTABLISHMENT OF CLAIM REQUIRED FOR PAYMENT</heading>
<content>A claim or any part of a claim for money against an estate may not be paid until the claim or part of the claim has been approved by the court or established by the judgment of a court of competent jurisdiction.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scC/s355.102">
<num value="355.102">Sec. 355.102.</num>
<heading>CLAIMS CLASSIFICATION; PRIORITY OF PAYMENT</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scC/s355.102/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>Claims against an estate shall be classified and have priority of payment as provided by this section.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scC/s355.102/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>Class 1 claims are composed of funeral expenses and expenses of the decedent's last illness, including claims for reimbursement of those expenses, for a reasonable amount approved by the court, not to exceed $15,000 for funeral expenses and $15,000 for expenses of the decedent's last illness. Any excess shall be classified and paid as other unsecured claims.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scC/s355.102/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<chapeau>Class 2 claims are composed of:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scC/s355.102/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>expenses of administration;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scC/s355.102/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>expenses incurred in preserving, safekeeping, and managing the estate, including fees and expenses awarded under Section 352.052;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scC/s355.102/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>unpaid expenses of administration awarded in a guardianship of the decedent; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scC/s355.102/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>for an estate with respect to which a public probate administrator has taken any action under Chapter 455, court costs and commissions to which the administrator is entitled under Subchapter A, Chapter 352.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scC/s355.102/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>Class 3 claims are composed of each secured claim for money under Section 355.151(a)(1), including a tax lien, to the extent the claim can be paid out of the proceeds of the property subject to the mortgage or other lien. If more than one mortgage, lien, or security interest exists on the same property, the claims shall be paid in order of priority of the mortgage, lien, or security interest securing the debt.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scC/s355.102/e">
<num value="e">(e)</num>
<chapeau>Class 4 claims are composed of claims:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scC/s355.102/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<chapeau>for the principal amount of and accrued interest on delinquent child support and child support arrearages that have been:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scC/s355.102/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>confirmed as a judgment or a determination of arrearages by a court under Title 5, Family Code; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scC/s355.102/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>administratively determined as evidenced by a certified child support payment record produced by the Title IV-D agency, as defined by Section 101.033, Family Code, in a Title IV-D case, as defined by Section 101.034, Family Code; and</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scC/s355.102/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>for unpaid child support obligations under Section 154.015, Family Code.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scC/s355.102/f">
<num value="f">(f)</num>
<content>Class 5 claims are composed of claims for taxes, penalties, and interest due under Title 2, Tax Code, Chapter 2153, Occupations Code, former Section 81.111, Natural Resources Code, the Municipal Sales and Use Tax Act (Chapter 321, Tax Code), Section 451.404, Transportation Code, or Subchapter I, Chapter 452, Transportation Code.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scC/s355.102/g">
<num value="g">(g)</num>
<content>Class 6 claims are composed of claims for the cost of confinement established by the Texas Department of Criminal Justice under Section 501.017, Government Code.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scC/s355.102/h">
<num value="h">(h)</num>
<content>Class 7 claims are composed of claims for repayment of medical assistance payments made by the state under Chapter 32, Human Resources Code, to or for the benefit of the decedent.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scC/s355.102/i">
<num value="i">(i)</num>
<content>Class 8 claims are composed of any other claims not described by Subsections (b)-(h).</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 91 (S.B. 1303), Sec. 8.015, eff. January 1, 2014.
Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 470 (S.B. 757), Sec. 2, eff. September 1, 2015.
Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 859 (S.B. 1726), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2015.
Acts 2019, 86th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1141 (H.B. 2782), Sec. 26, eff. September 1, 2019.
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 152 (S.B. 870), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2023.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scC/s355.103">
<num value="355.103">Sec. 355.103.</num>
<heading>PRIORITY OF CERTAIN PAYMENTS</heading>
<chapeau>When a personal representative has estate funds in the representative's possession, the representative shall pay in the following order:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scC/s355.103/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>funeral expenses in an amount not to exceed $15,000 and expenses of the decedent's last illness in an amount not to exceed $15,000;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scC/s355.103/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>allowances made to the decedent's surviving spouse and children, or to either the surviving spouse or children;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scC/s355.103/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>expenses of administration and expenses incurred in preserving, safekeeping, and managing the estate; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scC/s355.103/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>other claims against the estate in the order of the claims' classifications.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2019, 86th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1141 (H.B. 2782), Sec. 27, eff. September 1, 2019.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scC/s355.104">
<num value="355.104">Sec. 355.104.</num>
<heading>PAYMENT OF PROCEEDS FROM SALE OF PROPERTY SECURING DEBT</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scC/s355.104/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>If a personal representative has the proceeds of a sale made to satisfy a mortgage, lien, or security interest, and the proceeds or any part of the proceeds are not required for the payment of any debts against the estate that have a preference over the mortgage, lien, or security interest, the representative shall pay the proceeds to any holder of a mortgage, lien, or security interest. If there is more than one mortgage, lien, or security interest against the property, the representative shall pay the proceeds to the holders of the mortgages, liens, or security interests in the order of priority of the holders' mortgages, liens, or security interests.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scC/s355.104/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A holder of a mortgage, lien, or security interest, on proof of a personal representative's failure to pay proceeds under this section, may obtain an order from the court directing the payment to be made.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scC/s355.105">
<num value="355.105">Sec. 355.105.</num>
<heading>CLAIMANT'S PETITION FOR ALLOWANCE AND PAYMENT OF CLAIM</heading>
<chapeau>A claimant whose claim has not been paid may:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scC/s355.105/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>petition the court for determination of the claim at any time before the claim is barred by an applicable statute of limitations; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scC/s355.105/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>procure on due proof an order for the claim's allowance and payment from the estate.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scC/s355.106">
<num value="355.106">Sec. 355.106.</num>
<heading>ORDER FOR PAYMENT OF CLAIM OBTAINED BY PERSONAL REPRESENTATIVE</heading>
<content>After the sixth month after the date letters testamentary or of administration are granted, the court may order a personal representative to pay any claim that is allowed and approved on application by the representative stating that the representative has no actual knowledge of any outstanding enforceable claim against the estate other than the claims already approved and classified by the court.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scC/s355.107">
<num value="355.107">Sec. 355.107.</num>
<heading>ORDER FOR PAYMENT OF CLAIM OBTAINED BY CREDITOR</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scC/s355.107/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>At any time after the first anniversary of the date letters testamentary are granted for an estate, a creditor of the estate whose claim or part of a claim has been approved by the court or established by suit may obtain an order directing that payment of the claim or part of the claim be made on written application and proof, except as provided by Subsection (b), showing that the estate has sufficient available funds.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scC/s355.107/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>If the estate does not have available funds to pay a claim or part of a claim described by Subsection (a) and waiting for the estate to receive funds from other sources would unreasonably delay the payment, the court shall order the sale of estate property sufficient to make the payment.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scC/s355.107/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>The personal representative of the estate must first be cited on a written application under Subsection (a) to appear and show cause why the order should not be made.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scC/s355.108">
<num value="355.108">Sec. 355.108.</num>
<heading>PAYMENT WHEN ASSETS INSUFFICIENT TO PAY CLAIMS OF SAME CLASS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scC/s355.108/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>If there are insufficient assets to pay all claims of the same class, other than secured claims for money, the claims in that class shall be paid pro rata, as directed by the court, and in the order directed.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scC/s355.108/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A personal representative may not be allowed to pay a claim under Subsection (a) other than with the pro rata amount of the estate funds that have come into the representative's possession, regardless of whether the estate is solvent or insolvent.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scC/s355.109">
<num value="355.109">Sec. 355.109.</num>
<heading>ABATEMENT OF BEQUESTS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scC/s355.109/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>Except as provided by Subsections (b), (c), and (d), a decedent's property is liable for debts and expenses of administration other than estate taxes, and bequests abate in the following order:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scC/s355.109/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>property not disposed of by will, but passing by intestacy;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scC/s355.109/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>personal property of the residuary estate;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scC/s355.109/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>real property of the residuary estate;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scC/s355.109/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>general bequests of personal property;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scC/s355.109/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>general devises of real property;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scC/s355.109/6">
<num value="6">(6)</num>
<content>specific bequests of personal property; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scC/s355.109/7">
<num value="7">(7)</num>
<content>specific devises of real property.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scC/s355.109/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>This section does not affect the requirements for payment of a claim of a secured creditor who elects to have the claim continued as a preferred debt and lien against specific property under Subchapter D.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scC/s355.109/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>A decedent's intent expressed in a will controls over the abatement of bequests provided by this section.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scC/s355.109/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>This section does not apply to the payment of estate taxes under Subchapter A, Chapter 124.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scC/s355.110">
<num value="355.110">Sec. 355.110.</num>
<heading>ALLOCATION OF FUNERAL EXPENSES</heading>
<chapeau>A personal representative paying a claim for funeral expenses and for items incident to the funeral, such as a tombstone, grave marker, crypt, or burial plot:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scC/s355.110/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>shall charge all of the claim to the decedent's estate; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scC/s355.110/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>may not charge any part of the claim to the community share of a surviving spouse.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scC/s355.111">
<num value="355.111">Sec. 355.111.</num>
<heading>PAYMENT OF COURT COSTS RELATING TO CLAIM</heading>
<chapeau>All costs incurred in the probate court with respect to a claim shall be taxed as follows:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scC/s355.111/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>if the claim is allowed and approved, the estate shall pay the costs;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scC/s355.111/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>if the claim is allowed but disapproved, the claimant shall pay the costs;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scC/s355.111/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>if the claim is rejected but established by suit, the estate shall pay the costs;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scC/s355.111/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>if the claim is rejected and not established by suit, the claimant shall pay the costs, except as provided by Section 355.052; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scC/s355.111/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>if the claim is rejected in part and the claimant fails, in a suit to establish the claim, to recover a judgment for a greater amount than was allowed or approved for the claim, the claimant shall pay all costs in the suit.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scC/s355.112">
<num value="355.112">Sec. 355.112.</num>
<heading>JOINT OBLIGATION FOR PAYMENT OF CERTAIN DEBTS</heading>
<content>On the death of a person jointly bound with one or more other persons for the payment of a debt or for any other purpose, the decedent's estate shall be charged by virtue of the obligation in the same manner as if the obligors had been bound severally as well as jointly.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scC/s355.113">
<num value="355.113">Sec. 355.113.</num>
<heading>LIABILITY FOR NONPAYMENT OF CLAIM</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scC/s355.113/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>A person or claimant, except the state treasury, entitled to payment from an estate of money the court orders to be paid is authorized to have execution issued against the estate property for the amount due, with interest and costs, if:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scC/s355.113/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the personal representative fails to pay the money on demand;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scC/s355.113/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>estate funds are available to make the payment; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scC/s355.113/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the person or claimant makes an affidavit of the demand for payment and the representative's failure to pay.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scC/s355.113/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>The court may cite the personal representative and the sureties on the representative's bond to show cause why the representative and sureties should not be held liable under Subsection (a) for the debt, interest, costs, and damages:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scC/s355.113/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>on return of the execution not satisfied; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scC/s355.113/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>on the affidavit of demand and failure to pay under Subsection (a).</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scC/s355.113/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<chapeau>On the return of citation served under Subsection (b), the court shall render judgment against the cited personal representative and sureties, in favor of the claim holder, if good cause why the representative and sureties should not be held liable is not shown. The judgment must be for:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scC/s355.113/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the amount previously ordered to be paid or established by suit that remains unpaid, together with interest and costs; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scC/s355.113/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>damages on the amount neglected to be paid at the rate of five percent per month for each month, or fraction of a month, that the payment was neglected to be paid after demand was made.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scC/s355.113/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>Damages ordered under Subsection (c)(2) may be collected in any court of competent jurisdiction.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scD">
<num value="D">SUBCHAPTER D.</num>
<heading>PRESENTMENT AND PAYMENT OF SECURED CLAIMS FOR MONEY</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scD/s355.151">
<num value="355.151">Sec. 355.151.</num>
<heading>OPTION TO TREAT CLAIM AS MATURED SECURED CLAIM OR PREFERRED DEBT AND LIEN</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scD/s355.151/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>If a secured claim for money against an estate is presented, the claimant shall specify in the claim, in addition to all other matters required to be specified in the claim, whether the claimant desires to have the claim:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scD/s355.151/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>allowed and approved as a matured secured claim to be paid in due course of administration, in which case the claim shall be paid in that manner if allowed and approved; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scD/s355.151/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>allowed, approved, and fixed as a preferred debt and lien against the specific property securing the indebtedness and paid according to the terms of the contract that secured the lien, in which case the claim shall be so allowed and approved if it is a valid lien.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scD/s355.151/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>Notwithstanding Subsection (a)(2), the personal representative may pay a claim that the claimant desired to have allowed, approved, and fixed as a preferred debt and lien as described by Subsection (a)(2) before maturity if that payment is in the best interest of the estate.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scD/s355.152">
<num value="355.152">Sec. 355.152.</num>
<heading>PERIOD FOR SPECIFYING TREATMENT OF SECURED CLAIM</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scD/s355.152/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>A secured creditor may present the creditor's claim for money and shall specify within the later of six months after the date letters testamentary or of administration are granted, or four months after the date notice required to be given under Section 308.053 is received, whether the claim is to be allowed and approved under Section 355.151(a)(1) or (2).</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scD/s355.152/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A secured claim for money that is not presented within the period prescribed by Subsection (a) or that is presented without specifying how the claim is to be paid under Section 355.151 shall be treated as a claim to be paid in accordance with Section 355.151(a)(2).</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scD/s355.153">
<num value="355.153">Sec. 355.153.</num>
<heading>PAYMENT OF MATURED SECURED CLAIM</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scD/s355.153/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>A claim allowed and approved as a matured secured claim under Section 355.151(a)(1) shall be paid in due course of administration, and the secured creditor is not entitled to exercise any other remedy in a manner that prevents the preferential payment of claims and allowances described by Sections 355.103(1), (2), and (3).</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scD/s355.153/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>If a claim is allowed and approved as a matured secured claim under Section 355.151(a)(1) for a debt that would otherwise pass with the property securing the debt to one or more devisees in accordance with Section 255.301, the personal representative shall:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scD/s355.153/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>collect from the devisees the amount of the debt; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scD/s355.153/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>pay that amount to the claimant in satisfaction of the claim.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scD/s355.153/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>Each devisee's share of the debt under Subsection (b) is an amount equal to a fraction representing the devisee's ownership interest in the property securing the debt, multiplied by the amount of the debt.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scD/s355.153/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<chapeau>If the personal representative is unable to collect from the devisees an amount sufficient to pay the debt under Subsection (b), the representative shall, subject to Chapter 356, sell the property securing the debt. The representative shall:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scD/s355.153/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>use the sale proceeds to pay the debt and any expenses associated with the sale; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scD/s355.153/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>distribute the remaining sale proceeds to each devisee in an amount equal to a fraction representing the devisee's ownership interest in the property, multiplied by the amount of the remaining sale proceeds.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scD/s355.153/e">
<num value="e">(e)</num>
<content>If the sale proceeds under Subsection (d) are insufficient to pay the debt and any expenses associated with the sale, the difference between the sale proceeds and the sum of the amount of the debt and the expenses associated with the sale shall be paid in the manner prescribed by Subsection (a).</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scD/s355.154">
<num value="355.154">Sec. 355.154.</num>
<heading>PREFERRED DEBT AND LIEN</heading>
<chapeau>When a claim for a debt is allowed and approved under Section 355.151(a)(2):</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scD/s355.154/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>a further claim for the debt may not be made against other estate assets;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scD/s355.154/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the debt thereafter remains a preferred lien against the property securing the debt; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scD/s355.154/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the property remains security for the debt in any distribution or sale of the property before final maturity and payment of the debt.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scD/s355.155">
<num value="355.155">Sec. 355.155.</num>
<heading>PAYMENT OF MATURITIES ON PREFERRED DEBT AND LIEN</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scD/s355.155/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>If property securing a debt for which a claim is allowed, approved, and fixed under Section 355.151(a)(2) is not sold or distributed within six months from the date letters testamentary or of administration are granted, the personal representative of the estate shall:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scD/s355.155/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>promptly pay all maturities that have accrued on the debt according to the terms of the debt; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scD/s355.155/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>perform all the terms of any contract securing the debt.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scD/s355.155/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>If the personal representative defaults in payment or performance under Subsection (a), on application of the claim holder, the court shall:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scD/s355.155/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>require the sale of the property subject to the unmatured part of the debt and apply the proceeds of the sale to the liquidation of the maturities;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scD/s355.155/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>require the sale of the property free of the lien and apply the proceeds to the payment of the whole debt; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scD/s355.155/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>authorize foreclosure by the claim holder as provided by this subchapter.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scD/s355.1551">
<num value="355.1551">Sec. 355.1551.</num>
<heading>CLAIM HOLDER DUTY TO POSSESS OR SELL WITHIN REASONABLE TIME</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scD/s355.1551/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>A holder of a claim allowed and approved under Section 355.151(a)(2) who elects to take possession or sell the property securing the debt before final maturity in satisfaction of the holder's claim must do so within a reasonable time, as determined by the court.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scD/s355.1551/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>If the claim holder fails to take possession or sell secured property within the time determined by the court under Subsection (a), on application by the personal representative, the court may require the sale of the property free of the lien and apply the proceeds to the payment of the whole debt in full satisfaction of the claim.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scD/s355.1551/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>This section does not apply to an estate administered as an independent administration under Subtitle I.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 949 (S.B. 995), Sec. 39, eff. September 1, 2015.
Amended by:
Acts 2019, 86th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1141 (H.B. 2782), Sec. 28, eff. September 1, 2019.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scD/s355.156">
<num value="355.156">Sec. 355.156.</num>
<heading>AFFIDAVIT REQUIRED FOR FORECLOSURE</heading>
<chapeau>An application by a claim holder under Section 355.155(b)(3) to foreclose the claim holder's mortgage, lien, or security interest on property securing a claim allowed, approved, and fixed under Section 355.151(a)(2) must be supported by the claim holder's affidavit that:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scD/s355.156/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>describes the property or part of the property to be sold by foreclosure;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scD/s355.156/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>describes the amounts of the claim holder's outstanding debt;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scD/s355.156/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>describes the maturities that have accrued on the debt according to the terms of the debt;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scD/s355.156/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>describes any other debts secured by a mortgage, lien, or security interest against the property that are known by the claim holder;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scD/s355.156/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>contains a statement that the claim holder has no knowledge of the existence of any debt secured by the property other than those described by the application; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scD/s355.156/6">
<num value="6">(6)</num>
<content>requests permission for the claim holder to foreclose the claim holder's mortgage, lien, or security interest.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scD/s355.157">
<num value="355.157">Sec. 355.157.</num>
<heading>CITATION ON APPLICATION</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scD/s355.157/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>The clerk shall issue citation on the filing of an application by:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scD/s355.157/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<chapeau>personal service to:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scD/s355.157/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>the personal representative; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scD/s355.157/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>any person described by the application as having other debts secured by a mortgage, lien, or security interest against the property; and</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scD/s355.157/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>posting to any other person interested in the estate.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scD/s355.157/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A citation issued under Subsection (a) must require the person cited to appear and show cause why foreclosure should or should not be permitted.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scD/s355.158">
<num value="355.158">Sec. 355.158.</num>
<heading>HEARING ON APPLICATION</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scD/s355.158/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>The clerk shall immediately notify the judge when an application is filed. The judge shall schedule in writing a date for a hearing on the application.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scD/s355.158/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The judge may, by entry on the docket or otherwise, continue a hearing on an application for a reasonable time to allow an interested person to obtain an appraisal or other evidence concerning the fair market value of the property that is the subject of the application. If the interested person requests an unreasonable time for a continuance, the interested person must show good cause for the continuance.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scD/s355.158/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<chapeau>If the court finds at the hearing that there is a default in payment of maturities that have accrued on a debt described by Section 355.155(a) or performance under the contract securing the debt, the court shall:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scD/s355.158/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>require the sale of the property subject to the unmatured part of the debt and apply the proceeds of the sale to the liquidation of the maturities;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scD/s355.158/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>require the sale of the property free of the lien and apply the proceeds to the payment of the whole debt; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scD/s355.158/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>authorize foreclosure by the claim holder as provided by Section 355.156.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scD/s355.158/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>A person interested in the estate may appeal an order issued under Subsection (c)(3).</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scD/s355.159">
<num value="355.159">Sec. 355.159.</num>
<heading>MANNER OF FORECLOSURE; MINIMUM PRICE</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scD/s355.159/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>When the court grants a claim holder the right of foreclosure at a hearing under Section 355.158, the court shall authorize the claim holder to foreclose the claim holder's mortgage, lien, or security interest:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scD/s355.159/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>in accordance with the provisions of the document creating the mortgage, lien, or security interest; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scD/s355.159/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>in any other manner allowed by law.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scD/s355.159/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>Based on the evidence presented at the hearing, the court may set a minimum price for the property to be sold by foreclosure that does not exceed the fair market value of the property. If the court sets a minimum price, the property may not be sold at the foreclosure sale for a lower price.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scD/s355.160">
<num value="355.160">Sec. 355.160.</num>
<heading>UNSUCCESSFUL FORECLOSURE; SUBSEQUENT APPLICATION</heading>
<content>If property that is the subject of a foreclosure sale authorized and conducted under this subchapter is not sold because no bid at the sale met the minimum price set by the court, the claim holder may file a subsequent application for foreclosure under Section 355.155(b)(3). The court may eliminate or modify the minimum price requirement and grant permission for another foreclosure sale.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scE">
<num value="E">SUBCHAPTER E.</num>
<heading>CLAIMS INVOLVING PERSONAL REPRESENTATIVES</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scE/s355.201">
<num value="355.201">Sec. 355.201.</num>
<heading>CLAIM BY PERSONAL REPRESENTATIVE</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scE/s355.201/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>The provisions of this chapter regarding the presentment of claims against a decedent's estate may not be construed to apply to any claim of a personal representative against the decedent.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scE/s355.201/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A personal representative holding a claim against the decedent shall file the claim in the court granting the letters testamentary or of administration, verified by affidavit as required in other cases, within six months after the date the representative qualifies, or the claim is barred.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scE/s355.201/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>A claim by a personal representative that has been filed with the court within the required period shall be entered on the claim docket and acted on by the court in the same manner as in other cases.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scE/s355.201/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>A personal representative may appeal a judgment of the court acting on a claim under this section as in other cases.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scE/s355.201/e">
<num value="e">(e)</num>
<chapeau>The previous provisions regarding the presentment of claims may not be construed to apply to a claim:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scE/s355.201/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>of any heir or devisee who claims in that capacity;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scE/s355.201/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>that accrues against the estate after the granting of letters testamentary or of administration and for which the personal representative has contracted; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scE/s355.201/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<chapeau>for delinquent ad valorem taxes against a decedent's estate that is being administered in probate in:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scE/s355.201/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>a county other than the county in which the taxes were imposed; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scE/s355.201/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>the same county in which the taxes were imposed, if the probate proceedings have been pending for more than four years.</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scE/s355.202">
<num value="355.202">Sec. 355.202.</num>
<heading>CLAIMS AGAINST PERSONAL REPRESENTATIVES</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scE/s355.202/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>The naming of an executor in a will does not extinguish a just claim that the decedent had against the person named as executor.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scE/s355.202/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>If a personal representative is indebted to the decedent, the representative shall account for the debt in the same manner as if the debt were cash in the representative's possession.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scE/s355.202/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>Notwithstanding Subsection (b), a personal representative is required to account for the debt only from the date the debt becomes due if the debt was not due at the time the representative received letters testamentary or of administration.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scE/s355.203">
<num value="355.203">Sec. 355.203.</num>
<heading>PURCHASE OF CLAIM BY PERSONAL REPRESENTATIVE PROHIBITED</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scE/s355.203/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>It is unlawful, and cause for removal, for a personal representative, whether acting under appointment by will or court orders, to purchase a claim against the estate the representative represents for the representative's own use or any other purpose.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scE/s355.203/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>On written complaint by a person interested in the estate and on satisfactory proof of a violation of Subsection (a), the court after citation and hearing:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scE/s355.203/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>shall enter an order canceling the claim described by Subsection (a); and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scE/s355.203/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>may remove the personal representative who is found to have violated Subsection (a).</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c355/scE/s355.203/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>No part of a claim canceled under Subsection (b) may be paid out of the estate.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
</chapter>
<chapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356">
<num value="356">CHAPTER 356.</num>
<heading>SALE OF ESTATE PROPERTY</heading>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scA">
<num value="A">SUBCHAPTER A.</num>
<heading>GENERAL PROVISIONS</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scA/s356.001">
<num value="356.001">Sec. 356.001.</num>
<heading>COURT ORDER AUTHORIZING SALE</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scA/s356.001/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>Except as provided by this chapter, estate property may not be sold without a court order authorizing the sale.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scA/s356.001/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>Except as otherwise specially provided by this chapter, the court may order estate property to be sold for cash or on credit, at public auction or privately, as the court considers most advantageous to the estate.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scA/s356.002">
<num value="356.002">Sec. 356.002.</num>
<heading>SALE AUTHORIZED BY WILL</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scA/s356.002/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>Subject to Subsection (b), if a will authorizes the executor to sell the testator's property:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scA/s356.002/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>a court order is not required to authorize the executor to sell the property; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scA/s356.002/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<chapeau>the executor may sell the property:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scA/s356.002/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>at public auction or privately as the executor considers to be in the best interest of the estate; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scA/s356.002/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>for cash or on credit terms determined by the executor.</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scA/s356.002/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>Any particular directions in the testator's will regarding the sale of estate property shall be followed unless the directions have been annulled or suspended by court order.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scB">
<num value="B">SUBCHAPTER B.</num>
<heading>CERTAIN ESTATE PROPERTY REQUIRED TO BE SOLD</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scB/s356.051">
<num value="356.051">Sec. 356.051.</num>
<heading>SALE OF CERTAIN PERSONAL PROPERTY REQUIRED</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scB/s356.051/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>After approval of the inventory, appraisement, and list of claims, the personal representative of an estate promptly shall apply for a court order to sell, at public auction or privately, for cash or on credit for a term not to exceed six months, all estate property that is liable to perish, waste, or deteriorate in value, or that will be an expense or disadvantage to the estate if kept.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scB/s356.051/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>The following may not be included in a sale under Subsection (a):</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scB/s356.051/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>property exempt from forced sale;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scB/s356.051/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>property that is the subject of a specific legacy; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scB/s356.051/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>personal property necessary to carry on a farm, ranch, factory, or other business that is thought best to operate.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scB/s356.051/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<chapeau>In determining whether to order the sale of an asset under Subsection (a), the court shall consider:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scB/s356.051/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the personal representative's duty to take care of and manage the estate in the manner a person of ordinary prudence, discretion, and intelligence would manage the person's own affairs; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scB/s356.051/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>whether the asset constitutes an asset that a trustee is authorized to invest under Subchapter F, Chapter 113, Property Code, or Chapter 117, Property Code.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scC">
<num value="C">SUBCHAPTER C.</num>
<heading>SALE OF PERSONAL PROPERTY</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scC/s356.101">
<num value="356.101">Sec. 356.101.</num>
<heading>ORDER FOR SALE</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scC/s356.101/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>Except as provided by Subsection (b), on the application of the personal representative of an estate or any interested person, the court may order the sale of any estate personal property not required to be sold by Section 356.051, including livestock or growing or harvested crops, if the court finds that the sale of the property is in the estate's best interest to pay, from the proceeds of the sale:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scC/s356.101/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>expenses of administration;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scC/s356.101/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the decedent's funeral expenses;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scC/s356.101/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>expenses of the decedent's last illness;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scC/s356.101/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>allowances; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scC/s356.101/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>claims against the estate.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scC/s356.101/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The court may not order under this section the sale of exempt property or property that is the subject of a specific legacy.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scC/s356.102">
<num value="356.102">Sec. 356.102.</num>
<heading>REQUIREMENTS FOR APPLICATION AND ORDER</heading>
<content>To the extent possible, an application and order for the sale of personal property under Section 356.101 must conform to the requirements under Subchapter F for an application and order for the sale of real estate.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scC/s356.103">
<num value="356.103">Sec. 356.103.</num>
<heading>SALE AT PUBLIC AUCTION</heading>
<chapeau>Unless the court directs otherwise, before estate personal property is sold at public auction, notice must be:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scC/s356.103/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>issued by the personal representative of the estate; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scC/s356.103/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>posted in the manner notice is posted for original proceedings in probate.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scC/s356.104">
<num value="356.104">Sec. 356.104.</num>
<heading>SALE ON CREDIT</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scC/s356.104/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>Estate personal property may not be sold on credit at public auction for a term of more than six months from the date of sale.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scC/s356.104/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>Estate personal property purchased on credit at public auction may not be delivered to the purchaser until the purchaser gives a note for the amount due, with good and solvent personal security. The requirement that security be provided may be waived if the property will not be delivered until the note, with interest, has been paid.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scC/s356.105">
<num value="356.105">Sec. 356.105.</num>
<heading>REPORT; EVIDENCE OF TITLE</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scC/s356.105/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>A successful bid or contract for the sale of estate personal property shall be reported to the court. The laws regulating the approval or disapproval of a sale of real estate apply to the sale, except that a conveyance is not required.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scC/s356.105/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>The court's order approving the sale of estate personal property:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scC/s356.105/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>vests the right and title of the intestate's estate in the purchaser who has complied with the terms of the sale; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scC/s356.105/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>is prima facie evidence that all requirements of the law in making the sale have been met.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scC/s356.105/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>The personal representative of an estate, on request, may issue a bill of sale without warranty to the purchaser of estate personal property as evidence of title. The purchaser shall pay for the issuance of the bill of sale.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2019, 86th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1141 (H.B. 2782), Sec. 29, eff. September 1, 2019.
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 205 (S.B. 1373), Sec. 32, eff. September 1, 2023.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scD">
<num value="D">SUBCHAPTER D.</num>
<heading>SALE OF LIVESTOCK</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scD/s356.151">
<num value="356.151">Sec. 356.151.</num>
<heading>AUTHORITY FOR SALE</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scD/s356.151/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>A personal representative of an estate who has possession of livestock and who considers selling the livestock to be necessary or to the estate's advantage may, in addition to any other method provided by law for the sale of personal property, obtain authority from the court in which the estate is pending to sell the livestock through:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scD/s356.151/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>a bonded livestock commission merchant; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scD/s356.151/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>a bonded livestock auction commission merchant.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scD/s356.151/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The court may authorize the sale of livestock in the manner described by Subsection (a) on a written and sworn application by the personal representative or any person interested in the estate.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scD/s356.152">
<num value="356.152">Sec. 356.152.</num>
<heading>CONTENTS OF APPLICATION; HEARING</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scD/s356.152/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>An application under Section 356.151 must:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scD/s356.152/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>describe the livestock sought to be sold; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scD/s356.152/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>state why granting the application is necessary or to the estate's advantage.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scD/s356.152/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>The court:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scD/s356.152/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>shall promptly consider the application; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scD/s356.152/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>may hear evidence for or against the application, with or without notice, as the facts warrant.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scD/s356.153">
<num value="356.153">Sec. 356.153.</num>
<heading>GRANT OF APPLICATION</heading>
<chapeau>If the court grants an application for the sale of livestock, the court shall:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scD/s356.153/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>enter an order to that effect; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scD/s356.153/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>authorize delivery of the livestock to a commission merchant described by Section 356.151 for sale in the regular course of business.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scD/s356.154">
<num value="356.154">Sec. 356.154.</num>
<heading>REPORT; PASSAGE OF TITLE</heading>
<content>The personal representative of the estate shall promptly report to the court a sale of livestock authorized under this subchapter, supported by a verified copy of the commission merchant's account of the sale. A court order of confirmation is not required to pass title to the purchaser of the livestock.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scD/s356.155">
<num value="356.155">Sec. 356.155.</num>
<heading>COMMISSION MERCHANT FEES</heading>
<content>A commission merchant shall be paid the merchant's usual and customary charges, not to exceed five percent of the sale price, for the sale of livestock authorized under this subchapter.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scE">
<num value="E">SUBCHAPTER E.</num>
<heading>SALE OF MORTGAGED PROPERTY</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scE/s356.201">
<num value="356.201">Sec. 356.201.</num>
<heading>APPLICATION FOR SALE OF MORTGAGED PROPERTY</heading>
<content>A creditor holding a claim that is secured by a valid mortgage or other lien and that has been allowed and approved or established by suit may, by filing a written application, obtain from the court in which the estate is pending an order requiring that the property securing the lien, or as much of the property as is necessary to satisfy the claim, be sold.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scE/s356.202">
<num value="356.202">Sec. 356.202.</num>
<heading>CITATION</heading>
<content>On the filing of an application under Section 356.201, the clerk shall issue a citation requiring the personal representative of the estate to appear and show cause why the application should not be granted.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scE/s356.203">
<num value="356.203">Sec. 356.203.</num>
<heading>ORDER</heading>
<content>The court may order the lien securing the claim of a creditor who files an application under Section 356.201 to be discharged out of general estate assets or refinanced if the discharge or refinance of the lien appears to the court to be advisable. Otherwise, the court shall grant the application and order that the property securing the lien be sold at public or private sale, as considered best, as in an ordinary sale of real estate.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scF">
<num value="F">SUBCHAPTER F.</num>
<heading>SALE OF REAL PROPERTY: APPLICATION AND ORDER FOR SALE</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scF/s356.251">
<num value="356.251">Sec. 356.251.</num>
<heading>APPLICATION FOR ORDER OF SALE</heading>
<chapeau>An application may be made to the court for an order to sell estate property if the sale appears necessary or advisable to:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scF/s356.251/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<chapeau>pay:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scF/s356.251/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>expenses of administration;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scF/s356.251/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>the decedent's funeral expenses;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scF/s356.251/C">
<num value="C">(C)</num>
<content>expenses of the decedent's last illness;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scF/s356.251/D">
<num value="D">(D)</num>
<content>allowances; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scF/s356.251/E">
<num value="E">(E)</num>
<content>claims against the estate; or</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scF/s356.251/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>dispose of an interest in estate real property if selling the interest is considered in the estate's best interest.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scF/s356.252">
<num value="356.252">Sec. 356.252.</num>
<heading>CONTENTS OF APPLICATION</heading>
<chapeau>An application for the sale of real estate must:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scF/s356.252/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>be in writing;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scF/s356.252/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<chapeau>describe:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scF/s356.252/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>the real estate sought to be sold; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scF/s356.252/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>the interest in or part of the real estate sought to be sold; and</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scF/s356.252/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<chapeau>be accompanied by an exhibit, verified by an affidavit, showing:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scF/s356.252/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>the estate's condition fully and in detail;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scF/s356.252/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>the charges and claims that have been approved or established by suit or that have been rejected and may yet be established;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scF/s356.252/C">
<num value="C">(C)</num>
<content>the amount of each claim described by Paragraph (B);</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scF/s356.252/D">
<num value="D">(D)</num>
<content>the estate property remaining on hand that is liable for the payment of the claims described by Paragraph (B); and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scF/s356.252/E">
<num value="E">(E)</num>
<content>any other facts showing the necessity for or advisability of the sale.</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scF/s356.253">
<num value="356.253">Sec. 356.253.</num>
<heading>CITATION</heading>
<chapeau>On the filing of an application and exhibit described by Section 356.252, the clerk shall issue a citation to all persons interested in the estate. The citation must:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scF/s356.253/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>describe the real estate or the interest in or part of the real estate sought to be sold;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scF/s356.253/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>inform the interested persons of the right under Section 356.254 to file an opposition to the sale during the period prescribed by the court in the citation; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scF/s356.253/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>be served by posting.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scF/s356.254">
<num value="356.254">Sec. 356.254.</num>
<heading>OPPOSITION TO SALE</heading>
<chapeau>During the period prescribed in a citation issued under Section 356.253, any person interested in the estate may file:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scF/s356.254/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>a written opposition to the sale; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scF/s356.254/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>an application for the sale of other estate property.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scF/s356.255">
<num value="356.255">Sec. 356.255.</num>
<heading>HEARING ON APPLICATION AND ANY OPPOSITION</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scF/s356.255/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>The clerk of the court in which an application for an order of sale is filed shall immediately call to the judge's attention any opposition to the sale that is filed during the period prescribed in the citation issued under Section 356.253. The court shall hold a hearing on the application if an opposition to the sale is filed during the period prescribed in the citation.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scF/s356.255/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A hearing on an application for an order of sale is not required under this section if no opposition to the application is filed during the period prescribed in the citation. The court may determine that a hearing on the application is necessary even if no opposition is filed during that period.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scF/s356.255/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>If the court orders a hearing under Subsection (a) or (b), the court shall designate in writing a date and time for the hearing on the application and any opposition, together with the evidence pertaining to the application and any opposition. The clerk shall issue a notice of the date and time of the hearing to the applicant and to each person who files an opposition to the sale, if applicable.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scF/s356.255/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>The judge, by entries on the docket, may continue a hearing held under this section from time to time until the judge is satisfied concerning the application.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scF/s356.256">
<num value="356.256">Sec. 356.256.</num>
<heading>ORDER</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scF/s356.256/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>The court shall order the sale of the estate property described in an application for an order of sale if the court is satisfied that the sale is necessary or advisable. Otherwise, the court may deny the application and, if the court considers it best, may order the sale of other estate property the sale of which would be more advantageous to the estate.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scF/s356.256/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>An order for the sale of real estate under this section must specify:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scF/s356.256/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the property to be sold, including a description that identifies that property;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scF/s356.256/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>whether the property is to be sold at public auction or private sale and, if at public auction, the time and place of the sale;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scF/s356.256/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the necessity or advisability of, and the purpose of, the sale;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scF/s356.256/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<chapeau>except in a case in which a personal representative was not required to give a general bond, that the court, after examining the general bond given by the representative, finds that:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scF/s356.256/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>the bond is sufficient as required by law; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scF/s356.256/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>the bond is insufficient;</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scF/s356.256/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>if the court finds that the general bond is insufficient under Subdivision (4)(B), the amount of the necessary or increased bond, as applicable;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scF/s356.256/6">
<num value="6">(6)</num>
<content>that the sale is to be made and the report returned in accordance with law; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scF/s356.256/7">
<num value="7">(7)</num>
<content>the terms of the sale.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scF/s356.257">
<num value="356.257">Sec. 356.257.</num>
<heading>SALE FOR PAYMENT OF DEBTS</heading>
<content>Estate real property selected to be sold for the payment of expenses or claims must be that property the sale of which the court considers most advantageous to the estate.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scG">
<num value="G">SUBCHAPTER G.</num>
<heading>SALE OF REAL ESTATE: TERMS OF SALE</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scG/s356.301">
<num value="356.301">Sec. 356.301.</num>
<heading>PERMISSIBLE TERMS</heading>
<content>Real estate of an estate may be sold for cash, part cash and part credit, or the equity in land securing an indebtedness may be sold subject to the indebtedness, or with an assumption of the indebtedness, at public or private sale, as appears to the court to be in the estate's best interest.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scG/s356.302">
<num value="356.302">Sec. 356.302.</num>
<heading>SALE ON CREDIT</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scG/s356.302/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>The cash payment for real estate of an estate sold partly on credit may not be less than one-fifth of the purchase price. The purchaser shall execute a note for the deferred payments, payable in monthly, quarterly, semiannual, or annual installments, in amounts that appear to the court to be in the estate's best interest. The note must bear interest from the date at a rate of not less than four percent per year, payable as provided in the note.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scG/s356.302/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A note executed by a purchaser under Subsection (a) must be secured by a vendor's lien retained in the deed and in the note on the property sold, and be further secured by a deed of trust on the property sold, with the usual provisions for foreclosure and sale on failure to make the payments provided in the deed and the note.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scG/s356.302/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>At the election of the holder of a note executed by a purchaser under Subsection (a), default in the payment of principal, interest, or any part of the principal or interest, when due matures the entire debt.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scH">
<num value="H">SUBCHAPTER H.</num>
<heading>RECONVEYANCE OF REAL ESTATE FOLLOWING FORECLOSURE</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scH/s356.351">
<num value="356.351">Sec. 356.351.</num>
<heading>APPLICABILITY OF SUBCHAPTER</heading>
<chapeau>This subchapter applies only to real estate owned by an estate as a result of the foreclosure of a vendor's lien or mortgage belonging to the estate:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scH/s356.351/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>by a judicial sale;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scH/s356.351/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>by a foreclosure suit;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scH/s356.351/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>through a sale under a deed of trust; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scH/s356.351/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>by acceptance of a deed in cancellation of a lien or mortgage owned by the estate.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scH/s356.352">
<num value="356.352">Sec. 356.352.</num>
<heading>APPLICATION AND ORDER FOR RECONVEYANCE</heading>
<chapeau>On proper application and proof, the court may dispense with the requirements for a credit sale prescribed by Section 356.302 and order the reconveyance of foreclosed real estate to the former mortgage debtor or former owner if it appears to the court that:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scH/s356.352/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>an application to redeem the real estate has been made by the former owner to a corporation or agency created by an Act of the United States Congress or of this state in connection with legislation for the relief of owners of mortgaged or encumbered homes, farms, ranches, or other real estate; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scH/s356.352/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>owning bonds of one of those federal or state corporations or agencies instead of the real estate would be in the estate's best interest.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scH/s356.353">
<num value="356.353">Sec. 356.353.</num>
<heading>EXCHANGE FOR BONDS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scH/s356.353/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>If a court orders the reconveyance of foreclosed real estate as provided by Section 356.352, vendor's lien notes shall be reserved for the total amount of the indebtedness due or for the total amount of bonds that the corporation or agency to which the application to redeem the real estate was submitted as described by Section 356.352(1) is allowed to advance under the corporation's or agency's rules or regulations.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scH/s356.353/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>On obtaining the order for reconveyance, it shall be proper for the personal representative of the estate to indorse and assign the reserved vendor's lien notes over to any one of the corporations or agencies described by Section 356.352(1) in exchange for bonds of that corporation or agency.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scI">
<num value="I">SUBCHAPTER I.</num>
<heading>SALE OF REAL ESTATE: PUBLIC AUCTION</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scI/s356.401">
<num value="356.401">Sec. 356.401.</num>
<heading>METHOD OF SALE; REQUIRED NOTICE</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scI/s356.401/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>A public sale of real estate of an estate shall be made at public auction. Except as otherwise provided by Section 356.403(c), the personal representative of an estate shall advertise a public auction of real estate of the estate by a notice published in the county in which the estate is pending, as provided by this title for publication of notices or citations. The notice must:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scI/s356.401/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>include a reference to the order of sale;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scI/s356.401/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>include the time, place, and required terms of sale; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scI/s356.401/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>briefly describe the real estate to be sold.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scI/s356.401/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>The notice required by Subsection (a) is not required to contain field notes, but if the real estate to be sold is rural property, the notice must include:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scI/s356.401/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the name of the original survey of the real estate;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scI/s356.401/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the number of acres comprising the real estate;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scI/s356.401/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the location of the real estate in the county; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scI/s356.401/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>any name by which the real estate is generally known.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2019, 86th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1141 (H.B. 2782), Sec. 30, eff. September 1, 2019.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scI/s356.402">
<num value="356.402">Sec. 356.402.</num>
<heading>COMPLETION OF AUCTION</heading>
<content>A public auction of real estate of an estate shall be completed on the bid of the highest bidder.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2019, 86th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1141 (H.B. 2782), Sec. 30, eff. September 1, 2019.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scI/s356.403">
<num value="356.403">Sec. 356.403.</num>
<heading>TIME AND PLACE OF AUCTION</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scI/s356.403/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>Except as provided by Subsection (c), a public auction of real estate of an estate shall be held at:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scI/s356.403/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the courthouse door in the county in which the real estate is located, or if the real estate is located in more than one county, the courthouse door in any county in which the real estate is located; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scI/s356.403/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>another place in a county described by Subdivision (1) at which auctions of real estate are specifically authorized to be held as designated by the commissioners court of the county under Section 51.002(a), Property Code.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scI/s356.403/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>Except as otherwise provided by this subsection, the auction must occur between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m. on the first Tuesday of the month after publication of notice has been completed. If the first Tuesday of the month occurs on January 1 or July 4, the auction must occur between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m. on the first Wednesday of the month.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scI/s356.403/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>If the court considers it advisable, the court may order the auction to be held in the county in which the proceedings are pending, in which event notice shall be published both in that county and in the county in which the real estate is located.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2019, 86th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1141 (H.B. 2782), Sec. 30, eff. September 1, 2019.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scI/s356.404">
<num value="356.404">Sec. 356.404.</num>
<heading>CONTINUANCE OF AUCTION</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scI/s356.404/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>A public auction of real estate of an estate that is not completed on the day advertised may be continued from day to day by an oral public announcement of the continuance made at the conclusion of the auction each day.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scI/s356.404/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A continued auction must occur within the hours prescribed by Section 356.403(b).</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scI/s356.404/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>The continuance of an auction under this section shall be shown in the report made to the court under Section 356.551.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2019, 86th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1141 (H.B. 2782), Sec. 30, eff. September 1, 2019.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scI/s356.405">
<num value="356.405">Sec. 356.405.</num>
<heading>FAILURE OF BIDDER TO COMPLY</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scI/s356.405/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>If a person bids off real estate of the estate offered at public auction and fails to comply with the terms of the bid, the property shall be readvertised and auctioned without any further order.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scI/s356.405/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>The person defaulting on a bid as described by Subsection (a) is liable for payment to the personal representative of the estate, for the estate's benefit, of:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scI/s356.405/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>10 percent of the amount of the bid; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scI/s356.405/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the amount of any deficiency in price on the second auction.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scI/s356.405/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>The personal representative may recover the amounts under Subsection (b) by suit in any court in the county in which the auction was made that has jurisdiction of the amount claimed.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2019, 86th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1141 (H.B. 2782), Sec. 30, eff. September 1, 2019.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scJ">
<num value="J">SUBCHAPTER J.</num>
<heading>SALE OF REAL ESTATE: CONTRACT FOR PRIVATE SALE</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scJ/s356.451">
<num value="356.451">Sec. 356.451.</num>
<heading>TERMS OF SALE</heading>
<content>The personal representative of an estate may enter into a contract for the private sale of real estate of the estate made in the manner the court directs in the order of sale. Unless the court directs otherwise, additional advertising, notice, or citation concerning the sale is not required.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2019, 86th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1141 (H.B. 2782), Sec. 30, eff. September 1, 2019.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scK">
<num value="K">SUBCHAPTER K.</num>
<heading>SALE OF EASEMENT OR RIGHT-OF-WAY</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scK/s356.501">
<num value="356.501">Sec. 356.501.</num>
<heading>AUTHORIZATION</heading>
<content>Easements and rights-of-way on, under, and over the land of an estate that is being administered under court order may be sold and conveyed regardless of whether the sale proceeds are required to pay charges or claims against the estate or for other lawful purposes.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scK/s356.502">
<num value="356.502">Sec. 356.502.</num>
<heading>PROCEDURE</heading>
<content>The procedure for the sale of an easement or right-of-way authorized under Section 356.501 is the same as the procedure provided by law for a private sale of estate real property by contract.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2019, 86th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1141 (H.B. 2782), Sec. 31, eff. September 1, 2019.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scL">
<num value="L">SUBCHAPTER L.</num>
<heading>APPROVAL OF SALE OF REAL PROPERTY AND TRANSFER OF TITLE</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scL/s356.551">
<num value="356.551">Sec. 356.551.</num>
<heading>REPORT</heading>
<chapeau>A successful bid or contract for the sale of estate real property shall be reported to the court ordering the sale not later than the 30th day after the date the bid is made or the property is placed under contract. The report must:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scL/s356.551/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>be sworn to, in writing, and filed with the clerk;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scL/s356.551/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<chapeau>include:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scL/s356.551/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>the date of the order of sale;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scL/s356.551/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>a description of the property being sold;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scL/s356.551/C">
<num value="C">(C)</num>
<content>the time and place of the auction or date the property is placed under contract;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scL/s356.551/D">
<num value="D">(D)</num>
<content>the purchaser's name;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scL/s356.551/E">
<num value="E">(E)</num>
<content>the amount of the successful bid or the purchase price for each parcel of property or interest in property auctioned or placed under contract;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scL/s356.551/F">
<num value="F">(F)</num>
<content>the terms of the sale;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scL/s356.551/G">
<num value="G">(G)</num>
<content>whether the proposed sale of the property was made at public auction or by contract; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scL/s356.551/H">
<num value="H">(H)</num>
<content>whether the purchaser is ready to comply with the order of sale; and</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scL/s356.551/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>be noted on the probate docket.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2019, 86th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1141 (H.B. 2782), Sec. 33, eff. September 1, 2019.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scL/s356.552">
<num value="356.552">Sec. 356.552.</num>
<heading>ACTION OF COURT ON REPORT</heading>
<chapeau>After the expiration of five days from the date a report is filed under Section 356.551, the court shall:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scL/s356.552/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>inquire into the manner in which the auction or contract described in the report was made;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scL/s356.552/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>hear evidence in support of or against the report; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scL/s356.552/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>determine the sufficiency or insufficiency of the personal representative's general bond, if any has been required and given.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2019, 86th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1141 (H.B. 2782), Sec. 34, eff. September 1, 2019.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scL/s356.553">
<num value="356.553">Sec. 356.553.</num>
<heading>APPROVAL OF SALE WHEN BOND NOT REQUIRED</heading>
<content>If the personal representative of an estate is not required by this title to give a general bond, the court may approve the sale of estate real property in the manner provided by Section 356.556(a) if the court finds that the sale is satisfactory and made in accordance with law.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2019, 86th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1141 (H.B. 2782), Sec. 35, eff. September 1, 2019.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scL/s356.554">
<num value="356.554">Sec. 356.554.</num>
<heading>SUFFICIENCY OF BOND</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scL/s356.554/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>If the personal representative of an estate is required by this title to give a general bond, before the court approves any sale of real estate, the court shall determine whether the bond is sufficient to protect the estate after the sale proceeds are received.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scL/s356.554/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>If the court finds that the general bond is sufficient, the court may approve the sale as provided by Section 356.556(a).</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scL/s356.554/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>If the court finds that the general bond is insufficient, the court may not approve the sale until the general bond is increased to the amount required by the court, or an additional bond is given, and approved by the court.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scL/s356.554/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<chapeau>An increase in the amount of the general bond, or the additional bond, as applicable under Subsection (c), must be equal to the sum of:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scL/s356.554/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the amount for which the real estate is sold; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scL/s356.554/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>any additional amount the court finds necessary and sets for the estate's protection.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2019, 86th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1141 (H.B. 2782), Sec. 36, eff. September 1, 2019.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scL/s356.555">
<num value="356.555">Sec. 356.555.</num>
<heading>INCREASED OR ADDITIONAL BOND NOT REQUIRED</heading>
<content>Notwithstanding Sections 356.554(c) and (d), if the real estate sold is encumbered by a lien to secure a claim against the estate and is sold to the owner or holder of the secured claim in full payment, liquidation, and satisfaction of the claim, an increased general bond or additional bond may not be required except for the amount of any cash paid to the personal representative of the estate in excess of the amount necessary to pay, liquidate, and satisfy the claim in full.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scL/s356.556">
<num value="356.556">Sec. 356.556.</num>
<heading>APPROVAL OR DISAPPROVAL ORDER</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scL/s356.556/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>If the court is satisfied that the proposed sale of real property reported under Section 356.551 is for a fair price, properly made, and in conformity with law, and the court has approved any increased or additional bond that the court found necessary to protect the estate, the court shall enter an order:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scL/s356.556/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>approving the sale;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scL/s356.556/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>showing conformity with this chapter;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scL/s356.556/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>detailing the terms of the sale; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scL/s356.556/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>authorizing the personal representative to convey the property on the purchaser's compliance with the terms of the sale.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scL/s356.556/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>If the court is not satisfied that the proposed sale of real property is for a fair price, properly made, and in conformity with law, the court shall enter an order setting aside the bid or contract and ordering a new sale to be made, if necessary.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scL/s356.556/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>The court's action in approving or disapproving a report under Section 356.551 has the effect of a final judgment. Any person interested in the estate or in the sale is entitled to have an order entered under this section reviewed as in other final judgments in probate proceedings.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2019, 86th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1141 (H.B. 2782), Sec. 37, eff. September 1, 2019.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scL/s356.557">
<num value="356.557">Sec. 356.557.</num>
<heading>DEED</heading>
<chapeau>Real estate of an estate that is sold shall be conveyed by a proper deed that refers to and identifies the court order approving the sale. The deed:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scL/s356.557/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>vests in the purchaser all right and title of the estate to, and all interest of the estate in, the property; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scL/s356.557/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>is prima facie evidence that the sale has met all applicable requirements of the law.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2019, 86th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1141 (H.B. 2782), Sec. 38, eff. September 1, 2019.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scL/s356.558">
<num value="356.558">Sec. 356.558.</num>
<heading>DELIVERY OF DEED</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scL/s356.558/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>After the court has approved a sale and the purchaser has complied with the terms of the sale, the personal representative of the estate shall promptly execute and deliver to the purchaser a proper deed conveying the property.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scL/s356.558/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>If the sale is made partly on credit:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scL/s356.558/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the vendor's lien securing one or more purchase money notes must be expressly retained in the deed and may not be waived; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scL/s356.558/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>before actual delivery of the deed to the purchaser, the purchaser shall execute and deliver to the personal representative of the estate one or more vendor's lien notes, with or without personal sureties as ordered by the court, and a deed of trust or mortgage on the property as additional security for the payment of the notes.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scL/s356.558/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>On completion of the transaction, the personal representative of the estate shall promptly file or cause to be filed and recorded the deed of trust or mortgage in the appropriate records in the county in which the land is located.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2019, 86th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1141 (H.B. 2782), Sec. 39, eff. September 1, 2019.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scL/s356.559">
<num value="356.559">Sec. 356.559.</num>
<heading>DAMAGES; REMOVAL</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scL/s356.559/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>If the personal representative of an estate neglects to comply with Section 356.558, including to file the deed of trust securing a lien in the proper county, the representative and the sureties on the representative's bond shall, after complaint and citation, be held liable for the use of the estate and for all damages resulting from the representative's neglect, and the court may remove the representative.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scL/s356.559/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>Damages under this section may be recovered in any court of competent jurisdiction.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scM">
<num value="M">SUBCHAPTER M.</num>
<heading>PROCEDURE ON FAILURE TO APPLY FOR SALE</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scM/s356.601">
<num value="356.601">Sec. 356.601.</num>
<heading>FAILURE TO APPLY FOR SALE</heading>
<content>If the personal representative of an estate neglects to apply for an order to sell sufficient estate property to pay charges and claims against the estate that have been allowed and approved or established by suit, any interested person, on written application, may have the representative cited to appear and make a full exhibit of the estate's condition and show cause why a sale of the property should not be ordered.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scM/s356.602">
<num value="356.602">Sec. 356.602.</num>
<heading>COURT ORDER</heading>
<content>On hearing an application under Section 356.601, if the court is satisfied that a sale of estate property is necessary or advisable to satisfy the charges and claims described by Section 356.601, the court shall enter an order of sale as provided by Section 356.256.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scN">
<num value="N">SUBCHAPTER N.</num>
<heading>PURCHASE OF PROPERTY BY PERSONAL REPRESENTATIVE</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scN/s356.651">
<num value="356.651">Sec. 356.651.</num>
<heading>GENERAL PROHIBITION ON PURCHASE</heading>
<content>Except as otherwise provided by this subchapter, the personal representative of an estate may not purchase, directly or indirectly, any estate property sold by the representative or any co-representative of the estate.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scN/s356.652">
<num value="356.652">Sec. 356.652.</num>
<heading>EXCEPTION: AUTHORIZATION IN WILL</heading>
<chapeau>A personal representative of an estate may purchase estate property if the representative was appointed in a will that:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scN/s356.652/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>has been admitted to probate; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scN/s356.652/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>expressly authorizes the sale.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scN/s356.653">
<num value="356.653">Sec. 356.653.</num>
<heading>EXCEPTION: EXECUTORY CONTRACT</heading>
<chapeau>A personal representative of a decedent's estate may purchase estate property in compliance with the terms of a written executory contract signed by the decedent, including:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scN/s356.653/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>a contract for deed;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scN/s356.653/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>an earnest money contract;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scN/s356.653/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>a buy/sell agreement; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scN/s356.653/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>a stock purchase or redemption agreement.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scN/s356.654">
<num value="356.654">Sec. 356.654.</num>
<heading>EXCEPTION: BEST INTEREST OF ESTATE</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scN/s356.654/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>Subject to Subsection (b), the personal representative of an estate, including an independent administrator, may purchase estate property on the court's determination that the sale is in the estate's best interest.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scN/s356.654/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>Before purchasing estate property as authorized by Subsection (a), the personal representative shall give notice of the purchase by a qualified delivery method, unless the court requires another form of notice, to:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scN/s356.654/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>each distributee of the estate; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scN/s356.654/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>each creditor whose claim remains unsettled after being presented within six months of the date letters testamentary or of administration are originally granted.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scN/s356.654/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>The court may require additional notice or allow for the waiver of the notice required for a sale made under this section.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 205 (S.B. 1373), Sec. 33, eff. September 1, 2023.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scN/s356.655">
<num value="356.655">Sec. 356.655.</num>
<heading>PURCHASE IN VIOLATION OF SUBCHAPTER</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scN/s356.655/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>If a personal representative of an estate purchases estate property in violation of this subchapter, any person interested in the estate may file a written complaint with the court in which the proceedings are pending.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scN/s356.655/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>On service of citation on the personal representative on a complaint filed under Subsection (a) and after hearing and proof, the court shall:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scN/s356.655/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>declare the sale void;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scN/s356.655/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>set aside the sale; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scN/s356.655/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>order the reconveyance of the property to the estate.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c356/scN/s356.655/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>The court shall adjudge against the personal representative all costs of the sale, protest, and suit found necessary.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
</chapter>
<chapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c357">
<num value="357">CHAPTER 357.</num>
<heading>RENTING ESTATE PROPERTY</heading>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c357/scA">
<num value="A">SUBCHAPTER A.</num>
<heading>RENTAL AND RETURN OF ESTATE PROPERTY</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c357/scA/s357.001">
<num value="357.001">Sec. 357.001.</num>
<heading>RENTING ESTATE PROPERTY WITHOUT COURT ORDER</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c357/scA/s357.001/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>The personal representative of an estate, without a court order, may rent any of the estate property for one year or less, at public auction or privately, as is considered to be in the best interest of the estate.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c357/scA/s357.001/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>On the sworn complaint of any person interested in the estate, the court shall require a personal representative who, without a court order, rents estate property to account to the estate for the reasonable value of the rent of the property, to be ascertained by the court on satisfactory evidence.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c357/scA/s357.002">
<num value="357.002">Sec. 357.002.</num>
<heading>RENTING ESTATE PROPERTY WITH COURT ORDER</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c357/scA/s357.002/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>The personal representative of an estate may, if the representative prefers, and shall, if the proposed rental period is more than one year, file a written application with the court setting forth the property the representative seeks to rent.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c357/scA/s357.002/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>If the court finds that granting an application filed under Subsection (a) is in the interest of the estate, the court shall grant the application and issue an order that:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c357/scA/s357.002/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>describes the property to be rented; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c357/scA/s357.002/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>states whether the property will be rented at public auction or privately, whether for cash or on credit, and if on credit, the extent of the credit and the period for which the property may be rented.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c357/scA/s357.002/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>If, under Subsection (b), the court orders property to be rented at public auction, the court shall prescribe whether notice of the auction shall be published or posted.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 91 (S.B. 1303), Sec. 8.016, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c357/scA/s357.003">
<num value="357.003">Sec. 357.003.</num>
<heading>ESTATE PROPERTY RENTED ON CREDIT</heading>
<content>Possession of estate property rented on credit may not be delivered until the renter executes and delivers to the personal representative a note with good personal security for the amount of the rent. If the property is delivered without the representative receiving the required security, the representative and the sureties on the representative's bond are liable for the full amount of the rent. When a rental is payable in installments, in advance of the period to which the installments relate, this section does not apply.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c357/scA/s357.004">
<num value="357.004">Sec. 357.004.</num>
<heading>CONDITION OF RETURNED ESTATE PROPERTY</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c357/scA/s357.004/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>Estate property that is rented, with or without a court order, must be returned to the estate's possession in as good a condition, except for reasonable wear and tear, as when the property was rented.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c357/scA/s357.004/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>The personal representative of an estate shall:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c357/scA/s357.004/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>ensure that rented estate property is returned in the condition required by Subsection (a);</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c357/scA/s357.004/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>report to the court any damage to, or loss or destruction of, the property; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c357/scA/s357.004/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>ask the court for the authority to take any necessary action.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c357/scA/s357.004/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>A personal representative who fails to act as required by this section and the sureties on the representative's bond are liable to the estate for any loss or damage suffered as a result of the representative's failure.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c357/scA/s357.005">
<num value="357.005">Sec. 357.005.</num>
<heading>COMPLAINT FOR FAILURE TO RENT</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c357/scA/s357.005/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>Any person interested in an estate may:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c357/scA/s357.005/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>file a written and sworn complaint in the court in which the estate is pending; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c357/scA/s357.005/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>have the personal representative cited to appear and show cause why the representative did not rent any estate property.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c357/scA/s357.005/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The court, on hearing the complaint, shall issue an order that appears to be in the best interest of the estate.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c357/scB">
<num value="B">SUBCHAPTER B.</num>
<heading>REPORT ON RENTED ESTATE PROPERTY</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c357/scB/s357.051">
<num value="357.051">Sec. 357.051.</num>
<heading>REPORTS CONCERNING RENTALS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c357/scB/s357.051/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>A personal representative of an estate who rents estate property with an appraised value of $3,000 or more shall, not later than the 30th day after the date the property is rented, file with the court a sworn and written report stating:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c357/scB/s357.051/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the property rented and the property's appraised value;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c357/scB/s357.051/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the date the property was rented and whether the rental occurred at public auction or privately;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c357/scB/s357.051/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the name of each person renting the property;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c357/scB/s357.051/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>the rental amount; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c357/scB/s357.051/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>whether the rental was for cash or on credit and, if on credit, the length of time, the terms, and the security received for the credit.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c357/scB/s357.051/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A personal representative of an estate who rents estate property with an appraised value of less than $3,000 may report the rental in the next annual or final account that must be filed as required by law.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c357/scB/s357.052">
<num value="357.052">Sec. 357.052.</num>
<heading>COURT ACTION ON REPORT</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c357/scB/s357.052/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>At any time after the fifth day after the date the report of renting is filed, the court shall:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c357/scB/s357.052/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>examine the report; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c357/scB/s357.052/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>by order approve and confirm the report if found just and reasonable.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c357/scB/s357.052/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>If the court disapproves the report, the estate is not bound and the court may order another offering for rent of the property that is the subject of the report, in the same manner and subject to the provisions of this chapter.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c357/scB/s357.052/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>If the court approves the report and it later appears that, by reason of any fault of the personal representative, the property was not rented for the property's reasonable value, the court shall have the representative and the sureties on the representative's bond appear and show cause why the reasonable value of the rent of the property should not be adjudged against the representative.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
</chapter>
<chapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358">
<num value="358">CHAPTER 358.</num>
<heading>MATTERS RELATING TO MINERAL PROPERTIES</heading>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scA">
<num value="A">SUBCHAPTER A.</num>
<heading>GENERAL PROVISIONS</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scA/s358.001">
<num value="358.001">Sec. 358.001.</num>
<heading>DEFINITIONS</heading>
<chapeau>In this chapter:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scA/s358.001/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>"Gas" includes all liquid hydrocarbons in the gaseous phase in the reservoir.</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scA/s358.001/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>"Land" and "interest in land" include minerals or an interest in minerals in place.</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scA/s358.001/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>"Mineral development" includes exploration for, whether by geophysical or other means, drilling for, mining for, development of, operations in connection with, production of, and saving of oil, other liquid hydrocarbons, gas, gaseous elements, sulphur, metals, and all other minerals, whether solid or otherwise.</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scA/s358.001/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>"Property" includes land, minerals in place, whether solid, liquid, or gaseous, and an interest of any kind in that property, including a royalty interest, owned by an estate.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scB">
<num value="B">SUBCHAPTER B.</num>
<heading>MINERAL LEASES AFTER PUBLIC NOTICE</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scB/s358.051">
<num value="358.051">Sec. 358.051.</num>
<heading>AUTHORIZATION FOR LEASING OF MINERALS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scB/s358.051/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>The court in which probate proceedings on a decedent's estate are pending may authorize the personal representative of the estate, appointed and qualified under the laws of this state and acting solely under court orders, to make, execute, and deliver a lease, with or without a unitization clause or pooling provision, providing for the exploration for and development and production of oil, other liquid hydrocarbons, gas, metals and other solid minerals, and other minerals, or any of those minerals in place, belonging to the estate.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scB/s358.051/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A lease described by Subsection (a) must be made and entered into under and in conformity with this subchapter.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scB/s358.052">
<num value="358.052">Sec. 358.052.</num>
<heading>LEASE APPLICATION</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scB/s358.052/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>The personal representative of an estate shall file with the county clerk of the county in which the probate proceeding is pending a written application, addressed to the court or the judge of the court, for authority to lease estate property for mineral exploration and development, with or without a pooling provision or unitization clause.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scB/s358.052/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>The lease application must:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scB/s358.052/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>describe the property fully by reference to the amount of acreage, the survey name or number, or the abstract number, or by another method adequately identifying the property and the property's location in the county in which the property is situated;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scB/s358.052/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>specify the interest thought to be owned by the estate, if less than the whole, but requesting authority to include all of the interest owned by the estate, if that is the intention; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scB/s358.052/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>set out the reasons the estate property described in the application should be leased.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scB/s358.052/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<chapeau>The lease application is not required to set out or suggest:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scB/s358.052/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the name of any proposed lessee; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scB/s358.052/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the terms, provisions, or form of any desired lease.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scB/s358.053">
<num value="358.053">Sec. 358.053.</num>
<heading>SCHEDULING OF HEARING ON APPLICATION; CONTINUANCE</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scB/s358.053/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>Immediately after the filing of a lease application under Section 358.052, the county clerk shall call the filing of the application to the court's attention, and the judge shall promptly make and enter a brief order designating the time and place for hearing the application.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scB/s358.053/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>If the hearing is not held at the time originally designated by the court or by a timely continuance order entered, the hearing shall be continued automatically without further notice to the same time on the following day, other than Sundays and holidays on which the county courthouse is officially closed, and from day to day until the lease application is finally acted on and disposed of by court order. Notice of an automatic continuance is not required.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scB/s358.054">
<num value="358.054">Sec. 358.054.</num>
<heading>NOTICE OF HEARING ON APPLICATION</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scB/s358.054/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>At least 10 days before the date set for the hearing on a lease application filed under Section 358.052, excluding the date of notice and the date set for the hearing, the personal representative shall give notice of the hearing by:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scB/s358.054/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>publishing the notice in one issue of a newspaper of general circulation in the county in which the proceeding is pending; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scB/s358.054/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>if there is no newspaper described by Subdivision (1), posting the notice or having the notice posted.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scB/s358.054/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>If notice is published, the date of notice is the date printed on the newspaper.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scB/s358.054/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<chapeau>The notice must:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scB/s358.054/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>be dated;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scB/s358.054/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>be directed to all persons interested in the estate;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scB/s358.054/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>state the date on which the lease application was filed;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scB/s358.054/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>describe briefly the property sought to be leased, specifying the fractional interest sought to be leased if less than the entire interest in the tract or tracts identified; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scB/s358.054/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>state the time and place designated by the judge for the hearing.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scB/s358.055">
<num value="358.055">Sec. 358.055.</num>
<heading>REQUIREMENTS REGARDING ORDER AND NOTICE MANDATORY</heading>
<chapeau>An order of the judge or court authorizing any act to be performed under a lease application filed under Section 358.052 is void in the absence of:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scB/s358.055/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>a written order originally designating a time and place for hearing;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scB/s358.055/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>a notice issued by the personal representative of the estate in compliance with the order described by Subdivision (1); and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scB/s358.055/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>proof of the publication or posting of the notice as required under Section 358.054.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scB/s358.056">
<num value="358.056">Sec. 358.056.</num>
<heading>HEARING ON APPLICATION; ORDER</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scB/s358.056/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>At the time and place designated for the hearing under Section 358.053(a), or at the time to which the hearing is continued as provided by Section 358.053(b), the judge shall:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scB/s358.056/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>hear a lease application filed under Section 358.052; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scB/s358.056/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>require proof as to the necessity or advisability of leasing for mineral development the property described in the application and the notice.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scB/s358.056/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>The judge shall enter an order authorizing one or more leases affecting and covering the property or portions of property described in the application, with or without pooling provisions or unitization clauses, and with or without cash consideration if considered by the court to be in the best interest of the estate, if the judge is satisfied that:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scB/s358.056/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the application is in proper form;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scB/s358.056/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>notice has been given in the manner and for the time required by law;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scB/s358.056/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>proof of necessity or advisability of leasing is sufficient; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scB/s358.056/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>the application should be granted.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scB/s358.056/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<chapeau>The order must contain:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scB/s358.056/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the name of the lessee;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scB/s358.056/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>any actual cash consideration to be paid by the lessee;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scB/s358.056/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>a finding that the requirements of Subsection (b) have been satisfied; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scB/s358.056/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<chapeau>one of the following findings:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scB/s358.056/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>a finding that the personal representative is exempted by law from giving bond; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scB/s358.056/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>if the representative is not exempted by law from giving bond, a finding as to whether the representative's general bond on file is sufficient to protect the personal property on hand, including any cash bonus to be paid.</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scB/s358.056/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>If the court finds the general bond insufficient to meet the requirements of Subsection (c)(4)(B), the order must show the amount of increased or additional bond required to cover the deficiency.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scB/s358.056/e">
<num value="e">(e)</num>
<chapeau>A complete exhibit copy, either written or printed, of each authorized lease must be set out in the order or attached to the order and incorporated by reference and made part of the order. The exhibit copy must show:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scB/s358.056/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the name of the lessee;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scB/s358.056/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the date of the lease;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scB/s358.056/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>an adequate description of the property being leased;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scB/s358.056/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>any delay rental to be paid to defer commencement of operations; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scB/s358.056/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>all other authorized terms and provisions.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scB/s358.056/f">
<num value="f">(f)</num>
<content>If the date of a lease does not appear in the exhibit copy of the lease or in the order, the date of the order is considered for all purposes to be the date of the lease.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scB/s358.056/g">
<num value="g">(g)</num>
<content>If the name or address of the depository bank for receiving rental is not shown in the exhibit copy of a lease, the estate's personal representative may insert that information, or cause that information to be inserted, in the lease at the time of the lease's execution or at any other time agreeable to the lessee or the lessee's successors or assignees.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scB/s358.057">
<num value="358.057">Sec. 358.057.</num>
<heading>MAKING OF LEASE ON GRANTING OF APPLICATION</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scB/s358.057/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>If the court grants an application as provided by Section 358.056, the personal representative of the estate may make the lease or leases, as evidenced by the exhibit copies described by Section 358.056, in accordance with the order.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scB/s358.057/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The lease or leases must be made not later than the 30th day after the date of the order unless an extension is granted by the court on sworn application showing good cause.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scB/s358.057/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>It is not necessary for the judge to make an order confirming the lease or leases.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scB/s358.058">
<num value="358.058">Sec. 358.058.</num>
<heading>BOND REQUIREMENTS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scB/s358.058/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>Unless the personal representative of the estate is not required to give a general bond, a lease for which a cash consideration is required, although ordered, executed, and delivered, is not valid:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scB/s358.058/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>unless the order authorizing the lease makes findings with respect to the general bond; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scB/s358.058/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<chapeau>if the general bond has been found insufficient, unless and until:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scB/s358.058/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>the bond has been increased or an additional bond given, as required by the order, with the sureties required by law; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scB/s358.058/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>the increased bond or additional bond has been approved by the judge and filed with the clerk of the court in which the proceedings are pending.</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scB/s358.058/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>If two or more leases of different land are authorized by the same order, the general bond must be increased, or additional bonds given, to cover all of the leases.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scB/s358.059">
<num value="358.059">Sec. 358.059.</num>
<heading>TERM OF LEASE BINDING</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scB/s358.059/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>A lease executed and delivered in compliance with this subchapter is valid and binding on the property or interest in property owned by the estate and covered by the lease for the full term provided by the lease, subject only to the lease's terms and conditions, even if the primary term extends beyond the date the estate is closed in accordance with law.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scB/s358.059/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>The authorized primary term of the lease may not exceed five years, subject to the lease terms and provisions extending the lease beyond the primary term by:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scB/s358.059/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>paying production;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scB/s358.059/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>bona fide drilling or reworking operations, whether in or on the same well or wells or an additional well or wells, without a cessation of operations of more than 60 consecutive days before production has been restored or obtained; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scB/s358.059/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>a shut-in gas well.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scB/s358.060">
<num value="358.060">Sec. 358.060.</num>
<heading>AMENDMENT OF LEASE REGARDING EFFECT OF SHUT-IN GAS WELL</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scB/s358.060/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>An oil, gas, and mineral lease executed by a personal representative may be amended by an instrument that provides that a shut-in gas well on the land covered by the lease or on land pooled with all or part of the land covered by the lease continues the lease in effect after the lease's five-year primary term.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scB/s358.060/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The personal representative, with the approval of the court, shall execute the instrument according to the terms and conditions prescribed by the instrument.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2019, 86th Leg., R.S., Ch. 846 (H.B. 2780), Sec. 3, eff. September 1, 2019.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scC">
<num value="C">SUBCHAPTER C.</num>
<heading>MINERAL LEASES AT PRIVATE SALE</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scC/s358.101">
<num value="358.101">Sec. 358.101.</num>
<heading>AUTHORIZATION FOR LEASING OF MINERALS AT PRIVATE SALE</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scC/s358.101/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>Notwithstanding the mandatory requirements of Subchapter B for setting a time and place for hearing of a lease application filed under Section 358.052 and the issuance, service, and return of notice, the court may authorize the making of oil, gas, and mineral leases at private sale without public notice or advertising if, in the court's opinion, facts are set out in the application required by Subchapter B sufficient to show that it would be more advantageous to the estate that a lease be made privately and without compliance with those mandatory requirements.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scC/s358.101/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>Leases authorized by this section may include pooling provisions or unitization clauses as in other cases.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scC/s358.102">
<num value="358.102">Sec. 358.102.</num>
<heading>ACTION OF COURT IF PUBLIC ADVERTISING NOT REQUIRED</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scC/s358.102/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>At any time after the fifth day and before the 11th day after the filing date of an application to lease at private sale and without an order setting the hearing time and place, the court shall:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scC/s358.102/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>hear the application;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scC/s358.102/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>inquire into the manner in which the proposed lease has been or will be made; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scC/s358.102/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>hear evidence for or against the application.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scC/s358.102/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>If satisfied that the lease has been or will be made for a fair and sufficient consideration and on fair terms and has been or will be properly made in conformity with law, the court shall enter an order authorizing the execution of the lease without the necessity of advertising, notice, or citation. The order must comply in all other respects with the requirements essential to the validity of mineral leases as set out in Subchapter B, as if advertising or notice were required.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scC/s358.102/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>The issuance of an order confirming a lease or leases made at private sale is not required, but such a lease is not valid until any increased or additional bond required by the court has been approved by the court and filed with the court clerk.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scD">
<num value="D">SUBCHAPTER D.</num>
<heading>POOLING OR UNITIZATION OF ROYALTIES OR MINERALS</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scD/s358.151">
<num value="358.151">Sec. 358.151.</num>
<heading>AUTHORIZATION FOR POOLING OR UNITIZATION</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scD/s358.151/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>If an existing lease or leases on property owned by an estate being administered do not adequately provide for pooling or unitization, the court in which the proceedings are pending may, in the manner provided by this subchapter, authorize the commitment of royalty or mineral interests in oil, liquid hydrocarbons, gas, gaseous elements, and other minerals, or any one or more of them, owned by the estate, to agreements that provide for the operation of areas as a pool or unit for the exploration for, development of, and production of all of those minerals, if the court finds that:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scD/s358.151/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the pool or unit to which the agreement relates will be operated in a manner that protects correlative rights or prevents the physical or economic waste of oil, liquid hydrocarbons, gas, gaseous elements, or other minerals subject to the agreement; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scD/s358.151/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>it is in the best interest of the estate to execute the agreement.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scD/s358.151/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>An agreement authorized under Subsection (a) may, among other things, provide that:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scD/s358.151/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>operations incident to the drilling of or production from a well on any portion of a pool or unit shall be considered for all purposes to be the conduct of operations on or production from each separately owned tract in the pool or unit;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scD/s358.151/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<chapeau>any lease covering any part of the area committed to a pool or unit continues in effect in its entirety as long as:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scD/s358.151/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>oil, gas, or other minerals subject to the agreement are produced in paying quantities from any part of the pooled or unitized area;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scD/s358.151/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>operations are conducted as provided in the lease on any part of the pooled or unitized area; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scD/s358.151/C">
<num value="C">(C)</num>
<content>there is a shut-in gas well on any part of the pooled or unitized area, if the presence of the shut-in gas well is a ground for continuation of the lease under the terms of the lease;</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scD/s358.151/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the production allocated by the agreement to each tract included in a pool or unit shall, when produced, be considered for all purposes to have been produced from the tract by a well drilled on the tract;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scD/s358.151/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>the royalties provided for on production from any tract or portion of a tract within the pool or unit shall be paid only on that portion of the production allocated to the tract in accordance with the agreement;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scD/s358.151/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>the dry gas, before or after extraction of hydrocarbons, may be returned to a formation underlying any land or leases committed to the agreement, and that royalties are not required to be paid on the gas returned; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scD/s358.151/6">
<num value="6">(6)</num>
<content>gas obtained from other sources or other land may be injected into a formation underlying any land or leases committed to the agreement, and that royalties are not required to be paid on the gas injected when the gas is produced from the unit.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scD/s358.152">
<num value="358.152">Sec. 358.152.</num>
<heading>POOLING OR UNITIZATION APPLICATION</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scD/s358.152/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>The personal representative of an estate shall file with the county clerk of the county in which the probate proceeding is pending a written application for authority to:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scD/s358.152/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>enter into pooling or unitization agreements supplementing, amending, or otherwise relating to any existing lease or leases covering property owned by the estate; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scD/s358.152/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>commit royalties or other interests in minerals, whether or not subject to a lease, to a pooling or unitization agreement.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scD/s358.152/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>The pooling or unitization application must also:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scD/s358.152/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>sufficiently describe the property as required in an original lease application;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scD/s358.152/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>describe briefly any lease or leases to which the interest of the estate is subject; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scD/s358.152/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>set out the reasons the proposed agreement concerning the property should be entered into.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scD/s358.152/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>A copy of the proposed agreement must be attached to the application and made a part of the application by reference.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scD/s358.152/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>The agreement may not be recorded in the judge's probate docket.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scD/s358.152/e">
<num value="e">(e)</num>
<content>Immediately after the pooling or unitization application is filed, the clerk shall call the application to the judge's attention.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 91 (S.B. 1303), Sec. 8.017, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scD/s358.153">
<num value="358.153">Sec. 358.153.</num>
<heading>NOTICE NOT REQUIRED</heading>
<content>Notice by advertising, citation, or otherwise of the filing of a pooling or unitization application under Section 358.152 is not required.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scD/s358.154">
<num value="358.154">Sec. 358.154.</num>
<heading>HEARING ON APPLICATION</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scD/s358.154/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>The judge may hold a hearing on a pooling or unitization application filed under Section 358.152 at any time agreeable to the parties to the proposed agreement.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scD/s358.154/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The judge shall hear evidence and determine to the judge's satisfaction whether it is in the best interest of the estate that the proposed agreement be authorized.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scD/s358.154/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>The hearing may be continued from day to day and from time to time as the court finds necessary.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scD/s358.155">
<num value="358.155">Sec. 358.155.</num>
<heading>ACTION OF COURT AND CONTENTS OF ORDER</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scD/s358.155/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>The court shall enter an order setting out the court's findings and authorizing execution of the proposed pooling or unitization agreement, with or without payment of cash consideration according to the agreement, if the court finds that:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scD/s358.155/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the pool or unit to which the agreement relates will be operated in a manner that protects correlative rights or prevents the physical or economic waste of oil, liquid hydrocarbons, gas, gaseous elements, or other minerals subject to the agreement;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scD/s358.155/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>it is in the best interest of the estate that the agreement be executed; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scD/s358.155/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the agreement conforms substantially with the permissible provisions of Section 358.151.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scD/s358.155/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>If cash consideration is to be paid for the agreement, the court shall also make findings as to the necessity of increased or additional bond, as in the making of leases on payment of the cash bonus for the lease. Such an agreement is not valid until any required increased or additional bond has been approved by the judge and filed with the clerk.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scD/s358.155/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>If the effective date of the agreement is not stipulated in the agreement, the effective date of the agreement is the date of the court's order.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scE">
<num value="E">SUBCHAPTER E.</num>
<heading>SPECIAL ANCILLARY INSTRUMENTS THAT MAY BE EXECUTED WITHOUT COURT ORDER</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scE/s358.201">
<num value="358.201">Sec. 358.201.</num>
<heading>AUTHORIZATION FOR EXECUTION OF AGREEMENTS</heading>
<chapeau>As to any mineral lease or pooling or unitization agreement, executed on behalf of an estate or by a former owner of land, minerals, or royalty affected by the lease or agreement, the personal representative of the estate being administered may, without further court order and without consideration, execute:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scE/s358.201/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>division orders;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scE/s358.201/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>transfer orders;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scE/s358.201/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>instruments of correction;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scE/s358.201/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>instruments designating depository banks for the receipt of delay rentals or shut-in gas well royalty to accrue or become payable under the terms of the lease; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scE/s358.201/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>similar instruments relating to the lease or agreement and the property covered by the lease or agreement.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2019, 86th Leg., R.S., Ch. 846 (H.B. 2780), Sec. 4, eff. September 1, 2019.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scF">
<num value="F">SUBCHAPTER F.</num>
<heading>PROCEDURE IF PERSONAL REPRESENTATIVE OF ESTATE NEGLECTS TO APPLY FOR AUTHORITY</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scF/s358.251">
<num value="358.251">Sec. 358.251.</num>
<heading>APPLICATION TO SHOW CAUSE</heading>
<content>If the personal representative of an estate neglects to apply for authority to subject estate property to a lease for mineral development, pooling, or unitization, or to commit royalty or another interest in minerals to pooling or unitization, any person interested in the estate may, on written application filed with the county clerk, have the representative cited to show cause why it is not in the best interest of the estate to make such a lease or enter into such an agreement.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scF/s358.252">
<num value="358.252">Sec. 358.252.</num>
<heading>HEARING ON APPLICATION</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scF/s358.252/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>The county clerk shall immediately call the filing of an application under Section 358.251 to the attention of the judge of the court in which the probate proceedings are pending.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scF/s358.252/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The judge shall set a time and place for a hearing on the application, and the personal representative of the estate shall be cited to appear and show cause why the execution of a lease or agreement described by Section 358.251 should not be ordered.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scF/s358.253">
<num value="358.253">Sec. 358.253.</num>
<heading>ORDER</heading>
<content>On a hearing conducted under Section 358.252, if satisfied from the evidence that it would be in the best interest of the estate, the court shall enter an order requiring the personal representative promptly to file an application to subject the estate property to a lease for mineral development, with or without pooling or unitization provisions, or to commit royalty or other minerals to pooling or unitization, as appropriate.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c358/scF/s358.254">
<num value="358.254">Sec. 358.254.</num>
<heading>PROCEDURE TO BE FOLLOWED AFTER ENTRY OF ORDER</heading>
<content>After entry of an order under Section 358.253, the procedure prescribed with respect to an original lease application, or with respect to an original application for authority to commit royalty or minerals to pooling or unitization, whichever is appropriate, shall be followed.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
</chapter>
<chapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c359">
<num value="359">CHAPTER 359.</num>
<heading>ANNUAL ACCOUNT AND OTHER EXHIBITS AND REPORTS</heading>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c359/scA">
<num value="A">SUBCHAPTER A.</num>
<heading>ANNUAL ACCOUNT AND OTHER EXHIBITS</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c359/scA/s359.001">
<num value="359.001">Sec. 359.001.</num>
<heading>ACCOUNT OF ESTATE REQUIRED</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c359/scA/s359.001/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>Not later than the 60th day after the first anniversary of the date a personal representative qualifies and receives letters testamentary or of administration to administer a decedent's estate under court order, unless the court authorizes an extension, the representative shall file with the court an account consisting of a written exhibit made under oath that lists all claims against the estate presented to the representative during the 12-month period following the representative's qualification and receipt of letters. The exhibit must specify:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c359/scA/s359.001/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the claims allowed by the representative;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c359/scA/s359.001/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the claims paid by the representative;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c359/scA/s359.001/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the claims rejected by the representative and the date the claims were rejected; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c359/scA/s359.001/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>the claims for which a lawsuit has been filed and the status of that lawsuit.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c359/scA/s359.001/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>The account must:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c359/scA/s359.001/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>show all property that has come to the personal representative's knowledge or into the representative's possession that was not previously listed or inventoried as estate property;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c359/scA/s359.001/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>show any changes in estate property that have not been previously reported;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c359/scA/s359.001/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>provide a complete account of receipts and disbursements for the period covered by the account, including the source and nature of the receipts and disbursements, with separate listings for principal and income receipts;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c359/scA/s359.001/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<chapeau>provide a complete, accurate, and detailed description of:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c359/scA/s359.001/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>the property being administered;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c359/scA/s359.001/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>the condition of the property and the use being made of the property; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c359/scA/s359.001/C">
<num value="C">(C)</num>
<content>if rented, the terms on which and the price for which the property was rented;</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c359/scA/s359.001/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>show the cash balance on hand and the name and location of the depository where the balance is kept;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c359/scA/s359.001/6">
<num value="6">(6)</num>
<content>show any other cash held in a savings account or other manner that was deposited subject to court order and the name and location of the depository for that cash;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c359/scA/s359.001/7">
<num value="7">(7)</num>
<content>provide a detailed description of the personal property of the estate that shows how and where the property is held for safekeeping;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c359/scA/s359.001/8">
<num value="8">(8)</num>
<chapeau>provide a statement that during the period covered by the account all tax returns due have been filed and all taxes due and owing have been paid, including:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c359/scA/s359.001/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>a complete account of the amount of the taxes;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c359/scA/s359.001/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>the date the taxes were paid; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c359/scA/s359.001/C">
<num value="C">(C)</num>
<content>the governmental entity to which the taxes were paid;</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c359/scA/s359.001/9">
<num value="9">(9)</num>
<content>if on the filing of the account a tax return due to be filed or any taxes due to be paid are delinquent, provide the reasons for, and include a description of, the delinquency; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c359/scA/s359.001/10">
<num value="10">(10)</num>
<content>provide a statement that the representative has paid all the required bond premiums for the accounting period.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c359/scA/s359.001/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<chapeau>For bonds, notes, and other securities, the description required by Subsection (b)(7) must include:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c359/scA/s359.001/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the names of the obligor and obligee or, if payable to bearer, a statement that the bond, note, or other security is payable to bearer;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c359/scA/s359.001/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the date of issue and maturity;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c359/scA/s359.001/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the interest rate;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c359/scA/s359.001/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>the serial number or other identifying numbers;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c359/scA/s359.001/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>the manner in which the property is secured; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c359/scA/s359.001/6">
<num value="6">(6)</num>
<content>other information necessary to fully identify the bond, note, or other security.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 844 (H.B. 2271), Sec. 29, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c359/scA/s359.002">
<num value="359.002">Sec. 359.002.</num>
<heading>ANNUAL ACCOUNT REQUIRED UNTIL ESTATE CLOSED</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c359/scA/s359.002/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>Not later than the 60th day after each anniversary of the date a personal representative of the estate of a decedent qualifies and receives letters testamentary or of administration to administer the decedent's estate under court order, unless the court authorizes an extension, the representative shall file an annual account conforming to the essential requirements of Section 359.001 regarding changes in the estate assets occurring during the 12-month period after the date the most recent previous account was filed.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c359/scA/s359.002/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The annual account must be filed in a manner that allows the court or an interested person to ascertain the true condition of the estate, with respect to money, securities, and other property, by adding to the balances forwarded from the most recent previous account the amounts received during the period covered by the account and subtracting the disbursements made during that period.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c359/scA/s359.002/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>The description of property sufficiently described in an inventory or previous account may be made in the annual account by reference to that description.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 844 (H.B. 2271), Sec. 30, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c359/scA/s359.003">
<num value="359.003">Sec. 359.003.</num>
<heading>SUPPORTING VOUCHERS AND OTHER DOCUMENTS ATTACHED TO ACCOUNT</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c359/scA/s359.003/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>The personal representative of an estate shall attach to each annual account:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c359/scA/s359.003/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>a voucher for each item of credit claimed in the account or, to support the item in the absence of the voucher, other evidence satisfactory to the court;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c359/scA/s359.003/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>an official letter from the bank or other depository where the estate money on hand is deposited that shows the amounts in general or special deposits; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c359/scA/s359.003/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<chapeau>proof of the existence and possession of:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c359/scA/s359.003/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>securities owned by the estate or shown by the account; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c359/scA/s359.003/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>other assets held by a depository subject to court order.</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c359/scA/s359.003/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>An original voucher submitted to the court may on application be returned to the personal representative after approval of the account.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c359/scA/s359.003/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<chapeau>The court may require:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c359/scA/s359.003/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>additional evidence of the existence and custody of the securities and other personal property as the court considers proper; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c359/scA/s359.003/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the personal representative at any time to exhibit the securities and other personal property to the court or another person designated by the court at the place where the securities and other personal property are held for safekeeping.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c359/scA/s359.004">
<num value="359.004">Sec. 359.004.</num>
<heading>METHOD OF PROOF FOR SECURITIES AND OTHER ASSETS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c359/scA/s359.004/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>The proof required by Section 359.003(a)(3) must be by:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c359/scA/s359.004/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>an official letter from the bank or other depository where the securities or other assets are held for safekeeping, and if the depository is the personal representative, the official letter must be signed by a representative of the depository other than the one verifying the account;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c359/scA/s359.004/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>a certificate of an authorized representative of a corporation that is surety on the personal representative's bonds;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c359/scA/s359.004/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>a certificate of the clerk or a deputy clerk of a court of record in this state; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c359/scA/s359.004/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>an affidavit of any other reputable person designated by the court on request of the personal representative or other interested party.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c359/scA/s359.004/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>The certificate or affidavit described by Subsection (a) must:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c359/scA/s359.004/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>state that the affiant has examined the assets that the personal representative exhibited to the affiant as assets of the estate;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c359/scA/s359.004/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>describe the assets by reference to the account or in another manner that sufficiently identifies the assets exhibited; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c359/scA/s359.004/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>state the time and the place the assets were exhibited.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c359/scA/s359.004/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>Instead of attaching a certificate or an affidavit, the personal representative may exhibit the securities to the judge, who shall endorse on the account, or include in the judge's order with respect to the account, a statement that the securities shown in the account as on hand were exhibited to the judge and that the securities were the same as those shown in the account, or note any variance.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c359/scA/s359.004/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>If the securities are exhibited at a location other than where the securities are deposited for safekeeping, that exhibit is at the personal representative's own expense and risk.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c359/scA/s359.005">
<num value="359.005">Sec. 359.005.</num>
<heading>VERIFICATION OF ACCOUNT</heading>
<content>The personal representative shall attach to the annual account the representative's affidavit that the account contains a correct and complete statement of the matters to which it relates.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c359/scA/s359.006">
<num value="359.006">Sec. 359.006.</num>
<heading>ADDITIONAL ACCOUNTS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c359/scA/s359.006/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>At any time after the expiration of 15 months from the date original letters testamentary or of administration are granted to an executor or administrator, an interested person may file a written complaint in the court in which the estate is pending to have the representative cited to appear and make a written exhibit under oath that sets forth fully, in connection with previous exhibits, the condition of the estate.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c359/scA/s359.006/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>If it appears to the court, from the exhibit or other evidence, that the executor or administrator has estate funds in the representative's possession that are subject to distribution among the creditors of the estate, the court shall order the funds to be paid out to the creditors in accordance with this title.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c359/scA/s359.006/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>A personal representative may voluntarily present to the court the exhibit described by Subsection (a). If the representative has any estate funds in the representative's possession that are subject to distribution among the creditors of the estate, the court shall issue an order similar to the order entered under Subsection (b).</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c359/scB">
<num value="B">SUBCHAPTER B.</num>
<heading>ACTION ON ANNUAL ACCOUNT</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c359/scB/s359.051">
<num value="359.051">Sec. 359.051.</num>
<heading>FILING AND CONSIDERATION OF ANNUAL ACCOUNT</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c359/scB/s359.051/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>The personal representative of an estate shall file an annual account with the county clerk. The county clerk shall promptly note the filing on the judge's docket.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c359/scB/s359.051/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>At any time after the account has remained on file for 10 days following the date the account is filed, the judge shall consider the account and may continue the hearing on the account until fully advised on all account items.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c359/scB/s359.051/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>The court may not approve the account unless possession of cash, listed securities, or other assets held in safekeeping or on deposit under court order has been proven as required by law.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c359/scB/s359.052">
<num value="359.052">Sec. 359.052.</num>
<heading>CORRECTION OF ANNUAL ACCOUNT</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c359/scB/s359.052/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>If the court finds an annual account is incorrect, the account must be corrected.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c359/scB/s359.052/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The court by order shall approve an annual account that is corrected to the satisfaction of the court and shall act with respect to unpaid claims in accordance with Sections 359.053 and 359.054.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c359/scB/s359.053">
<num value="359.053">Sec. 359.053.</num>
<heading>ORDER FOR PAYMENT OF CLAIMS IN FULL</heading>
<content>After approval of an annual account as provided by Section 359.052, if it appears to the court from the exhibit or other evidence that the estate is wholly solvent and that the personal representative has in the representative's possession sufficient funds to pay every character of claims against the estate, the court shall order immediate payment of all claims allowed and approved or established by judgment.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c359/scB/s359.054">
<num value="359.054">Sec. 359.054.</num>
<heading>ORDER FOR PRO RATA PAYMENT OF CLAIMS</heading>
<chapeau>After approval of an annual account as provided by Section 359.052, if it appears to the court from the account or other evidence that the funds on hand are not sufficient to pay every character of claims against the estate or if the estate is insolvent and the personal representative has any funds on hand, the court shall order the funds to be applied:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c359/scB/s359.054/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>first to the payment of any unpaid claims having a preference in the order of their priority; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c359/scB/s359.054/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<chapeau>then to the pro rata payment of the other claims allowed and approved or established by final judgment, considering:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c359/scB/s359.054/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>claims that were presented before the first anniversary of the date administration was granted; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c359/scB/s359.054/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>claims that are in litigation or on which a lawsuit may be filed.</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c359/scC">
<num value="C">SUBCHAPTER C.</num>
<heading>PENALTIES</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c359/scC/s359.101">
<num value="359.101">Sec. 359.101.</num>
<heading>PENALTY FOR FAILURE TO FILE ANNUAL ACCOUNT</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c359/scC/s359.101/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>If the personal representative of an estate does not file an annual account required by Section 359.001 or 359.002, any person interested in the estate on written complaint, or the court on the court's own motion, may have the representative cited to file the account and show cause for the failure.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c359/scC/s359.101/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>If the personal representative does not file the account after being cited or does not show good cause for the failure, the court on hearing may:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c359/scC/s359.101/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>revoke the representative's letters testamentary or of administration; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c359/scC/s359.101/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>fine the representative in an amount not to exceed $500.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c359/scC/s359.101/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>The personal representative and the representative's sureties are liable for any fine imposed and for all damages and costs sustained by the representative's failure. The fine, damages, and costs may be recovered in any court of competent jurisdiction.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c359/scC/s359.102">
<num value="359.102">Sec. 359.102.</num>
<heading>PENALTY FOR FAILURE TO FILE EXHIBIT OR REPORT</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c359/scC/s359.102/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>If a personal representative does not file an exhibit or report required by this title, any person interested in the estate on written complaint filed with the court clerk may have the representative cited to appear and show cause why the representative should not file the exhibit or report.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c359/scC/s359.102/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>On hearing, the court may:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c359/scC/s359.102/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>order the personal representative to file the exhibit or report; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c359/scC/s359.102/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>unless good cause is shown for the failure, revoke the representative's letters testamentary or of administration and fine the representative in an amount not to exceed $1,000.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
</chapter>
<chapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360">
<num value="360">CHAPTER 360.</num>
<heading>PARTITION AND DISTRIBUTION OF ESTATE</heading>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scA">
<num value="A">SUBCHAPTER A.</num>
<heading>APPLICATION FOR PARTITION AND DISTRIBUTION</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scA/s360.001">
<num value="360.001">Sec. 360.001.</num>
<heading>GENERAL APPLICATION</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scA/s360.001/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>At any time after the first anniversary of the date original letters testamentary or of administration are granted, an executor, administrator, heir, or devisee of a decedent's estate, by written application filed in the court in which the estate is pending, may request the partition and distribution of the estate.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scA/s360.001/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>An application under Subsection (a) must state:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scA/s360.001/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the decedent's name;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scA/s360.001/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the name and residence of each person entitled to a share of the estate and whether the person is an adult or a minor;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scA/s360.001/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>if the applicant does not know a fact required by Subdivision (2); and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scA/s360.001/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>the reasons why the estate should be partitioned and distributed.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scA/s360.002">
<num value="360.002">Sec. 360.002.</num>
<heading>APPLICATION FOR PARTIAL DISTRIBUTION</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scA/s360.002/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>At any time after original letters testamentary or of administration are granted and the inventory, appraisement, and list of claims are filed and approved, an executor, administrator, heir, or devisee of a decedent's estate, by written application filed in the court in which the estate is pending, may request a distribution of any portion of the estate.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scA/s360.002/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>All interested parties, including known creditors, must be personally cited as in other distributions.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scA/s360.002/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>Except as provided by Subsection (d), the court, on proper citation and hearing, may distribute any portion of the estate the court considers advisable.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scA/s360.002/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>If a distribution is to be made to one or more heirs or devisees, but not to all heirs or devisees, the court shall require a refunding bond in an amount determined by the court to be filed with the court, unless a written waiver of the bond requirement is filed with the court by all interested parties. On approving the bond, if required, the court shall order the distribution of the relevant portion of the estate.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scA/s360.002/e">
<num value="e">(e)</num>
<content>This section applies to corpus as well as income, notwithstanding any other provision of this title.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scB">
<num value="B">SUBCHAPTER B.</num>
<heading>CITATION</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scB/s360.051">
<num value="360.051">Sec. 360.051.</num>
<heading>CITATION OF INTERESTED PERSONS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scB/s360.051/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>On the filing of the application, the clerk shall issue a citation that:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scB/s360.051/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<chapeau>states:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scB/s360.051/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>the decedent's name; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scB/s360.051/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>the date the court will hear the application; and</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scB/s360.051/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>requires all persons interested in the estate to appear and show cause why the estate should not be partitioned and distributed.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scB/s360.051/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>A citation under this section must be:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scB/s360.051/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>personally served on each person residing in the state who is entitled to a share of the estate and whose address is known; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scB/s360.051/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<chapeau>served by publication on any person entitled to a share of the estate:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scB/s360.051/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>whose identity or address is not known;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scB/s360.051/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>who is not a resident of this state; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scB/s360.051/C">
<num value="C">(C)</num>
<content>who is a resident of this state but is absent from this state.</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scB/s360.052">
<num value="360.052">Sec. 360.052.</num>
<heading>CITATION OF EXECUTOR OR ADMINISTRATOR</heading>
<content>When a person other than the executor or administrator applies for partition and distribution, the executor or administrator must also be cited to appear and answer the application and file in court a verified exhibit and account of the condition of the estate, as in the case of a final settlement.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scC">
<num value="C">SUBCHAPTER C.</num>
<heading>PROCEEDINGS; EXPENSES</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scC/s360.101">
<num value="360.101">Sec. 360.101.</num>
<heading>HEARING ON APPLICATION</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scC/s360.101/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>At the hearing on an application for partition and distribution, the court shall determine:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scC/s360.101/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the residue of the estate that is subject to partition and distribution;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scC/s360.101/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the persons entitled by law to partition and distribution and those persons' respective shares; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scC/s360.101/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>whether an advancement has been made to any of the persons described by Subdivision (2), and if so, the nature and value of the advancement.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scC/s360.101/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>For purposes of Subsection (a)(1), the residue of the estate is determined by deducting from the entire assets of the estate remaining on hand:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scC/s360.101/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<chapeau>the amount of all debts and expenses that:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scC/s360.101/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>have been approved or established by judgment but not paid; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scC/s360.101/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>may be established by judgment in the future; and</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scC/s360.101/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the probable future expenses of administration.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scC/s360.101/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>If an advancement described by Subsection (a)(3) has been made, the court shall require the advancement to be placed in hotchpotch as required by the law governing intestate succession.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scC/s360.102">
<num value="360.102">Sec. 360.102.</num>
<heading>COURT DECREE</heading>
<chapeau>If the court determines that the estate should be partitioned and distributed, the court shall enter a decree stating:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scC/s360.102/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<chapeau>the name and address, if known, of each person entitled to a share of the estate, specifying:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scC/s360.102/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>which of those persons are known to be minors;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scC/s360.102/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>the name of the minors' guardian or guardian ad litem; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scC/s360.102/C">
<num value="C">(C)</num>
<content>the name of the attorney appointed to represent those persons who are unknown or who are not residents of this state;</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scC/s360.102/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the proportional part of the estate to which each person is entitled;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scC/s360.102/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>a full description of all the estate to be distributed; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scC/s360.102/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>that the executor or administrator must retain possession of a sufficient amount of money or property to pay all debts, taxes, and expenses of administration and specifying the amount of money or the property to be retained.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scC/s360.103">
<num value="360.103">Sec. 360.103.</num>
<heading>EXPENSES OF PARTITION</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scC/s360.103/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>The distributees shall pay the expense of the estate's partition pro rata.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scC/s360.103/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The portion of the estate allotted to a distributee is liable for the distributee's portion of the partition expense, and, if not paid, the court may order execution for the expense in the names of the persons entitled to payment of the expense.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scD">
<num value="D">SUBCHAPTER D.</num>
<heading>PARTITION AND DISTRIBUTION IF ESTATE PROPERTY IS</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scD/s133483.120942">
<num value="133483.120942">Sec. 133483.120942.</num>
<heading></heading>
<content>CAPABLE OF DIVISION</content>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scD/s360.151">
<num value="360.151">Sec. 360.151.</num>
<heading>APPOINTMENT OF COMMISSIONERS</heading>
<content>If the estate does not consist entirely of money or debts due to the estate and the court has not previously determined that the estate is incapable of partition, the court shall appoint three or more discreet and disinterested persons as commissioners to make a partition and distribution of the estate.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scD/s360.152">
<num value="360.152">Sec. 360.152.</num>
<heading>WRIT OF PARTITION</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scD/s360.152/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>When commissioners are appointed under Section 360.151, the clerk shall issue a writ of partition directed to the commissioners, commanding the commissioners to:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scD/s360.152/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>proceed promptly to make the partition and distribution in accordance with the court decree; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scD/s360.152/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>return the writ, with the commissioners' proceedings under the writ, on a date stated in the writ.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scD/s360.152/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A copy of the court decree must accompany the writ.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scD/s360.152/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<chapeau>The writ must be served by:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scD/s360.152/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>delivering the writ and the accompanying copy of the court decree to one of the commissioners; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scD/s360.152/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>notifying the other commissioners, verbally or otherwise, of the commissioners' appointment.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scD/s360.152/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>Service under Subsection (c) may be made by any person.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scD/s360.153">
<num value="360.153">Sec. 360.153.</num>
<heading>PARTITION BY COMMISSIONERS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scD/s360.153/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>The commissioners shall make a fair, just, and impartial partition and distribution of the estate in the following order and manner:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scD/s360.153/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<chapeau>if the real estate is capable of being divided without manifest injury to all or any of the distributees, the commissioners shall partition and distribute the land or other property by allotting to each distributee:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scD/s360.153/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>a share in each parcel;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scD/s360.153/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>shares in one or more parcels; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scD/s360.153/C">
<num value="C">(C)</num>
<content>one or more parcels separately, with or without the addition of a share of other parcels;</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scD/s360.153/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>if the real estate is not capable of a fair, just, and equal division in kind, but may be made capable of a fair, just, and equal division in kind by allotting to one or more of the distributees a proportion of the money or other personal property to supply the deficiency, the commissioners may make, as nearly as possible, an equal division of the real estate and supply the deficiency of any share from the money or other personal property; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scD/s360.153/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<chapeau>the commissioners shall:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scD/s360.153/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>make a like division in kind, as nearly as possible, of the money and other personal property; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scD/s360.153/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>determine by lot, among equal shares, to whom each share shall belong.</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scD/s360.153/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The commissioners shall allot the land or other property under Subsection (a)(1) in the manner described by that subsection that is most in the interest of the distributees.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scD/s360.154">
<num value="360.154">Sec. 360.154.</num>
<heading>COMMISSIONERS' REPORT</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scD/s360.154/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>After dividing all or any part of the estate, at least a majority of the commissioners shall make a written, sworn report to the court that:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scD/s360.154/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>states the property divided by the commissioners; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scD/s360.154/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>describes in particular the property allotted to each distributee and the value of that property.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scD/s360.154/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>If real estate was divided, the report must also contain a general plat of the land with:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scD/s360.154/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the division lines plainly set down; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scD/s360.154/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the number of acres in each share.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scD/s360.155">
<num value="360.155">Sec. 360.155.</num>
<heading>COURT ACTION ON COMMISSIONERS' REPORT</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scD/s360.155/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>On the return of a commissioners' report under Section 360.154, the court shall:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scD/s360.155/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>examine the report carefully; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scD/s360.155/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<chapeau>hear:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scD/s360.155/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>all exceptions and objections to the report; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scD/s360.155/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>all evidence in favor of or against the report.</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scD/s360.155/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>If the report is informal, the court shall have the informality corrected.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scD/s360.155/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>If the division appears to have been fairly made according to law and no valid exceptions are taken to the division, the court shall approve the division and enter a decree vesting title in the distributees of the distributees' respective shares or portions of the property as set apart to the distributees by the commissioners.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scD/s360.155/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<chapeau>If the division does not appear to have been fairly made according to law or a valid exception is taken to the division, the court may:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scD/s360.155/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>set aside the report and division; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scD/s360.155/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>order a new partition to be made.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scD/s360.156">
<num value="360.156">Sec. 360.156.</num>
<heading>DELIVERY OF PROPERTY</heading>
<content>When the commissioners' report has been approved and ordered to be recorded, the court shall order the executor or administrator to deliver to the distributees on demand the distributees' respective shares of the estate, including all the title deeds and documents belonging to the distributees.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scD/s360.157">
<num value="360.157">Sec. 360.157.</num>
<heading>COMMISSIONERS' FEES</heading>
<content>A commissioner who partitions and distributes an estate under this subchapter is entitled to $5 for each day the commissioner necessarily engages in performing the commissioner's duties, to be taxed and paid as other costs in cases of partition.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scE">
<num value="E">SUBCHAPTER E.</num>
<heading>PARTITION AND DISTRIBUTION IF ESTATE PROPERTY IS INCAPABLE OF DIVISION</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scE/s360.201">
<num value="360.201">Sec. 360.201.</num>
<heading>COURT FINDING</heading>
<content>If, in the court's opinion, all or part of an estate is not capable of a fair and equal partition and distribution, the court shall make a special written finding specifying the property incapable of division.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scE/s360.202">
<num value="360.202">Sec. 360.202.</num>
<heading>SALE OF ESTATE PROPERTY</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scE/s360.202/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>When the court has found that all or part of an estate is not capable of fair and equal division, the court shall order the sale of all estate property not capable of fair and equal division.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scE/s360.202/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The sale must be made by the executor or administrator in the manner provided for the sale of real estate to satisfy estate debts.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scE/s360.202/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>The court shall distribute the proceeds collected from the sale to the persons entitled to the proceeds.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scE/s360.202/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>A distributee who buys property at the sale is required to pay or secure only the amount by which the distributee's bid exceeds the amount of the distributee's share of the property.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scE/s360.203">
<num value="360.203">Sec. 360.203.</num>
<heading>APPLICABILITY OF PROVISIONS RELATING TO SALE OF REAL ESTATE</heading>
<content>The provisions of this title relating to reports of sales of real estate, the giving of an increased general or additional bond on the sale of real estate, and the vesting of title to property sold by decree or by deed apply to sales made under this subchapter.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scF">
<num value="F">SUBCHAPTER F.</num>
<heading>CERTAIN TYPES OF ESTATE PROPERTY</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scF/s360.251">
<num value="360.251">Sec. 360.251.</num>
<heading>ESTATE CONSISTING ONLY OF MONEY OR DEBTS</heading>
<chapeau>If the estate to be distributed consists only of money or debts due to the estate, the court shall:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scF/s360.251/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>set the amount to which each distributee is entitled; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scF/s360.251/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>order the executor or administrator to pay and deliver that amount.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scF/s360.252">
<num value="360.252">Sec. 360.252.</num>
<heading>ESTATE PROPERTY LOCATED IN ANOTHER COUNTY</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scF/s360.252/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>If any portion of the estate to be partitioned is located in another county and cannot be fairly partitioned without prejudice to the distributees' interests, the commissioners may report those facts to the court in writing.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scF/s360.252/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>On the making of a report under Subsection (a), if the court is satisfied that the property cannot be fairly divided or that the sale of the property would be more advantageous to the distributees, the court may order a sale of the property. The sale must be conducted in the manner provided by Subchapter E for the sale of property that is not capable of fair and equal division.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scF/s360.252/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>If the court is not satisfied that the property cannot be fairly and advantageously divided, or that the sale of the property would be more advantageous to the distributees, the court may appoint three or more commissioners in each county in which the property is located. If the court appoints commissioners under this subsection, the proceedings under Subchapter D for partition by commissioners must be followed.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scF/s360.253">
<num value="360.253">Sec. 360.253.</num>
<heading>COMMUNITY PROPERTY</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scF/s360.253/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>If a spouse dies leaving community property, the surviving spouse, at any time after letters testamentary or of administration have been granted and an inventory, appraisement, and list of claims of the estate have been returned or an affidavit in lieu of the inventory, appraisement, and list of claims has been filed, may apply in writing to the court that granted the letters for a partition of the community property.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scF/s360.253/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>The surviving spouse shall execute and deliver a bond to the judge of the court described by Subsection (a). The bond must be:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scF/s360.253/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>with a corporate surety or at least two good and sufficient personal sureties;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scF/s360.253/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>payable to and approved by the judge;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scF/s360.253/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>in an amount equal to the value of the surviving spouse's interest in the community property; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scF/s360.253/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>conditioned for the payment of half of all debts existing against the community property.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scF/s360.253/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>The court shall proceed to partition the community property into two equal moieties, one to be delivered to the surviving spouse and the other to be delivered to the executor or administrator of the deceased spouse's estate.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scF/s360.253/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<chapeau>If a partition is made under this section:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scF/s360.253/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>a lien exists on the property delivered to the surviving spouse to secure the payment of the bond required under Subsection (b); and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scF/s360.253/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<chapeau>any creditor of the community estate:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scF/s360.253/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>may sue in the creditor's own name on the bond; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scF/s360.253/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>is entitled:</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scF/s360.253/i">
<num value="i">(i)</num>
<chapeau>to have judgment on the bond for half of the debt the creditor establishes; and</chapeau>
<clause identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scF/s360.253/ii">
<num value="ii">(ii)</num>
<content>to be paid by the executor or administrator of the deceased spouse's estate for the other half.</content>
</clause>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scF/s360.253/e">
<num value="e">(e)</num>
<content>The provisions of this title relating to the partition and distribution of an estate apply to a partition under this section to the extent applicable.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1338 (S.B. 1198), Sec. 2.50, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scF/s360.254">
<num value="360.254">Sec. 360.254.</num>
<heading>JOINTLY OWNED PROPERTY</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scF/s360.254/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>A person who has a joint interest with a decedent's estate in any property may apply to the court that granted letters testamentary or of administration on the estate for a partition of the property.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scF/s360.254/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>On application under Subsection (a), the court shall partition the property between the applicant and the decedent's estate.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scF/s360.254/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>The provisions of this title relating to the partition and distribution of an estate govern a partition under this section to the extent applicable.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scG">
<num value="G">SUBCHAPTER G.</num>
<heading>ENFORCEMENT</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scG/s360.301">
<num value="360.301">Sec. 360.301.</num>
<heading>LIABILITY FOR FAILURE TO DELIVER ESTATE PROPERTY</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scG/s360.301/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>If an executor or administrator neglects, when demanded, to deliver a portion of an estate ordered to be delivered to a person entitled to that portion, the person may file with the court clerk a written complaint alleging:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scG/s360.301/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the fact of the neglect;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scG/s360.301/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the date of the person's demand; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scG/s360.301/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>other relevant facts.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scG/s360.301/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>On the filing of a complaint under Subsection (a), the court clerk shall issue a citation to be served personally on the executor or administrator. The citation must:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scG/s360.301/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>apprise the executor or administrator of the complaint; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scG/s360.301/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>cite the executor or administrator to appear before the court and answer, if the executor or administrator desires, at the time designated in the citation.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scG/s360.301/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>If at the hearing the court finds that the citation was properly served and returned and that the executor or administrator is guilty of the neglect alleged, the court shall enter an order to that effect.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c360/scG/s360.301/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>An executor or administrator found guilty under Subsection (c) is liable to the complainant for damages at the rate of 10 percent of the amount or the appraised value of the portion of the estate neglectfully withheld, per month, for each month or fraction of a month that the portion is or has been neglectfully withheld after the date of demand. Damages under this subsection may be recovered in any court of competent jurisdiction.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
</chapter>
<chapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c361">
<num value="361">CHAPTER 361.</num>
<heading>DEATH, RESIGNATION, OR REMOVAL OF PERSONAL REPRESENTATIVES; APPOINTMENT OF SUCCESSORS</heading>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c361/scA">
<num value="A">SUBCHAPTER A.</num>
<heading>RESIGNATION OF PERSONAL REPRESENTATIVE</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c361/scA/s361.001">
<num value="361.001">Sec. 361.001.</num>
<heading>RESIGNATION APPLICATION</heading>
<content>A personal representative who wishes to resign the representative's trust shall file a written application with the court clerk, accompanied by a complete and verified exhibit and final account showing the true condition of the estate entrusted to the representative's care.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c361/scA/s361.002">
<num value="361.002">Sec. 361.002.</num>
<heading>IMMEDIATE APPOINTMENT OF SUCCESSOR; DISCHARGE AND RELEASE</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c361/scA/s361.002/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>If the necessity exists, the court may immediately accept the resignation of a personal representative and appoint a successor representative.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c361/scA/s361.002/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The court may not discharge a person whose resignation is accepted under Subsection (a), or release the person or the sureties on the person's bond, until a final order has been issued or judgment has been rendered on the final account required under Section 361.001.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c361/scA/s361.003">
<num value="361.003">Sec. 361.003.</num>
<heading>HEARING DATE; CITATION</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c361/scA/s361.003/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>When an application to resign as personal representative is filed under Section 361.001, supported by the exhibit and final account required under that section, the court clerk shall bring the application to the judge's attention and the judge shall set a date for a hearing on the matter.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c361/scA/s361.003/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>After a hearing is set under Subsection (a), the clerk shall issue a citation to all interested persons, showing:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c361/scA/s361.003/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>that an application that complies with Section 361.001 has been filed; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c361/scA/s361.003/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the time and place set for the hearing at which the interested persons may appear and contest the exhibit and final account supporting the application.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c361/scA/s361.003/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>Unless the court directs that the citation under Subsection (b) be published, the citation must be posted.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c361/scA/s361.004">
<num value="361.004">Sec. 361.004.</num>
<heading>HEARING</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c361/scA/s361.004/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>At the time set for the hearing under Section 361.003, unless the court continues the hearing, and if the court finds that the citation required under that section has been properly issued and served, the court shall:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c361/scA/s361.004/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>examine the exhibit and final account required by Section 361.001;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c361/scA/s361.004/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>hear all evidence for and against the exhibit and final account; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c361/scA/s361.004/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>if necessary, restate and audit and settle the exhibit and final account.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c361/scA/s361.004/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>If the court is satisfied that the matters entrusted to the personal representative applying to resign have been handled and accounted for in accordance with the law, the court shall:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c361/scA/s361.004/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>enter an order approving the exhibit and final account; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c361/scA/s361.004/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>require that any estate property remaining in the applicant's possession be delivered to the persons entitled by law to receive the property.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c361/scA/s361.005">
<num value="361.005">Sec. 361.005.</num>
<heading>REQUIREMENTS FOR DISCHARGE</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c361/scA/s361.005/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>A personal representative applying to resign may not be discharged until:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c361/scA/s361.005/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the resignation application has been heard;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c361/scA/s361.005/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the exhibit and final account required under Section 361.001 have been examined, settled, and approved; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c361/scA/s361.005/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<chapeau>the applicant has satisfied the court that the applicant has:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c361/scA/s361.005/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>delivered any estate property remaining in the applicant's possession; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c361/scA/s361.005/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>complied with all lawful orders of the court with relation to the applicant's trust as representative.</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c361/scA/s361.005/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>When a personal representative applying to resign has fully complied with the orders of the court, the court shall enter an order:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c361/scA/s361.005/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>accepting the resignation; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c361/scA/s361.005/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>discharging the applicant, and, if the applicant is under bond, the applicant's sureties.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c361/scB">
<num value="B">SUBCHAPTER B.</num>
<heading>REMOVAL AND REINSTATEMENT OF PERSONAL REPRESENTATIVE</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c361/scB/s361.051">
<num value="361.051">Sec. 361.051.</num>
<heading>REMOVAL WITHOUT NOTICE</heading>
<chapeau>The court, on the court's own motion or on the motion of any interested person, and without notice, may remove a personal representative appointed under this title who:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c361/scB/s361.051/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>neglects to qualify in the manner and time required by law;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c361/scB/s361.051/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>fails to return, before the 91st day after the date the representative qualifies, an inventory of the estate property and a list of claims that have come to the representative's knowledge, unless that deadline is extended by court order;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c361/scB/s361.051/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>if required, fails to give a new bond within the time prescribed;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c361/scB/s361.051/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>is absent from the state for a consecutive period of three or more months without the court's permission, or moves out of state;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c361/scB/s361.051/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<chapeau>cannot be served with notices or other processes because:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c361/scB/s361.051/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>the representative's whereabouts are unknown;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c361/scB/s361.051/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>the representative is eluding service; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c361/scB/s361.051/C">
<num value="C">(C)</num>
<content>the representative is a nonresident of this state who does not have a resident agent to accept service of process in any probate proceeding or other action relating to the estate; or</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c361/scB/s361.051/6">
<num value="6">(6)</num>
<content>subject to Section 361.054(a), has misapplied, embezzled, or removed from the state, or is about to misapply, embezzle, or remove from the state, all or part of the property entrusted to the representative's care.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c361/scB/s361.052">
<num value="361.052">Sec. 361.052.</num>
<heading>REMOVAL WITH NOTICE</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c361/scB/s361.052/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>The court may remove a personal representative as provided by Subsection (a-1) if:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c361/scB/s361.052/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>sufficient grounds appear to support a belief that the representative has misapplied, embezzled, or removed from the state, or is about to misapply, embezzle, or remove from the state, all or part of the property entrusted to the representative's care;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c361/scB/s361.052/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the representative fails to return any account required by law to be made;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c361/scB/s361.052/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the representative fails to obey a proper order of the court that has jurisdiction with respect to the performance of the representative's duties;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c361/scB/s361.052/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>the representative is proved to have been guilty of gross misconduct, or mismanagement in the performance of the representative's duties;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c361/scB/s361.052/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<chapeau>the representative:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c361/scB/s361.052/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>becomes incapacitated;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c361/scB/s361.052/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>is sentenced to the penitentiary; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c361/scB/s361.052/C">
<num value="C">(C)</num>
<content>from any other cause, becomes incapable of properly performing the duties of the representative's trust; or</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c361/scB/s361.052/6">
<num value="6">(6)</num>
<content>the representative, as executor or administrator, fails to make a final settlement by the third anniversary of the date letters testamentary or of administration are granted, unless that period is extended by the court on a showing of sufficient cause supported by oath.</content>
<continuation>(a-1) The court may remove a personal representative for a reason described by Subsection (a) on:</continuation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c361/scB/s361.052/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the court's own motion, after the personal representative has been notified by a qualified delivery method to answer at a time and place set in the notice; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c361/scB/s361.052/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the complaint of an interested person, after the personal representative has been cited by personal service to answer at a time and place set in the notice.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c361/scB/s361.052/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>If a personal representative, as executor or administrator, fails to timely file the affidavit or certificate required by Section 308.004, the court, on the court's own motion, may remove the personal representative after providing 30 days' written notice to the personal representative to answer at a time and place set in the notice, by a qualified delivery method to:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c361/scB/s361.052/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the representative's last known address; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c361/scB/s361.052/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the last known address of the representative's attorney of record.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 514 (S.B. 39), Sec. 1(a), eff. September 1, 2017.
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 205 (S.B. 1373), Sec. 34, eff. September 1, 2023.
Acts 2025, 89th Leg., R.S., Ch. 818 (S.B. 1335), Sec. 2, eff. September 1, 2025.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c361/scB/s361.053">
<num value="361.053">Sec. 361.053.</num>
<heading>REMOVAL ORDER</heading>
<chapeau>An order removing a personal representative must:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c361/scB/s361.053/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>state the cause of the removal;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c361/scB/s361.053/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>require that, if the removed representative has been personally served with citation, any letters testamentary or of administration issued to the removed representative be surrendered, and that, regardless of whether the letters have been delivered, all the letters be canceled of record; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c361/scB/s361.053/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>require the removed representative to deliver any estate property in the representative's possession to the persons entitled to the property or to the person who has been appointed and has qualified as successor representative.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c361/scB/s361.054">
<num value="361.054">Sec. 361.054.</num>
<heading>REMOVAL AND REINSTATEMENT OF PERSONAL REPRESENTATIVE UNDER CERTAIN CIRCUMSTANCES</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c361/scB/s361.054/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>The court may remove a personal representative under Section 361.051(6) only on the presentation of clear and convincing evidence given under oath.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c361/scB/s361.054/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>Not later than the 10th day after the date the court signs the order of removal, a personal representative who is removed under Section 361.051(6) may file an application with the court for a hearing to determine whether the representative should be reinstated.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c361/scB/s361.054/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<chapeau>On the filing of an application under Subsection (b), the court clerk shall issue to the applicant and to the successor representative of the decedent's estate a notice stating:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c361/scB/s361.054/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>that an application for reinstatement has been filed;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c361/scB/s361.054/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the name of the decedent from whose estate the applicant was removed as personal representative; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c361/scB/s361.054/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the name of the applicant for reinstatement.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c361/scB/s361.054/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>The notice required by Subsection (c) must cite all persons interested in the estate to appear at the time and place stated in the notice if the persons wish to contest the application.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c361/scB/s361.054/e">
<num value="e">(e)</num>
<chapeau>If, at the conclusion of a hearing under this section, the court is satisfied by a preponderance of the evidence that the personal representative applying for reinstatement did not engage in the conduct that directly led to the applicant's removal, the court shall:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c361/scB/s361.054/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>set aside any order appointing a successor representative; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c361/scB/s361.054/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>enter an order reinstating the applicant as personal representative of the estate.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c361/scB/s361.054/f">
<num value="f">(f)</num>
<content>If the court sets aside the appointment of a successor representative under this section, the court may require the successor representative to prepare and file, under oath, an accounting of the estate and to detail the disposition the successor has made of the estate property.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c361/scC">
<num value="C">SUBCHAPTER C.</num>
<heading>APPOINTMENT OF SUCCESSOR REPRESENTATIVE</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c361/scC/s361.101">
<num value="361.101">Sec. 361.101.</num>
<heading>REQUIREMENTS FOR REVOCATION OF LETTERS</heading>
<chapeau>Except as otherwise expressly provided by this title, the court may revoke letters testamentary or of administration and grant other letters only:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c361/scC/s361.101/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>on application; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c361/scC/s361.101/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>after personal service of citation on the person, if living, whose letters are sought to be revoked, requiring the person to appear and show cause why the application should not be granted.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c361/scC/s361.102">
<num value="361.102">Sec. 361.102.</num>
<heading>APPOINTMENT BECAUSE OF DEATH, RESIGNATION, OR REMOVAL</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c361/scC/s361.102/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>If a person appointed as personal representative fails to qualify or, after qualifying, dies, resigns, or is removed, the court may, on application, appoint a successor representative if the appointment of a successor is necessary. The appointment may be made before a final accounting is filed or before any action on a final accounting is taken. In the event of death, the legal representatives of the deceased personal representative shall account for, pay, and deliver all estate property that was entrusted to the deceased personal representative's care to the persons legally entitled to receive the property, at the time and in the manner ordered by the court.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c361/scC/s361.102/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The court may appoint a successor representative under this section without citation or notice if the court finds that the immediate appointment of a successor representative is necessary.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c361/scC/s361.103">
<num value="361.103">Sec. 361.103.</num>
<heading>APPOINTMENT BECAUSE OF EXISTENCE OF PRIOR RIGHT</heading>
<chapeau>If letters testamentary or of administration have been granted to a person and another person applies for letters, the court shall revoke the initial letters and grant letters to the second applicant if the second applicant:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c361/scC/s361.103/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>is qualified;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c361/scC/s361.103/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>has a prior right to the letters; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c361/scC/s361.103/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>has not waived the prior right to the letters.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c361/scC/s361.104">
<num value="361.104">Sec. 361.104.</num>
<heading>APPOINTMENT WHEN NAMED EXECUTOR BECOMES AN ADULT</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c361/scC/s361.104/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>A person named as executor in a will who was not an adult when the will was probated is entitled to have letters testamentary or of administration that were granted to another person revoked and appropriate letters granted to the named executor on proof that the named executor has become an adult and is not otherwise disqualified.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c361/scC/s361.104/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>This subsection applies only if a will names two or more persons as executor. A person named as an executor in the will who was a minor when the will was probated may, on becoming an adult, qualify and receive letters if:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c361/scC/s361.104/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>letters have been issued only to the named executors in the will who were adults when the will was probated; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c361/scC/s361.104/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the person is not otherwise disqualified from receiving letters.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c361/scC/s361.105">
<num value="361.105">Sec. 361.105.</num>
<heading>APPOINTMENT OF FORMERLY SICK OR ABSENT EXECUTOR</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c361/scC/s361.105/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>This section applies only to a person named as executor in a will who was sick or absent from the state when the testator died or the will was proved and, as a result, could not:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c361/scC/s361.105/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>present the will for probate before the 31st day after the date of the testator's death; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c361/scC/s361.105/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>accept and qualify as executor before the 21st day after the date the will is probated.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c361/scC/s361.105/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A person to whom this section applies may accept and qualify as executor before the 61st day after the date the person returns to the state or recovers from illness if proof is presented to the court that the person was ill or absent.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c361/scC/s361.105/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>If a person accepts and qualifies as executor under Subsection (b) and letters testamentary or of administration have been issued to another person, the court shall revoke the other person's letters.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c361/scC/s361.106">
<num value="361.106">Sec. 361.106.</num>
<heading>APPOINTMENT WHEN WILL DISCOVERED AFTER GRANT OF ADMINISTRATION</heading>
<content>If, after letters of administration have been issued, it is discovered that the decedent left a lawful will, the court shall revoke the letters of administration and issue proper letters to any persons entitled to the letters.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c361/scD">
<num value="D">SUBCHAPTER D.</num>
<heading>PROCEDURES AFTER DEATH, RESIGNATION, OR REMOVAL OF PERSONAL REPRESENTATIVE</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c361/scD/s361.151">
<num value="361.151">Sec. 361.151.</num>
<heading>PAYMENT TO ESTATE WHILE OFFICE OF PERSONAL REPRESENTATIVE IS VACANT</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c361/scD/s361.151/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>A debtor, obligor, or payor may pay or tender money or another thing of value falling due to an estate while the office of personal representative of the estate is vacant to the court clerk for the credit of the estate.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c361/scD/s361.151/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>Payment or tender under Subsection (a) discharges the debtor, obligor, or payor of the obligation for all purposes to the extent and purpose of the payment or tender.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c361/scD/s361.151/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>If the court clerk accepts payment or tender under this section, the court clerk shall issue a receipt for the payment or tender.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c361/scD/s361.152">
<num value="361.152">Sec. 361.152.</num>
<heading>FURTHER ADMINISTRATION WITH OR WITHOUT NOTICE OR WILL ANNEXED</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c361/scD/s361.152/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>If an estate is unrepresented as a result of the death, removal, or resignation of the estate's personal representative, and on application by a qualified person interested in the estate, the court shall grant further administration of the estate if necessary, and with the will annexed if there is a will.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c361/scD/s361.152/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>An appointment under Subsection (a) shall be made on notice and after a hearing, as in the case of an original appointment, except that, if the court finds that the immediate appointment of a successor representative is necessary, the court may appoint the successor on application but without citation or notice.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c361/scD/s361.153">
<num value="361.153">Sec. 361.153.</num>
<heading>RIGHTS, POWERS, AND DUTIES OF SUCCESSOR REPRESENTATIVE</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c361/scD/s361.153/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>If a personal representative of an estate not administered succeeds another personal representative, the successor representative has all rights, powers, and duties of the predecessor, other than those rights and powers conferred on the predecessor by will that are different from those conferred by this title on personal representatives generally. Subject to that exception, the successor representative shall administer the estate as if the successor's administration were a continuation of the former administration.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c361/scD/s361.153/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A successor representative shall account for all the estate property that came into the predecessor's possession, and is entitled to any order or remedy that the court has the power to give to enforce the delivery of the estate property and the liability of the predecessor's sureties for any portion of the estate property that is not delivered. The successor is not required to account for any portion of the estate property that the successor failed to recover after due diligence.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c361/scD/s361.153/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<chapeau>In addition to the powers granted under Subsections (a) and (b), a successor representative may:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c361/scD/s361.153/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>make himself or herself, and may be made, a party to a suit prosecuted by or against the successor's predecessors;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c361/scD/s361.153/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>settle with the predecessor, and receive and give a receipt for any portion of the estate property that remains in the predecessor's possession; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c361/scD/s361.153/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<chapeau>commence a suit on the bond or bonds of the predecessor, in the successor's own name and capacity, for all the estate property that:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c361/scD/s361.153/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>came into the predecessor's possession; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c361/scD/s361.153/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>has not been accounted for by the predecessor.</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c361/scD/s361.154">
<num value="361.154">Sec. 361.154.</num>
<heading>SUCCESSOR EXECUTOR ALSO SUCCEEDS TO PRIOR RIGHTS AND DUTIES</heading>
<content>An executor who accepts appointment and qualifies after letters of administration have been granted on the estate shall, in the manner prescribed by Section 361.153, succeed to the previous administrator, and shall administer the estate as if the executor's administration were a continuation of the former administration, subject to any legal directions of the testator with respect to the estate that are contained in the will.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c361/scD/s361.155">
<num value="361.155">Sec. 361.155.</num>
<heading>SUCCESSOR REPRESENTATIVE TO RETURN INVENTORY, APPRAISEMENT, AND LIST OF CLAIMS OR AFFIDAVIT IN LIEU OF INVENTORY, APPRAISEMENT, AND LIST OF CLAIMS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c361/scD/s361.155/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>An appointee who has qualified to succeed a former personal representative, before the 91st day after the date the personal representative qualifies, shall make and return to the court an inventory, appraisement, and list of claims of the estate or, if the appointee is an independent executor, shall make and return to the court that document or file an affidavit in lieu of the inventory, appraisement, and list of claims, in the manner provided for an original appointee, and shall also return additional inventories, appraisements, and lists of claims and additional affidavits in the manner provided for an original appointee.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c361/scD/s361.155/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>Except as otherwise provided by this subsection, an appointee who files an inventory, appraisement, and list of claims under Subsection (a) shall set out in the inventory the appointee's appraisement of the fair market value of each item in the inventory on the date of the appointee's qualification. If an inventory, appraisement, and list of claims has not been filed by any former personal representative, the appointee shall set out the inventory as provided by Sections 309.051 and 309.052.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c361/scD/s361.155/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>On the application of any person interested in the estate, the court shall, in an order appointing a successor representative of an estate, appoint appraisers as in an original appointment.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1338 (S.B. 1198), Sec. 2.51, eff. January 1, 2014.
Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1338 (S.B. 1198), Sec. 2.52, eff. January 1, 2014.
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1136 (H.B. 2912), Sec. 46, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
</chapter>
<chapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c362">
<num value="362">CHAPTER 362.</num>
<heading>CLOSING ADMINISTRATION OF ESTATE</heading>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c362/scA">
<num value="A">SUBCHAPTER A.</num>
<heading>SETTLING AND CLOSING ESTATE</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c362/scA/s362.001">
<num value="362.001">Sec. 362.001.</num>
<heading>SETTLING AND CLOSING ADMINISTRATION OF ESTATE</heading>
<chapeau>The administration of an estate shall be settled and closed when:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c362/scA/s362.001/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>all the debts known to exist against the estate have been paid, or have been paid to the extent permitted by the assets in the personal representative's possession; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c362/scA/s362.001/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>no further need for administration exists.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c362/scA/s362.002">
<num value="362.002">Sec. 362.002.</num>
<heading>COMPELLING SETTLEMENT OF ESTATE</heading>
<content>A person interested in the administration of an estate for which letters testamentary or of administration have been granted may proceed, after any period of time, to compel settlement of the estate if it does not appear from the record that the administration of the estate has been closed.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c362/scA/s362.003">
<num value="362.003">Sec. 362.003.</num>
<heading>VERIFIED ACCOUNT REQUIRED</heading>
<content>The personal representative of an estate shall present to the court the representative's verified account for final settlement when the administration of the estate is to be settled and closed.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c362/scA/s362.004">
<num value="362.004">Sec. 362.004.</num>
<heading>CONTENTS OF ACCOUNT</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c362/scA/s362.004/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>Except as provided by Subsection (b), it is sufficient for an account for final settlement to:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c362/scA/s362.004/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>refer to the inventory without describing each item of property in detail; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c362/scA/s362.004/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>refer to and adopt any proceeding had in the administration concerning a sale, renting, leasing for mineral development, or any other transaction on behalf of the estate, including an exhibit, account, or voucher previously filed and approved, without restating the particular items thereof.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c362/scA/s362.004/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>An account for final settlement must be accompanied by proper vouchers supporting each item included in the account for which the personal representative has not already accounted and, either by reference to any proceeding described by Subsection (a) or by a statement of the facts, must show:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c362/scA/s362.004/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the estate property that has come into the representative's possession and the disposition of that property;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c362/scA/s362.004/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the debts that have been paid;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c362/scA/s362.004/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>any debts and expenses still owing by the estate;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c362/scA/s362.004/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>any estate property still in the representative's possession;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c362/scA/s362.004/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<chapeau>the persons entitled to receive that estate and, for each of those persons:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c362/scA/s362.004/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>the person's relationship to the decedent;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c362/scA/s362.004/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>the person's residence, if known; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c362/scA/s362.004/C">
<num value="C">(C)</num>
<content>whether the person is an adult or a minor and, if the person is a minor, the name of each of the minor's guardians, if any;</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c362/scA/s362.004/6">
<num value="6">(6)</num>
<content>any advancement or payment made by the representative from that estate to any person entitled to receive part of that estate;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c362/scA/s362.004/7">
<num value="7">(7)</num>
<chapeau>the tax returns due that have been filed and the taxes due and owing that have been paid, including:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c362/scA/s362.004/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>a complete account of the amount of taxes;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c362/scA/s362.004/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>the date the taxes were paid; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c362/scA/s362.004/C">
<num value="C">(C)</num>
<content>the governmental entity to which the taxes were paid;</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c362/scA/s362.004/8">
<num value="8">(8)</num>
<content>if on the filing of the account a tax return due to be filed or any taxes due to be paid are delinquent, the reasons for, and include a description of, the delinquency; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c362/scA/s362.004/9">
<num value="9">(9)</num>
<content>that the representative has paid all required bond premiums.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c362/scA/s362.005">
<num value="362.005">Sec. 362.005.</num>
<heading>CITATION AND NOTICE ON PRESENTATION OF ACCOUNT</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c362/scA/s362.005/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>On the presentation of an account for final settlement by a temporary or permanent personal representative, the county clerk shall issue citation to the persons and in the manner provided by Subsection (b).</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c362/scA/s362.005/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>Citation issued under Subsection (a) must:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c362/scA/s362.005/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<chapeau>contain:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c362/scA/s362.005/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>a statement that an account for final settlement has been presented;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c362/scA/s362.005/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>the time and place the court will consider the account; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c362/scA/s362.005/C">
<num value="C">(C)</num>
<content>a statement requiring the person cited to appear and contest the account, if the person wishes to contest the account; and</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c362/scA/s362.005/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>be given to each heir or distributee of the decedent by a qualified delivery method unless the court by written order directs another method of service to be given.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c362/scA/s362.005/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<chapeau>The personal representative shall also provide to each person entitled to citation under Subsection (b) a copy of the account for final settlement either by:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c362/scA/s362.005/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>a qualified delivery method; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c362/scA/s362.005/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>electronic delivery, including facsimile or e-mail.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c362/scA/s362.005/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>The court by written order shall require additional notice if the court considers the additional notice necessary.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c362/scA/s362.005/e">
<num value="e">(e)</num>
<content>The court may allow the waiver of citation of an account for final settlement in a proceeding concerning a decedent's estate.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c362/scA/s362.005/f">
<num value="f">(f)</num>
<chapeau>The personal representative shall file an affidavit sworn to by the personal representative or a certificate signed by the personal representative's attorney stating:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c362/scA/s362.005/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>that the citation was given as required by this section;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c362/scA/s362.005/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the name of each person to whom the citation was given, if the person's name is not shown on the proof of delivery;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c362/scA/s362.005/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the name of each person executing a waiver of citation; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c362/scA/s362.005/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>that each person entitled to citation was provided a copy of the account for final settlement, indicating the method of delivery for each person.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1136 (H.B. 2912), Sec. 47, eff. January 1, 2014.
Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 844 (H.B. 2271), Sec. 31, eff. September 1, 2017.
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 205 (S.B. 1373), Sec. 35, eff. September 1, 2023.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c362/scA/s362.006">
<num value="362.006">Sec. 362.006.</num>
<heading>EXAMINATION OF AND HEARING ON ACCOUNT</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c362/scA/s362.006/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>On the court's satisfaction that citation has been properly served on all persons interested in the estate, the court shall examine the account for final settlement and the accompanying vouchers.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c362/scA/s362.006/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>After hearing all exceptions or objections to the account for final settlement and accompanying vouchers and the evidence in support of or against the account, the court shall audit and settle the account and, if necessary, restate the account.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c362/scA/s362.007">
<num value="362.007">Sec. 362.007.</num>
<heading>DELIVERY OF CERTAIN PROPERTY TO GUARDIAN</heading>
<content>The court may permit a resident personal representative who has possession of any of a ward's estate to deliver the estate to a qualified and acting guardian of the ward.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c362/scA/s362.008">
<num value="362.008">Sec. 362.008.</num>
<heading>CERTAIN DEBTS EXCLUDED FROM SETTLEMENT COMPUTATION</heading>
<content>In the settlement of any of the accounts of the personal representative, all debts due the estate that the court is satisfied could not have been collected by due diligence and that have not been collected shall be excluded from the computation.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c362/scA/s362.009">
<num value="362.009">Sec. 362.009.</num>
<heading>MONEY DUE TO ESTATE PENDING FINAL DISCHARGE</heading>
<content>Money or another thing of value that becomes due to the estate while an account for final settlement is pending may be paid, delivered, or tendered to the personal representative until the order of final discharge of the representative is entered in the judge's probate docket. The representative shall issue a receipt for the money or other thing of value to the obligor or payor. On issuance of the receipt, the obligor or payor is discharged of the obligation for all purposes.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 91 (S.B. 1303), Sec. 8.018, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c362/scA/s362.011">
<num value="362.011">Sec. 362.011.</num>
<heading>PARTITION AND DISTRIBUTION OF ESTATE; DEPOSIT IN COURT'S REGISTRY</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c362/scA/s362.011/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>If, on final settlement of an estate, any of the estate remains in the personal representative's possession, the court shall order that a partition and distribution be made among the persons entitled to receive that part of the estate.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c362/scA/s362.011/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The court shall order the personal representative to convert into money any remaining nonmonetary assets to which a person who is unknown or missing is entitled. The procedures in Chapter 356 apply to the conversion of nonmonetary assets under this subsection.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c362/scA/s362.011/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<chapeau>The court shall order the personal representative to deposit in an account in the court's registry all money, including the proceeds of any conversion under Subsection (b), to which a person who is unknown or missing is entitled. The court shall hold money deposited in an account under this subsection until the court renders:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c362/scA/s362.011/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>an order requiring money in the account to be paid to the previously unknown or missing person who is entitled to the money; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c362/scA/s362.011/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>another order regarding the disposition of the money.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1136 (H.B. 2912), Sec. 48, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c362/scA/s362.012">
<num value="362.012">Sec. 362.012.</num>
<heading>DISCHARGE OF PERSONAL REPRESENTATIVE AND BOND SURETIES WHEN NO ESTATE PROPERTY REMAINS; CANCELLATION OF LETTERS</heading>
<chapeau>If, on final settlement of the estate, none of the estate remains in the representative's possession, the court shall enter an order:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c362/scA/s362.012/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>discharging a personal representative from the representative's trust;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c362/scA/s362.012/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>canceling the letters issued to the personal representative;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c362/scA/s362.012/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>discharging and releasing the sureties on the personal representative's bond, if applicable; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c362/scA/s362.012/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>closing the estate.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2025, 89th Leg., R.S., Ch. 818 (S.B. 1335), Sec. 3, eff. September 1, 2025.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c362/scA/s362.013">
<num value="362.013">Sec. 362.013.</num>
<heading>DISCHARGE OF PERSONAL REPRESENTATIVE AND BOND SURETIES WHEN ESTATE FULLY ADMINISTERED; CANCELLATION OF LETTERS</heading>
<chapeau>The court shall enter an order specifying the actions described by Sections 362.012(1), (2), and (3) and declaring the estate closed when:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c362/scA/s362.013/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the representative has fully administered the estate in accordance with this title and the court's orders;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c362/scA/s362.013/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the representative's account for final settlement has been approved; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c362/scA/s362.013/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<chapeau>the representative has:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c362/scA/s362.013/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>delivered all of the estate remaining in the representative's possession to the person or persons entitled to receive that part of the estate; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c362/scA/s362.013/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>with respect to the portion of the estate distributable to an unknown or missing person, complied with an order of the court under Section 362.011.</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1136 (H.B. 2912), Sec. 49, eff. January 1, 2014.
Acts 2025, 89th Leg., R.S., Ch. 818 (S.B. 1335), Sec. 4, eff. September 1, 2025.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c362/scB">
<num value="B">SUBCHAPTER B.</num>
<heading>FAILURE OF PERSONAL REPRESENTATIVE TO ACT</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c362/scB/s362.051">
<num value="362.051">Sec. 362.051.</num>
<heading>FAILURE TO PRESENT ACCOUNT</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c362/scB/s362.051/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>The court, on the court's own motion or on the written complaint of anyone interested in a decedent's estate that has been administered, shall have the personal representative who is charged with the duty of presenting an account for final settlement cited to appear and present the account within the time specified in the citation if the representative failed or neglected to present the account at the proper time.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c362/scB/s362.051/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>On or after the fourth anniversary of the date the court clerk last issues letters testamentary or of administration for a decedent's estate, the court may close the estate without an account for final settlement and without appointing a successor personal representative if:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c362/scB/s362.051/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the whereabouts of the personal representative and heirs of the decedent are unknown; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c362/scB/s362.051/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>a complaint has not been filed by anyone interested in the decedent's estate.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c362/scB/s362.052">
<num value="362.052">Sec. 362.052.</num>
<heading>LIABILITY FOR FAILURE TO DELIVER ESTATE PROPERTY</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c362/scB/s362.052/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>On the final settlement of an estate, if the personal representative neglects on demand to deliver a portion of the estate or any money in the representative's possession ordered to be delivered to a person entitled to that property, the person may file with the court clerk a written complaint alleging:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c362/scB/s362.052/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the fact of the neglect;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c362/scB/s362.052/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the date of the person's demand; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c362/scB/s362.052/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>other relevant facts.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c362/scB/s362.052/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>On the filing of a complaint under Subsection (a), the court clerk shall issue a citation to be served personally on the personal representative. The citation must:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c362/scB/s362.052/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>apprise the representative of the complaint; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c362/scB/s362.052/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>cite the representative to appear before the court and answer, if the representative desires, at a time designated in the citation.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c362/scB/s362.052/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>If at the hearing the court finds that the citation was properly served and returned, and that the personal representative is guilty of the neglect charged, the court shall enter an order to that effect.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c362/scB/s362.052/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>A personal representative found guilty under Subsection (c) is liable to the person who filed the complaint under Subsection (a) for damages at the rate of 10 percent of the amount of the money or the appraised value of the portion of the estate neglectfully withheld, per month, for each month or fraction of a month that the money or portion of the estate is or has been neglectfully withheld after the date of demand. Damages under this subsection may be recovered in any court of competent jurisdiction.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
</chapter>
<chapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c401">
<num value="401">CHAPTER 401.</num>
<heading>CREATION</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c401/s401.001">
<num value="401.001">Sec. 401.001.</num>
<heading>EXPRESSION OF TESTATOR'S INTENT IN WILL</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c401/s401.001/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>Any person capable of making a will may provide in the person's will that no other action shall be had in the probate court in relation to the settlement of the person's estate than the probating and recording of the will and the return of any required inventory, appraisement, and list of claims of the person's estate.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c401/s401.001/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>Any person capable of making a will may provide in the person's will that no independent administration of his or her estate may be allowed. In such case the person's estate, if administered, shall be administered and settled under the direction of the probate court as other estates are required to be settled and not as an independent administration.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1338 (S.B. 1198), Sec. 2.53, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1136 (H.B. 2912), Sec. 50, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c401/s401.002">
<num value="401.002">Sec. 401.002.</num>
<heading>CREATION IN TESTATE ESTATE BY AGREEMENT</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c401/s401.002/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>Except as provided in Section 401.001(b), if a decedent's will names an executor but the will does not provide for independent administration as provided in Section 401.001(a), all of the distributees of the decedent may agree on the advisability of having an independent administration and collectively designate in the application for probate of the decedent's will, or in one or more separate documents consenting to the application for probate of the decedent's will, the executor named in the will to serve as independent executor and request that no other action shall be had in the probate court in relation to the settlement of the decedent's estate other than the probating and recording of the decedent's will and the return of an inventory, appraisement, and list of claims of the decedent's estate. In such case the probate court shall enter an order granting independent administration and appointing the person, firm, or corporation designated by the distributees as independent executor, unless the court finds that it would not be in the best interest of the estate to do so.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c401/s401.002/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>Except as provided in Section 401.001(b), in situations where no executor is named in the decedent's will, or in situations where each executor named in the will is deceased or is disqualified to serve as executor or indicates by affidavit filed with the application for administration of the decedent's estate the executor's inability or unwillingness to serve as executor, all of the distributees of the decedent may agree on the advisability of having an independent administration and collectively designate in the application for probate of the decedent's will, or in one or more separate documents consenting to the application for probate of the decedent's will, a qualified person, firm, or corporation to serve as independent administrator and request that no other action shall be had in the probate court in relation to the settlement of the decedent's estate other than the probating and recording of the decedent's will and the return of an inventory, appraisement, and list of claims of the decedent's estate. In such case the probate court shall enter an order granting independent administration and appointing the person, firm, or corporation designated by the distributees as independent administrator, unless the court finds that it would not be in the best interest of the estate to do so.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1338 (S.B. 1198), Sec. 2.53, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 949 (S.B. 995), Sec. 40, eff. September 1, 2015.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c401/s401.003">
<num value="401.003">Sec. 401.003.</num>
<heading>CREATION IN INTESTATE ESTATE BY AGREEMENT</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c401/s401.003/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>All of the distributees of a decedent dying intestate may agree on the advisability of having an independent administration and collectively designate in the application for administration of the decedent's estate, or in one or more documents consenting to the application for administration of the decedent's estate, a qualified person, firm, or corporation to serve as independent administrator and request that no other action shall be had in the probate court in relation to the settlement of the decedent's estate other than the return of an inventory, appraisement, and list of claims of the decedent's estate. In such case the probate court shall enter an order granting independent administration and appointing the person, firm, or corporation designated by the distributees as independent administrator, unless the court finds that it would not be in the best interest of the estate to do so.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c401/s401.003/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The court may not appoint an independent administrator to serve in an intestate administration unless and until the parties seeking appointment of the independent administrator have been determined, through a proceeding to declare heirship under Chapter 202, to constitute all of the decedent's heirs.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1338 (S.B. 1198), Sec. 2.53, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 949 (S.B. 995), Sec. 41, eff. September 1, 2015.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c401/s401.004">
<num value="401.004">Sec. 401.004.</num>
<heading>MEANS OF ESTABLISHING DISTRIBUTEE CONSENT</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c401/s401.004/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>This section applies to the creation of an independent administration under Section 401.002 or 401.003.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c401/s401.004/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>All distributees shall be served with citation and notice of the application for independent administration unless the distributee waives the issuance or service of citation or enters an appearance in court.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c401/s401.004/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>If a distributee is an incapacitated person, the guardian of the person of the distributee may consent to the creation of an independent administration on behalf of the distributee. If the probate court finds that either the granting of independent administration or the appointment of the person, firm, or corporation designated by the distributees as independent executor would not be in the best interest of the incapacitated person, then, notwithstanding anything to the contrary in Section 401.002 or 401.003, the court may not enter an order granting independent administration of the estate. If a distributee who is an incapacitated person has no guardian of the person, the probate court may appoint a guardian ad litem to act on behalf of the incapacitated person if the court considers such an appointment necessary to protect the interest of the distributees. Alternatively, if the distributee who is an incapacitated person is a minor and has no guardian of the person, the natural guardian or guardians of the minor may consent on the minor's behalf if there is no conflict of interest between the minor and the natural guardian or guardians.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c401/s401.004/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>If a trust is created in the decedent's will or if the decedent's will devises property to a trustee as described by Section 254.001, the person or class of persons entitled to receive property outright from the trust on the decedent's death and those first eligible to receive the income from the trust, when determined as if the trust were to be in existence on the date of the decedent's death, shall, for the purposes of Section 401.002, be considered to be the distributee or distributees on behalf of the trust, and any other trust or trusts coming into existence on the termination of the trust, and are authorized to apply for independent administration on behalf of the trusts without the consent or agreement of the trustee or any other beneficiary of the trust, or the trustee or any beneficiary of any other trust which may come into existence on the termination of the trust. If a trust beneficiary who is considered to be a distributee under this subsection is an incapacitated person, the trustee or cotrustee may file the application or give the consent, provided that the trustee or cotrustee is not the person proposed to serve as the independent executor.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c401/s401.004/e">
<num value="e">(e)</num>
<content>If a life estate is created either in the decedent's will or by law, the life tenant or life tenants, when determined as if the life estate were to commence on the date of the decedent's death, shall, for the purposes of Section 401.002 or 401.003, be considered to be the distributee or distributees on behalf of the entire estate created, and are authorized to apply for independent administration on behalf of the estate without the consent or approval of any remainderman.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c401/s401.004/f">
<num value="f">(f)</num>
<content>If a decedent's will contains a provision that a distributee must survive the decedent by a prescribed period of time in order to take under the decedent's will, then, for the purposes of determining who shall be the distributee under Section 401.002 and under Subsection (c), it shall be presumed that the distributees living at the time of the filing of the application for probate of the decedent's will survived the decedent by the prescribed period.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c401/s401.004/g">
<num value="g">(g)</num>
<content>In the case of all decedents, whether dying testate or intestate, for the purposes of determining who shall be the distributees under Section 401.002 or 401.003 and under Subsection (c), it shall be presumed that no distributee living at the time the application for independent administration is filed shall subsequently disclaim any portion of the distributee's interest in the decedent's estate.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c401/s401.004/h">
<num value="h">(h)</num>
<content>If a distributee of a decedent's estate dies and if by virtue of the distributee's death the distributee's share of the decedent's estate becomes payable to the distributee's estate, the deceased distributee's personal representative may consent to the independent administration of the decedent's estate under Section 401.002 or 401.003 and under Subsection (c).</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1338 (S.B. 1198), Sec. 2.53, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1136 (H.B. 2912), Sec. 51, eff. January 1, 2014.
Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 949 (S.B. 995), Sec. 42, eff. September 1, 2015.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c401/s401.005">
<num value="401.005">Sec. 401.005.</num>
<heading>BOND; WAIVER OF BOND</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c401/s401.005/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>If an independent administration of a decedent's estate is created under Section 401.002 or 401.003, then, unless the probate court waives bond on application for waiver, the independent executor shall be required to enter into bond payable to and to be approved by the judge and the judge's successors in a sum that is found by the judge to be adequate under all circumstances, or a bond with one surety in a sum that is found by the judge to be adequate under all circumstances, if the surety is an authorized corporate surety.</content>
<continuation>(a-1) If a decedent's will does not contain language directing that no bond or security be required of a person named as executor, unless the court finds that it would not be in the best interest of the estate, the court may waive the requirement of a bond if all of the distributees of the decedent agree to the waiver of bond in:</continuation>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c401/s401.005/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the application for probate of the decedent's will; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c401/s401.005/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>one or more separate documents consenting to the application for probate of the decedent's will.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c401/s401.005/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>This section does not repeal any other section of this title.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1338 (S.B. 1198), Sec. 2.53, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2019, 86th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1141 (H.B. 2782), Sec. 40, eff. September 1, 2019.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c401/s401.006">
<num value="401.006">Sec. 401.006.</num>
<heading>GRANTING POWER OF SALE BY AGREEMENT</heading>
<content>In a situation in which a decedent does not have a will, or a decedent's will does not contain language authorizing the personal representative to sell property or contains language that is not sufficient to grant the representative that authority, the court may include in an order appointing an independent executor any general or specific authority regarding the power of the independent executor to sell property that may be consented to by the distributees who are to receive any interest in the property in the application for independent administration or for the appointment of an independent executor or in their consents to the independent administration or to the appointment of an independent executor. The independent executor, in such event, may sell the property under the authority granted in the court order without the further consent of those distributees.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1338 (S.B. 1198), Sec. 2.53, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1136 (H.B. 2912), Sec. 52, eff. January 1, 2014.
Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 949 (S.B. 995), Sec. 43, eff. September 1, 2015.
Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 844 (H.B. 2271), Sec. 32, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c401/s401.007">
<num value="401.007">Sec. 401.007.</num>
<heading>NO LIABILITY OF JUDGE</heading>
<content>Absent proof of fraud or collusion on the part of a judge, no judge may be held civilly liable for the commission of misdeeds or the omission of any required act of any person, firm, or corporation designated as an independent executor under Section 401.002 or 401.003. Section 351.354 does not apply to the appointment of an independent executor under Section 401.002 or 401.003.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1338 (S.B. 1198), Sec. 2.53, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c401/s401.008">
<num value="401.008">Sec. 401.008.</num>
<heading>PERSON DECLINING TO SERVE</heading>
<content>A person who declines to serve or resigns as independent executor of a decedent's estate may be appointed an executor or administrator of the estate if the estate will be administered and settled under the direction of the court.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1338 (S.B. 1198), Sec. 2.53, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</chapter>
<chapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c402">
<num value="402">CHAPTER 402.</num>
<heading>ADMINISTRATION</heading>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c402/scA">
<num value="A">SUBCHAPTER A.</num>
<heading>GENERAL PROVISIONS</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c402/scA/s402.001">
<num value="402.001">Sec. 402.001.</num>
<heading>GENERAL SCOPE AND EXERCISE OF POWERS</heading>
<content>When an independent administration has been created, and the order appointing an independent executor has been entered by the probate court, and the inventory, appraisement, and list of claims has been filed by the independent executor and approved by the court or an affidavit in lieu of the inventory, appraisement, and list of claims has been filed by the independent executor, as long as the estate is represented by an independent executor, further action of any nature may not be had in the probate court except where this title specifically and explicitly provides for some action in the court.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1338 (S.B. 1198), Sec. 2.53, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c402/scA/s402.002">
<num value="402.002">Sec. 402.002.</num>
<heading>INDEPENDENT EXECUTORS MAY ACT WITHOUT COURT APPROVAL</heading>
<content>Unless this title specifically provides otherwise, any action that a personal representative subject to court supervision may take with or without a court order may be taken by an independent executor without a court order. The other provisions of this subtitle are designed to provide additional guidance regarding independent administrations in specified situations, and are not designed to limit by omission or otherwise the application of the general principles set forth in this chapter.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1338 (S.B. 1198), Sec. 2.53, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c402/scA/s402.003">
<num value="402.003">Sec. 402.003.</num>
<heading>DIGITAL ASSETS</heading>
<chapeau>The court, either at the time the independent executor of an estate is appointed or at any time before the administration of the estate is closed, may enter an order that:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c402/scA/s402.003/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>directs disclosure of the content of electronic communications of the decedent to the independent executor as provided by Section 2001.101 and that contains any court finding described by Section 2001.101(b)(3);</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c402/scA/s402.003/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>with respect to a catalog of electronic communications sent or received by the decedent and other digital assets of the decedent, other than the content of an electronic communication, contains any court finding described by Section 2001.102(b)(4); or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c402/scA/s402.003/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>directs under Section 2001.231 a custodian to comply with a request to disclose digital assets under Chapter 2001.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2019, 86th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1141 (H.B. 2782), Sec. 41, eff. September 1, 2019.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c402/scB">
<num value="B">SUBCHAPTER B.</num>
<heading>POWER OF SALE</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c402/scB/s402.051">
<num value="402.051">Sec. 402.051.</num>
<heading>DEFINITION OF INDEPENDENT EXECUTOR</heading>
<content>In this subchapter, "independent executor" does not include an independent administrator.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1338 (S.B. 1198), Sec. 2.53, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c402/scB/s402.052">
<num value="402.052">Sec. 402.052.</num>
<heading>POWER OF SALE OF ESTATE PROPERTY GENERALLY</heading>
<content>Unless limited by the terms of a will, an independent executor, in addition to any power of sale of estate property given in the will, and an independent administrator have the same power of sale for the same purposes as a personal representative has in a supervised administration, but without the requirement of court approval. The procedural requirements applicable to a supervised administration do not apply.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1338 (S.B. 1198), Sec. 2.53, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c402/scB/s402.053">
<num value="402.053">Sec. 402.053.</num>
<heading>PROTECTION OF PERSON PURCHASING ESTATE PROPERTY</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c402/scB/s402.053/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>A person who is not a devisee or heir is not required to inquire into the power of sale of estate property of the independent executor or independent administrator or the propriety of the exercise of the power of sale if the person deals with the independent executor or independent administrator in good faith and:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c402/scB/s402.053/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>a power of sale is granted to the independent executor in the will;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c402/scB/s402.053/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>a power of sale is granted under Section 401.006 in the court order appointing the independent executor or independent administrator; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c402/scB/s402.053/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the independent executor or independent administrator provides an affidavit, executed and sworn to under oath and recorded in the deed records of the county where the property is located, that the sale is necessary or advisable for any of the purposes described in Section 356.251(1).</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c402/scB/s402.053/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>As to acts undertaken in good faith reliance, the affidavit described by Subsection (a)(3) is conclusive proof, as between a purchaser of property from the estate, and the personal representative of an estate or the heirs and distributees of the estate, with respect to the authority of the independent executor or independent administrator to sell the property. The signature or joinder of a devisee or heir who has an interest in the property being sold as described in this section is not necessary for the purchaser to obtain all right, title, and interest of the estate in the property being sold.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c402/scB/s402.053/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>This subchapter does not relieve the independent executor or independent administrator from any duty owed to a devisee or heir in relation, directly or indirectly, to the sale.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1338 (S.B. 1198), Sec. 2.53, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c402/scB/s402.054">
<num value="402.054">Sec. 402.054.</num>
<heading>NO LIMITATION ON OTHER ACTION</heading>
<content>This subchapter does not limit the authority of an independent executor to take any other action without court supervision or approval with respect to estate assets that may take place in a supervised administration, for purposes and within the scope otherwise authorized by this title, including the authority to enter into a lease and to borrow money.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1338 (S.B. 1198), Sec. 2.53, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
</chapter>
<chapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c403">
<num value="403">CHAPTER 403.</num>
<heading>EXEMPTIONS AND ALLOWANCES; CLAIMS</heading>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c403/scA">
<num value="A">SUBCHAPTER A.</num>
<heading>EXEMPTIONS AND ALLOWANCES</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c403/scA/s403.001">
<num value="403.001">Sec. 403.001.</num>
<heading>SETTING ASIDE EXEMPT PROPERTY AND ALLOWANCES</heading>
<content>The independent executor shall set aside and deliver to those entitled exempt property and allowances for support, and allowances in lieu of exempt property, as prescribed in this title, to the same extent and result as if the independent executor's actions had been accomplished in, and under orders of, the court.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1338 (S.B. 1198), Sec. 2.53, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c403/scB">
<num value="B">SUBCHAPTER B.</num>
<heading>CLAIMS</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c403/scB/s403.051">
<num value="403.051">Sec. 403.051.</num>
<heading>DUTY OF INDEPENDENT EXECUTOR</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c403/scB/s403.051/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>An independent executor, in the administration of an estate, independently of and without application to, or any action in or by the court:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c403/scB/s403.051/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>shall give the notices required under Sections 308.051 and 308.053;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c403/scB/s403.051/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>may give the notice to an unsecured creditor with a claim for money permitted under Section 308.054 and bar a claim under Section 403.055; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c403/scB/s403.051/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>may approve or reject any claim, or take no action on a claim, and shall classify and pay claims approved or established by suit against the estate in the same order of priority, classification, and proration prescribed in this title.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c403/scB/s403.051/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>To be effective, the notice prescribed under Subsection (a)(2) must include, in addition to the other information required by Section 308.054, a statement that a claim may be effectively presented by only one of the methods prescribed by this subchapter.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1338 (S.B. 1198), Sec. 2.53, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c403/scB/s403.052">
<num value="403.052">Sec. 403.052.</num>
<heading>SECURED CLAIMS FOR MONEY</heading>
<content>Within six months after the date letters are granted or within four months after the date notice is received under Section 308.053, whichever is later, a creditor with a claim for money secured by property of the estate must give notice to the independent executor of the creditor's election to have the creditor's claim approved as a matured secured claim to be paid in due course of administration. In addition to giving the notice within this period, a creditor whose claim is secured by real property shall record a notice of the creditor's election under this section in the deed records of the county in which the real property is located. If no election to be a matured secured creditor is made, or the election is made, but not within the prescribed period, or is made within the prescribed period but the creditor has a lien against real property and fails to record notice of the claim in the deed records as required within the prescribed period, the claim shall be a preferred debt and lien against the specific property securing the indebtedness and shall be paid according to the terms of the contract that secured the lien, and the claim may not be asserted against other assets of the estate. The independent executor may pay the claim before maturity if it is determined to be in the best interest of the estate to do so.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1338 (S.B. 1198), Sec. 2.53, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c403/scB/s403.053">
<num value="403.053">Sec. 403.053.</num>
<heading>MATURED SECURED CLAIMS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c403/scB/s403.053/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>A claim approved as a matured secured claim under Section 403.052 remains secured by any lien or security interest against the specific property securing payment of the claim but subordinated to the payment from the property of claims having a higher classification under Section 355.102. However, the secured creditor:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c403/scB/s403.053/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>is not entitled to exercise any remedies in a manner that prevents the payment of the higher priority claims and allowances; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c403/scB/s403.053/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>during the administration of the estate, is not entitled to exercise any contractual collection rights, including the power to foreclose, without either the prior written approval of the independent executor or court approval.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c403/scB/s403.053/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>Subsection (a) may not be construed to suspend or otherwise prevent a creditor with a matured secured claim from seeking judicial relief of any kind or from executing any judgment against an independent executor. Except with respect to real property, any third party acting in good faith may obtain good title with respect to an estate asset acquired through a secured creditor's extrajudicial collection rights, without regard to whether the creditor had the right to collect the asset or whether the creditor acted improperly in exercising those rights during an estate administration due to having elected matured secured status.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c403/scB/s403.053/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>If a claim approved or established by suit as a matured secured claim is secured by property passing to one or more devisees in accordance with Subchapter G, Chapter 255, the independent executor shall collect from the devisees the amount of the debt and pay that amount to the claimant or shall sell the property and pay out of the sale proceeds the claim and associated expenses of sale consistent with the provisions of Sections 355.153(b), (c), (d), and (e) applicable to court supervised administrations.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1338 (S.B. 1198), Sec. 2.53, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c403/scB/s403.054">
<num value="403.054">Sec. 403.054.</num>
<heading>PREFERRED DEBT AND LIEN CLAIMS</heading>
<content>During an independent administration, a secured creditor whose claim is a preferred debt and lien against property securing the indebtedness under Section 403.052 is free to exercise any judicial or extrajudicial collection rights, including the right to foreclosure and execution; provided, however, that the creditor does not have the right to conduct a nonjudicial foreclosure sale within six months after letters are granted.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1338 (S.B. 1198), Sec. 2.53, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c403/scB/s403.055">
<num value="403.055">Sec. 403.055.</num>
<heading>CERTAIN UNSECURED CLAIMS; BARRING OF CLAIMS</heading>
<content>An unsecured creditor who has a claim for money against an estate and who receives a notice under Section 308.054 shall give to the independent executor notice of the nature and amount of the claim before the 121st day after the date the notice is received or the claim is barred.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1338 (S.B. 1198), Sec. 2.53, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1136 (H.B. 2912), Sec. 53, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c403/scB/s403.056">
<num value="403.056">Sec. 403.056.</num>
<heading>NOTICES REQUIRED BY CREDITORS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c403/scB/s403.056/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>Notice to the independent executor required by Sections 403.052 and 403.055 must be contained in:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c403/scB/s403.056/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>a written instrument that complies with Section 355.004 and is sent by a qualified delivery method to the independent executor or the executor's attorney;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c403/scB/s403.056/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>a pleading filed in a lawsuit with respect to the claim; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c403/scB/s403.056/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>a written instrument that complies with Section 355.004 or a pleading filed in the court in which the administration of the estate is pending.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c403/scB/s403.056/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>This section does not exempt a creditor who elects matured secured status from the filing requirements of Section 403.052, to the extent those requirements are applicable.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1338 (S.B. 1198), Sec. 2.53, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1136 (H.B. 2912), Sec. 54, eff. January 1, 2014.
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 205 (S.B. 1373), Sec. 36, eff. September 1, 2023.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c403/scB/s403.057">
<num value="403.057">Sec. 403.057.</num>
<heading>STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS</heading>
<content>Except as otherwise provided by Section 16.062, Civil Practice and Remedies Code, the running of the statute of limitations shall be tolled only by a written approval of a claim signed by an independent executor, a pleading filed in a suit pending at the time of the decedent's death, or a suit brought by the creditor against the independent executor. In particular, the presentation of a statement or claim, or a notice with respect to a claim, to an independent executor does not toll the running of the statute of limitations with respect to that claim.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1338 (S.B. 1198), Sec. 2.53, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c403/scB/s403.058">
<num value="403.058">Sec. 403.058.</num>
<heading>OTHER CLAIM PROCEDURES GENERALLY DO NOT APPLY</heading>
<chapeau>Except as otherwise provided by this subchapter, the procedural provisions of this title governing creditor claims in supervised administrations do not apply to independent administrations. By way of example, but not as a limitation:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c403/scB/s403.058/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>Sections 355.064 and 355.066 do not apply to independent administrations, and consequently a creditor's claim may not be barred solely because the creditor failed to file a suit not later than the 90th day after the date an independent executor rejected the claim or with respect to a claim for which the independent executor takes no action; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c403/scB/s403.058/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>Sections 355.156, 355.157, 355.158, 355.159, and 355.160 do not apply to independent administrations.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1338 (S.B. 1198), Sec. 2.53, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c403/scB/s403.0585">
<num value="403.0585">Sec. 403.0585.</num>
<heading>LIABILITY OF INDEPENDENT EXECUTOR FOR PAYMENT OF A CLAIM</heading>
<chapeau>An independent executor, in the administration of an estate, may pay at any time and without personal liability a claim for money against the estate to the extent approved and classified by the independent executor if:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c403/scB/s403.0585/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the claim is not barred by limitations; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c403/scB/s403.0585/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>at the time of payment, the independent executor reasonably believes the estate will have sufficient assets to pay all claims against the estate.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1338 (S.B. 1198), Sec. 2.53, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c403/scB/s403.059">
<num value="403.059">Sec. 403.059.</num>
<heading>ENFORCEMENT OF CLAIMS BY SUIT</heading>
<content>Any person having a debt or claim against the estate may enforce the payment of the same by suit against the independent executor; and, when judgment is recovered against the independent executor, the execution shall run against the estate of the decedent in the possession of the independent executor that is subject to the debt. The independent executor shall not be required to plead to any suit brought against the executor for money until after six months after the date that an independent administration was created and the order appointing the executor was entered by the probate court.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1338 (S.B. 1198), Sec. 2.53, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
</chapter>
<chapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c404">
<num value="404">CHAPTER 404.</num>
<heading>ACCOUNTINGS, SUCCESSORS, AND OTHER REMEDIES</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c404/s404.001">
<num value="404.001">Sec. 404.001.</num>
<heading>ACCOUNTING</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c404/s404.001/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>At any time after the expiration of 15 months after the date that the court clerk first issues letters testamentary or of administration to any personal representative of an estate, any person interested in the estate may demand an accounting from the independent executor. The independent executor shall furnish to the person or persons making the demand an exhibit in writing, sworn and subscribed by the independent executor, setting forth in detail:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c404/s404.001/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the property belonging to the estate that has come into the executor's possession as executor;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c404/s404.001/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the disposition that has been made of the property described by Subdivision (1);</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c404/s404.001/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the debts that have been paid;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c404/s404.001/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>the debts and expenses, if any, still owing by the estate;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c404/s404.001/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>the property of the estate, if any, still remaining in the executor's possession;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c404/s404.001/6">
<num value="6">(6)</num>
<content>other facts as may be necessary to a full and definite understanding of the exact condition of the estate; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c404/s404.001/7">
<num value="7">(7)</num>
<content>the facts, if any, that show why the administration should not be closed and the estate distributed.</content>
<continuation>(a-1) Any other interested person shall, on demand, be entitled to a copy of any exhibit or accounting that has been made by an independent executor in compliance with this section.</continuation>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c404/s404.001/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>Should the independent executor not comply with a demand for an accounting authorized by this section within 60 days after receipt of the demand, the person making the demand may compel compliance by an action in the probate court. After a hearing, the court shall enter an order requiring the accounting to be made at such time as it considers proper under the circumstances.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c404/s404.001/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>After an initial accounting has been given by an independent executor, any person interested in an estate may demand subsequent periodic accountings at intervals of not less than 12 months, and such subsequent demands may be enforced in the same manner as an initial demand.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c404/s404.001/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>The right to an accounting accorded by this section is cumulative of any other remedies which persons interested in an estate may have against the independent executor of the estate.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1338 (S.B. 1198), Sec. 2.53, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1136 (H.B. 2912), Sec. 55, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c404/s404.002">
<num value="404.002">Sec. 404.002.</num>
<heading>REQUIRING INDEPENDENT EXECUTOR TO GIVE BOND</heading>
<content>When it has been provided by will, regularly probated, that an independent executor appointed by the will shall not be required to give bond for the management of the estate devised by the will, or the independent executor is not required to give bond because bond has been waived by court order as authorized under Section 401.005, then the independent executor may be required to give bond, on proper proceedings had for that purpose as in the case of personal representatives in a supervised administration, if it be made to appear at any time that the independent executor is mismanaging the property, or has betrayed or is about to betray the independent executor's trust, or has in some other way become disqualified.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1338 (S.B. 1198), Sec. 2.53, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c404/s404.003">
<num value="404.003">Sec. 404.003.</num>
<heading>REMOVAL OF INDEPENDENT EXECUTOR WITHOUT NOTICE</heading>
<chapeau>The probate court, on the court's own motion or on the motion of any interested person, and without notice, may remove an independent executor appointed under this subtitle when:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c404/s404.003/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<chapeau>the independent executor cannot be served with notice or other processes because:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c404/s404.003/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>the independent executor's whereabouts are unknown;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c404/s404.003/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>the independent executor is eluding service; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c404/s404.003/C">
<num value="C">(C)</num>
<content>the independent executor is a nonresident of this state without a designated resident agent; or</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c404/s404.003/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>sufficient grounds appear to support a belief that the independent executor has misapplied or embezzled, or is about to misapply or embezzle, all or part of the property committed to the independent executor's care.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1338 (S.B. 1198), Sec. 2.53, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1136 (H.B. 2912), Sec. 56, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c404/s404.0035">
<num value="404.0035">Sec. 404.0035.</num>
<heading>REMOVAL OF INDEPENDENT EXECUTOR WITH NOTICE</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c404/s404.0035/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>The probate court, on the court's own motion, may remove an independent executor appointed under this subtitle after providing 30 days' written notice of the court's intention to the independent executor, requiring answering at a time and place set in the notice, by a qualified delivery method, to the independent executor's last known address and to the last known address of the independent executor's attorney of record, if the independent executor:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c404/s404.0035/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>neglects to qualify in the manner and time required by law;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c404/s404.0035/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>fails to return, before the 91st day after the date the independent executor qualifies, either an inventory of the estate property and a list of claims that have come to the independent executor's knowledge or an affidavit in lieu of the inventory, appraisement, and list of claims, unless that deadline is extended by court order; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c404/s404.0035/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>fails to timely file the affidavit or certificate required by Section 308.004.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c404/s404.0035/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>The probate court, on its own motion or on motion of any interested person, after the independent executor has been cited by personal service to answer at a time and place set in the notice, may remove an independent executor when:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c404/s404.0035/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the independent executor fails to make an accounting which is required by law to be made;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c404/s404.0035/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the independent executor is proved to have been guilty of gross misconduct or gross mismanagement in the performance of the independent executor's duties;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c404/s404.0035/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the independent executor becomes an incapacitated person, or is sentenced to the penitentiary, or from any other cause becomes legally incapacitated from properly performing the independent executor's fiduciary duties; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c404/s404.0035/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>the independent executor becomes incapable of properly performing the independent executor's fiduciary duties due to a material conflict of interest.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1136 (H.B. 2912), Sec. 56, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 514 (S.B. 39), Sec. 1(b), eff. September 1, 2017.
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 205 (S.B. 1373), Sec. 37, eff. September 1, 2023.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c404/s404.0036">
<num value="404.0036">Sec. 404.0036.</num>
<heading>REMOVAL ORDER</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c404/s404.0036/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>The order of removal of an independent executor shall state the cause of removal and shall direct by order the disposition of the assets remaining in the name or under the control of the removed independent executor. The order of removal shall require that letters issued to the removed independent executor shall be surrendered and that all letters shall be canceled of record.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c404/s404.0036/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>If an independent executor is removed by the court under Section 404.003 or 404.0035, the court may, on application, appoint a successor independent administrator as provided by Section 404.005.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1136 (H.B. 2912), Sec. 56, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2021, 87th Leg., R.S., Ch. 521 (S.B. 626), Sec. 8, eff. September 1, 2021.
Acts 2021, 87th Leg., R.S., Ch. 576 (S.B. 615), Sec. 8, eff. September 1, 2021.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c404/s404.0037">
<num value="404.0037">Sec. 404.0037.</num>
<heading>COSTS AND EXPENSES RELATED TO REMOVAL OF INDEPENDENT EXECUTOR</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c404/s404.0037/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>An independent executor who defends an action for the independent executor's removal in good faith, whether successful or not, shall be allowed out of the estate the independent executor's necessary expenses and disbursements, including reasonable attorney's fees, in the removal proceedings.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c404/s404.0037/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>Costs and expenses incurred by the party seeking removal that are incident to removal of an independent executor appointed without bond, including reasonable attorney's fees and expenses, may be paid out of the estate.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1136 (H.B. 2912), Sec. 56, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c404/s404.004">
<num value="404.004">Sec. 404.004.</num>
<heading>POWERS OF AN ADMINISTRATOR WHO SUCCEEDS AN INDEPENDENT EXECUTOR</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c404/s404.004/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>Whenever a person has died, or shall die, testate, owning property in this state, and the person's will has been or shall be admitted to probate by the court, and the probated will names an independent executor or executors, or trustees acting in the capacity of independent executors, to execute the terms and provisions of that will, and the will grants to the independent executor, or executors, or trustees acting in the capacity of independent executors, the power to raise or borrow money and to mortgage, and the independent executor, or executors, or trustees, have died or shall die, resign, fail to qualify, or be removed from office, leaving unexecuted parts or portions of the will of the testator, and an administrator with the will annexed is appointed by the probate court, and an administrator's bond is filed and approved by the court, then in all such cases, the court may, in addition to the powers conferred on the administrator under other provisions of the laws of this state, authorize, direct, and empower the administrator to do and perform the acts and deeds, clothed with the rights, powers, authorities, and privileges, and subject to the limitations, set forth in the subsequent provisions of this section.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c404/s404.004/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The court, on application, citation, and hearing, may, by its order, authorize, direct, and empower the administrator to raise or borrow such sums of money and incur such obligations and debts as the court shall, in its said order, direct, and to renew and extend same from time to time, as the court, on application and order, shall provide; and, if authorized by the court's order, to secure such loans, obligations, and debts, by pledge or mortgage on property or assets of the estate, real, personal, or mixed, on such terms and conditions, and for such duration of time, as the court shall consider to be in the best interests of the estate, and by its order shall prescribe; and all such loans, obligations, debts, pledges, and mortgages shall be valid and enforceable against the estate and against the administrator in the administrator's official capacity.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c404/s404.004/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>The court may order and authorize the administrator to have and exercise the powers and privileges set forth in Subsection (a) or (b) only to the extent that same are granted to or possessed by the independent executor, or executors, or trustees acting in the capacity of independent executors, under the terms of the probated will of the decedent, and then only in such cases as it appears, at the hearing of the application, that at the time of the appointment of the administrator, there are outstanding and unpaid obligations and debts of the estate, or of the independent executor, or executors, or trustees, chargeable against the estate, or unpaid expenses of administration, or when the court appointing the administrator orders the business of the estate to be carried on and it becomes necessary, from time to time, under orders of the court, for the administrator to borrow money and incur obligations and indebtedness in order to protect and preserve the estate.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c404/s404.004/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>The court, in addition, may, on application, citation, and hearing, order, authorize, and empower the administrator to assume, exercise, and discharge, under the orders and directions of the court, made from time to time, all or such part of the rights, powers, and authorities vested in and delegated to, or possessed by, the independent executor, or executors, or trustees acting in the capacity of independent executors, under the terms of the will of the decedent, as the court finds to be in the best interests of the estate and shall, from time to time, order and direct.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c404/s404.004/e">
<num value="e">(e)</num>
<content>The granting to the administrator by the court of some, or all, of the powers and authorities set forth in this section shall be on application filed by the administrator with the county clerk, setting forth such facts as, in the judgment of the administrator, require the granting of the power or authority requested.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c404/s404.004/f">
<num value="f">(f)</num>
<content>On the filing of an application under Subsection (e), the clerk shall issue citation to all persons interested in the estate, stating the nature of the application, and requiring those persons to appear on the return day named in such citation and show cause why the application should not be granted, should they choose to do so. The citation shall be served by posting.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c404/s404.004/g">
<num value="g">(g)</num>
<content>The court shall hear the application and evidence on the application, on or after the return day named in the citation, and, if satisfied a necessity exists and that it would be in the best interests of the estate to grant the application in whole or in part, the court shall so order; otherwise, the court shall refuse the application.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1338 (S.B. 1198), Sec. 2.53, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c404/s404.005">
<num value="404.005">Sec. 404.005.</num>
<heading>COURT-APPOINTED SUCCESSOR INDEPENDENT ADMINISTRATOR</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c404/s404.005/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>If the will of a person who dies testate names an independent executor who, having qualified, fails for any reason to continue to serve, or is removed for cause by the court, and the will does not name a successor independent executor or if each successor executor named in the will fails for any reason to qualify as executor or indicates by affidavit filed with the application for an order continuing independent administration the successor executor's inability or unwillingness to serve as successor independent executor, all of the distributees of the decedent as of the filing of the application for an order continuing independent administration may apply to the probate court for the appointment of a qualified person, firm, or corporation to serve as successor independent administrator. If the probate court finds that continued administration of the estate is necessary, the court shall enter an order continuing independent administration and appointing the person, firm, or corporation designated in the application as successor independent administrator, unless the probate court finds that it would not be in the best interest of the estate to do so. The successor independent administrator shall serve with all of the powers and privileges granted to the successor's predecessor independent executor.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c404/s404.005/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>Except as otherwise provided by this subsection, if a distributee described in this section is an incapacitated person, the guardian of the person of the distributee may sign the application on behalf of the distributee. If the probate court finds that either the continuing of independent administration or the appointment of the person, firm, or corporation designated in the application as successor independent administrator would not be in the best interest of the incapacitated person, then, notwithstanding Subsection (a), the court may not enter an order continuing independent administration of the estate. If the distributee is an incapacitated person and has no guardian of the person, the court may appoint a guardian ad litem to make application on behalf of the incapacitated person if the probate court considers such an appointment necessary to protect the interest of that distributee. If a distributee described in this section is a minor and has no guardian of the person, a natural guardian of the minor may sign the application for the order continuing independent administration on the minor's behalf unless a conflict of interest exists between the minor and the natural guardian.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c404/s404.005/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>Except as otherwise provided by this subsection, if a trust is created in the decedent's will or if the decedent's will devises property to a trustee as described by Section 254.001, the person or class of persons entitled to receive property outright from the trust on the decedent's death and those first eligible to receive the income from the trust, determined as if the trust were to be in existence on the date of the filing of the application for an order continuing independent administration, shall, for the purposes of this section, be considered to be the distributee or distributees on behalf of the trust, and any other trust or trusts coming into existence on the termination of the trust, and are authorized to apply for an order continuing independent administration on behalf of the trust without the consent or agreement of the trustee or any other beneficiary of the trust, or the trustee or any beneficiary of any other trust which may come into existence on the termination of the trust. If a person considered to be a distributee under this subsection is an incapacitated person, the trustee or cotrustee may apply for the order continuing independent administration or sign the application on the incapacitated person's behalf if the trustee or cotrustee is not the person proposed to serve as the independent administrator.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c404/s404.005/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>If a life estate is created either in the decedent's will or by law, and if a life tenant is living at the time of the filing of the application for an order continuing independent administration, then the life tenant or life tenants, determined as if the life estate were to commence on the date of the filing of the application for an order continuing independent administration, shall, for the purposes of this section, be considered to be the distributee or distributees on behalf of the entire estate created, and are authorized to apply for an order continuing independent administration on behalf of the estate without the consent or approval of any remainderman.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c404/s404.005/e">
<num value="e">(e)</num>
<content>If a decedent's will contains a provision that a distributee must survive the decedent by a prescribed period of time in order to take under the decedent's will, for the purposes of determining who shall be the distributee under this section, it shall be presumed that the distributees living at the time of the filing of the application for an order continuing independent administration of the decedent's estate survived the decedent for the prescribed period.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c404/s404.005/f">
<num value="f">(f)</num>
<content>In the case of all decedents, for the purposes of determining who shall be the distributees under this section, it shall be presumed that no distributee living at the time the application for an order continuing independent administration of the decedent's estate is filed shall subsequently disclaim any portion of the distributee's interest in the decedent's estate.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c404/s404.005/g">
<num value="g">(g)</num>
<content>If a distributee of a decedent's estate should die, and if by virtue of the distributee's death the distributee's share of the decedent's estate shall become payable to the distributee's estate, then the deceased distributee's personal representative may sign the application for an order continuing independent administration of the decedent's estate under this section.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c404/s404.005/h">
<num value="h">(h)</num>
<content>If a successor independent administrator is appointed under this section, then, unless the probate court shall waive bond on application for waiver, the successor independent administrator shall be required to enter into bond payable to and to be approved by the judge and the judge's successors in a sum that is found by the judge to be adequate under all circumstances, or a bond with one surety in an amount that is found by the judge to be adequate under all circumstances, if the surety is an authorized corporate surety.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c404/s404.005/i">
<num value="i">(i)</num>
<content>Absent proof of fraud or collusion on the part of a judge, the judge may not be held civilly liable for the commission of misdeeds or the omission of any required act of any person, firm, or corporation designated as a successor independent administrator under this section. Section 351.354 does not apply to an appointment of a successor independent administrator under this section.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1338 (S.B. 1198), Sec. 2.53, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1136 (H.B. 2912), Sec. 57, eff. January 1, 2014.
Acts 2021, 87th Leg., R.S., Ch. 521 (S.B. 626), Sec. 9, eff. September 1, 2021.
Acts 2021, 87th Leg., R.S., Ch. 521 (S.B. 626), Sec. 10, eff. September 1, 2021.
Acts 2021, 87th Leg., R.S., Ch. 576 (S.B. 615), Sec. 9, eff. September 1, 2021.
Acts 2021, 87th Leg., R.S., Ch. 576 (S.B. 615), Sec. 10, eff. September 1, 2021.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</chapter>
<chapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c405">
<num value="405">CHAPTER 405.</num>
<heading>CLOSING AND DISTRIBUTIONS</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c405/s405.001">
<num value="405.001">Sec. 405.001.</num>
<heading>ACCOUNTING AND DISTRIBUTION</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c405/s405.001/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>In addition to or in lieu of the right to an accounting provided by Section 404.001, at any time after the expiration of two years after the date the court clerk first issues letters testamentary or of administration to any personal representative of an estate, a person interested in the estate then subject to independent administration may petition the court for an accounting and distribution. The court may order an accounting to be made with the court by the independent executor at such time as the court considers proper. The accounting shall include the information that the court considers necessary to determine whether any part of the estate should be distributed.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c405/s405.001/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>On receipt of the accounting and, after notice to the independent executor and a hearing, unless the court finds a continued necessity for administration of the estate, the court shall order its distribution by the independent executor to the distributees entitled to the property. If the court finds there is a continued necessity for administration of the estate, the court shall order the distribution of any portion of the estate that the court finds should not be subject to further administration by the independent executor. If any portion of the estate that is ordered to be distributed is incapable of distribution without prior partition or sale, the court may:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c405/s405.001/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>order partition and distribution, or sale, in the manner provided for the partition and distribution of property incapable of division in supervised estates; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c405/s405.001/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>order distribution of that portion of the estate incapable of distribution without prior partition or sale in undivided interests.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c405/s405.001/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>If all the property in the estate is ordered distributed by the court and the estate is fully administered, the court may also order the independent executor to file a final account with the court and may enter an order closing the administration, canceling the letters issued to the personal representative, and terminating the power of the personal representative to act as independent executor or independent administrator.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1338 (S.B. 1198), Sec. 2.53, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1136 (H.B. 2912), Sec. 58, eff. January 1, 2014.
Acts 2025, 89th Leg., R.S., Ch. 818 (S.B. 1335), Sec. 5, eff. September 1, 2025.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c405/s405.0015">
<num value="405.0015">Sec. 405.0015.</num>
<heading>DISTRIBUTIONS GENERALLY</heading>
<chapeau>Unless the will, if any, or a court order provides otherwise, an independent executor may, in distributing property not specifically devised that the independent executor is authorized to sell:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c405/s405.0015/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>make distributions in divided or undivided interests;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c405/s405.0015/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>allocate particular assets in proportionate or disproportionate shares;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c405/s405.0015/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>value the estate property for the purposes of acting under Subdivision (1) or (2); and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c405/s405.0015/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>adjust the distribution, division, or termination for resulting differences in valuation.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 844 (H.B. 2271), Sec. 33, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c405/s405.002">
<num value="405.002">Sec. 405.002.</num>
<heading>RECEIPTS AND RELEASES FOR DISTRIBUTIONS BY INDEPENDENT EXECUTOR</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c405/s405.002/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>An independent executor may not be required to deliver tangible or intangible personal property to a distributee unless the independent executor receives, at or before the time of delivery of the property, a signed receipt or other proof of delivery of the property to the distributee.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c405/s405.002/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>An independent executor may not require a waiver or release from the distributee as a condition of delivery of property to a distributee.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1338 (S.B. 1198), Sec. 2.53, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c405/s405.003">
<num value="405.003">Sec. 405.003.</num>
<heading>JUDICIAL DISCHARGE OF INDEPENDENT EXECUTOR</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c405/s405.003/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>After an estate has been administered and if there is no further need for an independent administration of the estate, the independent executor of the estate may file an action for declaratory judgment under Chapter 37, Civil Practice and Remedies Code, seeking to discharge the independent executor from any liability involving matters relating to the past administration of the estate that have been fully and fairly disclosed.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c405/s405.003/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>On the filing of an action under this section, each distributee of the estate shall be personally served with citation, except for a distributee who has waived the issuance and service of citation.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c405/s405.003/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>In a proceeding under this section, the court may require the independent executor to file a final account that includes any information the court considers necessary to adjudicate the independent executor's request for a discharge of liability. The court may audit, settle, or approve a final account filed under this subsection.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c405/s405.003/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>On or before filing an action under this section, the independent executor must distribute to the distributees of the estate any of the remaining assets or property of the estate that remains in the independent executor's possession after all of the estate's debts have been paid, except for a reasonable reserve of assets that the independent executor may retain in a fiduciary capacity pending court approval of the final account. The court may review the amount of assets on reserve and may order the independent executor to make further distributions under this section.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c405/s405.003/e">
<num value="e">(e)</num>
<content>Except as ordered by the court, the independent executor is entitled to pay from the estate legal fees, expenses, or other costs incurred in relation to a proceeding for judicial discharge filed under this section. The independent executor shall be personally liable to refund any amount of such fees, expenses, or other costs not approved by the court as a proper charge against the estate.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1338 (S.B. 1198), Sec. 2.53, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 844 (H.B. 2271), Sec. 34, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c405/s405.004">
<num value="405.004">Sec. 405.004.</num>
<heading>CLOSING INDEPENDENT ADMINISTRATION BY CLOSING REPORT OR NOTICE OF CLOSING ESTATE</heading>
<content>When all of the debts known to exist against the estate have been paid, or when they have been paid so far as the assets in the independent executor's possession will permit, when there is no pending litigation, and when the independent executor has distributed to the distributees entitled to the estate all assets of the estate, if any, remaining after payment of debts, the independent executor may file with the court a closing report or a notice of closing of the estate.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1338 (S.B. 1198), Sec. 2.53, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c405/s405.005">
<num value="405.005">Sec. 405.005.</num>
<heading>CLOSING REPORT</heading>
<chapeau>An independent executor may file a closing report verified by affidavit that:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c405/s405.005/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<chapeau>shows:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c405/s405.005/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>the property of the estate that came into the independent executor's possession;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c405/s405.005/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>the debts that have been paid;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c405/s405.005/C">
<num value="C">(C)</num>
<content>the debts, if any, still owing by the estate;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c405/s405.005/D">
<num value="D">(D)</num>
<content>the property of the estate, if any, remaining on hand after payment of debts; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c405/s405.005/E">
<num value="E">(E)</num>
<content>the names and addresses of the distributees to whom the property of the estate, if any, remaining on hand after payment of debts has been distributed; and</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c405/s405.005/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>includes signed receipts or other proof of delivery of property to the distributees named in the closing report if the closing report reflects that there was property remaining on hand after payment of debts.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1338 (S.B. 1198), Sec. 2.53, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c405/s405.006">
<num value="405.006">Sec. 405.006.</num>
<heading>NOTICE OF CLOSING ESTATE</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c405/s405.006/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>Instead of filing a closing report under Section 405.005, an independent executor may file a notice of closing estate verified by affidavit that states:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c405/s405.006/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>that all debts known to exist against the estate have been paid or have been paid to the extent permitted by the assets in the independent executor's possession;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c405/s405.006/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>that all remaining assets of the estate, if any, have been distributed; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c405/s405.006/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the names and addresses of the distributees to whom the property of the estate, if any, remaining on hand after payment of debts has been distributed.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c405/s405.006/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>Before filing the notice, the independent executor shall provide to each distributee of the estate a copy of the notice of closing estate. The notice of closing estate filed by the independent executor must include signed receipts or other proof that all distributees have received a copy of the notice of closing estate.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1338 (S.B. 1198), Sec. 2.53, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c405/s405.007">
<num value="405.007">Sec. 405.007.</num>
<heading>EFFECT OF FILING CLOSING REPORT OR NOTICE OF CLOSING ESTATE</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c405/s405.007/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>The independent administration of an estate is considered closed 30 days after the date of the filing of a closing report or notice of closing estate unless an interested person files an objection with the court within that time. If an interested person files an objection within the 30-day period, the independent administration of the estate is closed when the objection has been disposed of or the court signs an order closing the estate.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c405/s405.007/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The closing of an independent administration by filing of a closing report or notice of closing estate terminates the power and authority of the independent executor, including the independent administrator, and cancels the letters issued to the personal representative, but does not relieve the independent executor or administrator, as applicable, from liability for any mismanagement of the estate or from liability for any false statements contained in the report or notice.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c405/s405.007/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>When a closing report or notice of closing estate has been filed, persons dealing with properties of the estate, or with claims against the estate, shall deal directly with the distributees of the estate; and the acts of the distributees with respect to the properties or claims shall in all ways be valid and binding as regards the persons with whom they deal, notwithstanding any false statements made by the independent executor in the report or notice.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c405/s405.007/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>If the independent executor is required to give bond, the independent executor's filing of the closing report and proof of delivery, if required, automatically releases the sureties on the bond from all liability for the future acts of the principal. The filing of a notice of closing estate does not release the sureties on the bond of an independent executor.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c405/s405.007/e">
<num value="e">(e)</num>
<content>An independent executor's closing report or notice of closing estate shall constitute sufficient legal authority to all persons owing any money, having custody of any property, or acting as registrar or transfer agent or trustee of any evidence of interest, indebtedness, property, or right that belongs to the estate, for payment or transfer without additional administration to the distributees described in the will as entitled to receive the particular asset or who as heirs at law are entitled to receive the asset. The distributees described in the will as entitled to receive the particular asset or the heirs at law entitled to receive the asset may enforce their right to the payment or transfer by suit.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1338 (S.B. 1198), Sec. 2.53, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2025, 89th Leg., R.S., Ch. 818 (S.B. 1335), Sec. 6, eff. September 1, 2025.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c405/s405.008">
<num value="405.008">Sec. 405.008.</num>
<heading>PARTITION AND DISTRIBUTION OR SALE OF PROPERTY INCAPABLE OF DIVISION</heading>
<content>If the will does not distribute the entire estate of the testator or provide a means for partition of the estate, or if no will was probated, the independent executor may, but may not be required to, petition the probate court for either a partition and distribution of the estate or an order of sale of any portion of the estate alleged by the independent executor and found by the court to be incapable of a fair and equal partition and distribution, or both. The estate or portion of the estate shall either be partitioned and distributed or sold, or both, in the manner provided for the partition and distribution of property and the sale of property incapable of division in supervised estates.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1338 (S.B. 1198), Sec. 2.53, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c405/s405.009">
<num value="405.009">Sec. 405.009.</num>
<heading>CLOSING INDEPENDENT ADMINISTRATION ON APPLICATION BY DISTRIBUTEE</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c405/s405.009/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>At any time after an estate has been fully administered and there is no further need for an independent administration of the estate, any distributee may file an application to close the administration; and, after citation on the independent administrator or other independent executor, as applicable, and on hearing, the court may enter an order:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c405/s405.009/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>requiring the independent executor to file a closing report meeting the requirements of Section 405.005;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c405/s405.009/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>closing the administration;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c405/s405.009/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>terminating the power of the personal representative to act as independent executor or administrator, as applicable, and canceling the letters issued to the personal representative; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c405/s405.009/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>releasing the sureties on any bond the independent executor, including the independent administrator, was required to give from all liability for the future acts of the principal.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c405/s405.009/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The order of the court closing the independent administration shall constitute sufficient legal authority to all persons owing any money, having custody of any property, or acting as registrar or transfer agent or trustee of any evidence of interest, indebtedness, property, or right that belongs to the estate, for payment or transfer without additional administration to the distributees described in the will as entitled to receive the particular asset or who as heirs at law are entitled to receive the asset. The distributees described in the will as entitled to receive the particular asset or the heirs at law entitled to receive the asset may enforce their right to the payment or transfer by suit.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1338 (S.B. 1198), Sec. 2.53, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2025, 89th Leg., R.S., Ch. 818 (S.B. 1335), Sec. 7, eff. September 1, 2025.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c405/s405.010">
<num value="405.010">Sec. 405.010.</num>
<heading>ISSUANCE OF LETTERS</heading>
<content>At any time before the authority of an independent executor has been terminated in the manner set forth in this subtitle, the clerk shall issue such number of letters testamentary as the independent executor shall request.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1338 (S.B. 1198), Sec. 2.53, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c405/s405.011">
<num value="405.011">Sec. 405.011.</num>
<heading>RIGHTS AND REMEDIES CUMULATIVE</heading>
<content>The rights and remedies conferred by this chapter are cumulative of other rights and remedies to which a person interested in the estate may be entitled under law.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1338 (S.B. 1198), Sec. 2.53, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c405/s405.012">
<num value="405.012">Sec. 405.012.</num>
<heading>CLOSING PROCEDURES NOT REQUIRED</heading>
<content>An independent executor is not required to close the independent administration of an estate under Section 405.003 or Sections 405.004 through 405.007.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1338 (S.B. 1198), Sec. 2.53, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</chapter>
<chapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c451">
<num value="451">CHAPTER 451.</num>
<heading>ORDER OF NO ADMINISTRATION</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c451/s451.001">
<num value="451.001">Sec. 451.001.</num>
<heading>APPLICATION FOR FAMILY ALLOWANCE AND ORDER OF NO ADMINISTRATION</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c451/s451.001/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>If the value of the entire assets of an estate, excluding homestead and exempt property, does not exceed the amount to which the surviving spouse, minor children, and adult incapacitated children of the decedent are entitled as a family allowance, an application may be filed by or on behalf of the surviving spouse, minor children, or adult incapacitated children requesting a court to make a family allowance and to enter an order that no administration of the decedent's estate is necessary.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c451/s451.001/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>The application may be filed:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c451/s451.001/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>in any court in which venue is proper for administration; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c451/s451.001/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>if an application for the appointment of a personal representative has been filed but not yet granted, in the court in which the application is filed.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c451/s451.001/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<chapeau>The application must:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c451/s451.001/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>state the names of the heirs or devisees;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c451/s451.001/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>list, to the extent known, estate creditors together with the amounts of the claims; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c451/s451.001/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<chapeau>describe all property belonging to the estate, together with:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c451/s451.001/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>the estimated value of the property according to the best knowledge and information of the applicant; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c451/s451.001/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>the liens and encumbrances on the property.</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c451/s451.001/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>The application must also include a prayer that the court make a family allowance and that, if the family allowance exhausts the entire assets of the estate, excluding homestead and exempt property, the entire assets of the estate be set aside to the surviving spouse, minor children, and adult incapacitated children, as with other family allowances provided for by Subchapter C, Chapter 353.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 810 (H.B. 2492), Sec. 2.15, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c451/s451.002">
<num value="451.002">Sec. 451.002.</num>
<heading>HEARING AND ORDER</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c451/s451.002/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>On the filing of an application under Section 451.001, the court may hear the application:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c451/s451.002/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>promptly without notice; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c451/s451.002/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>at a time and with notice as required by the court.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c451/s451.002/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>On the hearing of the application, if the court finds that the facts contained in the application are true and that the expenses of last illness, funeral charges, and expenses of the proceeding have been paid or secured, the court shall:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c451/s451.002/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>make a family allowance; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c451/s451.002/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<chapeau>if the entire assets of the estate, excluding homestead and exempt property, are exhausted by the family allowance made under Subdivision (1):</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c451/s451.002/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>assign to the surviving spouse, minor children, and adult incapacitated children the entire estate in the same manner and with the same effect as provided in Subchapter C, Chapter 353, for the making of a family allowance to the surviving spouse, minor children, and adult incapacitated children; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c451/s451.002/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>order that there shall be no administration of the estate.</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 810 (H.B. 2492), Sec. 2.16, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c451/s451.003">
<num value="451.003">Sec. 451.003.</num>
<heading>EFFECT OF ORDER</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c451/s451.003/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>An order of no administration issued under Section 451.002(b) constitutes sufficient legal authority to each person who owes money, has custody of property, or acts as registrar or transfer agent of any evidence of interest, indebtedness, property, or right, belonging to the estate, and to each person purchasing from or otherwise dealing with the estate, for payment or transfer without administration to the persons described in the order as entitled to receive the estate.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c451/s451.003/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The persons described in the order are entitled to enforce by suit their right to payment or transfer described by this section.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c451/s451.004">
<num value="451.004">Sec. 451.004.</num>
<heading>PROCEEDING TO REVOKE ORDER</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c451/s451.004/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>At any time, but not later than the first anniversary of the date of entry of an order of no administration under Section 451.002(b), any interested person may file an application to revoke the order.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c451/s451.004/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>An application to revoke the order must allege that:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c451/s451.004/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>other estate property has been discovered, property belonging to the estate was not included in the application for no administration, or the property described in the application for no administration was incorrectly valued; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c451/s451.004/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>if that property were added, included, or correctly valued, as applicable, the total value of the property would exceed the amount necessary to justify the court in ordering no administration.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c451/s451.004/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>The court shall revoke the order on proof of any of the grounds described by Subsection (b).</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c451/s451.004/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>If the value of any property is contested, the court may appoint two appraisers to appraise the property in accordance with the procedure prescribed for inventories and appraisements under Chapter 309. The appraisement of the appointed appraisers shall be received in evidence but is not conclusive.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</chapter>
<chapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c452">
<num value="452">CHAPTER 452.</num>
<heading>TEMPORARY ADMINISTRATION OF ESTATES</heading>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c452/scA">
<num value="A">SUBCHAPTER A.</num>
<heading>APPOINTMENT OF TEMPORARY ADMINISTRATOR GENERALLY</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c452/scA/s452.001">
<num value="452.001">Sec. 452.001.</num>
<heading>DUTY TO APPOINT TEMPORARY ADMINISTRATOR</heading>
<content>A judge who determines that the interest of a decedent's estate requires the immediate appointment of a personal representative shall, by written order, appoint a temporary administrator with powers limited as the circumstances of the case require.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c452/scA/s452.002">
<num value="452.002">Sec. 452.002.</num>
<heading>APPLICATION FOR APPOINTMENT</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c452/scA/s452.002/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>A person may file with the court clerk a written application for the appointment of a temporary administrator of a decedent's estate under this subchapter.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c452/scA/s452.002/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>The application must:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c452/scA/s452.002/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>be verified;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c452/scA/s452.002/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<chapeau>include the information required by:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c452/scA/s452.002/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>Sections 256.052, 256.053, and 256.054, if the decedent died testate; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c452/scA/s452.002/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>Section 301.052, if the decedent died intestate; and</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c452/scA/s452.002/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<chapeau>include an affidavit that:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c452/scA/s452.002/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>states the name, address, and interest of the applicant;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c452/scA/s452.002/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>states the facts showing an immediate necessity for the appointment of a temporary administrator;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c452/scA/s452.002/C">
<num value="C">(C)</num>
<content>lists the requested powers and duties of the temporary administrator;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c452/scA/s452.002/D">
<num value="D">(D)</num>
<content>states that the applicant is entitled to letters of temporary administration and is not disqualified by law from serving as a temporary administrator; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c452/scA/s452.002/E">
<num value="E">(E)</num>
<content>describes the property that the applicant believes to be in the decedent's estate.</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c452/scA/s452.003">
<num value="452.003">Sec. 452.003.</num>
<heading>ORDER OF APPOINTMENT; REQUIREMENTS</heading>
<chapeau>The order appointing a temporary administrator must:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c452/scA/s452.003/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>designate the appointee as "temporary administrator" of the decedent's estate;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c452/scA/s452.003/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>specify the period of the appointment, which may not exceed 180 days unless the appointment is made permanent under Section 452.008;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c452/scA/s452.003/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>define the powers given to the appointee; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c452/scA/s452.003/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>set the amount of bond to be given by the appointee.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c452/scA/s452.004">
<num value="452.004">Sec. 452.004.</num>
<heading>TEMPORARY ADMINISTRATOR'S BOND</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c452/scA/s452.004/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>In this section, "business day" means a day other than a Saturday, Sunday, or holiday recognized by this state.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c452/scA/s452.004/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>Not later than the third business day after the date of the order appointing a temporary administrator, the appointee shall file with the county clerk a bond in the amount ordered by the court.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c452/scA/s452.005">
<num value="452.005">Sec. 452.005.</num>
<heading>ISSUANCE OF LETTERS OF TEMPORARY ADMINISTRATION</heading>
<content>Not later than the third day after the date an appointee qualifies as temporary administrator, the county clerk shall issue to the appointee letters of temporary administration that list the powers to be exercised by the appointee as ordered by the court.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c452/scA/s452.006">
<num value="452.006">Sec. 452.006.</num>
<heading>NOTICE OF APPOINTMENT</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c452/scA/s452.006/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>On the date the county clerk issues letters of temporary administration:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c452/scA/s452.006/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the county clerk shall post on the courthouse door a notice of the appointment to all interested persons; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c452/scA/s452.006/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the appointee shall notify, by a qualified delivery method, the decedent's known heirs of the appointment.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c452/scA/s452.006/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>A notice required under Subsection (a) must state that:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c452/scA/s452.006/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>an heir or other interested person may request a hearing to contest the appointment not later than the 15th day after the date the letters of temporary administration are issued;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c452/scA/s452.006/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>if no contest is made during the period specified by the notice, the appointment continues for the period specified in the order appointing a temporary administrator; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c452/scA/s452.006/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the court may make the appointment permanent.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c452/scA/s452.006/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>Not later than the seventh day after the date letters of temporary administration are issued, the appointee shall file with the court proof of service of the notice required under Subsection (a) in the manner provided by Section 51.103(b)(3).</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2021, 87th Leg., R.S., Ch. 521 (S.B. 626), Sec. 11, eff. September 1, 2021.
Acts 2021, 87th Leg., R.S., Ch. 576 (S.B. 615), Sec. 11, eff. September 1, 2021.
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 205 (S.B. 1373), Sec. 38, eff. September 1, 2023.
Acts 2025, 89th Leg., R.S., Ch. 438 (H.B. 3421), Sec. 7, eff. September 1, 2025.
Acts 2025, 89th Leg., R.S., Ch. 831 (S.B. 1448), Sec. 8, eff. September 1, 2025.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c452/scA/s452.007">
<num value="452.007">Sec. 452.007.</num>
<heading>HEARING TO CONTEST APPOINTMENT</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c452/scA/s452.007/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>A hearing shall be held and a determination made not later than the 10th day after the date an heir or other interested person requests a hearing to contest the appointment of a temporary administrator. If a request is not made on or before the 15th day after the date the letters of temporary administration are issued, the appointment of a temporary administrator continues for the period specified in the order, unless the appointment is made permanent under Section 452.008.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c452/scA/s452.007/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>While a contest of the appointment of a temporary administrator is pending, the temporary appointee shall continue to act as administrator of the estate to the extent of the powers given by the appointment.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c452/scA/s452.007/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>A court that sets aside a temporary administrator's appointment may require the temporary administrator to prepare and file, under oath, a complete exhibit of the condition of the estate and detail any disposition of the estate property made by the temporary administrator.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c452/scA/s452.008">
<num value="452.008">Sec. 452.008.</num>
<heading>PERMANENT APPOINTMENT</heading>
<content>At the end of a temporary administrator's period of appointment, the court by written order may make the appointment permanent if the permanent appointment is in the interest of the estate.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c452/scB">
<num value="B">SUBCHAPTER B.</num>
<heading>TEMPORARY ADMINISTRATION PENDING CONTEST OF A WILL OR ADMINISTRATION</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c452/scB/s452.051">
<num value="452.051">Sec. 452.051.</num>
<heading>APPOINTMENT OF TEMPORARY ADMINISTRATOR</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c452/scB/s452.051/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>If a contest related to probating a will or granting letters testamentary or of administration is pending, the court may appoint a temporary administrator, with powers limited as the circumstances of the case require.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c452/scB/s452.051/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The appointment may continue until the contest is terminated and an executor or administrator with full powers is appointed.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c452/scB/s452.051/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>The power of appointment under this section is in addition to the court's power of appointment under Subchapter A.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 949 (S.B. 995), Sec. 44, eff. September 1, 2015.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c452/scB/s452.052">
<num value="452.052">Sec. 452.052.</num>
<heading>ADDITIONAL POWERS REGARDING CLAIMS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c452/scB/s452.052/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>A court that grants temporary administration pending a will contest or a contest on an application for letters of administration may, at any time while the contest is pending, give the temporary administrator all the powers of a permanent administrator regarding claims against the estate.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c452/scB/s452.052/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>If the court gives the temporary administrator powers described by Subsection (a), the court and the temporary administrator shall act in the same manner as in permanent administration in matters such as:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c452/scB/s452.052/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>approving or disapproving claims;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c452/scB/s452.052/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>paying claims; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c452/scB/s452.052/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>selling property to pay claims.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c452/scB/s452.052/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>The court shall require a temporary administrator given powers described by Subsection (a) to give bond in the full amount required of a permanent administrator.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c452/scB/s452.052/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>This section is cumulative and does not affect the court's right to order a temporary administrator to perform any action described by this section in other cases if the action is necessary or expedient to preserve the estate pending the contest's final determination.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c452/scC">
<num value="C">SUBCHAPTER C.</num>
<heading>POWERS AND DUTIES OF TEMPORARY ADMINISTRATOR</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c452/scC/s452.101">
<num value="452.101">Sec. 452.101.</num>
<heading>LIMITED POWERS OF TEMPORARY ADMINISTRATOR</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c452/scC/s452.101/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>A temporary administrator may exercise only the rights and powers:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c452/scC/s452.101/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>specifically expressed in the court's order appointing the temporary administrator; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c452/scC/s452.101/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>expressed in the court's subsequent orders.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c452/scC/s452.101/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>An act performed by a temporary administrator is void unless expressly authorized by the court's orders.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c452/scC/s452.102">
<num value="452.102">Sec. 452.102.</num>
<heading>ADDITIONAL BOND FOR EXTENSION OF RIGHTS AND POWERS</heading>
<content>A court that extends the rights and powers of a temporary administrator in an order subsequent to the order appointing the temporary administrator may require additional bond commensurate with the extension.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c452/scD">
<num value="D">SUBCHAPTER D.</num>
<heading>EXPIRATION AND CLOSING OF TEMPORARY ADMINISTRATION</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c452/scD/s452.151">
<num value="452.151">Sec. 452.151.</num>
<heading>ACCOUNTING</heading>
<chapeau>At the expiration of a temporary appointment, the temporary administrator shall file with the court clerk:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c452/scD/s452.151/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>a sworn list of all estate property that has come into the temporary administrator's possession;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c452/scD/s452.151/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>a return of all sales made by the temporary administrator; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c452/scD/s452.151/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>a full exhibit and account of all the temporary administrator's acts as temporary administrator.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c452/scD/s452.152">
<num value="452.152">Sec. 452.152.</num>
<heading>CLOSING TEMPORARY ADMINISTRATION</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c452/scD/s452.152/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>The court shall act on the list, return, exhibit, and account filed under Section 452.151.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c452/scD/s452.152/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>When letters of temporary administration expire or become ineffective for any cause, the court immediately shall enter an order requiring the temporary administrator to promptly deliver the estate remaining in the temporary administrator's possession to the person legally entitled to possession of the estate.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c452/scD/s452.152/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>On proof of delivery under Subsection (b), the temporary administrator shall be discharged and the sureties on the temporary administrator's bond shall be released as to any future liability.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
</chapter>
<chapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c453">
<num value="453">CHAPTER 453.</num>
<heading>ADMINISTRATION OF COMMUNITY PROPERTY</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c453/s453.001">
<num value="453.001">Sec. 453.001.</num>
<heading>EFFECT OF CHAPTER</heading>
<content>This chapter does not prohibit the administration of community property under other provisions of this title relating to the administration of an estate.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c453/s453.002">
<num value="453.002">Sec. 453.002.</num>
<heading>ADMINISTRATION OF COMMUNITY PROPERTY NOT NECESSARY</heading>
<content>If a spouse dies intestate and the community property passes to the surviving spouse, no administration of the community property is necessary.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c453/s453.003">
<num value="453.003">Sec. 453.003.</num>
<heading>GENERAL POWERS OF SURVIVING SPOUSE IF NO ADMINISTRATION IS PENDING</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c453/s453.003/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>If there is no qualified executor or administrator of a deceased spouse's estate, the surviving spouse, as the surviving partner of the marital partnership, may:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c453/s453.003/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>sue and be sued to recover community property;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c453/s453.003/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>sell, mortgage, lease, and otherwise dispose of community property to pay debts for which a portion of community property is liable for payment;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c453/s453.003/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>collect claims due to the community estate; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c453/s453.003/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<chapeau>exercise other powers as necessary to:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c453/s453.003/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>preserve the community property;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c453/s453.003/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>discharge obligations for which a portion of community property is liable for payment; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c453/s453.003/C">
<num value="C">(C)</num>
<content>wind up community affairs.</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c453/s453.003/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>This section does not affect the disposition of the deceased spouse's property.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 205 (S.B. 1373), Sec. 39, eff. September 1, 2023.
Acts 2025, 89th Leg., R.S., Ch. 438 (H.B. 3421), Sec. 8, eff. September 1, 2025.
Acts 2025, 89th Leg., R.S., Ch. 831 (S.B. 1448), Sec. 9, eff. September 1, 2025.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c453/s453.004">
<num value="453.004">Sec. 453.004.</num>
<heading>COLLECTION OF UNPAID WAGES IF NO ADMINISTRATION IS PENDING</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c453/s453.004/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>If a person who owes money to the community estate for current wages at the time of a deceased spouse's death is provided an affidavit stating that the affiant is the surviving spouse and that no one has qualified as executor or administrator of the deceased spouse's estate, the person who pays or delivers to the affiant the deceased spouse's final paycheck for the wages, including any unpaid sick pay or vacation pay, is released from liability to the same extent as if the payment or delivery is made to the deceased spouse's personal representative. The person is not required to inquire into the truth of the affidavit.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c453/s453.004/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>An affiant to whom the payment or delivery is made under Subsection (a) is answerable to a person having a prior right and is accountable to a personal representative who is appointed. The affiant is liable for any damage or loss to a person that arises from a payment or delivery made in reliance on the affidavit.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c453/s453.004/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>This section does not affect the disposition of the deceased spouse's property.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c453/s453.005">
<num value="453.005">Sec. 453.005.</num>
<heading>REMARRIAGE OF SURVIVING SPOUSE</heading>
<content>The remarriage of a surviving spouse does not terminate the surviving spouse's powers as a surviving partner.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c453/s453.006">
<num value="453.006">Sec. 453.006.</num>
<heading>ACCOUNT OF DEBTS AND DISPOSITION OF COMMUNITY PROPERTY</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c453/s453.006/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>The surviving spouse shall keep a fair and full account and statement of:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c453/s453.006/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>all debts and expenses paid by the surviving spouse; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c453/s453.006/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the disposition made of the community property.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c453/s453.006/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The surviving spouse or personal representative shall keep a separate, distinct account of all debts allowed or paid in the administration and settlement of an estate described by Section 101.052.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 205 (S.B. 1373), Sec. 40, eff. September 1, 2023.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c453/s453.007">
<num value="453.007">Sec. 453.007.</num>
<heading>DELIVERY OF COMMUNITY ESTATE ON FINAL PARTITION</heading>
<chapeau>On final partition of the community estate, the surviving spouse shall deliver to the deceased spouse's heirs or devisees their interest in the estate, and the increase in and profits of the interest, after deducting from the interest:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c453/s453.007/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the proportion of the debts chargeable to the interest;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c453/s453.007/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>unavoidable losses;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c453/s453.007/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>necessary and reasonable expenses; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c453/s453.007/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>a reasonable commission for the management of the interest.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 205 (S.B. 1373), Sec. 41, eff. September 1, 2023.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c453/s453.008">
<num value="453.008">Sec. 453.008.</num>
<heading>LIABILITY OF SURVIVING SPOUSE FOR LOSS</heading>
<content>A surviving spouse is not liable for a loss sustained by the community estate unless the surviving spouse is guilty of gross negligence or bad faith.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c453/s453.009">
<num value="453.009">Sec. 453.009.</num>
<heading>DISTRIBUTION OF POWERS BETWEEN PERSONAL REPRESENTATIVE AND SURVIVING SPOUSE DURING ADMINISTRATION</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c453/s453.009/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>A qualified personal representative of a deceased spouse's estate may administer:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c453/s453.009/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the separate property of the deceased spouse;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c453/s453.009/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the community property that was by law under the management of the deceased spouse during the marriage; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c453/s453.009/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the community property that was by law under the joint control of the spouses during the marriage.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c453/s453.009/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>During administration of a deceased spouse's estate, the surviving spouse, as surviving partner of the marital partnership, is entitled to:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c453/s453.009/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>retain possession and control of the community property that was legally under the sole management of the surviving spouse during the marriage; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c453/s453.009/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>exercise over that property any power this chapter authorizes the surviving spouse to exercise as if there is no administration pending on the deceased spouse's estate.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c453/s453.009/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>The surviving spouse, by written instrument filed with the clerk, may waive any right to exercise powers as community survivor. If the surviving spouse files a waiver under this subsection, the deceased spouse's personal representative may administer the entire community estate.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 205 (S.B. 1373), Sec. 42, eff. September 1, 2023.
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 205 (S.B. 1373), Sec. 43, eff. September 1, 2023.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</chapter>
<chapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c454">
<num value="454">CHAPTER 454.</num>
<heading>ADMINISTRATION OF ESTATE OF PERSON PRESUMED DEAD</heading>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c454/scA">
<num value="A">SUBCHAPTER A.</num>
<heading>ESTATES OF PERSONS PRESUMED DEAD</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c454/scA/s454.001">
<num value="454.001">Sec. 454.001.</num>
<heading>APPLICABILITY; DETERMINATION OF DEATH</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c454/scA/s454.001/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>This subchapter applies in a proceeding to probate a person's will or administer a person's estate if there is no direct evidence that the person is dead.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c454/scA/s454.001/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The court has jurisdiction to determine the fact, time, and place of the person's death.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c454/scA/s454.002">
<num value="454.002">Sec. 454.002.</num>
<heading>GRANT OF LETTERS ON PROOF OF DEATH</heading>
<content>On application for the grant of letters testamentary or of administration for the estate of a person presumed to be dead, the court shall grant the letters if the death of the person is proved by circumstantial evidence to the court's satisfaction.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c454/scA/s454.003">
<num value="454.003">Sec. 454.003.</num>
<heading>CITATION AND SEARCH</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c454/scA/s454.003/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>If the fact of a person's death must be proved by circumstantial evidence under Section 454.002, at the request of any interested person, the court may order that a citation be issued to the person presumed dead and that the citation be served on the person by publication and posting and by additional methods as directed by the order.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c454/scA/s454.003/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>After letters testamentary or of administration are issued, the court may also direct:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c454/scA/s454.003/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the personal representative to search for the person presumed dead by notifying law enforcement agencies and public welfare agencies in appropriate locations that the person has disappeared; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c454/scA/s454.003/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the applicant to engage the services of an investigative agency to search for the person presumed dead.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c454/scA/s454.003/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>The expense of a search or notice under this section shall be taxed to the estate as a cost and paid out of the estate property.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c454/scA/s454.004">
<num value="454.004">Sec. 454.004.</num>
<heading>DISTRIBUTION OF ESTATE</heading>
<content>The personal representative of the estate of a person presumed dead may not distribute the estate to the persons entitled to the estate until the third anniversary of the date the court granted the letters under Section 454.002.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c454/scB">
<num value="B">SUBCHAPTER B.</num>
<heading>PERSONS PRESUMED DEAD BUT SUBSEQUENTLY</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c454/scB/s133203.120941">
<num value="133203.120941">Sec. 133203.120941.</num>
<heading></heading>
<content>PROVED LIVING</content>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c454/scB/s454.051">
<num value="454.051">Sec. 454.051.</num>
<heading>RESTORATION OF ESTATE</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c454/scB/s454.051/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>Except as provided by Subsection (b), a person who was proved by circumstantial evidence to be dead under Section 454.002 and who, in a subsequent action, is proved by direct evidence to have been living at any time after the date the court granted the letters under that section, is entitled to restoration of the person's estate or the residue of the person's estate, including the rents and profits from the estate.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c454/scB/s454.051/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>For estate property sold by the personal representative of the estate, a distributee, or a distributee's successors or assignees to a bona fide purchaser for value, the right of a person to restoration is limited to the proceeds of the sale or the residue of the sold property with any increase of the proceeds or the residue.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c454/scB/s454.052">
<num value="454.052">Sec. 454.052.</num>
<heading>LIABILITY OF PERSONAL REPRESENTATIVE AND OTHERS ACTING UNDER COURT ORDER; BONDS NOT VOIDED</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c454/scB/s454.052/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>Anyone, including a personal representative, who delivered to another the estate or any part of the estate of a person who was proved by circumstantial evidence to be dead under Section 454.002 and who, in a subsequent action, is proved by direct evidence to have been living at any time after the date the court granted the letters testamentary or of administration under that section is not liable for any part of the estate delivered in accordance with the court's order.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c454/scB/s454.052/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>Subject to Subsection (c), the bond of a personal representative of the estate of a person described by Subsection (a) is not void in any event.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c454/scB/s454.052/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>A surety is not liable for any act of the personal representative that was done in compliance with or approved by the court's order.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
</chapter>
<chapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c455">
<num value="455">CHAPTER 455.</num>
<heading>PUBLIC PROBATE ADMINISTRATOR</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c455/s455.001">
<num value="455.001">Sec. 455.001.</num>
<heading>DEFINITION</heading>
<content>In this chapter, "public probate administrator" means the public probate administrator appointed under Section 25.00251, Government Code.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 671 (H.B. 1755), Sec. 2, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c455/s455.002">
<num value="455.002">Sec. 455.002.</num>
<heading>BOND OF PUBLIC PROBATE ADMINISTRATOR</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c455/s455.002/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>The public probate administrator must execute an official bond of at least $100,000 conditioned as required by law and payable to the statutory probate court judge who appointed the public probate administrator.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c455/s455.002/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>In addition to the official bond of office, at any time, for good cause, the statutory probate court judge who appointed the public probate administrator may require the administrator to post an additional corporate surety bond for individual estates. The additional bonds shall bear the written approval of the judge requesting the additional bond.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c455/s455.002/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>The county may choose to self-insure the public probate administrator for the minimum bond amount required by this section.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 671 (H.B. 1755), Sec. 2, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c455/s455.003">
<num value="455.003">Sec. 455.003.</num>
<heading>FUNDING OF PUBLIC PROBATE ADMINISTRATOR'S OFFICE</heading>
<content>A public probate administrator is entitled to commissions under Subchapter A, Chapter 352, to be paid into the county treasury. The public probate administrator's office, including salaries, is funded, in part, by the commissions.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 671 (H.B. 1755), Sec. 2, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c455/s455.004">
<num value="455.004">Sec. 455.004.</num>
<heading>POWERS AND DUTIES</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c455/s455.004/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>On receipt of notice of a decedent for whose estate a personal representative has not been appointed and who has no known or suitable next of kin, the public probate administrator shall take prompt possession or control of the decedent's property located in the county that:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c455/s455.004/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>is considered by the public probate administrator to be subject to loss, injury, waste, or misappropriation; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c455/s455.004/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the court orders into the possession and control of the public probate administrator after notice to the public probate administrator.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c455/s455.004/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The public probate administrator is responsible for determining if the decedent has any heirs or a will and, if necessary, shall make burial arrangements with the appropriate county facility in charge of indigent burial if there are no known personal representatives.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c455/s455.004/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>If the public probate administrator determines the decedent executed a will, the administrator shall file the will with the county clerk.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c455/s455.004/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>The public probate administrator has all of the powers and duties of an administrator under this title.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c455/s455.004/e">
<num value="e">(e)</num>
<content>The public probate administrator may dispose of any unclaimed property by public auction or private sale, or donation to a charity, if appropriate.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c455/s455.004/f">
<num value="f">(f)</num>
<content>The statutory probate court judge or commissioners court may request accountings in addition to accountings otherwise required by this title.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 671 (H.B. 1755), Sec. 2, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c455/s455.005">
<num value="455.005">Sec. 455.005.</num>
<heading>INFORMING PUBLIC PROBATE ADMINISTRATOR</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c455/s455.005/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>If a public officer or employee knows of a decedent without known or suitable next of kin or knows of property of a decedent that is subject to loss, injury, waste, or misappropriation, the officer or employee may inform the public probate administrator of that fact.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c455/s455.005/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>If a person dies in a hospital, mental health facility, or board and care facility without known or suitable next of kin, the person in charge of the hospital or facility may give immediate notice of that fact to the public probate administrator of the county in which the hospital or facility is located.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c455/s455.005/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<chapeau>A funeral director in control of a decedent's remains may notify the public probate administrator if:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c455/s455.005/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>none of the persons listed in Section 711.002, Health and Safety Code, can be found after a reasonable inquiry or contacted by reasonable means; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c455/s455.005/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>any of the persons listed in Section 711.002, Health and Safety Code, refuses to act.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 671 (H.B. 1755), Sec. 2, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c455/s455.006">
<num value="455.006">Sec. 455.006.</num>
<heading>PUBLIC PROBATE ADMINISTRATOR'S INITIATION OF ADMINISTRATION</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c455/s455.006/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>The public probate administrator shall investigate a decedent's estate and circumstances to determine if the opening of an administration is necessary if the public probate administrator has reasonable cause to believe that the decedent found in the county or believed to be domiciled in the county in which the administrator is appointed does not have a personal representative appointed for the decedent's estate.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c455/s455.006/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>The public probate administrator shall secure a decedent's estate or resolve any other circumstances related to a decedent, if, after the investigation, the public probate administrator determines that:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c455/s455.006/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the decedent has an estate that may be subject to loss, injury, waste, or misappropriation; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c455/s455.006/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>there are other circumstances relating to the decedent that require action by the public probate administrator.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c455/s455.006/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<chapeau>To establish reasonable cause under Subsection (a), the public probate administrator may require an information letter about the decedent that contains the following:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c455/s455.006/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the name, address, date of birth, and county of residence of the decedent;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c455/s455.006/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>a description of the relationship between the interested person and the decedent;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c455/s455.006/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>a statement of the suspected cause of death of the decedent;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c455/s455.006/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>the names and telephone numbers of any known friends or relatives of the decedent;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c455/s455.006/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>a description of any known property of the decedent, including the estimated value of the property; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c455/s455.006/6">
<num value="6">(6)</num>
<content>a statement of whether the property is subject to loss, injury, waste, or misappropriation.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 671 (H.B. 1755), Sec. 2, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c455/s455.007">
<num value="455.007">Sec. 455.007.</num>
<heading>ACCESS TO INFORMATION</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c455/s455.007/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>A public probate administrator who has made an investigation under Section 455.006 may present to the statutory probate court judge a statement of the known facts relating to a decedent with a request for permission to take possession or control of property of the decedent and further investigate the matter.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c455/s455.007/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>On presentation of a statement under Subsection (a), a statutory probate court judge may issue an order authorizing the public probate administrator to take possession or control of property under this chapter. A public probate administrator may record the order in any county in which property subject to the order is located.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c455/s455.007/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<chapeau>On presentation of an order issued under this section, a financial institution, governmental or private agency, retirement fund administrator, insurance company, licensed securities dealer, or any other person shall perform the following without requiring a death certificate or letters of administration and without inquiring into the truth of the order:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c455/s455.007/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>provide the public probate administrator complete information concerning property held in the name of the decedent referenced in the order, without charge, including the names and addresses of any beneficiaries and any evidence of a beneficiary designation; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c455/s455.007/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>grant the public probate administrator access to a safe deposit box rented in the name of the decedent referenced in the order, without charge, for the purpose of inspection and removal of its contents.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c455/s455.007/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>Costs and expenses incurred in drilling or forcing a safe deposit box open under Subsection (c) shall be paid by the decedent's estate.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 671 (H.B. 1755), Sec. 2, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c455/s455.008">
<num value="455.008">Sec. 455.008.</num>
<heading>SMALL ESTATES</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c455/s455.008/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>If gross assets of an estate do not exceed 20 percent of the maximum amount authorized for a small estate affidavit under Section 205.001, the public probate administrator may act without issuance of letters testamentary or of administration if the court approves a statement of administration stating:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c455/s455.008/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the name and domicile of the decedent;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c455/s455.008/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the date and place of death of the decedent; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c455/s455.008/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the name, address, and relationship of each known heir or devisee of the decedent.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c455/s455.008/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>On approval of the statement of administration, the public probate administrator may:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c455/s455.008/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>take possession of, collect, manage, and secure the personal property of the decedent;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c455/s455.008/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>sell the decedent's personal property at private or public sale or auction, without a court order;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c455/s455.008/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>distribute personal property to the estate's personal representative if one is appointed after the statement of administration is filed;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c455/s455.008/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>distribute personal property to a distributee of the decedent who presents an affidavit complying with Chapter 205;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c455/s455.008/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>sell or abandon perishable property of the decedent if necessary to preserve the estate;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c455/s455.008/6">
<num value="6">(6)</num>
<content>make necessary funeral arrangements for the decedent and pay reasonable funeral charges with estate assets;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c455/s455.008/7">
<num value="7">(7)</num>
<content>distribute to a minor heir or devisee for whom a guardian has not been appointed the share of an intestate estate or a devise to which the heir or devisee is entitled; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c455/s455.008/8">
<num value="8">(8)</num>
<content>distribute allowances and exempt property as provided by this title.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c455/s455.008/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<chapeau>On the distribution of property and internment of the decedent under this section, the public probate administrator shall file with the clerk an affidavit, to be approved by the court, detailing:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c455/s455.008/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the property collected;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c455/s455.008/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the property's distribution;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c455/s455.008/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the cost of internment; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c455/s455.008/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>the place of internment.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 671 (H.B. 1755), Sec. 2, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2019, 86th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1141 (H.B. 2782), Sec. 42, eff. September 1, 2019.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c455/s455.009">
<num value="455.009">Sec. 455.009.</num>
<heading>SMALL ESTATE AFFIDAVIT</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c455/s455.009/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>If gross assets of an estate do not exceed the maximum amount authorized for a small estate affidavit under Section 205.001, the public probate administrator may file an affidavit that complies with Chapter 205 for approval by the statutory probate court judge.</content>
<continuation>(a-1) The public probate administrator may file the affidavit as provided by Subsection (a) after the public probate administrator has acted under Section 455.007 or 455.008.</continuation>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c455/s455.009/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>If the statutory probate court judge approves the affidavit, the affidavit:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c455/s455.009/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>must be maintained or recorded as provided by Section 205.005; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c455/s455.009/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>has the effect described by Section 205.007.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 671 (H.B. 1755), Sec. 2, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2019, 86th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1141 (H.B. 2782), Sec. 43, eff. September 1, 2019.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c455/s455.010">
<num value="455.010">Sec. 455.010.</num>
<heading>GRANT OF ADMINISTRATION</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c455/s455.010/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>A public probate administrator shall file an application for letters of administration or administration with will annexed as provided by this title:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c455/s455.010/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>if gross assets of an estate exceed the maximum amount authorized for a small estate affidavit under Section 205.001;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c455/s455.010/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>if the property of the decedent cannot be disposed of using other methods detailed in this chapter; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c455/s455.010/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>at the discretion of the public probate administrator or on order of the statutory probate court judge.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c455/s455.010/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>After issuance of letters of administration, the public probate administrator is considered a personal representative under this title and has all of the powers and duties of a personal representative under this title.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 671 (H.B. 1755), Sec. 2, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c455/s455.011">
<num value="455.011">Sec. 455.011.</num>
<heading>WITHDRAWAL OF PUBLIC PROBATE ADMINISTRATOR AND APPOINTMENT OF SUCCESSOR</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c455/s455.011/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>If a public probate administrator has taken any action under Section 455.008, 455.009, or 455.010 and a qualified person more entitled to serve as a personal representative under Section 304.001 comes forward or a will of a decedent is found naming an executor, the public probate administrator may surrender the administration of the estate and the assets of the estate to the person once the person has qualified under this title.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c455/s455.011/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>Before surrendering the administration of the estate, the public probate administrator must file a verified affidavit that shows fully and in detail:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c455/s455.011/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the condition of the estate;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c455/s455.011/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the charges and claims that have been approved or established by suit or that have been rejected and may be established later;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c455/s455.011/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the amount of each claim that has been rejected and may be established later;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c455/s455.011/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>the property of the estate in the administrator's possession; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c455/s455.011/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>any other facts that are necessary in determining the condition of the estate.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c455/s455.011/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>The court may require any other filing from the public probate administrator that the court considers appropriate to fully show the condition of the estate before surrendering the estate under this section.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 671 (H.B. 1755), Sec. 2, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c455/s455.012">
<num value="455.012">Sec. 455.012.</num>
<heading>DEPOSIT OF FUNDS IN COURT REGISTRY</heading>
<content>The public probate administrator shall deposit all funds coming into the custody of the administrator in the court registry, except as provided by Section 455.003. Funds deposited must be disbursed at the direction of the public probate administrator and according to an order issued by the statutory probate court judge who appointed the administrator.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 671 (H.B. 1755), Sec. 2, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2019, 86th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1141 (H.B. 2782), Sec. 44, eff. September 1, 2019.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</chapter>
<chapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c456">
<num value="456">CHAPTER 456.</num>
<heading>DISBURSEMENT AND CLOSING OF LAWYER TRUST OR ESCROW ACCOUNTS</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c456/s456.001">
<num value="456.001">Sec. 456.001.</num>
<heading>DEFINITION</heading>
<content>In this chapter, "eligible institution" means a financial institution or investment company in which a lawyer has established an escrow or trust account for purposes of holding client funds or the funds of third persons that are in the lawyer's possession in connection with representation as required by the Texas Disciplinary Rules of Professional Conduct.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 949 (S.B. 995), Sec. 45, eff. September 1, 2015.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c456/s456.002">
<num value="456.002">Sec. 456.002.</num>
<heading>AUTHORITY TO DESIGNATE LAWYER ON CERTAIN TRUST OR ESCROW ACCOUNTS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c456/s456.002/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>When administering the estate of a deceased lawyer who established one or more trust or escrow accounts for client funds or the funds of third persons that are in the lawyer's possession in connection with representation as required by the Texas Disciplinary Rules of Professional Conduct, the personal representative may hire through written agreement a lawyer authorized to practice in this state to:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c456/s456.002/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>be the authorized signer on the trust or escrow account;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c456/s456.002/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>determine who is entitled to receive the funds in the account;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c456/s456.002/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>disburse the funds to the appropriate persons or to the decedent's estate; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c456/s456.002/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>close the account.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c456/s456.002/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>If the personal representative is a lawyer authorized to practice in this state, the personal representative may state that fact and disburse the trust or escrow account funds of a deceased lawyer in accordance with Subsection (a).</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c456/s456.002/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>An agreement under Subsection (a) or a statement under Subsection (b) must be made in writing, and a copy of the agreement or statement must be delivered to each eligible institution in which the trust or escrow accounts were established.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 949 (S.B. 995), Sec. 45, eff. September 1, 2015.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c456/s456.003">
<num value="456.003">Sec. 456.003.</num>
<heading>DUTY OF ELIGIBLE INSTITUTIONS</heading>
<content>Not later than the seventh business day after the date an eligible institution receives a copy of a written agreement under Section 456.002(a) or a statement from a personal representative under Section 456.002(b) and instructions from the lawyer identified in the agreement or statement, as applicable, regarding how to disburse the funds or close a trust or escrow account, the eligible institution shall disburse the funds and close the account in compliance with the instructions.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 949 (S.B. 995), Sec. 45, eff. September 1, 2015.
Amended by:
Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 844 (H.B. 2271), Sec. 35, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c456/s456.004">
<num value="456.004">Sec. 456.004.</num>
<heading>LIABILITY OF ELIGIBLE INSTITUTIONS</heading>
<content>An eligible institution is not liable for any act respecting an account taken in compliance with this chapter.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 949 (S.B. 995), Sec. 45, eff. September 1, 2015.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c456/s456.0045">
<num value="456.0045">Sec. 456.0045.</num>
<heading>PRIVATE CAUSE OF ACTION</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c456/s456.0045/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>If an eligible institution violates Section 456.003, a person aggrieved by the violation may bring an action against the eligible institution to:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c456/s456.0045/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>obtain declaratory or injunctive relief to enforce the section; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c456/s456.0045/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>recover damages to the same extent the person would be entitled to damages had the eligible institution acted in the same manner with respect to the deceased lawyer before the lawyer's death.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c456/s456.0045/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A person who prevails in an action under this section may recover court costs and reasonable attorney's fees.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 844 (H.B. 2271), Sec. 36, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c456/s456.005">
<num value="456.005">Sec. 456.005.</num>
<heading>RULES</heading>
<content>The supreme court may adopt rules regarding the administration of funds in a trust or escrow account subject to this chapter.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 949 (S.B. 995), Sec. 45, eff. September 1, 2015.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</chapter>
<chapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c501">
<num value="501">CHAPTER 501.</num>
<heading>ANCILLARY PROBATE OF FOREIGN WILL</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c501/s501.001">
<num value="501.001">Sec. 501.001.</num>
<heading>AUTHORITY FOR ANCILLARY PROBATE OF FOREIGN WILL</heading>
<chapeau>The written will of a testator who was not domiciled in this state at the time of the testator's death may be admitted to probate at any time in this state if:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c501/s501.001/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the will would affect any property in this state; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c501/s501.001/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>proof is presented that the will stands probated or otherwise established in any state of the United States or a foreign nation.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 949 (S.B. 995), Sec. 46, eff. September 1, 2015.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c501/s501.002">
<num value="501.002">Sec. 501.002.</num>
<heading>APPLICATION FOR ANCILLARY PROBATE OF FOREIGN WILL</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c501/s501.002/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>An application for ancillary probate in this state of a foreign will admitted to probate or otherwise established in the jurisdiction in which the testator was domiciled at the time of the testator's death is required to indicate only that probate in this state is requested on the basis of the authenticated copy of the foreign proceedings in which the will was admitted to probate or otherwise established.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c501/s501.002/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>An application for ancillary probate in this state of a foreign will that has been admitted to probate or otherwise established in a jurisdiction other than the jurisdiction in which the testator was domiciled at the time of the testator's death must:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c501/s501.002/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>include all information required for an application for probate of a domestic will; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c501/s501.002/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<chapeau>state the name and address of:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c501/s501.002/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>each devisee; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c501/s501.002/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>each person who would be entitled to a portion of the estate as an heir in the absence of a will.</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c501/s501.002/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<chapeau>An application described by Subsection (a) or (b) must include for filing a copy of the foreign will and the judgment, order, or decree by which the will was admitted to probate or otherwise established. The copy must:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c501/s501.002/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>be attested by and with the original signature of the court clerk or other official who has custody of the will or who is in charge of probate records;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c501/s501.002/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>include a certificate with the original signature of the judge or presiding magistrate of the court stating that the attestation is in proper form; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c501/s501.002/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>have the court seal affixed, if a court seal exists.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c501/s501.003">
<num value="501.003">Sec. 501.003.</num>
<heading>CITATION AND NOTICE</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c501/s501.003/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>Citation or notice is not required for an application described by Section 501.002(a).</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c501/s501.003/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>For an application described by Section 501.002(b), a citation shall be issued and served by a qualified delivery method on each devisee and heir identified in the application.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 205 (S.B. 1373), Sec. 44, eff. September 1, 2023.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c501/s501.004">
<num value="501.004">Sec. 501.004.</num>
<heading>RECORDING BY CLERK</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c501/s501.004/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>If a foreign will submitted for ancillary probate in this state has been admitted to probate or otherwise established in the jurisdiction in which the testator was domiciled at the time of the testator's death, it is the ministerial duty of the court clerk to record the will and the evidence of the will's probate or other establishment in the judge's probate docket.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c501/s501.004/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>If a foreign will submitted for ancillary probate in this state has been admitted to probate or otherwise established in a jurisdiction other than the jurisdiction in which the testator was domiciled at the time of the testator's death, and a contest against the ancillary probate is not filed as authorized by Chapter 504, the court clerk shall record the will and the evidence of the will's probate or other establishment in the judge's probate docket.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c501/s501.004/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>A court order is not necessary for the recording of a foreign will in accordance with this section.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 91 (S.B. 1303), Sec. 8.019, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c501/s501.005">
<num value="501.005">Sec. 501.005.</num>
<heading>EFFECT OF FILING AND RECORDING FOREIGN WILL</heading>
<chapeau>On filing and recording a foreign will in accordance with this chapter, the foreign will:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c501/s501.005/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>is considered to be admitted to probate; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c501/s501.005/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>has the same effect for all purposes as if the original will had been admitted to probate by order of a court of this state, subject to contest in the manner and to the extent provided by Chapter 504.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c501/s501.006">
<num value="501.006">Sec. 501.006.</num>
<heading>ANCILLARY LETTERS TESTAMENTARY</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c501/s501.006/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>On application, an executor named in a foreign will admitted to ancillary probate in this state in accordance with this chapter is entitled to receive ancillary letters testamentary on proof made to the court that:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c501/s501.006/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the executor has qualified to serve as executor in the jurisdiction in which the will was previously admitted to probate or otherwise established;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c501/s501.006/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the executor is not disqualified from serving in that capacity in this state; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c501/s501.006/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>if the will is admitted to ancillary probate in this state after the fourth anniversary of the testator's death, the executor continues to serve in that capacity in the jurisdiction in which the will was previously admitted to probate or otherwise established.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c501/s501.006/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>After the proof required by Subsection (a) is made, the court shall enter an order directing that ancillary letters testamentary be issued to the executor. The court shall revoke any letters of administration previously issued by the court to any other person on application of the executor after personal service of citation on the person to whom the letters were issued.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 949 (S.B. 995), Sec. 47, eff. September 1, 2015.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c501/s501.007">
<num value="501.007">Sec. 501.007.</num>
<heading>EFFECT ON PROPERTY</heading>
<content>A foreign will admitted to ancillary probate in this state as provided by this chapter after having been admitted to probate or otherwise established in the jurisdiction in which the testator was domiciled at the time of the testator's death is effective to dispose of property in this state regardless of whether the will was executed with the formalities required by this title.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c501/s501.008">
<num value="501.008">Sec. 501.008.</num>
<heading>SETTING ASIDE OF CERTAIN FOREIGN WILLS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c501/s501.008/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>This section applies only to a foreign will admitted to ancillary probate in this state, in accordance with the procedures prescribed by this chapter, based on the previous probate or other establishment of the will in the jurisdiction in which the testator was domiciled at the time of the testator's death.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c501/s501.008/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The admission to probate in this state of a foreign will to which this section applies shall be set aside if it is subsequently proven in a proceeding brought for that purpose that the foreign jurisdiction in which the will was admitted to probate or otherwise established was not in fact the domicile of the testator at the time of the testator's death.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c501/s501.008/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>The title or rights of a person who, before commencement of a proceeding to set aside the admission to probate of a foreign will under this section, purchases property in good faith and for value from the personal representative or a devisee or otherwise deals in good faith with the personal representative or a devisee are not affected by the subsequent setting aside of the admission to probate in this state.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</chapter>
<chapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c502">
<num value="502">CHAPTER 502.</num>
<heading>ORIGINAL PROBATE OF FOREIGN WILL</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c502/s502.001">
<num value="502.001">Sec. 502.001.</num>
<heading>ORIGINAL PROBATE OF FOREIGN WILL AUTHORIZED</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c502/s502.001/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>This section applies only to a will of a testator who dies domiciled outside of this state that:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c502/s502.001/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>on probate, may operate on any property in this state; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c502/s502.001/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>is valid under the laws of this state.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c502/s502.001/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>A court may grant original probate of a will described by Subsection (a) in the same manner as the court grants the probate of other wills under this title if the will:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c502/s502.001/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>has not been rejected from probate or establishment in the jurisdiction in which the testator died domiciled; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c502/s502.001/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>has been rejected from probate or establishment in the jurisdiction in which the testator died domiciled solely for a cause that is not a ground for rejection of a will of a testator who died domiciled in this state.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c502/s502.001/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>A court may delay passing on an application for probate of a foreign will pending the result of probate or establishment, or of a contest of probate or establishment, in the jurisdiction in which the testator died domiciled.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c502/s502.002">
<num value="502.002">Sec. 502.002.</num>
<heading>PROOF OF FOREIGN WILL IN ORIGINAL PROBATE PROCEEDING</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c502/s502.002/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>A copy of the will of a testator who dies domiciled outside of this state, authenticated in the manner required by this title, is sufficient proof of the contents of the will to admit the will to probate in an original proceeding in this state if an objection to the will is not made.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c502/s502.002/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>This section does not:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c502/s502.002/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>authorize the probate of a will that would not otherwise be admissible to probate; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c502/s502.002/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>if an objection is made to a will, relieve the proponent from offering proof of the contents and legal sufficiency of the will as otherwise required.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c502/s502.002/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>Subsection (b)(2) does not require the proponent to produce the original will unless ordered by the court.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</chapter>
<chapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c503">
<num value="503">CHAPTER 503.</num>
<heading>RECORDING OF FOREIGN TESTAMENTARY INSTRUMENT</heading>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c503/scA">
<num value="A">SUBCHAPTER A.</num>
<heading>REQUIREMENTS FOR RECORDING FOREIGN TESTAMENTARY INSTRUMENT</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c503/scA/s503.001">
<num value="503.001">Sec. 503.001.</num>
<heading>AUTHORIZATION TO RECORD CERTAIN FOREIGN TESTAMENTARY INSTRUMENTS IN DEED RECORDS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c503/scA/s503.001/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>A copy of a will or other testamentary instrument that conveys, or in any other manner disposes of, land in this state and that has been probated according to the laws of any state of the United States or a country other than the United States, along with a copy of the judgment, order, or decree by which the instrument was admitted to probate that has the attestation, seal, and certificate required by Section 501.002(c), may be filed and recorded in the deed records in any county in this state in which the land is located:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c503/scA/s503.001/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>without further proof or authentication, subject to Section 503.003; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c503/scA/s503.001/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>in the same manner as a deed or conveyance is required to be recorded under the laws of this state.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c503/scA/s503.001/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>A copy of a will or other testamentary instrument described by Subsection (a), along with a copy of the judgment, order, or decree by which the instrument was admitted to probate that has the attestation and certificate required by Section 501.002(c), is:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c503/scA/s503.001/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>prima facie evidence that the instrument has been admitted to probate according to the laws of the state or country in which it was allegedly admitted to probate; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c503/scA/s503.001/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>sufficient to authorize the instrument and the judgment, order, or decree to be recorded in the deed records in the proper county or counties in this state.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c503/scA/s503.002">
<num value="503.002">Sec. 503.002.</num>
<heading>RECORDING OF CERTAIN FOREIGN TESTAMENTARY INSTRUMENTS IN LANGUAGE OTHER THAN ENGLISH</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c503/scA/s503.002/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>An authenticated copy of a will or other testamentary instrument described by Section 503.001(a), along with a copy of the judgment, order, or decree by which the instrument was admitted to probate that has the attestation and certificate required by Section 501.002(c), that is written in whole or in part in a language other than English may be filed for recording in the deed records in any county in this state in which the land conveyed or disposed of in the instrument is located if:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c503/scA/s503.002/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>a correct English translation is recorded with the authenticated copies of the will or other testamentary instrument and judgment, order, or decree by which the instrument was admitted to probate; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c503/scA/s503.002/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the accuracy of the translation is sworn to before an officer authorized to administer oaths.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c503/scA/s503.002/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>The recording of an authenticated copy of a will or other testamentary instrument and a copy of the judgment, order, or decree in the manner provided by Subsection (a) operates as constructive notice from the date of filing to all persons of the:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c503/scA/s503.002/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>existence of the instrument; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c503/scA/s503.002/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>title or titles conferred by the instrument.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2021, 87th Leg., R.S., Ch. 521 (S.B. 626), Sec. 12, eff. September 1, 2021.
Acts 2021, 87th Leg., R.S., Ch. 576 (S.B. 615), Sec. 12, eff. September 1, 2021.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c503/scA/s503.003">
<num value="503.003">Sec. 503.003.</num>
<heading>CONTEST OF RECORDED FOREIGN TESTAMENTARY INSTRUMENT PERMITTED</heading>
<content>The validity of a will or other testamentary instrument, a copy of which is filed and recorded as provided by Section 503.001, may be contested in the manner and to the extent provided by Subchapter A, Chapter 504.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c503/scB">
<num value="B">SUBCHAPTER B.</num>
<heading>EFFECTS OF RECORDED FOREIGN</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c503/scB/s133563.120948">
<num value="133563.120948">Sec. 133563.120948.</num>
<heading></heading>
<content>TESTAMENTARY INSTRUMENT</content>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c503/scB/s503.051">
<num value="503.051">Sec. 503.051.</num>
<heading>RECORDED FOREIGN TESTAMENTARY INSTRUMENT AS CONVEYANCE</heading>
<chapeau>A copy of a foreign will or other testamentary instrument described by Section 503.001 and the copy of the judgment, order, or decree by which the instrument was admitted to probate that are attested and proved as provided by that section and delivered to the county clerk of the proper county in this state to be recorded in the deed records:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c503/scB/s503.051/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>take effect and are valid as a deed of conveyance of all property in this state covered by the instrument; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c503/scB/s503.051/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>have the same effect as a recorded deed or other conveyance of land beginning at the time the instrument is delivered to the clerk to be recorded.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c503/scB/s503.052">
<num value="503.052">Sec. 503.052.</num>
<heading>RECORDED FOREIGN TESTAMENTARY INSTRUMENT AS NOTICE OF TITLE</heading>
<chapeau>A copy of a foreign will or other testamentary instrument described by Section 503.001 and the copy of the judgment, order, or decree by which the instrument was admitted to probate that is attested and proved as provided by that section and filed for recording in the deed records of the proper county in this state constitute notice to all persons of the:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c503/scB/s503.052/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>existence of the instrument; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c503/scB/s503.052/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>title or titles conferred by the instrument.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
</chapter>
<chapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c504">
<num value="504">CHAPTER 504.</num>
<heading>CONTEST OF OR OTHER CHALLENGE TO FOREIGN TESTAMENTARY INSTRUMENT</heading>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c504/scA">
<num value="A">SUBCHAPTER A.</num>
<heading>CONTEST OR SETTING ASIDE PROBATE OF FOREIGN WILL IN THIS STATE</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c504/scA/s504.001">
<num value="504.001">Sec. 504.001.</num>
<heading>GROUNDS FOR CONTESTING FOREIGN WILL PROBATED IN DOMICILIARY JURISDICTION</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c504/scA/s504.001/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>Subject to Subsection (b), an interested person may contest a foreign will that has been:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c504/scA/s504.001/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>admitted to probate or established in the jurisdiction in which the testator was domiciled at the time of the testator's death; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c504/scA/s504.001/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>admitted to probate in this state or filed in the deed records of any county of this state.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c504/scA/s504.001/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>A will described by Subsection (a) may be contested only on the grounds that:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c504/scA/s504.001/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the proceedings in the jurisdiction in which the testator was domiciled at the time of the testator's death were not authenticated in the manner required for ancillary probate or recording in the deed records in this state;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c504/scA/s504.001/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the will has been finally rejected for probate in this state in another proceeding; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c504/scA/s504.001/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the probate of the will has been set aside in the jurisdiction in which the testator was domiciled at the time of the testator's death.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c504/scA/s504.002">
<num value="504.002">Sec. 504.002.</num>
<heading>GROUNDS FOR CONTESTING FOREIGN WILL PROBATED IN NON-DOMICILIARY JURISDICTION</heading>
<content>A foreign will admitted to probate or established in any jurisdiction other than the jurisdiction in which the testator was domiciled at the time of the testator's death may be contested on any grounds that are the basis for the contest of a domestic will.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c504/scA/s504.003">
<num value="504.003">Sec. 504.003.</num>
<heading>PROCEDURES AND TIME LIMITS FOR CONTESTING FOREIGN WILL</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c504/scA/s504.003/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>The probate in this state of a foreign will probated or established in a jurisdiction other than the jurisdiction in which the testator was domiciled at the time of the testator's death may be contested in the manner that would apply if the testator had been domiciled in this state at the time of the testator's death.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c504/scA/s504.003/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A foreign will admitted to ancillary probate in this state or filed in the deed records of any county of this state may be contested using the same procedures and within the same time limits applicable to the contest of a will admitted to original probate in this state.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c504/scA/s504.004">
<num value="504.004">Sec. 504.004.</num>
<heading>PROBATE OF FOREIGN WILL SET ASIDE FOR LACK OF SERVICE</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c504/scA/s504.004/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>The probate in this state of a foreign will shall be set aside if:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c504/scA/s504.004/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<chapeau>the will was probated in this state:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c504/scA/s504.004/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>in accordance with the procedure applicable to the probate of a will admitted to probate in the jurisdiction in which the testator was domiciled at the time of the testator's death; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c504/scA/s504.004/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>without the service of citation required for a will admitted to probate in another jurisdiction that was not the testator's domicile at the time of the testator's death; and</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c504/scA/s504.004/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>it is proved that the foreign jurisdiction in which the will was probated was not the testator's domicile at the time of the testator's death.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c504/scA/s504.004/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>If otherwise entitled, a will the probate of which is set aside in accordance with Subsection (a) may be:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c504/scA/s504.004/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>reprobated in accordance with the procedure prescribed for the probate of a will admitted in a jurisdiction that was not the testator's domicile at the time of the testator's death; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c504/scA/s504.004/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>admitted to original probate in this state in the proceeding in which the ancillary probate was set aside or in a subsequent proceeding.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c504/scB">
<num value="B">SUBCHAPTER B.</num>
<heading>CONTEST OR FINAL REJECTION IN FOREIGN JURISDICTION</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c504/scB/s504.051">
<num value="504.051">Sec. 504.051.</num>
<heading>NOTICE OF WILL CONTEST IN FOREIGN JURISDICTION</heading>
<content>Verified notice that a proceeding to contest a will probated or established in a foreign jurisdiction has been commenced in that jurisdiction may be filed and recorded in the judge's probate docket of the court in this state in which the foreign will was probated, or in the deed records of any county of this state in which the foreign will was recorded, within the time limits for the contest of a foreign will in this state.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 91 (S.B. 1303), Sec. 8.020, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c504/scB/s504.052">
<num value="504.052">Sec. 504.052.</num>
<heading>EFFECT OF NOTICE</heading>
<chapeau>After a notice is filed and recorded under Section 504.051, the probate or recording in this state of the foreign will that is the subject of the notice has no effect until verified proof is filed and recorded that the foreign proceedings:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c504/scB/s504.052/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>have been terminated in favor of the will; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c504/scB/s504.052/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>were never commenced.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c504/scB/s504.053">
<num value="504.053">Sec. 504.053.</num>
<heading>EFFECT OF REJECTION OF TESTAMENTARY INSTRUMENT BY FOREIGN JURISDICTION</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c504/scB/s504.053/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>Except as provided by Subsection (b), final rejection of a will or other testamentary instrument from probate or establishment in a foreign jurisdiction in which the testator was domiciled at the time of the testator's death is conclusive in this state.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c504/scB/s504.053/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A will or other testamentary instrument that is finally rejected from probate or establishment in a foreign jurisdiction in which the testator was domiciled at the time of the testator's death may be admitted to probate or continue to be effective in this state if the will or other instrument was rejected solely for a cause that is not a ground for rejection of a will of a testator who died domiciled in this state.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
</chapter>
<chapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c505">
<num value="505">CHAPTER 505.</num>
<heading>FOREIGN PERSONAL REPRESENTATIVES, TRUSTEES, AND FIDUCIARIES</heading>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c505/scA">
<num value="A">SUBCHAPTER A.</num>
<heading>FOREIGN CORPORATE FIDUCIARY</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c505/scA/s505.001">
<num value="505.001">Sec. 505.001.</num>
<heading>DEFINITION</heading>
<content>In this subchapter, "foreign corporate fiduciary" means a corporate fiduciary that does not have its main office or a branch office in this state.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c505/scA/s505.002">
<num value="505.002">Sec. 505.002.</num>
<heading>APPLICABILITY OF OTHER LAW</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c505/scA/s505.002/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>A foreign corporate fiduciary acting in a fiduciary capacity in this state in strict accordance with this subchapter:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c505/scA/s505.002/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>is not transacting business in this state within the meaning of Section 9.001, Business Organizations Code; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c505/scA/s505.002/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>is qualified to serve in that capacity under Section 501.006.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c505/scA/s505.002/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>This subchapter is in addition to, and not a limitation on, Subtitles F and G, Title 3, Finance Code.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c505/scA/s505.003">
<num value="505.003">Sec. 505.003.</num>
<heading>AUTHORITY OF FOREIGN CORPORATE FIDUCIARY TO SERVE IN FIDUCIARY CAPACITY</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c505/scA/s505.003/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>Subject to Subsections (b) and (c) and Section 505.004, a foreign corporate fiduciary may be appointed by will, deed, agreement, declaration, indenture, court order or decree, or otherwise and may serve in this state in any fiduciary capacity, including as:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c505/scA/s505.003/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>trustee of a personal or corporate trust;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c505/scA/s505.003/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>executor;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c505/scA/s505.003/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>administrator; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c505/scA/s505.003/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>guardian of the estate.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c505/scA/s505.003/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A foreign corporate fiduciary appointed to serve in a fiduciary capacity in this state must have the corporate power to act in that capacity.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c505/scA/s505.003/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>This section applies only to the extent that the home state of the foreign corporate fiduciary appointed to serve in a fiduciary capacity in this state grants to a corporate fiduciary whose home state is this state the authority to serve in like fiduciary capacity.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c505/scA/s505.004">
<num value="505.004">Sec. 505.004.</num>
<heading>FILING REQUIREMENTS; DESIGNATION</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c505/scA/s505.004/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>A foreign corporate fiduciary must file the following documents with the secretary of state before qualifying or serving in this state in a fiduciary capacity as authorized by Section 505.003:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c505/scA/s505.004/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>a copy of the fiduciary's charter, articles of incorporation or of association, and all amendments to those documents, certified by the fiduciary's secretary under the fiduciary's corporate seal;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c505/scA/s505.004/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>a properly executed written instrument that by the instrument's terms is of indefinite duration and irrevocable, appointing the secretary of state and the secretary of state's successors as the fiduciary's agent for service of process on whom notices and processes issued by a court of this state may be served in an action or proceeding relating to a trust, estate, fund, or other matter within this state with respect to which the fiduciary is acting in a fiduciary capacity, including the acts or defaults of the fiduciary with respect to that trust, estate, or fund; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c505/scA/s505.004/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>a written certificate of designation specifying the name and address of the officer, agent, or other person to whom the secretary of state shall forward notices and processes described by Subdivision (2).</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c505/scA/s505.004/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A foreign corporate fiduciary may change the certificate of designation under Subsection (a)(3) by filing a new certificate.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c505/scA/s505.005">
<num value="505.005">Sec. 505.005.</num>
<heading>SERVICE OF NOTICE OR PROCESS ON SECRETARY OF STATE</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c505/scA/s505.005/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>On receipt of a notice or process described by Section 505.004(a)(2), the secretary of state shall promptly forward the notice or process by a qualified delivery method to the officer, agent, or other person designated by the foreign corporate fiduciary under Section 505.004 to receive the notice or process.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c505/scA/s505.005/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>Service of notice or process described by Section 505.004(a)(2) on the secretary of state as agent for a foreign corporate fiduciary has the same effect as if personal service had been had in this state on the foreign corporate fiduciary.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 205 (S.B. 1373), Sec. 45, eff. September 1, 2023.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c505/scA/s505.006">
<num value="505.006">Sec. 505.006.</num>
<heading>CRIMINAL PENALTY; EFFECT OF CONVICTION</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c505/scA/s505.006/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>A foreign corporate fiduciary commits an offense if the fiduciary violates this subchapter.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c505/scA/s505.006/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>An offense under this section is a misdemeanor punishable by a fine not to exceed $5,000.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c505/scA/s505.006/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>On conviction, the court may prohibit a foreign corporate fiduciary convicted of an offense under this section from thereafter serving in any fiduciary capacity in this state.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c505/scB">
<num value="B">SUBCHAPTER B.</num>
<heading>FOREIGN EXECUTORS AND TRUSTEES</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c505/scB/s505.051">
<num value="505.051">Sec. 505.051.</num>
<heading>APPLICABILITY OF BOND REQUIREMENT</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c505/scB/s505.051/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>A foreign executor is not required to give bond if the will appointing the foreign executor provides that the executor may serve without bond.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c505/scB/s505.051/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The bond provisions of this title applicable to domestic representatives apply to a foreign executor if the will appointing the foreign executor does not exempt the foreign executor from giving bond.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c505/scB/s505.052">
<num value="505.052">Sec. 505.052.</num>
<heading>POWER TO SELL PROPERTY</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c505/scB/s505.052/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>If a foreign will has been recorded in the deed records of a county in this state in the manner provided by this subtitle and the will gives an executor or trustee the power to sell property located in this state:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c505/scB/s505.052/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>an order of a court of this state is not necessary to authorize the executor or trustee to make the sale and execute proper conveyance; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c505/scB/s505.052/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>any specific directions the testator gave in the foreign will respecting the sale of the estate property must be followed unless the directions have been annulled or suspended by an order of a court of competent jurisdiction.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c505/scB/s505.052/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>Notwithstanding Section 501.002(c), the original signatures required by that section may not be required for purposes of this section.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c505/scC">
<num value="C">SUBCHAPTER C.</num>
<heading>RECOVERY OF DEBTS BY FOREIGN EXECUTOR OR ADMINISTRATOR</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c505/scC/s505.101">
<num value="505.101">Sec. 505.101.</num>
<heading>SUIT TO RECOVER DEBT</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c505/scC/s505.101/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>On giving notice by a qualified delivery method to all creditors of a decedent in this state who have filed a claim against the decedent's estate for a debt due to the creditor, a foreign executor or administrator of a person who was a nonresident at the time of death may maintain a suit in this state for the recovery of debts due to the decedent.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c505/scC/s505.101/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The plaintiff's letters testamentary or of administration granted by a competent tribunal, properly authenticated, must be filed with the suit.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 205 (S.B. 1373), Sec. 46, eff. September 1, 2023.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c505/scC/s505.102">
<num value="505.102">Sec. 505.102.</num>
<heading>JURISDICTION</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c505/scC/s505.102/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>A foreign executor or administrator who files a suit authorized by Section 505.101 submits personally to the jurisdiction of the courts of this state in a proceeding relating to the recovery of a debt owed to a resident of this state by the decedent whose estate the executor or administrator represents.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c505/scC/s505.102/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>Jurisdiction under this section is limited to the amount of money or value of personal property recovered in this state by the foreign executor or administrator.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c505/scC/s505.103">
<num value="505.103">Sec. 505.103.</num>
<heading>RESTRICTION ON SUIT BROUGHT BY FOREIGN EXECUTOR OR ADMINISTRATOR</heading>
<chapeau>A suit may not be maintained in this state by a foreign executor or administrator for a decedent's estate under this subchapter if there is:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c505/scC/s505.103/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>an executor or administrator of the decedent's estate qualified by a court of this state; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c505/scC/s505.103/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>a pending application in this state for the appointment of an executor or administrator of the decedent's estate.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
</chapter>
<chapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c551">
<num value="551">CHAPTER 551.</num>
<heading>PAYMENT OF CERTAIN ESTATES TO STATE</heading>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c551/scA">
<num value="A">SUBCHAPTER A.</num>
<heading>PAYMENT OF CERTAIN FUNDS TO STATE</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c551/scA/s551.001">
<num value="551.001">Sec. 551.001.</num>
<heading>PAYMENT OF CERTAIN SHARES OF ESTATE TO STATE</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c551/scA/s551.001/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>The court, by written order, shall require the executor or administrator of an estate to pay to the comptroller as provided by this subchapter the share of that estate of a person entitled to that share who does not demand the share, including any portion deposited in an account in the court's registry under Section 362.011(c), from the executor or administrator within six months after the date of, as applicable:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c551/scA/s551.001/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>a court order approving the report of the commissioners of partition made under Section 360.154; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c551/scA/s551.001/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the settlement of the final account of the executor or administrator.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c551/scA/s551.001/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>This section does not apply to the share of an estate to which a resident minor without a guardian is entitled.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1136 (H.B. 2912), Sec. 59, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c551/scA/s551.002">
<num value="551.002">Sec. 551.002.</num>
<heading>PAYMENT OF PORTION THAT IS IN MONEY</heading>
<content>The executor or administrator shall pay the portion of the share subject to Section 551.001 that is in money to the comptroller.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c551/scA/s551.003">
<num value="551.003">Sec. 551.003.</num>
<heading>PAYMENT OF PORTION THAT IS NOT IN MONEY</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c551/scA/s551.003/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>The court's order under Section 551.001 must require the executor or administrator to:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c551/scA/s551.003/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>sell, on terms determined best by the court, the portion of a share subject to that section that is in property other than money; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c551/scA/s551.003/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>on collection of the proceeds of the sale, pay the proceeds to the comptroller.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c551/scA/s551.003/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>Recovery of the proceeds of a sale under this section is governed by Subchapter B.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2019, 86th Leg., R.S., Ch. 267 (S.B. 1420), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2019.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c551/scA/s551.004">
<num value="551.004">Sec. 551.004.</num>
<heading>COMPENSATION TO EXECUTOR OR ADMINISTRATOR</heading>
<content>The executor or administrator is entitled to reasonable compensation for services performed under Section 551.003.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c551/scA/s551.005">
<num value="551.005">Sec. 551.005.</num>
<heading>COMPTROLLER INDISPENSABLE PARTY</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c551/scA/s551.005/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>The comptroller is an indispensable party to a judicial or administrative proceeding concerning the disposition and handling of any share of an estate that is or may be payable to the comptroller under Section 551.001.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c551/scA/s551.005/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The clerk of a court that orders an executor or administrator to pay funds to the comptroller under Section 551.001 shall provide to the comptroller, by a qualified delivery method or e-mail, a certified copy of the court order not later than the fifth day after the date the order is issued.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2021, 87th Leg., R.S., Ch. 52 (H.B. 1514), Sec. 1, eff. May 18, 2021.
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 205 (S.B. 1373), Sec. 47, eff. September 1, 2023.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c551/scA/s551.006">
<num value="551.006">Sec. 551.006.</num>
<heading>COMPTROLLER'S RECEIPT</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c551/scA/s551.006/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>An executor or administrator who pays to the comptroller under this subchapter any funds of the estate represented by the executor or administrator shall:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c551/scA/s551.006/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>obtain from the comptroller a receipt for the payment, with official seal attached; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c551/scA/s551.006/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>file the receipt with the clerk of the court that orders the payment.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c551/scA/s551.006/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The court clerk shall record the comptroller's receipt in the judge's probate docket.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 91 (S.B. 1303), Sec. 8.021, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c551/scB">
<num value="B">SUBCHAPTER B.</num>
<heading>RECOVERY OF FUNDS PAID TO STATE</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c551/scB/s551.051">
<num value="551.051">Sec. 551.051.</num>
<heading>RECOVERY OF FUNDS</heading>
<content>If funds of an estate have been paid to the comptroller under this chapter, an heir or devisee or an assignee of an heir or devisee may recover the share of the funds to which the heir, devisee, or assignee is entitled by filing a claim with the comptroller in the manner provided by Chapter 74, Property Code, for property delivered to the comptroller under that chapter.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2019, 86th Leg., R.S., Ch. 267 (S.B. 1420), Sec. 2, eff. September 1, 2019.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c551/scC">
<num value="C">SUBCHAPTER C.</num>
<heading>PENALTIES; ENFORCEMENT</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c551/scC/s551.101">
<num value="551.101">Sec. 551.101.</num>
<heading>LIABILITY OF COURT CLERK; PENALTY</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c551/scC/s551.101/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>A court clerk who fails to timely comply with Section 551.005(b) is liable for a $100 penalty.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c551/scC/s551.101/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The penalty under Subsection (a) shall be recovered through an action brought in the name of this state, after personal service of citation, on the information of any resident. Half of the penalty shall be paid to the informer and the other half to this state.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c551/scC/s551.102">
<num value="551.102">Sec. 551.102.</num>
<heading>DAMAGES FOR FAILURE TO MAKE PAYMENTS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c551/scC/s551.102/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>An executor or administrator who fails to pay funds of an estate to the comptroller as required by an order under Section 551.001 on or before the 30th day after the date of the order is liable, after personal service of citation charging that failure and after proof of the failure, for damages. The damages:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c551/scC/s551.102/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>accrue at the rate of five percent of the amount of the funds per month for each month or fraction of a month after the 30th day after the date of the order that the executor or administrator fails to make the payment; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c551/scC/s551.102/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>must be paid to the comptroller out of the executor's or administrator's own estate.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c551/scC/s551.102/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>Damages under this section may be recovered in any court of competent jurisdiction.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c551/scC/s551.103">
<num value="551.103">Sec. 551.103.</num>
<heading>ENFORCEMENT OF PAYMENT AND DAMAGES; RECOVERY ON BOND</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c551/scC/s551.103/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>The comptroller may apply in the name of this state to the court that issued an order for the payment of funds of an estate under this chapter to enforce the payment of:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c551/scC/s551.103/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>funds the executor or administrator has failed to pay to the comptroller under the order; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c551/scC/s551.103/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>any damages that have accrued under Section 551.102.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c551/scC/s551.103/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The court shall enforce the payment under Subsection (a) in the manner prescribed for enforcement of other payment orders.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c551/scC/s551.103/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>In addition to the action under Subsection (a), the comptroller may bring an action in the name of this state against the executor or administrator and the sureties on the executor's or administrator's bond for the recovery of the funds ordered to be paid and any accrued damages.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c551/scC/s551.103/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>The county attorney or criminal district attorney for the county, the district attorney for the district, or the attorney general, at the election of the comptroller and with the approval of the attorney general, shall represent the comptroller in all proceedings under this section, and shall also represent the interests of this state in all other matters arising under this code.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 680 (H.B. 2502), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
</chapter>
<chapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751">
<num value="751">CHAPTER 751.</num>
<heading>GENERAL PROVISIONS REGARDING DURABLE POWERS OF ATTORNEY</heading>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scA">
<num value="A">SUBCHAPTER A.</num>
<heading>GENERAL PROVISIONS</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scA/s751.001">
<num value="751.001">Sec. 751.001.</num>
<heading>SHORT TITLE</heading>
<content>This subtitle may be cited as the Durable Power of Attorney Act.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.01, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scA/s751.0015">
<num value="751.0015">Sec. 751.0015.</num>
<heading>APPLICABILITY OF SUBTITLE</heading>
<chapeau>This subtitle applies to all durable powers of attorney except:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scA/s751.0015/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>a power of attorney to the extent it is coupled with an interest in the subject of the power, including a power of attorney given to or for the benefit of a creditor in connection with a credit transaction;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scA/s751.0015/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>a medical power of attorney, as defined by Section 166.002, Health and Safety Code;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scA/s751.0015/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>a proxy or other delegation to exercise voting rights or management rights with respect to an entity; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scA/s751.0015/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>a power of attorney created on a form prescribed by a government or governmental subdivision, agency, or instrumentality for a governmental purpose.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 834 (H.B. 1974), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scA/s751.002">
<num value="751.002">Sec. 751.002.</num>
<heading>DEFINITIONS</heading>
<chapeau>In this subtitle:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scA/s751.002/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>"Actual knowledge" means the knowledge of a person without that person making any due inquiry, and without any imputed knowledge, except as expressly set forth in Section 751.211(c).</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scA/s751.002/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>"Affiliate" means a business entity that directly or indirectly controls, is controlled by, or is under common control with another business entity.</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scA/s751.002/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<chapeau>"Agent" includes:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scA/s751.002/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>an attorney in fact; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scA/s751.002/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>a co-agent, successor agent, or successor co-agent.</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scA/s751.002/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>"Durable power of attorney" means a writing or other record that complies with the requirements of Section 751.0021(a) or is described by Section 751.0021(b).</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scA/s751.002/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>"Principal" means an adult individual who signs or directs the signing of the individual's name on a power of attorney that designates an agent to act on the individual's behalf.</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scA/s751.002/6">
<num value="6">(6)</num>
<content>"Record" means information that is inscribed on a tangible medium or that is stored in an electronic or other medium and is retrievable in perceivable form.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.01, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 834 (H.B. 1974), Sec. 2, eff. September 1, 2017.
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 210 (S.B. 1650), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2023.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scA/s751.00201">
<num value="751.00201">Sec. 751.00201.</num>
<heading>MEANING OF DISABLED OR INCAPACITATED FOR PURPOSES OF DURABLE POWER OF ATTORNEY</heading>
<content>Unless otherwise defined by a durable power of attorney, an individual is considered disabled or incapacitated for purposes of the durable power of attorney if a physician certifies in writing at a date later than the date the durable power of attorney is executed that, based on the physician's medical examination of the individual, the individual is determined to be mentally incapable of managing the individual's financial affairs.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 834 (H.B. 1974), Sec. 2, eff. September 1, 2017.
Amended by:
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 210 (S.B. 1650), Sec. 2, eff. September 1, 2023.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scA/s751.0021">
<num value="751.0021">Sec. 751.0021.</num>
<heading>REQUIREMENTS OF DURABLE POWER OF ATTORNEY</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scA/s751.0021/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>An instrument is a durable power of attorney for purposes of this subtitle if the instrument:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scA/s751.0021/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>is a writing or other record that designates another person as agent and grants authority to that agent to act in the place of the principal, regardless of whether the term "power of attorney" is used;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scA/s751.0021/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>is signed by an adult principal or in the adult principal's conscious presence by another adult directed by the principal to sign the principal's name on the instrument;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scA/s751.0021/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<chapeau>contains:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scA/s751.0021/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>the words:</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scA/s751.0021/i">
<num value="i">(i)</num>
<chapeau>"This power of attorney is not affected by subsequent disability or incapacity of the principal"; or</chapeau>
<clause identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scA/s751.0021/ii">
<num value="ii">(ii)</num>
<content>"This power of attorney becomes effective on the disability or incapacity of the principal"; or</content>
</clause>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scA/s751.0021/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>words similar to those of Paragraph (A) that clearly indicate that the authority conferred on the agent shall be exercised notwithstanding the principal's subsequent disability or incapacity; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scA/s751.0021/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<chapeau>is acknowledged by the principal or another adult directed by the principal as authorized by Subdivision (2) before an officer authorized under the laws of this state or another state to:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scA/s751.0021/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>take acknowledgments to deeds of conveyance; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scA/s751.0021/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>administer oaths.</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scA/s751.0021/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>If the law of a jurisdiction other than this state determines the meaning and effect of a writing or other record that grants authority to an agent to act in the place of the principal, regardless of whether the term "power of attorney" is used, and that law provides that the authority conferred on the agent is exercisable notwithstanding the principal's subsequent disability or incapacity, the writing or other record is considered a durable power of attorney under this subtitle.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 834 (H.B. 1974), Sec. 2, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scA/s751.0022">
<num value="751.0022">Sec. 751.0022.</num>
<heading>PRESUMPTION OF GENUINE SIGNATURE</heading>
<content>A signature on a durable power of attorney that purports to be the signature of the principal or of another adult directed by the principal as authorized by Section 751.0021(a)(2) is presumed to be genuine, and the durable power of attorney is presumed to have been executed under Section 751.0021(a) if the officer taking the acknowledgment has complied with the requirements of Section 121.004(b), Civil Practice and Remedies Code.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 834 (H.B. 1974), Sec. 2, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scA/s751.0023">
<num value="751.0023">Sec. 751.0023.</num>
<heading>VALIDITY OF POWER OF ATTORNEY</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scA/s751.0023/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>A durable power of attorney executed in this state is valid if the execution of the instrument complies with Section 751.0021(a).</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scA/s751.0023/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>A durable power of attorney executed in a jurisdiction other than this state is valid in this state if, when executed, the execution of the durable power of attorney complied with:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scA/s751.0023/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the law of the jurisdiction that determines the meaning and effect of the durable power of attorney as provided by Section 751.0024; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scA/s751.0023/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the requirements for a military power of attorney as provided by 10 U.S.C. Section 1044b.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scA/s751.0023/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>Except as otherwise provided by statute other than this subtitle or by the durable power of attorney, a photocopy or electronically transmitted copy of an original durable power of attorney has the same effect as the original instrument and may be relied on, without liability, by a person who is asked to accept the durable power of attorney to the same extent as the original.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 834 (H.B. 1974), Sec. 2, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scA/s751.0024">
<num value="751.0024">Sec. 751.0024.</num>
<heading>MEANING AND EFFECT OF DURABLE POWER OF ATTORNEY</heading>
<chapeau>The meaning and effect of a durable power of attorney is determined by the law of the jurisdiction indicated in the durable power of attorney and, in the absence of an indication of jurisdiction, by:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scA/s751.0024/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the law of the jurisdiction of the principal's domicile, if the principal's domicile is indicated in the power of attorney; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scA/s751.0024/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the law of the jurisdiction in which the durable power of attorney was executed, if the principal's domicile is not indicated in the power of attorney.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 834 (H.B. 1974), Sec. 2, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scA/s751.003">
<num value="751.003">Sec. 751.003.</num>
<heading>UNIFORMITY OF APPLICATION AND CONSTRUCTION</heading>
<content>This subtitle shall be applied and construed to effect the general purpose of this subtitle, which is to make uniform to the fullest extent possible the law with respect to the subject of this subtitle among states enacting these provisions.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.01, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 834 (H.B. 1974), Sec. 2, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scA/s751.005">
<num value="751.005">Sec. 751.005.</num>
<heading>EXTENSION OF PRINCIPAL'S AUTHORITY TO OTHER PERSONS</heading>
<chapeau>If, in this subtitle, a principal is given an authority to act, that authority includes:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scA/s751.005/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>any person designated by the principal;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scA/s751.005/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>a guardian of the estate of the principal; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scA/s751.005/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>another personal representative of the principal.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.01, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scA/s751.006">
<num value="751.006">Sec. 751.006.</num>
<heading>REMEDIES UNDER OTHER LAW</heading>
<content>The remedies under this chapter are not exclusive and do not abrogate any right or remedy under any law of this state other than this chapter.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.01, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 834 (H.B. 1974), Sec. 2, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scA/s751.007">
<num value="751.007">Sec. 751.007.</num>
<heading>CONFLICT WITH OR EFFECT ON OTHER LAW</heading>
<chapeau>This subtitle does not:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scA/s751.007/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>supersede any other law applicable to financial institutions or other entities, and to the extent of any conflict between this subtitle and another law applicable to an entity, the other law controls; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scA/s751.007/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>have the effect of validating a conveyance of an interest in real property executed by an agent under a durable power of attorney if the conveyance is determined under a statute or common law to be void but not voidable.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 834 (H.B. 1974), Sec. 2, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scA/s170868.166289">
<num value="170868.166289">Sec. 170868.166289.</num>
<heading></heading>
<content>SUBCHAPTER A-1. APPOINTMENT OF AGENTS</content>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scA/s751.021">
<num value="751.021">Sec. 751.021.</num>
<heading>CO-AGENTS</heading>
<content>A principal may designate in a durable power of attorney two or more persons to act as co-agents. Unless the durable power of attorney otherwise provides, each co-agent may exercise authority independently of the other co-agent.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 834 (H.B. 1974), Sec. 3, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scA/s751.022">
<num value="751.022">Sec. 751.022.</num>
<heading>ACCEPTANCE OF APPOINTMENT AS AGENT</heading>
<content>Except as otherwise provided in the durable power of attorney, a person accepts appointment as an agent under a durable power of attorney by exercising authority or performing duties as an agent or by any other assertion or conduct indicating acceptance of the appointment.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 834 (H.B. 1974), Sec. 3, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scA/s751.023">
<num value="751.023">Sec. 751.023.</num>
<heading>SUCCESSOR AGENTS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scA/s751.023/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>A principal may designate in a durable power of attorney one or more successor agents to act if an agent resigns, dies, or becomes incapacitated, is not qualified to serve, or declines to serve.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scA/s751.023/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A principal may grant authority to designate one or more successor agents to an agent or other person designated by name, office, or function.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scA/s751.023/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<chapeau>Unless the durable power of attorney otherwise provides, a successor agent:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scA/s751.023/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>has the same authority as the authority granted to the predecessor agent; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scA/s751.023/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>is not considered an agent under this subtitle and may not act until all predecessor agents, including co-agents, to the successor agent have resigned, died, or become incapacitated, are not qualified to serve, or have declined to serve.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 834 (H.B. 1974), Sec. 3, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scA/s751.024">
<num value="751.024">Sec. 751.024.</num>
<heading>REIMBURSEMENT AND COMPENSATION OF AGENT</heading>
<chapeau>Unless the durable power of attorney otherwise provides, an agent is entitled to:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scA/s751.024/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>reimbursement of reasonable expenses incurred on the principal's behalf; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scA/s751.024/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>compensation that is reasonable under the circumstances.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 834 (H.B. 1974), Sec. 3, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scA/s170873.166290">
<num value="170873.166290">Sec. 170873.166290.</num>
<heading></heading>
<content>SUBCHAPTER A-2. AUTHORITY OF AGENT UNDER DURABLE POWER OF ATTORNEY</content>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scA/s751.031">
<num value="751.031">Sec. 751.031.</num>
<heading>GRANTS OF AUTHORITY IN GENERAL AND CERTAIN LIMITATIONS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scA/s751.031/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>Subject to Subsections (b), (c), and (d) and Section 751.032, if a durable power of attorney grants to an agent the authority to perform all acts that the principal could perform, the agent has the general authority conferred by Subchapter C, Chapter 752.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scA/s751.031/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>An agent may take the following actions on the principal's behalf or with respect to the principal's property only if the durable power of attorney designating the agent expressly grants the agent the authority and the exercise of the authority is not otherwise prohibited by another agreement or instrument to which the authority or property is subject:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scA/s751.031/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>create, amend, revoke, or terminate an inter vivos trust;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scA/s751.031/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>make a gift;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scA/s751.031/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>create or change rights of survivorship;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scA/s751.031/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>create or change a beneficiary designation; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scA/s751.031/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>delegate authority granted under the power of attorney.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scA/s751.031/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>Notwithstanding a grant of authority to perform an act described by Subsection (b), unless the durable power of attorney otherwise provides, an agent who is not an ancestor, spouse, or descendant of the principal may not exercise authority under the power of attorney to create in the agent, or in an individual to whom the agent owes a legal obligation of support, an interest in the principal's property, whether by gift, right of survivorship, beneficiary designation, disclaimer, or otherwise.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scA/s751.031/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>Subject to Subsections (b) and (c) and Section 751.032, if the subjects over which authority is granted in a durable power of attorney are similar or overlap, the broadest authority controls.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scA/s751.031/e">
<num value="e">(e)</num>
<chapeau>Authority granted in a durable power of attorney is exercisable with respect to property that the principal has when the power of attorney is executed or acquires later, regardless of whether:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scA/s751.031/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the property is located in this state; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scA/s751.031/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the authority is exercised in this state or the power of attorney is executed in this state.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 834 (H.B. 1974), Sec. 3, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scA/s751.032">
<num value="751.032">Sec. 751.032.</num>
<heading>GIFT AUTHORITY</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scA/s751.032/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>In this section, a gift for the benefit of a person includes a gift to:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scA/s751.032/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>a trust;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scA/s751.032/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>an account under the Texas Uniform Transfers to Minors Act (Chapter 141, Property Code) or a similar law of another state; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scA/s751.032/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>a qualified tuition program of any state that meets the requirements of Section 529, Internal Revenue Code of 1986.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scA/s751.032/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>Unless the durable power of attorney otherwise provides, a grant of authority to make a gift is subject to the limitations prescribed by this section.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scA/s751.032/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<chapeau>Language in a durable power of attorney granting general authority with respect to gifts authorizes the agent to only:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scA/s751.032/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<chapeau>make outright to, or for the benefit of, a person a gift of any of the principal's property, including by the exercise of a presently exercisable general power of appointment held by the principal, in an amount per donee not to exceed:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scA/s751.032/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>the annual dollar limits of the federal gift tax exclusion under Section 2503(b), Internal Revenue Code of 1986, regardless of whether the federal gift tax exclusion applies to the gift; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scA/s751.032/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>if the principal's spouse agrees to consent to a split gift as provided by Section 2513, Internal Revenue Code of 1986, twice the annual federal gift tax exclusion limit; and</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scA/s751.032/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>consent, as provided by Section 2513, Internal Revenue Code of 1986, to the splitting of a gift made by the principal's spouse in an amount per donee not to exceed the aggregate annual federal gift tax exclusions for both spouses.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scA/s751.032/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>An agent may make a gift of the principal's property only as the agent determines is consistent with the principal's objectives if the agent actually knows those objectives. If the agent does not know the principal's objectives, the agent may make a gift of the principal's property only as the agent determines is consistent with the principal's best interest based on all relevant factors, including the factors listed in Section 751.122 and the principal's personal history of making or joining in making gifts.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 834 (H.B. 1974), Sec. 3, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scA/s751.033">
<num value="751.033">Sec. 751.033.</num>
<heading>AUTHORITY TO CREATE OR CHANGE CERTAIN BENEFICIARY DESIGNATIONS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scA/s751.033/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>Unless the durable power of attorney otherwise provides, and except as provided by Section 751.031(c), authority granted to an agent under Section 751.031(b)(4) empowers the agent to:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scA/s751.033/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>create or change a beneficiary designation under an account, contract, or another arrangement that authorizes the principal to designate a beneficiary, including an insurance or annuity contract, a qualified or nonqualified retirement plan, including a retirement plan as defined by Section 752.113, an employment agreement, including a deferred compensation agreement, and a residency agreement;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scA/s751.033/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>enter into or change a P.O.D. account or trust account under Chapter 113; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scA/s751.033/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>create or change a nontestamentary payment or transfer under Chapter 111.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scA/s751.033/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>If an agent is granted authority under Section 751.031(b)(4) and the durable power of attorney grants the authority to the agent described in Section 752.108 or 752.113, then, unless the power of attorney otherwise provides, the authority of the agent to designate the agent as a beneficiary is not subject to the limitations prescribed by Sections 752.108(b) and 752.113(c).</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scA/s751.033/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>If an agent is not granted authority under Section 751.031(b)(4) but the durable power of attorney grants the authority to the agent described in Section 752.108 or 752.113, then, unless the power of attorney otherwise provides and notwithstanding Section 751.031, the agent's authority to designate the agent as a beneficiary is subject to the limitations prescribed by Sections 752.108(b) and 752.113(c).</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 834 (H.B. 1974), Sec. 3, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scA/s751.034">
<num value="751.034">Sec. 751.034.</num>
<heading>INCORPORATION OF AUTHORITY</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scA/s751.034/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>An agent has authority described in this chapter if the durable power of attorney refers to general authority with respect to the descriptive term for the subjects stated in Chapter 752 or cites the section in which the authority is described.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scA/s751.034/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A reference in a durable power of attorney to general authority with respect to the descriptive term for a subject in Chapter 752 or a citation to one of those sections incorporates the entire section as if the section were set out in its entirety in the power of attorney.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scA/s751.034/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>A principal may modify authority incorporated by reference.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 834 (H.B. 1974), Sec. 3, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scB">
<num value="B">SUBCHAPTER B.</num>
<heading>EFFECT OF CERTAIN ACTS ON EXERCISE OF DURABLE POWER OF ATTORNEY</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scB/s751.051">
<num value="751.051">Sec. 751.051.</num>
<heading>EFFECT OF ACTS PERFORMED BY AGENT</heading>
<content>An act performed by an agent under a durable power of attorney has the same effect and inures to the benefit of and binds the principal and the principal's successors in interest as if the principal had performed the act.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.01, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 834 (H.B. 1974), Sec. 4, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scB/s751.054">
<num value="751.054">Sec. 751.054.</num>
<heading>KNOWLEDGE OF TERMINATION OF POWER; GOOD-FAITH ACTS</heading>
<sourceCredit>Without reference to the amendment of this subsection, this section was repealed by Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 834 (H.B. 1974), Sec. 15(3), eff. September 1, 2017.
(a) The revocation by, the death of, or the qualification of a temporary or permanent guardian of the estate of a principal who has executed a durable power of attorney or the removal of an attorney in fact or agent under Chapter 753 does not revoke, suspend, or terminate the agency as to the attorney in fact, agent, or other person who acts in good faith under or in reliance on the power without actual knowledge of the termination or suspension, as applicable, of the power by:
(1) the revocation;
(2) the principal's death;
(3) the qualification of a temporary or permanent guardian of the estate of the principal; or
(4) the attorney in fact's or agent's removal.
Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.01, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 514 (S.B. 39), Sec. 3, eff. September 1, 2017.
Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 834 (H.B. 1974), Sec. 15(3), eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scB/s751.055">
<num value="751.055">Sec. 751.055.</num>
<heading>AFFIDAVIT REGARDING LACK OF KNOWLEDGE OF TERMINATION OF POWER OR OF DISABILITY OR INCAPACITY; GOOD-FAITH RELIANCE</heading>
<sourceCredit>Without reference to the amendment of this subsection, this section was repealed by Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 834 (H.B. 1974), Sec. 15(4), eff. September 1, 2017.
(a) As to an act undertaken in good-faith reliance on a durable power of attorney, an affidavit executed by the attorney in fact or agent under the durable power of attorney stating that the attorney in fact or agent did not have, at the time the power was exercised, actual knowledge of the termination or suspension of the power, as applicable, by revocation, the principal's death, the principal's divorce or the annulment of the principal's marriage if the attorney in fact or agent was the principal's spouse, the qualification of a temporary or permanent guardian of the estate of the principal, or the attorney in fact's or agent's removal, is conclusive proof as between the attorney in fact or agent and a person other than the principal or the principal's personal representative dealing with the attorney in fact or agent of the nonrevocation, nonsuspension, or nontermination of the power at that time.
Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.01, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 514 (S.B. 39), Sec. 4, eff. September 1, 2017.
Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 834 (H.B. 1974), Sec. 15(4), eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scB/s751.057">
<num value="751.057">Sec. 751.057.</num>
<heading>EFFECT OF BANKRUPTCY PROCEEDING</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scB/s751.057/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>The filing of a voluntary or involuntary petition in bankruptcy in connection with the debts of a principal who has executed a durable power of attorney does not revoke or terminate the agency as to the principal's agent.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scB/s751.057/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>Any act the agent may undertake with respect to the principal's property is subject to the limitations and requirements of the United States Bankruptcy Code (11 U.S.C. Section 101 et seq.) until a final determination is made in the bankruptcy proceeding.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.01, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 834 (H.B. 1974), Sec. 4, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scC">
<num value="C">SUBCHAPTER C.</num>
<heading>DUTY TO INFORM AND ACCOUNT</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scC/s751.101">
<num value="751.101">Sec. 751.101.</num>
<heading>FIDUCIARY DUTIES</heading>
<content>A person who accepts appointment as an agent under a durable power of attorney as provided by Section 751.022 is a fiduciary as to the principal only when acting as an agent under the power of attorney and has a duty to inform and to account for actions taken under the power of attorney.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.01, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 834 (H.B. 1974), Sec. 4, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scC/s751.102">
<num value="751.102">Sec. 751.102.</num>
<heading>DUTY TO TIMELY INFORM PRINCIPAL</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scC/s751.102/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>The agent shall timely inform the principal of each action taken under a durable power of attorney.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scC/s751.102/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>Failure of an agent to timely inform, as to third parties, does not invalidate any action of the agent.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.01, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 834 (H.B. 1974), Sec. 4, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scC/s751.103">
<num value="751.103">Sec. 751.103.</num>
<heading>MAINTENANCE OF RECORDS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scC/s751.103/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>The agent shall maintain records of each action taken or decision made by the agent.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scC/s751.103/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The agent shall maintain all records until delivered to the principal, released by the principal, or discharged by a court.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.01, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 834 (H.B. 1974), Sec. 4, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scC/s751.104">
<num value="751.104">Sec. 751.104.</num>
<heading>ACCOUNTING</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scC/s751.104/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>The principal may demand an accounting by the agent.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scC/s751.104/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>Unless otherwise directed by the principal, an accounting under Subsection (a) must include:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scC/s751.104/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the property belonging to the principal that has come to the agent's knowledge or into the agent's possession;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scC/s751.104/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>each action taken or decision made by the agent;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scC/s751.104/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>a complete account of receipts, disbursements, and other actions of the agent that includes the source and nature of each receipt, disbursement, or action, with receipts of principal and income shown separately;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scC/s751.104/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<chapeau>a listing of all property over which the agent has exercised control that includes:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scC/s751.104/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>an adequate description of each asset; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scC/s751.104/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>the asset's current value, if the value is known to the agent;</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scC/s751.104/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>the cash balance on hand and the name and location of the depository at which the cash balance is kept;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scC/s751.104/6">
<num value="6">(6)</num>
<content>each known liability; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scC/s751.104/7">
<num value="7">(7)</num>
<content>any other information and facts known to the agent as necessary for a full and definite understanding of the exact condition of the property belonging to the principal.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scC/s751.104/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>Unless directed otherwise by the principal, the agent shall also provide to the principal all documentation regarding the principal's property.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.01, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 834 (H.B. 1974), Sec. 4, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scC/s751.105">
<num value="751.105">Sec. 751.105.</num>
<heading>EFFECT OF FAILURE TO COMPLY; SUIT</heading>
<chapeau>If the agent fails or refuses to inform the principal, provide documentation, or deliver an accounting under Section 751.104 within 60 days of a demand under that section, or a longer or shorter period as demanded by the principal or ordered by a court, the principal may file suit to:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scC/s751.105/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>compel the agent to deliver the accounting or the assets; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scC/s751.105/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>terminate the durable power of attorney.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.01, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 834 (H.B. 1974), Sec. 4, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scC/s751.106">
<num value="751.106">Sec. 751.106.</num>
<heading>EFFECT OF SUBCHAPTER ON PRINCIPAL'S RIGHTS</heading>
<content>This subchapter does not limit the right of the principal to terminate the durable power of attorney or to make additional requirements of or to give additional instructions to the agent.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.01, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 834 (H.B. 1974), Sec. 4, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scC/s170878.166291">
<num value="170878.166291">Sec. 170878.166291.</num>
<heading></heading>
<content>SUBCHAPTER C-1. OTHER DUTIES OF AGENT</content>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scC/s751.121">
<num value="751.121">Sec. 751.121.</num>
<heading>DUTY TO NOTIFY OF BREACH OF FIDUCIARY DUTY BY OTHER AGENT</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scC/s751.121/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>An agent who has actual knowledge of a breach or imminent breach of fiduciary duty by another agent shall notify the principal and, if the principal is incapacitated, take any action reasonably appropriate under the circumstances to safeguard the principal's best interest. An agent who fails to notify the principal or take action as required by this subsection is liable for the reasonably foreseeable damages that could have been avoided if the agent had notified the principal or taken the action.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scC/s751.121/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>Except as otherwise provided by Subsection (a) or the durable power of attorney, an agent who does not participate in or conceal a breach of fiduciary duty committed by another agent, including a predecessor agent, is not liable for the actions of the other agent.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 834 (H.B. 1974), Sec. 5, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scC/s751.122">
<num value="751.122">Sec. 751.122.</num>
<heading>DUTY TO PRESERVE PRINCIPAL'S ESTATE PLAN</heading>
<chapeau>An agent shall preserve to the extent reasonably possible the principal's estate plan to the extent the agent has actual knowledge of the plan if preserving the plan is consistent with the principal's best interest based on all relevant factors, including:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scC/s751.122/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the value and nature of the principal's property;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scC/s751.122/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the principal's foreseeable obligations and need for maintenance;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scC/s751.122/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>minimization of taxes, including income, estate, inheritance, generation-skipping transfer, and gift taxes; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scC/s751.122/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>eligibility for a benefit, a program, or assistance under a statute or regulation.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 834 (H.B. 1974), Sec. 5, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scC/s170881.166292">
<num value="170881.166292">Sec. 170881.166292.</num>
<heading></heading>
<content>SUBCHAPTER C-2. DURATION OF DURABLE POWER OF ATTORNEY AND AGENT'S AUTHORITY</content>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scC/s751.131">
<num value="751.131">Sec. 751.131.</num>
<heading>TERMINATION OF DURABLE POWER OF ATTORNEY</heading>
<chapeau>A durable power of attorney terminates when:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scC/s751.131/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the principal dies;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scC/s751.131/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the principal revokes the power of attorney;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scC/s751.131/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the power of attorney provides that it terminates;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scC/s751.131/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>the purpose of the power of attorney is accomplished;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scC/s751.131/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>one of the circumstances with respect to an agent described by Section 751.132(a)(1), (2), or (3) arises and the power of attorney does not provide for another agent to act under the power of attorney; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scC/s751.131/6">
<num value="6">(6)</num>
<content>a permanent guardian of the estate of the principal has qualified to serve in that capacity as provided by Section 751.133.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 834 (H.B. 1974), Sec. 5, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scC/s751.132">
<num value="751.132">Sec. 751.132.</num>
<heading>TERMINATION OF AGENT'S AUTHORITY</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scC/s751.132/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>An agent's authority under a durable power of attorney terminates when:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scC/s751.132/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the principal revokes the authority;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scC/s751.132/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the agent dies, becomes incapacitated, is no longer qualified, or resigns;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scC/s751.132/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the agent's marriage to the principal is dissolved by court decree of divorce or annulment or is declared void by a court, unless the power of attorney otherwise provides; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scC/s751.132/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>the power of attorney terminates.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scC/s751.132/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>Unless the durable power of attorney otherwise provides, an agent's authority may be exercised until the agent's authority terminates under Subsection (a), notwithstanding a lapse of time since the execution of the power of attorney.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 834 (H.B. 1974), Sec. 5, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scC/s751.133">
<num value="751.133">Sec. 751.133.</num>
<heading>RELATION OF AGENT TO COURT-APPOINTED GUARDIAN OF ESTATE</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scC/s751.133/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>If, after execution of a durable power of attorney, a court appoints a:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scC/s751.133/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>permanent guardian of the estate for a ward who is the principal who executed the power of attorney, on the qualification of the guardian the powers and authority granted to the agent named in the power of attorney are automatically revoked unless the court enters an order that the powers of the agent be suspended during the pendency of the guardianship of the estate; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scC/s751.133/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<chapeau>temporary guardian of the estate for a ward who is the principal who executed the power of attorney, on the qualification of the guardian the powers and authority granted to the agent named in the power of attorney are automatically suspended for the duration of the guardianship unless the court enters an order that:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scC/s751.133/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>affirms and states the effectiveness of the power of attorney; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scC/s751.133/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>confirms the validity of the appointment of the named agent.</content>
<continuation>(a-1) If the powers and authority of an agent are revoked as provided by Subsection (a), the agent shall:</continuation>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scC/s751.133/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>deliver to the guardian of the estate all assets of the ward's estate that are in the possession of the agent; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scC/s751.133/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>account to the guardian of the estate as the agent would account to the principal if the principal had terminated the powers of the agent.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scC/s751.133/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>Repealed by Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 210 (S.B. 1650), Sec. 8(2), eff. September 1, 2023.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.01, eff. January 1, 2014.
Transferred, redesignated and amended from Estates Code, Section 751.052 by Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 834 (H.B. 1974), Sec. 6, eff. September 1, 2017.
Amended by:
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 210 (S.B. 1650), Sec. 3, eff. September 1, 2023.
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 210 (S.B. 1650), Sec. 8(2), eff. September 1, 2023.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scC/s751.134">
<num value="751.134">Sec. 751.134.</num>
<heading>EFFECT ON CERTAIN PERSONS OF TERMINATION OF DURABLE POWER OF ATTORNEY OR AGENT'S AUTHORITY</heading>
<content>Termination of an agent's authority or of a durable power of attorney is not effective as to the agent or another person who, without actual knowledge of the termination, acts in good faith under or in reliance on the power of attorney. An act performed as described by this section, unless otherwise invalid or unenforceable, binds the principal and the principal's successors in interest.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 834 (H.B. 1974), Sec. 5, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scC/s751.135">
<num value="751.135">Sec. 751.135.</num>
<heading>PREVIOUS DURABLE POWER OF ATTORNEY CONTINUES IN EFFECT UNTIL REVOKED</heading>
<content>The execution of a durable power of attorney does not revoke a durable power of attorney previously executed by the principal unless the subsequent power of attorney provides that the previous power of attorney is revoked or that all other durable powers of attorney are revoked.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 834 (H.B. 1974), Sec. 5, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scD">
<num value="D">SUBCHAPTER D.</num>
<heading>RECORDING DURABLE POWER OF ATTORNEY FOR CERTAIN REAL PROPERTY TRANSACTIONS</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scD/s751.151">
<num value="751.151">Sec. 751.151.</num>
<heading>RECORDING FOR REAL PROPERTY TRANSACTIONS REQUIRING EXECUTION AND DELIVERY OF INSTRUMENTS</heading>
<content>A durable power of attorney for a real property transaction requiring the execution and delivery of an instrument that is to be recorded, including a release, assignment, satisfaction, mortgage, including a reverse mortgage, security agreement, deed of trust, encumbrance, deed of conveyance, oil, gas, or other mineral lease, memorandum of a lease, lien, including a home equity lien, or other claim or right to real property, must be recorded in the office of the county clerk of the county in which the property is located not later than the 30th day after the date the instrument is filed for recording.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.01, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 808 (H.B. 3316), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2015.
Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 834 (H.B. 1974), Sec. 7, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scE">
<num value="E">SUBCHAPTER E.</num>
<heading>ACCEPTANCE OF AND RELIANCE ON DURABLE POWER OF ATTORNEY</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scE/s751.201">
<num value="751.201">Sec. 751.201.</num>
<heading>ACCEPTANCE OF DURABLE POWER OF ATTORNEY REQUIRED; EXCEPTIONS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scE/s751.201/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>Unless one or more grounds for refusal under Section 751.206 exist, a person who is presented with and asked to accept a durable power of attorney by an agent with authority to act under the power of attorney shall:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scE/s751.201/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>accept the power of attorney; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scE/s751.201/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<chapeau>before accepting the power of attorney:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scE/s751.201/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>request an agent's certification under Section 751.203 or an opinion of counsel under Section 751.204 not later than the 10th business day after the date the power of attorney is presented, except as provided by Subsection (c); or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scE/s751.201/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>if applicable, request an English translation under Section 751.205 not later than the fifth business day after the date the power of attorney is presented, except as provided by Subsection (c).</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scE/s751.201/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>Unless one or more grounds for refusal under Section 751.206 exist and except as provided by Subsection (c), a person who requests:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scE/s751.201/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>an agent's certification must accept the durable power of attorney not later than the seventh business day after the date the person receives the requested certification; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scE/s751.201/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>an opinion of counsel must accept the durable power of attorney not later than the seventh business day after the date the person receives the requested opinion.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scE/s751.201/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>An agent presenting a durable power of attorney for acceptance and the person to whom the power of attorney is presented may agree to extend a period prescribed by Subsection (a) or (b).</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scE/s751.201/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>If an English translation of a durable power of attorney is requested as authorized by Subsection (a)(2)(B), the power of attorney is not considered presented for acceptance under Subsection (a) until the date the requestor receives the translation. On and after that date, the power of attorney shall be treated as a power of attorney originally prepared in English for all the purposes of this subchapter.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scE/s751.201/e">
<num value="e">(e)</num>
<content>A person is not required to accept a durable power of attorney under this section if the agent refuses to or does not provide a requested certification, opinion of counsel, or English translation under this subchapter.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 834 (H.B. 1974), Sec. 8, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scE/s751.202">
<num value="751.202">Sec. 751.202.</num>
<heading>OTHER FORM OR RECORDING OF DURABLE POWER OF ATTORNEY AS CONDITION OF ACCEPTANCE PROHIBITED</heading>
<chapeau>A person who is asked to accept a durable power of attorney under Section 751.201 may not require that:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scE/s751.202/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>an additional or different form of the power of attorney be presented for authority that is granted in the power of attorney presented to the person; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scE/s751.202/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the power of attorney be recorded in the office of a county clerk unless the recording of the instrument is required by Section 751.151 or another law of this state.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 834 (H.B. 1974), Sec. 8, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scE/s751.203">
<num value="751.203">Sec. 751.203.</num>
<heading>AGENT'S CERTIFICATION</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scE/s751.203/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>Before accepting a durable power of attorney under Section 751.201, the person to whom the power of attorney is presented may request that the agent presenting the power of attorney provide to the person an agent's certification, under penalty of perjury, of any factual matter concerning the principal, agent, or power of attorney. If under its terms the power of attorney becomes effective on the disability or incapacity of the principal, the person to whom the power of attorney is presented may request that the certification include a written statement from a physician attending the principal that states that the principal is presently disabled or incapacitated.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scE/s751.203/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A certification described by Subsection (a) may be in the following form:</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>CERTIFICATION OF DURABLE POWER OF ATTORNEY BY AGENT
I, ___________ (agent), certify under penalty of perjury that:
1. I am the agent named in the power of attorney validly executed by ___________ (principal) ("principal") on ____________ (date), and the power of attorney is now in full force and effect.
2. The principal is not deceased and is presently domiciled in ___________ (city and state/territory or foreign country).
3. To the best of my knowledge after diligent search and inquiry:
a. The power of attorney has not been revoked by the principal or suspended or terminated by the occurrence of any event, whether or not referenced in the power of attorney;
b. At the time the power of attorney was executed, the principal was mentally competent to transact legal matters and was not acting under the undue influence of any other person;
c. A permanent guardian of the estate of the principal has not qualified to serve in that capacity;
d. My powers under the power of attorney have not been suspended by a court in a temporary guardianship or other proceeding;
e. If I am (or was) the principal's spouse, my marriage to the principal has not been dissolved by court decree of divorce or annulment or declared void by a court, or the power of attorney provides specifically that my appointment as the agent for the principal does not terminate if my marriage to the principal has been dissolved by court decree of divorce or annulment or declared void by a court;
f. No proceeding has been commenced for a temporary or permanent guardianship of the person or estate, or both, of the principal; and
g. The exercise of my authority is not prohibited by another agreement or instrument.
4. If under its terms the power of attorney becomes effective on the disability or incapacity of the principal or at a future time or on the occurrence of a contingency, the principal now has a disability or is incapacitated or the specified future time or contingency has occurred.
5. I am acting within the scope of my authority under the power of attorney, and my authority has not been altered or terminated.
6. If applicable, I am the successor to ___________ (predecessor agent), who has resigned, died, or become incapacitated, is not qualified to serve or has declined to serve as agent, or is otherwise unable to act. There are no unsatisfied conditions remaining under the power of attorney that preclude my acting as successor agent.
7. I agree not to:
a. Exercise any powers granted by the power of attorney if I attain knowledge that the power of attorney has been revoked, suspended, or terminated; or
b. Exercise any specific powers that have been revoked, suspended, or terminated.
8. A true and correct copy of the power of attorney is attached to this document.
9. If used in connection with an extension of credit under Section 50(a)(6), Article XVI, Texas Constitution, the power of attorney was executed in the office of the lender, the office of a title company, or the law office of ____________________.
Date: __________, 20__.
__________________________________ (signature of agent)
(c) A certification made in compliance with this section is conclusive proof of the factual matter that is the subject of the certification.
Added by Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 834 (H.B. 1974), Sec. 8, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scE/s751.204">
<num value="751.204">Sec. 751.204.</num>
<heading>OPINION OF COUNSEL</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scE/s751.204/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>Before accepting a durable power of attorney under Section 751.201, the person to whom the power of attorney is presented may request from the agent presenting the power of attorney an opinion of counsel regarding any matter of law concerning the power of attorney so long as the person provides to the agent the reason for the request in a writing or other record.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scE/s751.204/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>Except as otherwise provided in an agreement to extend the request period under Section 751.201(c), an opinion of counsel requested under this section must be provided by the principal or agent, at the principal's expense. If, without an extension, the requestor requests the opinion later than the 10th business day after the date the durable power of attorney is presented to the requestor, the principal or agent may, but is not required to, provide the opinion, at the requestor's expense.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 834 (H.B. 1974), Sec. 8, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scE/s751.205">
<num value="751.205">Sec. 751.205.</num>
<heading>ENGLISH TRANSLATION</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scE/s751.205/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>Before accepting a durable power of attorney under Section 751.201 that contains, wholly or partly, language other than English, the person to whom the power of attorney is presented may request from the agent presenting the power of attorney an English translation of the power of attorney.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scE/s751.205/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>Except as otherwise provided in an agreement to extend the request period under Section 751.201(c), an English translation requested under this section must be provided by the principal or agent, at the principal's expense. If, without an extension, the requestor requests the translation later than the fifth business day after the date the durable power of attorney is presented to the requestor, the principal or agent may, but is not required to, provide the translation, at the requestor's expense.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 834 (H.B. 1974), Sec. 8, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scE/s751.206">
<num value="751.206">Sec. 751.206.</num>
<heading>GROUNDS FOR REFUSING ACCEPTANCE</heading>
<chapeau>A person is not required to accept a durable power of attorney under this subchapter if:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scE/s751.206/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<chapeau>the person would not otherwise be required to engage in a transaction with the principal under the same circumstances, including a circumstance in which the agent seeks to:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scE/s751.206/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>establish a customer relationship with the person under the power of attorney when the principal is not already a customer of the person or expand an existing customer relationship with the person under the power of attorney; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scE/s751.206/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>acquire a product or service under the power of attorney that the person does not offer;</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scE/s751.206/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<chapeau>the person's engaging in the transaction with the agent or with the principal under the same circumstances would be inconsistent with:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scE/s751.206/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>another law of this state or a federal statute, rule, or regulation;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scE/s751.206/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>a request from a law enforcement agency; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scE/s751.206/C">
<num value="C">(C)</num>
<content>a policy adopted by the person in good faith that is necessary to comply with another law of this state or a federal statute, rule, regulation, regulatory directive, guidance, or executive order applicable to the person;</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scE/s751.206/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<chapeau>the person would not engage in a similar transaction with the agent because the person or an affiliate of the person:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scE/s751.206/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>has filed a suspicious activity report as described by 31 U.S.C. Section 5318(g) with respect to the principal or agent;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scE/s751.206/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>believes in good faith that the principal or agent has a prior criminal history involving financial crimes; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scE/s751.206/C">
<num value="C">(C)</num>
<content>has had a previous, unsatisfactory business relationship with the agent due to or resulting in:</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scE/s751.206/i">
<num value="i">(i)</num>
<chapeau>material loss to the person;</chapeau>
<clause identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scE/s751.206/ii">
<num value="ii">(ii)</num>
<content>financial mismanagement by the agent;</content>
</clause>
<clause identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scE/s751.206/iii">
<num value="iii">(iii)</num>
<content>litigation between the person and the agent alleging substantial damages; or</content>
</clause>
<clause identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scE/s751.206/iv">
<num value="iv">(iv)</num>
<content>multiple nuisance lawsuits filed by the agent;</content>
</clause>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scE/s751.206/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>the person has actual knowledge of the termination of the agent's authority or of the power of attorney before an agent's exercise of authority under the power of attorney;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scE/s751.206/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>the agent refuses to comply with a request for a certification, opinion of counsel, or translation under Section 751.201 or, if the agent complies with one or more of those requests, the requestor in good faith is unable to determine the validity of the power of attorney or the agent's authority to act under the power of attorney because the certification, opinion, or translation is incorrect, incomplete, unclear, limited, qualified, or otherwise deficient in a manner that makes the certification, opinion, or translation ineffective for its intended purpose, as determined in good faith by the requestor;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scE/s751.206/6">
<num value="6">(6)</num>
<chapeau>regardless of whether an agent's certification, opinion of counsel, or translation has been requested or received by the person under this subchapter, the person believes in good faith that:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scE/s751.206/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>the power of attorney is not valid;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scE/s751.206/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>the agent does not have the authority to act as attempted; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scE/s751.206/C">
<num value="C">(C)</num>
<content>the performance of the requested act would violate the terms of:</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scE/s751.206/i">
<num value="i">(i)</num>
<chapeau>a business entity's governing documents; or</chapeau>
<clause identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scE/s751.206/ii">
<num value="ii">(ii)</num>
<content>an agreement affecting a business entity, including how the entity's business is conducted;</content>
</clause>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scE/s751.206/7">
<num value="7">(7)</num>
<content>the person commenced, or has actual knowledge that another person commenced, a judicial proceeding to construe the power of attorney or review the agent's conduct and that proceeding is pending;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scE/s751.206/8">
<num value="8">(8)</num>
<chapeau>the person commenced, or has actual knowledge that another person commenced, a judicial proceeding for which a final determination was made that found:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scE/s751.206/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>the power of attorney invalid with respect to a purpose for which the power of attorney is being presented for acceptance; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scE/s751.206/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>the agent lacked the authority to act in the same manner in which the agent is attempting to act under the power of attorney;</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scE/s751.206/9">
<num value="9">(9)</num>
<content>the person makes, has made, or has actual knowledge that another person has made a report to a law enforcement agency or other federal or state agency, including the Department of Family and Protective Services, stating a good faith belief that the principal may be subject to physical or financial abuse, neglect, exploitation, or abandonment by the agent or a person acting with or on behalf of the agent;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scE/s751.206/10">
<num value="10">(10)</num>
<content>the person receives conflicting instructions or communications with regard to a matter from co-agents acting under the same power of attorney or from agents acting under different powers of attorney signed by the same principal or another adult acting for the principal as authorized by Section 751.0021, provided that the person may refuse to accept the power of attorney only with respect to that matter; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scE/s751.206/11">
<num value="11">(11)</num>
<content>the person is not required to accept the durable power of attorney by the law of the jurisdiction that applies in determining the power of attorney's meaning and effect, or the powers conferred under the durable power of attorney that the agent is attempting to exercise are not included within the scope of activities to which the law of that jurisdiction applies.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 834 (H.B. 1974), Sec. 8, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scE/s751.207">
<num value="751.207">Sec. 751.207.</num>
<heading>WRITTEN STATEMENT OF REFUSAL OF ACCEPTANCE REQUIRED</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scE/s751.207/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>Except as provided by Subsection (b), a person who refuses to accept a durable power of attorney under this subchapter shall provide to the agent presenting the power of attorney for acceptance a written statement advising the agent of the reason or reasons the person is refusing to accept the power of attorney.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scE/s751.207/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>If the reason a person is refusing to accept a durable power of attorney is a reason described by Section 751.206(2) or (3):</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scE/s751.207/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the person shall provide to the agent presenting the power of attorney for acceptance a written statement signed by the person under penalty of perjury stating that the reason for the refusal is a reason described by Section 751.206(2) or (3); and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scE/s751.207/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the person refusing to accept the power of attorney is not required to provide any additional explanation for refusing to accept the power of attorney.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scE/s751.207/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>The person must provide to the agent the written statement required under Subsection (a) or (b) on or before the date the person would otherwise be required to accept the durable power of attorney under Section 751.201.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 834 (H.B. 1974), Sec. 8, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scE/s751.208">
<num value="751.208">Sec. 751.208.</num>
<heading>DATE OF ACCEPTANCE</heading>
<content>A durable power of attorney is considered accepted by a person under Section 751.201 on the first day the person agrees to act at the agent's direction under the power of attorney.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 834 (H.B. 1974), Sec. 8, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scE/s751.209">
<num value="751.209">Sec. 751.209.</num>
<heading>GOOD FAITH RELIANCE ON DURABLE POWER OF ATTORNEY</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scE/s751.209/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>A person who in good faith accepts a durable power of attorney without actual knowledge that the signature of the principal or of another adult directed by the principal to sign the principal's name as authorized by Section 751.0021 is not genuine may rely on the presumption under Section 751.0022 that the signature is genuine and that the power of attorney was properly executed.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scE/s751.209/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>A person who in good faith accepts a durable power of attorney without actual knowledge that the power of attorney is void, invalid, or terminated, that the purported agent's authority is void, invalid, or terminated, or that the agent is exceeding or improperly exercising the agent's authority may rely on the power of attorney as if:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scE/s751.209/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the power of attorney were genuine, valid, and still in effect;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scE/s751.209/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the agent's authority were genuine, valid, and still in effect; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scE/s751.209/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the agent had not exceeded and had properly exercised the authority.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 834 (H.B. 1974), Sec. 8, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scE/s751.210">
<num value="751.210">Sec. 751.210.</num>
<heading>RELIANCE ON CERTAIN REQUESTED INFORMATION</heading>
<content>A person may rely on, without further investigation or liability to another person, an agent's certification, opinion of counsel, or English translation that is provided to the person under this subchapter.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 834 (H.B. 1974), Sec. 8, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scE/s751.211">
<num value="751.211">Sec. 751.211.</num>
<heading>ACTUAL KNOWLEDGE OF PERSON WHEN TRANSACTIONS CONDUCTED THROUGH EMPLOYEES</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scE/s751.211/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>This section applies to a person who conducts a transaction or activity through an employee of the person.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scE/s751.211/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>For purposes of this chapter, a person is not considered to have actual knowledge of a fact relating to a durable power of attorney, principal, or agent if the employee conducting the transaction or activity involving the power of attorney does not have actual knowledge of the fact.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scE/s751.211/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>For purposes of this chapter, a person is considered to have actual knowledge of a fact relating to a durable power of attorney, principal, or agent if the employee conducting the transaction or activity involving the power of attorney has actual knowledge of the fact.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 834 (H.B. 1974), Sec. 8, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scE/s751.212">
<num value="751.212">Sec. 751.212.</num>
<heading>CAUSE OF ACTION FOR REFUSAL TO ACCEPT DURABLE POWER OF ATTORNEY</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scE/s751.212/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>The principal or an agent acting on the principal's behalf may bring an action against a person who refuses to accept a durable power of attorney in violation of this subchapter.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scE/s751.212/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>An action under Subsection (a) may not be commenced against a person until after the date the person is required to accept the durable power of attorney under Section 751.201.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scE/s751.212/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<chapeau>If the court finds that the person refused to accept the durable power of attorney in violation of this subchapter, the court, as the exclusive remedy under this chapter:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scE/s751.212/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>shall order the person to accept the power of attorney; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scE/s751.212/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>may award the plaintiff court costs and reasonable and necessary attorney's fees.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scE/s751.212/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>The court shall dismiss an action under this section that was commenced after the date a written statement described by Section 751.207(b) was provided to the agent.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scE/s751.212/e">
<num value="e">(e)</num>
<content>Notwithstanding Subsection (c), if the agent receives a written statement described by Section 751.207(b) after the date a timely action is commenced under this section, the court may not order the person to accept the durable power of attorney, but instead may award the plaintiff court costs and reasonable and necessary attorney's fees as the exclusive remedy under this chapter.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 834 (H.B. 1974), Sec. 8, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scE/s751.213">
<num value="751.213">Sec. 751.213.</num>
<heading>LIABILITY OF PRINCIPAL</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scE/s751.213/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>Subsection (b) applies to an action brought under Section 751.212 if:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scE/s751.213/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the court finds that the action was commenced after the date the written statement described by Section 751.207(b) was timely provided to the agent;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scE/s751.213/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the court expressly finds that the refusal of the person against whom the action was brought to accept the durable power of attorney was permitted under this chapter; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scE/s751.213/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>Section 751.212(e) does not apply and the court does not issue an order ordering the person to accept the power of attorney.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scE/s751.213/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>Under any of the circumstances described by Subsection (a), the principal may be liable to the person who refused to accept the durable power of attorney for court costs and reasonable and necessary attorney's fees incurred in defending the action as the exclusive remedy under this chapter.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 834 (H.B. 1974), Sec. 8, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scF">
<num value="F">SUBCHAPTER F.</num>
<heading>CIVIL REMEDIES</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scF/s751.251">
<num value="751.251">Sec. 751.251.</num>
<heading>JUDICIAL RELIEF</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scF/s751.251/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>The following may bring an action requesting a court to construe, or determine the validity or enforceability of, a durable power of attorney, or to review an agent's conduct under a durable power of attorney and grant appropriate relief:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scF/s751.251/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the principal or the agent;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scF/s751.251/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>a guardian, conservator, or other fiduciary acting for the principal;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scF/s751.251/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>a person named as a beneficiary to receive property, a benefit, or a contractual right on the principal's death;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scF/s751.251/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>a governmental agency with authority to provide protective services to the principal; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scF/s751.251/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>a person who demonstrates to the court sufficient interest in the principal's welfare or estate.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scF/s751.251/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A person who is asked to accept a durable power of attorney may bring an action requesting a court to construe, or determine the validity or enforceability of, the power of attorney.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scF/s751.251/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>On the principal's motion, the court shall dismiss an action under Subsection (a) unless the court finds that the principal lacks capacity to revoke the agent's authority or the durable power of attorney.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c751/scF/s751.251/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>In an action brought under this section, the court may award costs and reasonable and necessary attorney's fees in an amount the court considers equitable and just.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 834 (H.B. 1974), Sec. 8, eff. September 1, 2017.
Amended by:
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 210 (S.B. 1650), Sec. 4, eff. September 1, 2023.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
</chapter>
<chapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752">
<num value="752">CHAPTER 752.</num>
<heading>STATUTORY DURABLE POWER OF ATTORNEY</heading>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scA">
<num value="A">SUBCHAPTER A.</num>
<heading>GENERAL PROVISIONS REGARDING STATUTORY DURABLE POWER OF ATTORNEY</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scA/s752.001">
<num value="752.001">Sec. 752.001.</num>
<heading>USE, MEANING, AND EFFECT OF STATUTORY DURABLE POWER OF ATTORNEY</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scA/s752.001/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>An individual may use a statutory durable power of attorney to grant an agent powers with respect to an individual's property and financial matters.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scA/s752.001/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A power of attorney in substantially the form prescribed by Section 752.051 has the meaning and effect prescribed by this subtitle.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.01, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 210 (S.B. 1650), Sec. 5, eff. September 1, 2023.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scA/s752.002">
<num value="752.002">Sec. 752.002.</num>
<heading>VALIDITY NOT AFFECTED</heading>
<chapeau>A power of attorney is valid with respect to meeting the requirements for a statutory durable power of attorney regardless of the fact that:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scA/s752.002/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>one or more of the categories of optional powers listed in the form prescribed by Section 752.051 are not initialed; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scA/s752.002/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the form includes specific limitations on, or additions to, the powers of the attorney in fact or agent.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.01, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 700 (H.B. 2918), Sec. 2, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scA/s752.003">
<num value="752.003">Sec. 752.003.</num>
<heading>PRESCRIBED FORM NOT EXCLUSIVE</heading>
<content>The form prescribed by Section 752.051 is not exclusive, and other forms of power of attorney may be used.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.01, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scA/s752.004">
<num value="752.004">Sec. 752.004.</num>
<heading>LEGAL SUFFICIENCY OF STATUTORY DURABLE POWER OF ATTORNEY</heading>
<chapeau>A statutory durable power of attorney is legally sufficient under this subtitle if:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scA/s752.004/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the wording of the form complies substantially with the wording of the form prescribed by Section 752.051;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scA/s752.004/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the form is properly completed; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scA/s752.004/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the signature of the principal is acknowledged.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.01, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scB">
<num value="B">SUBCHAPTER B.</num>
<heading>FORM OF STATUTORY DURABLE POWER OF ATTORNEY</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scB/s752.051">
<num value="752.051">Sec. 752.051.</num>
<heading>FORM</heading>
<content>The following form is known as a "statutory durable power of attorney":</content>
<sourceCredit>STATUTORY DURABLE POWER OF ATTORNEY
NOTICE: THE POWERS GRANTED BY THIS DOCUMENT ARE BROAD AND SWEEPING. THEY ARE EXPLAINED IN THE DURABLE POWER OF ATTORNEY ACT, SUBTITLE P, TITLE 2, ESTATES CODE. IF YOU HAVE ANY QUESTIONS ABOUT THESE POWERS, OBTAIN COMPETENT LEGAL ADVICE. THIS DOCUMENT DOES NOT AUTHORIZE ANYONE TO MAKE MEDICAL AND OTHER HEALTH-CARE DECISIONS FOR YOU. YOU MAY REVOKE THIS POWER OF ATTORNEY IF YOU LATER WISH TO DO SO. IF YOU WANT YOUR AGENT TO HAVE THE AUTHORITY TO SIGN HOME EQUITY LOAN DOCUMENTS ON YOUR BEHALF, THIS POWER OF ATTORNEY MUST BE SIGNED BY YOU AT THE OFFICE OF THE LENDER, AN ATTORNEY AT LAW, OR A TITLE COMPANY.
You should select someone you trust to serve as your agent. Unless you specify otherwise, generally the agent's authority will continue until:
(1) you die or revoke the power of attorney;
(2) your agent resigns, is removed by court order, or is unable to act for you; or
(3) a guardian is appointed for your estate.
I, __________ (insert your name and address), appoint __________ (insert the name and address of the person appointed) as my agent to act for me in any lawful way with respect to all of the following powers that I have initialed below. (YOU MAY APPOINT CO-AGENTS. UNLESS YOU PROVIDE OTHERWISE, CO-AGENTS MAY ACT INDEPENDENTLY.)
TO GRANT ALL OF THE FOLLOWING POWERS, INITIAL THE LINE IN FRONT OF (O) AND IGNORE THE LINES IN FRONT OF THE OTHER POWERS LISTED IN (A) THROUGH (N).
TO GRANT A POWER, YOU MUST INITIAL THE LINE IN FRONT OF THE POWER YOU ARE GRANTING.
TO WITHHOLD A POWER, DO NOT INITIAL THE LINE IN FRONT OF THE POWER. YOU MAY, BUT DO NOT NEED TO, CROSS OUT EACH POWER WITHHELD.
____ (A) Real property transactions;
____ (B) Tangible personal property transactions;
____ (C) Stock and bond transactions;
____ (D) Commodity and option transactions;
____ (E) Banking and other financial institution transactions;
____ (F) Business operating transactions;
____ (G) Insurance and annuity transactions;
____ (H) Estate, trust, and other beneficiary transactions;
____ (I) Claims and litigation;
____ (J) Personal and family maintenance;
____ (K) Benefits from social security, Medicare, Medicaid, or other governmental programs or civil or military service;
____ (L) Retirement plan transactions;
____ (M) Tax matters;
____ (N) Digital assets and the content of an electronic communication;
____ (O) ALL OF THE POWERS LISTED IN (A) THROUGH (N). YOU DO NOT HAVE TO INITIAL THE LINE IN FRONT OF ANY OTHER POWER IF YOU INITIAL LINE (O).
SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS:
Special instructions applicable to agent compensation (initial in front of one of the following sentences to have it apply; if no selection is made, each agent will be entitled to compensation that is reasonable under the circumstances):
____ My agent is entitled to reimbursement of reasonable expenses incurred on my behalf and to compensation that is reasonable under the circumstances.
____ My agent is entitled to reimbursement of reasonable expenses incurred on my behalf but shall receive no compensation for serving as my agent.
Special instructions applicable to co-agents (if you have appointed co-agents to act, initial in front of one of the following sentences to have it apply; if no selection is made, each agent will be entitled to act independently):
____ Each of my co-agents may act independently for me.
____ My co-agents may act for me only if the co-agents act jointly.
____ My co-agents may act for me only if a majority of the co-agents act jointly.
Special instructions applicable to gifts (initial in front of the following sentence to have it apply):
____ I grant my agent the power to apply my property to make gifts outright to or for the benefit of a person, including by the exercise of a presently exercisable general power of appointment held by me, except that the amount of a gift to an individual may not exceed the amount of annual exclusions allowed from the federal gift tax for the calendar year of the gift.
ON THE FOLLOWING LINES YOU MAY GIVE SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS LIMITING OR EXTENDING THE POWERS GRANTED TO YOUR AGENT.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
UNLESS YOU DIRECT OTHERWISE BELOW, THIS POWER OF ATTORNEY IS EFFECTIVE IMMEDIATELY AND WILL CONTINUE UNTIL IT TERMINATES.
CHOOSE ONE OF THE FOLLOWING ALTERNATIVES BY CROSSING OUT THE ALTERNATIVE NOT CHOSEN:
(A) This power of attorney is not affected by my subsequent disability or incapacity.
(B) This power of attorney becomes effective upon my disability or incapacity.
YOU SHOULD CHOOSE ALTERNATIVE (A) IF THIS POWER OF ATTORNEY IS TO BECOME EFFECTIVE ON THE DATE IT IS EXECUTED.
IF NEITHER (A) NOR (B) IS CROSSED OUT, IT WILL BE ASSUMED THAT YOU CHOSE ALTERNATIVE (A).
If Alternative (B) is chosen and a definition of my disability or incapacity is not contained in this power of attorney, I shall be considered disabled or incapacitated for purposes of this power of attorney if a physician certifies in writing at a date later than the date this power of attorney is executed that, based on the physician's medical examination of me, I am mentally incapable of managing my financial affairs. I authorize the physician who examines me for this purpose to disclose my physical or mental condition to another person for purposes of this power of attorney. A third party who accepts this power of attorney is fully protected from any action taken under this power of attorney that is based on the determination made by a physician of my disability or incapacity.
I agree that any third party who receives a copy of this document may act under it. Termination of this durable power of attorney is not effective as to a third party until the third party has actual knowledge of the termination. I agree to indemnify the third party for any claims that arise against the third party because of reliance on this power of attorney. The meaning and effect of this durable power of attorney is determined by Texas law.
If any agent named by me dies, becomes incapacitated, resigns, refuses to act, or is removed by court order, or if my marriage to an agent named by me is dissolved by a court decree of divorce or annulment or is declared void by a court (unless I provided in this document that the dissolution or declaration does not terminate the agent's authority to act under this power of attorney), I name the following (each to act alone and successively, in the order named) as successor(s) to that agent: __________.
Signed this ______ day of __________, _____________
___________________________
(your signature)
State of _______________________
County of ______________________
This document was acknowledged before me on ____________(date) by ________________________
(name of principal)
____________________________
(signature of notarial officer)
(Seal, if any, of notary) ______________________________________
(printed name)
My commission expires: __________
IMPORTANT INFORMATION FOR AGENT
Agent's Duties
When you accept the authority granted under this power of attorney, you establish a "fiduciary" relationship with the principal. This is a special legal relationship that imposes on you legal duties that continue until you resign or the power of attorney is terminated, suspended, or revoked by the principal or by operation of law. A fiduciary duty generally includes the duty to:
(1) act in good faith;
(2) do nothing beyond the authority granted in this power of attorney;
(3) act loyally for the principal's benefit;
(4) avoid conflicts that would impair your ability to act in the principal's best interest; and
(5) disclose your identity as an agent when you act for the principal by writing or printing the name of the principal and signing your own name as "agent" in the following manner:
(Principal's Name) by (Your Signature) as Agent
In addition, the Durable Power of Attorney Act (Subtitle P, Title 2, Estates Code) requires you to:
(1) maintain records of each action taken or decision made on behalf of the principal;
(2) maintain all records until delivered to the principal, released by the principal, or discharged by a court; and
(3) if requested by the principal, provide an accounting to the principal that, unless otherwise directed by the principal or otherwise provided in the Special Instructions, must include:
(A) the property belonging to the principal that has come to your knowledge or into your possession;
(B) each action taken or decision made by you as agent;
(C) a complete account of receipts, disbursements, and other actions of you as agent that includes the source and nature of each receipt, disbursement, or action, with receipts of principal and income shown separately;
(D) a listing of all property over which you have exercised control that includes an adequate description of each asset and the asset's current value, if known to you;
(E) the cash balance on hand and the name and location of the depository at which the cash balance is kept;
(F) each known liability;
(G) any other information and facts known to you as necessary for a full and definite understanding of the exact condition of the property belonging to the principal; and
(H) all documentation regarding the principal's property.
Termination of Agent's Authority
You must stop acting on behalf of the principal if you learn of any event that terminates or suspends this power of attorney or your authority under this power of attorney. An event that terminates this power of attorney or your authority to act under this power of attorney includes:
(1) the principal's death;
(2) the principal's revocation of this power of attorney or your authority;
(3) the occurrence of a termination event stated in this power of attorney;
(4) if you are married to the principal, the dissolution of your marriage by a court decree of divorce or annulment or declaration that your marriage is void, unless otherwise provided in this power of attorney;
(5) the appointment and qualification of a permanent guardian of the principal's estate unless a court order provides otherwise; or
(6) if ordered by a court, your removal as agent (attorney in fact) under this power of attorney. An event that suspends this power of attorney or your authority to act under this power of attorney is the appointment and qualification of a temporary guardian unless a court order provides otherwise.
Liability of Agent
The authority granted to you under this power of attorney is specified in the Durable Power of Attorney Act (Subtitle P, Title 2, Estates Code). If you violate the Durable Power of Attorney Act or act beyond the authority granted, you may be liable for any damages caused by the violation or subject to prosecution for misapplication of property by a fiduciary under Chapter 32 of the Texas Penal Code.
THE AGENT, BY ACCEPTING OR ACTING UNDER THE APPOINTMENT, ASSUMES THE FIDUCIARY AND OTHER LEGAL RESPONSIBILITIES OF AN AGENT.
Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.01, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 700 (H.B. 2918), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.
Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 400 (S.B. 1193), Sec. 2, eff. September 1, 2017.
Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 514 (S.B. 39), Sec. 5, eff. September 1, 2017.
Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 834 (H.B. 1974), Sec. 9, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scB/s752.052">
<num value="752.052">Sec. 752.052.</num>
<heading>MODIFYING STATUTORY FORM TO GRANT SPECIFIC AUTHORITY</heading>
<content>The statutory durable power of attorney may be modified to allow the principal to grant the agent the specific authority described by Section 751.031(b) by including the following language:</content>
<sourceCredit>"GRANT OF SPECIFIC AUTHORITY (OPTIONAL)
My agent MAY NOT do any of the following specific acts for me UNLESS I have INITIALED the specific authority listed below:
(CAUTION: Granting any of the following will give your agent the authority to take actions that could significantly reduce your property or change how your property is distributed at your death. INITIAL ONLY the specific authority you WANT to give your agent. If you DO NOT want to grant your agent one or more of the following powers, you may also CROSS OUT a power you DO NOT want to grant.)
____ Create, amend, revoke, or terminate an inter vivos trust
____ Make a gift, subject to the limitations of Section 751.032 of the Durable Power of Attorney Act (Section 751.032, Estates Code) and any special instructions in this power of attorney
____ Create or change rights of survivorship
____ Create or change a beneficiary designation
____ Authorize another person to exercise the authority granted under this power of attorney".
Added by Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 834 (H.B. 1974), Sec. 10, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC">
<num value="C">SUBCHAPTER C.</num>
<heading>CONSTRUCTION OF POWERS RELATED TO STATUTORY DURABLE POWER OF ATTORNEY</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.101">
<num value="752.101">Sec. 752.101.</num>
<heading>CONSTRUCTION IN GENERAL</heading>
<chapeau>By executing a statutory durable power of attorney that confers authority with respect to any class of transactions, the principal empowers the attorney in fact or agent for that class of transactions to:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.101/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>demand, receive, and obtain by litigation, action, or otherwise any money or other thing of value to which the principal is, may become, or may claim to be entitled;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.101/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>conserve, invest, disburse, or use any money or other thing of value received on behalf of the principal for the purposes intended;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.101/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>contract in any manner with any person, on terms agreeable to the attorney in fact or agent, to accomplish a purpose of a transaction and perform, rescind, reform, release, or modify that contract or another contract made by or on behalf of the principal;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.101/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>execute, acknowledge, seal, and deliver a deed, revocation, mortgage, lease, notice, check, release, or other instrument the attorney in fact or agent considers desirable to accomplish a purpose of a transaction;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.101/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<chapeau>with respect to a claim existing in favor of or against the principal:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.101/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>prosecute, defend, submit to arbitration, settle, and propose or accept a compromise; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.101/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>intervene in an action or litigation relating to the claim;</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.101/6">
<num value="6">(6)</num>
<content>seek on the principal's behalf the assistance of a court to carry out an act authorized by the power of attorney;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.101/7">
<num value="7">(7)</num>
<content>engage, compensate, and discharge an attorney, accountant, expert witness, or other assistant;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.101/8">
<num value="8">(8)</num>
<content>keep appropriate records of each transaction, including an accounting of receipts and disbursements;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.101/9">
<num value="9">(9)</num>
<content>prepare, execute, and file a record, report, or other document the attorney in fact or agent considers necessary or desirable to safeguard or promote the principal's interest under a statute or governmental regulation;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.101/10">
<num value="10">(10)</num>
<content>reimburse the attorney in fact or agent for an expenditure made in exercising the powers granted by the durable power of attorney; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.101/11">
<num value="11">(11)</num>
<content>in general, perform any other lawful act that the principal may perform with respect to the transaction.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.01, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.102">
<num value="752.102">Sec. 752.102.</num>
<heading>REAL PROPERTY TRANSACTIONS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.102/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>The language conferring authority with respect to real property transactions in a statutory durable power of attorney empowers the agent, without further reference to a specific description of the real property, to:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.102/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>accept as a gift or as security for a loan or reject, demand, buy, lease, receive, or otherwise acquire an interest in real property or a right incident to real property;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.102/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>sell, exchange, convey with or without covenants, quitclaim, release, surrender, mortgage, encumber, partition or consent to partitioning, subdivide, apply for zoning, rezoning, or other governmental permits, plat or consent to platting, develop, grant options concerning, lease or sublet, or otherwise dispose of an estate or interest in real property or a right incident to real property;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.102/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>release, assign, satisfy, and enforce by litigation, action, or otherwise a mortgage, deed of trust, encumbrance, lien, or other claim to real property that exists or is claimed to exist;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.102/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<chapeau>perform any act of management or of conservation with respect to an interest in real property, or a right incident to real property, owned or claimed to be owned by the principal, including the authority to:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.102/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>insure against a casualty, liability, or loss;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.102/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>obtain or regain possession or protect the interest or right by litigation, action, or otherwise;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.102/C">
<num value="C">(C)</num>
<content>pay, compromise, or contest taxes or assessments or apply for and receive refunds in connection with the taxes or assessments;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.102/D">
<num value="D">(D)</num>
<content>purchase supplies, hire assistance or labor, or make repairs or alterations to the real property; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.102/E">
<num value="E">(E)</num>
<content>manage and supervise an interest in real property, including the mineral estate;</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.102/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>use, develop, alter, replace, remove, erect, or install structures or other improvements on real property in which the principal has or claims to have an estate, interest, or right;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.102/6">
<num value="6">(6)</num>
<chapeau>participate in a reorganization with respect to real property or a legal entity that owns an interest in or right incident to real property, receive and hold shares of stock or obligations received in a plan or reorganization, and act with respect to the shares or obligations, including:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.102/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>selling or otherwise disposing of the shares or obligations;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.102/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>exercising or selling an option, conversion, or similar right with respect to the shares or obligations; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.102/C">
<num value="C">(C)</num>
<content>voting the shares or obligations in person or by proxy;</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.102/7">
<num value="7">(7)</num>
<content>change the form of title of an interest in or right incident to real property;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.102/8">
<num value="8">(8)</num>
<content>dedicate easements or other real property in which the principal has or claims to have an interest to public use, with or without consideration;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.102/9">
<num value="9">(9)</num>
<chapeau>enter into mineral transactions, including:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.102/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>negotiating and making oil, gas, and other mineral leases covering any land, mineral, or royalty interest in which the principal has or claims to have an interest;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.102/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>pooling and unitizing all or part of the principal's land, mineral leasehold, mineral, royalty, or other interest with land, mineral leasehold, mineral, royalty, or other interest of one or more persons for the purpose of developing and producing oil, gas, or other minerals, and making leases or assignments granting the right to pool and unitize;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.102/C">
<num value="C">(C)</num>
<content>entering into contracts and agreements concerning the installation and operation of plants or other facilities for the cycling, repressuring, processing, or other treating or handling of oil, gas, or other minerals;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.102/D">
<num value="D">(D)</num>
<content>conducting or contracting for the conducting of seismic evaluation operations;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.102/E">
<num value="E">(E)</num>
<content>drilling or contracting for the drilling of wells for oil, gas, or other minerals;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.102/F">
<num value="F">(F)</num>
<content>contracting for and making "dry hole" and "bottom hole" contributions of cash, leasehold interests, or other interests toward the drilling of wells;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.102/G">
<num value="G">(G)</num>
<content>using or contracting for the use of any method of secondary or tertiary recovery of any mineral, including the injection of water, gas, air, or other substances;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.102/H">
<num value="H">(H)</num>
<content>purchasing oil, gas, or other mineral leases, leasehold interests, or other interests for any type of consideration, including farmout agreements requiring the drilling or reworking of wells or participation in the drilling or reworking of wells;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.102/I">
<num value="I">(I)</num>
<content>entering into farmout agreements committing the principal to assign oil, gas, or other mineral leases or interests in consideration for the drilling of wells or other oil, gas, or mineral operations;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.102/J">
<num value="J">(J)</num>
<content>negotiating the transfer of and transferring oil, gas, or other mineral leases or interests for any consideration, such as retained overriding royalty interests of any nature, drilling or reworking commitments, or production interests;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.102/K">
<num value="K">(K)</num>
<content>executing and entering into contracts, conveyances, and other agreements or transfers considered necessary or desirable to carry out the powers granted in this section, including entering into and executing division orders, oil, gas, or other mineral sales contracts, exploration agreements, processing agreements, and other contracts relating to the processing, handling, treating, transporting, and marketing of oil, gas, or other mineral production from or accruing to the principal and receiving and receipting for the proceeds of those contracts, conveyances, and other agreements and transfers on behalf of the principal; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.102/L">
<num value="L">(L)</num>
<content>taking an action described by Paragraph (K) regardless of whether the action is, at the time the action is taken or subsequently, recognized or considered as a common or proper practice by those engaged in the business of prospecting for, developing, producing, processing, transporting, or marketing minerals; and</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.102/10">
<num value="10">(10)</num>
<content>designate the property that constitutes the principal's homestead.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.102/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The power to mortgage and encumber real property provided by this section includes the power to execute documents necessary to create a lien against the principal's homestead as provided by Section 50, Article XVI, Texas Constitution, and to consent to the creation of a lien against property owned by the principal's spouse in which the principal has a homestead interest.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.01, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 834 (H.B. 1974), Sec. 11, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.103">
<num value="752.103">Sec. 752.103.</num>
<heading>TANGIBLE PERSONAL PROPERTY TRANSACTIONS</heading>
<chapeau>The language conferring general authority with respect to tangible personal property transactions in a statutory durable power of attorney empowers the attorney in fact or agent to:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.103/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>accept tangible personal property or an interest in tangible personal property as a gift or as security for a loan or reject, demand, buy, receive, or otherwise acquire ownership or possession of tangible personal property or an interest in tangible personal property;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.103/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>sell, exchange, convey with or without covenants, release, surrender, mortgage, encumber, pledge, create a security interest in, pawn, grant options concerning, lease or sublet to others, or otherwise dispose of tangible personal property or an interest in tangible personal property;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.103/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>release, assign, satisfy, or enforce by litigation, action, or otherwise a mortgage, security interest, encumbrance, lien, or other claim on behalf of the principal, with respect to tangible personal property or an interest in tangible personal property; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.103/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<chapeau>perform an act of management or conservation with respect to tangible personal property or an interest in tangible personal property on behalf of the principal, including:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.103/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>insuring the property or interest against casualty, liability, or loss;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.103/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>obtaining or regaining possession or protecting the property or interest by litigation, action, or otherwise;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.103/C">
<num value="C">(C)</num>
<content>paying, compromising, or contesting taxes or assessments or applying for and receiving refunds in connection with taxes or assessments;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.103/D">
<num value="D">(D)</num>
<content>moving the property;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.103/E">
<num value="E">(E)</num>
<content>storing the property for hire or on a gratuitous bailment; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.103/F">
<num value="F">(F)</num>
<content>using, altering, and making repairs or alterations to the property.</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.01, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.104">
<num value="752.104">Sec. 752.104.</num>
<heading>STOCK AND BOND TRANSACTIONS</heading>
<chapeau>The language conferring authority with respect to stock and bond transactions in a statutory durable power of attorney empowers the attorney in fact or agent to:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.104/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<chapeau>buy, sell, and exchange:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.104/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>stocks;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.104/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>bonds;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.104/C">
<num value="C">(C)</num>
<content>mutual funds; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.104/D">
<num value="D">(D)</num>
<content>all other types of securities and financial instruments other than commodity futures contracts and call and put options on stocks and stock indexes;</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.104/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>receive certificates and other evidences of ownership with respect to securities;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.104/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>exercise voting rights with respect to securities in person or by proxy;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.104/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>enter into voting trusts; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.104/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>consent to limitations on the right to vote.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.01, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.105">
<num value="752.105">Sec. 752.105.</num>
<heading>COMMODITY AND OPTION TRANSACTIONS</heading>
<chapeau>The language conferring authority with respect to commodity and option transactions in a statutory durable power of attorney empowers the attorney in fact or agent to:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.105/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>buy, sell, exchange, assign, settle, and exercise commodity futures contracts and call and put options on stocks and stock indexes traded on a regulated options exchange; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.105/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>establish, continue, modify, or terminate option accounts with a broker.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.01, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.106">
<num value="752.106">Sec. 752.106.</num>
<heading>BANKING AND OTHER FINANCIAL INSTITUTION TRANSACTIONS</heading>
<chapeau>The language conferring authority with respect to banking and other financial institution transactions in a statutory durable power of attorney empowers the attorney in fact or agent to:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.106/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>continue, modify, or terminate an account or other banking arrangement made by or on behalf of the principal;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.106/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>establish, modify, or terminate an account or other banking arrangement with a bank, trust company, savings and loan association, credit union, thrift company, brokerage firm, or other financial institution selected by the attorney in fact or agent;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.106/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>rent a safe deposit box or space in a vault;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.106/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>contract to procure other services available from a financial institution as the attorney in fact or agent considers desirable;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.106/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>withdraw by check, order, or otherwise money or property of the principal deposited with or left in the custody of a financial institution;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.106/6">
<num value="6">(6)</num>
<content>receive bank statements, vouchers, notices, or similar documents from a financial institution and act with respect to those documents;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.106/7">
<num value="7">(7)</num>
<content>enter a safe deposit box or vault and withdraw from or add to its contents;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.106/8">
<num value="8">(8)</num>
<content>borrow money at an interest rate agreeable to the attorney in fact or agent and pledge as security the principal's property as necessary to borrow, pay, renew, or extend the time of payment of a debt of the principal;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.106/9">
<num value="9">(9)</num>
<content>make, assign, draw, endorse, discount, guarantee, and negotiate promissory notes, bills of exchange, checks, drafts, or other negotiable or nonnegotiable paper of the principal, or payable to the principal or the principal's order to receive the cash or other proceeds of those transactions, to accept a draft drawn by a person on the principal, and to pay the principal when due;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.106/10">
<num value="10">(10)</num>
<content>receive for the principal and act on a sight draft, warehouse receipt, or other negotiable or nonnegotiable instrument;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.106/11">
<num value="11">(11)</num>
<content>apply for and receive letters of credit, credit cards, and traveler's checks from a financial institution and give an indemnity or other agreement in connection with letters of credit; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.106/12">
<num value="12">(12)</num>
<content>consent to an extension of the time of payment with respect to commercial paper or a financial transaction with a financial institution.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.01, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.107">
<num value="752.107">Sec. 752.107.</num>
<heading>BUSINESS OPERATION TRANSACTIONS</heading>
<chapeau>Subject to the terms of an agreement or other document governing or relating to an entity or entity ownership interest, to the extent the agent is permitted by law to act for the principal and unless the power of attorney provides otherwise, the language conferring authority with respect to business operating transactions in a statutory durable power of attorney empowers the agent to:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.107/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>operate, buy, sell, enlarge, reduce, or terminate an ownership interest;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.107/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>perform a duty or discharge a liability, or exercise in person or by proxy a right, power, privilege, or option that the principal has, may have, or claims to have;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.107/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>enforce the terms of an agreement or other document governing or relating to an entity or entity ownership interest;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.107/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>defend, submit to arbitration, settle, or compromise litigation or an action to which the principal is a party because of an entity ownership interest;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.107/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>exercise in person or by proxy, or enforce by litigation, action, or otherwise, a right, power, privilege, or option the principal has or claims to have as the holder of a certificated or uncertificated ownership interest;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.107/6">
<num value="6">(6)</num>
<content>defend, submit to alternative dispute resolution, settle, or compromise litigation to which the principal is a party concerning a certificated or uncertificated ownership interest;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.107/7">
<num value="7">(7)</num>
<chapeau>with respect to a business or entity owned solely by the principal:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.107/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>continue, modify, renegotiate, extend, and terminate a contract made by or on behalf of the principal with respect to the business or entity;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.107/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>determine:</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.107/i">
<num value="i">(i)</num>
<chapeau>the location of the business's or entity's operation;</chapeau>
<clause identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.107/ii">
<num value="ii">(ii)</num>
<content>the nature and extent of the business;</content>
</clause>
<clause identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.107/iii">
<num value="iii">(iii)</num>
<content>the methods of manufacturing, selling, merchandising, financing, accounting, and advertising employed in the business's or entity's operation;</content>
</clause>
<clause identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.107/iv">
<num value="iv">(iv)</num>
<content>the amount and types of insurance carried; and</content>
</clause>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.107/v">
<num value="v">(v)</num>
<chapeau>the method of engaging, compensating, and dealing with the business's or entity's employees and accountants, attorneys, or other agents;</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.107/C">
<num value="C">(C)</num>
<content>change the name or form of organization under which the business or entity is operated and enter into an agreement with other persons to take over all or part of the operation of the business or entity; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.107/D">
<num value="D">(D)</num>
<content>demand and receive money due or claimed by the principal or on the principal's behalf in the operation of the business or entity and control and disburse the money in the operation of the business or entity;</content>
</subparagraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.107/8">
<num value="8">(8)</num>
<content>put additional capital into a business or entity in which the principal has an interest;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.107/9">
<num value="9">(9)</num>
<content>join in a plan of reorganization, consolidation, interest exchange, conversion, or merger of the business or entity;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.107/10">
<num value="10">(10)</num>
<content>sell or liquidate a business or entity or all or part of the assets of the business or entity;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.107/11">
<num value="11">(11)</num>
<content>establish the value of a business or entity under a buy-out agreement to which the principal is a party;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.107/12">
<num value="12">(12)</num>
<content>prepare, sign, file, and deliver reports, compilations of information, returns, or other papers with respect to a business or entity and make related payments; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.107/13">
<num value="13">(13)</num>
<content>pay, compromise, or contest taxes or assessments and perform any other act to protect the principal from illegal or unnecessary taxation, fines, penalties, or assessments with respect to a business or entity, including attempts to recover, in any manner permitted by law, money paid before or after the execution of the power of attorney.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.01, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 210 (S.B. 1650), Sec. 6, eff. September 1, 2023.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.108">
<num value="752.108">Sec. 752.108.</num>
<heading>INSURANCE AND ANNUITY TRANSACTIONS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.108/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>The language conferring authority with respect to insurance and annuity transactions in a statutory durable power of attorney empowers the attorney in fact or agent to:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.108/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>continue, pay the premium or assessment on, modify, rescind, release, or terminate a contract procured by or on behalf of the principal that insures or provides an annuity to either the principal or another person, whether or not the principal is a beneficiary under the contract;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.108/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>procure new, different, or additional insurance contracts and annuities for the principal or the principal's spouse, children, and other dependents and select the amount, type of insurance or annuity, and method of payment;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.108/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>pay the premium or assessment on, or modify, rescind, release, or terminate, an insurance contract or annuity procured by the attorney in fact or agent;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.108/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>designate the beneficiary of the insurance contract, except as provided by Subsection (b);</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.108/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>apply for and receive a loan on the security of the insurance contract or annuity;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.108/6">
<num value="6">(6)</num>
<content>surrender and receive the cash surrender value;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.108/7">
<num value="7">(7)</num>
<content>exercise an election;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.108/8">
<num value="8">(8)</num>
<content>change the manner of paying premiums;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.108/9">
<num value="9">(9)</num>
<content>change or convert the type of insurance contract or annuity with respect to which the principal has or claims to have a power described by this section;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.108/10">
<num value="10">(10)</num>
<content>change the beneficiary of an insurance contract or annuity, except that the attorney in fact or agent may be designated a beneficiary only to the extent authorized by Subsection (b);</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.108/11">
<num value="11">(11)</num>
<content>apply for and procure government aid to guarantee or pay premiums of an insurance contract on the life of the principal;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.108/12">
<num value="12">(12)</num>
<content>collect, sell, assign, borrow on, or pledge the principal's interest in an insurance contract or annuity; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.108/13">
<num value="13">(13)</num>
<content>pay from proceeds or otherwise, compromise or contest, or apply for refunds in connection with a tax or assessment imposed by a taxing authority with respect to an insurance contract or annuity or the proceeds of the contract or annuity or liability accruing because of the tax or assessment.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.108/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>Unless the principal has granted the authority to create or change a beneficiary designation expressly as required by Section 751.031(b)(4), an agent may be named a beneficiary of an insurance contract or an extension, renewal, or substitute for the contract only to the extent the agent was named as a beneficiary by the principal.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.01, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 834 (H.B. 1974), Sec. 12, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.109">
<num value="752.109">Sec. 752.109.</num>
<heading>ESTATE, TRUST, AND OTHER BENEFICIARY TRANSACTIONS</heading>
<chapeau>The language conferring authority with respect to estate, trust, and other beneficiary transactions in a statutory durable power of attorney empowers the agent to act for the principal in all matters that affect a trust, probate estate, guardianship, conservatorship, life estate, escrow, custodianship, or other fund from which the principal is, may become, or claims to be entitled, as a beneficiary, to a share or payment, including to:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.109/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>accept, reject, disclaim, receive, receipt for, sell, assign, release, pledge, exchange, or consent to a reduction in or modification of a share in or payment from the fund;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.109/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>demand or obtain by litigation, action, or otherwise money or any other thing of value to which the principal is, may become, or claims to be entitled because of the fund;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.109/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<chapeau>initiate, participate in, or oppose a legal or judicial proceeding to:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.109/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>ascertain the meaning, validity, or effect of a deed, will, declaration of trust, or other instrument or transaction affecting the interest of the principal; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.109/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>remove, substitute, or surcharge a fiduciary;</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.109/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>conserve, invest, disburse, or use anything received for an authorized purpose; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.109/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>transfer all or part of the principal's interest in real property, stocks, bonds, accounts with financial institutions, insurance, and other property to the trustee of a revocable trust created by the principal as settlor.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.01, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 834 (H.B. 1974), Sec. 13, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.110">
<num value="752.110">Sec. 752.110.</num>
<heading>CLAIMS AND LITIGATION</heading>
<chapeau>The language conferring general authority with respect to claims and litigation in a statutory durable power of attorney empowers the attorney in fact or agent to:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.110/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<chapeau>assert and prosecute before a court or administrative agency a claim, a claim for relief, a counterclaim, or an offset, or defend against an individual, a legal entity, or a government, including an action to:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.110/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>recover property or other thing of value;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.110/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>recover damages sustained by the principal;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.110/C">
<num value="C">(C)</num>
<content>eliminate or modify tax liability; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.110/D">
<num value="D">(D)</num>
<content>seek an injunction, specific performance, or other relief;</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.110/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>bring an action to determine an adverse claim, intervene in an action or litigation, and act as an amicus curiae;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.110/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<chapeau>in connection with an action or litigation:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.110/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>procure an attachment, garnishment, libel, order of arrest, or other preliminary, provisional, or intermediate relief and use an available procedure to effect or satisfy a judgment, order, or decree; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.110/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>perform any lawful act the principal could perform, including:</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.110/i">
<num value="i">(i)</num>
<chapeau>acceptance of tender;</chapeau>
<clause identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.110/ii">
<num value="ii">(ii)</num>
<content>offer of judgment;</content>
</clause>
<clause identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.110/iii">
<num value="iii">(iii)</num>
<content>admission of facts;</content>
</clause>
<clause identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.110/iv">
<num value="iv">(iv)</num>
<content>submission of a controversy on an agreed statement of facts;</content>
</clause>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.110/v">
<num value="v">(v)</num>
<chapeau>consent to examination before trial; and</chapeau>
<clause identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.110/vi">
<num value="vi">(vi)</num>
<content>binding of the principal in litigation;</content>
</clause>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.110/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>submit to arbitration, settle, and propose or accept a compromise with respect to a claim or litigation;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.110/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>waive the issuance and service of process on the principal, accept service of process, appear for the principal, designate persons on whom process directed to the principal may be served, execute and file or deliver stipulations on the principal's behalf, verify pleadings, seek appellate review, procure and give surety and indemnity bonds, contract and pay for the preparation and printing of records and briefs, or receive and execute and file or deliver a consent, waiver, release, confession of judgment, satisfaction of judgment, notice, agreement, or other instrument in connection with the prosecution, settlement, or defense of a claim or litigation;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.110/6">
<num value="6">(6)</num>
<chapeau>act for the principal regarding voluntary or involuntary bankruptcy or insolvency proceedings concerning:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.110/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>the principal; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.110/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>another person, with respect to a reorganization proceeding or a receivership or application for the appointment of a receiver or trustee that affects the principal's interest in property or other thing of value; and</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.110/7">
<num value="7">(7)</num>
<content>pay a judgment against the principal or a settlement made in connection with a claim or litigation and receive and conserve money or other thing of value paid in settlement of or as proceeds of a claim or litigation.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.01, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.111">
<num value="752.111">Sec. 752.111.</num>
<heading>PERSONAL AND FAMILY MAINTENANCE</heading>
<chapeau>The language conferring authority with respect to personal and family maintenance in a statutory durable power of attorney empowers the agent to:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.111/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<chapeau>perform the acts necessary to maintain the customary standard of living of the principal, the principal's spouse and children, and other individuals customarily or legally entitled to be supported by the principal, including:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.111/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>providing living quarters by purchase, lease, or other contract; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.111/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>paying the operating costs, including interest, amortization payments, repairs, and taxes on premises owned by the principal and occupied by those individuals;</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.111/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<chapeau>provide for the individuals described by Subdivision (1):</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.111/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>normal domestic help;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.111/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>usual vacations and travel expenses; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.111/C">
<num value="C">(C)</num>
<content>money for shelter, clothing, food, appropriate education, and other living costs;</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.111/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>pay necessary medical, dental, and surgical care, hospitalization, and custodial care for the individuals described by Subdivision (1);</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.111/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>continue any provision made by the principal for the individuals described by Subdivision (1) for automobiles or other means of transportation, including registering, licensing, insuring, and replacing the automobiles or other means of transportation;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.111/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>maintain or open charge accounts for the convenience of the individuals described by Subdivision (1) and open new accounts the agent considers desirable to accomplish a lawful purpose;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.111/6">
<num value="6">(6)</num>
<chapeau>continue:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.111/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>payments incidental to the membership or affiliation of the principal in a church, club, society, order, or other organization; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.111/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>contributions to those organizations;</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.111/7">
<num value="7">(7)</num>
<chapeau>perform all acts necessary in relation to the principal's mail, including:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.111/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>receiving, signing for, opening, reading, and responding to any mail addressed to the principal, whether through the United States Postal Service or a private mail service;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.111/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>forwarding the principal's mail to any address; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.111/C">
<num value="C">(C)</num>
<content>representing the principal before the United States Postal Service in all matters relating to mail service; and</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.111/8">
<num value="8">(8)</num>
<content>subject to the needs of the individuals described by Subdivision (1), provide for the reasonable care of the principal's pets.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.01, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 834 (H.B. 1974), Sec. 13, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.112">
<num value="752.112">Sec. 752.112.</num>
<heading>BENEFITS FROM CERTAIN GOVERNMENTAL PROGRAMS OR CIVIL OR MILITARY SERVICE</heading>
<chapeau>The language conferring authority with respect to benefits from social security, Medicare, Medicaid, or other governmental programs or civil or military service in a statutory durable power of attorney empowers the attorney in fact or agent to:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.112/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<chapeau>execute a voucher in the principal's name for an allowance or reimbursement payable by the United States, a foreign government, or a state or subdivision of a state to the principal, including an allowance or reimbursement for:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.112/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>transportation of the individuals described by Section 752.111(1); and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.112/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>shipment of the household effects of those individuals;</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.112/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>take possession and order the removal and shipment of the principal's property from a post, warehouse, depot, dock, or other governmental or private place of storage or safekeeping and execute and deliver a release, voucher, receipt, bill of lading, shipping ticket, certificate, or other instrument for that purpose;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.112/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>prepare, file, and prosecute a claim of the principal for a benefit or assistance, financial or otherwise, to which the principal claims to be entitled under a statute or governmental regulation;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.112/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>prosecute, defend, submit to arbitration, settle, and propose or accept a compromise with respect to any benefits the principal may be entitled to receive; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.112/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>receive the financial proceeds of a claim of the type described by this section and conserve, invest, disburse, or use anything received for a lawful purpose.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.01, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.113">
<num value="752.113">Sec. 752.113.</num>
<heading>RETIREMENT PLAN TRANSACTIONS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.113/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>In this section, "retirement plan" means:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.113/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>an employee pension benefit plan as defined by Section 3, Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (29 U.S.C. Section 1002), without regard to the provisions of Section (2)(B) of that section;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.113/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>a plan that does not meet the definition of an employee benefit plan under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (29 U.S.C. Section 1001 et seq.) because the plan does not cover common law employees;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.113/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>a plan that is similar to an employee benefit plan under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (29 U.S.C. Section 1001 et seq.), regardless of whether the plan is covered by Title 1 of that Act, including a plan that provides death benefits to the beneficiary of employees; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.113/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>an individual retirement account or annuity, a self-employed pension plan, or a similar plan or account.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.113/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>The language conferring authority with respect to retirement plan transactions in a statutory durable power of attorney empowers the agent to perform any lawful act the principal may perform with respect to a transaction relating to a retirement plan, including to:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.113/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>apply for service or disability retirement benefits;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.113/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>select payment options under any retirement plan in which the principal participates, including plans for self-employed individuals;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.113/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>designate or change the designation of a beneficiary or benefits payable by a retirement plan, except as provided by Subsection (c);</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.113/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>make voluntary contributions to retirement plans if authorized by the plan;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.113/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>exercise the investment powers available under any self-directed retirement plan;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.113/6">
<num value="6">(6)</num>
<content>make rollovers of plan benefits into other retirement plans;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.113/7">
<num value="7">(7)</num>
<content>borrow from, sell assets to, and purchase assets from retirement plans if authorized by the plan;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.113/8">
<num value="8">(8)</num>
<content>waive the principal's right to be a beneficiary of a joint or survivor annuity if the principal is not the participant in the retirement plan;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.113/9">
<num value="9">(9)</num>
<content>receive, endorse, and cash payments from a retirement plan;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.113/10">
<num value="10">(10)</num>
<content>waive the principal's right to receive all or a portion of benefits payable by a retirement plan; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.113/11">
<num value="11">(11)</num>
<content>request and receive information relating to the principal from retirement plan records.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.113/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>Unless the principal has granted the authority to create or change a beneficiary designation expressly as required by Section 751.031(b)(4), an agent may be named a beneficiary under a retirement plan only to the extent the agent was named a beneficiary by the principal under the retirement plan, or in the case of a rollover or trustee-to-trustee transfer, the predecessor retirement plan.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.01, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 834 (H.B. 1974), Sec. 14, eff. September 1, 2017.
Acts 2019, 86th Leg., R.S., Ch. 467 (H.B. 4170), Sec. 6.001, eff. September 1, 2019.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.114">
<num value="752.114">Sec. 752.114.</num>
<heading>TAX MATTERS</heading>
<chapeau>The language conferring authority with respect to tax matters in a statutory durable power of attorney empowers the attorney in fact or agent to:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.114/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<chapeau>prepare, sign, and file:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.114/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>federal, state, local, and foreign income, gift, payroll, Federal Insurance Contributions Act (26 U.S.C. Chapter 21), and other tax returns;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.114/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>claims for refunds;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.114/C">
<num value="C">(C)</num>
<content>requests for extensions of time;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.114/D">
<num value="D">(D)</num>
<content>petitions regarding tax matters; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.114/E">
<num value="E">(E)</num>
<content>any other tax-related documents, including:</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.114/i">
<num value="i">(i)</num>
<chapeau>receipts;</chapeau>
<clause identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.114/ii">
<num value="ii">(ii)</num>
<content>offers;</content>
</clause>
<clause identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.114/iii">
<num value="iii">(iii)</num>
<content>waivers;</content>
</clause>
<clause identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.114/iv">
<num value="iv">(iv)</num>
<content>consents, including consents and agreements under Section 2032A, Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (26 U.S.C. Section 2032A);</content>
</clause>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.114/v">
<num value="v">(v)</num>
<chapeau>closing agreements; and</chapeau>
<clause identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.114/vi">
<num value="vi">(vi)</num>
<content>any power of attorney form required by the Internal Revenue Service or other taxing authority with respect to a tax year on which the statute of limitations has not run and 25 tax years following that tax year;</content>
</clause>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.114/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>pay taxes due, collect refunds, post bonds, receive confidential information, and contest deficiencies determined by the Internal Revenue Service or other taxing authority;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.114/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>exercise any election available to the principal under federal, state, local, or foreign tax law; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.114/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>act for the principal in all tax matters, for all periods, before the Internal Revenue Service and any other taxing authority.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.01, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.1145">
<num value="752.1145">Sec. 752.1145.</num>
<heading>DIGITAL ASSET TRANSACTIONS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.1145/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>In this section, "digital asset" has the meaning assigned by Section 2001.002.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.1145/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The language conferring authority with respect to digital assets in a statutory durable power of attorney empowers the attorney in fact or agent, without further reference to a specific digital asset, to access digital assets as provided in Chapter 2001.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 400 (S.B. 1193), Sec. 3, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.115">
<num value="752.115">Sec. 752.115.</num>
<heading>EXISTING INTERESTS; FOREIGN INTERESTS</heading>
<chapeau>The powers described by Sections 752.102-752.1145 may be exercised equally with respect to an interest the principal has at the time the durable power of attorney is executed or acquires later, whether or not:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.115/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the property is located in this state; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c752/scC/s752.115/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the powers are exercised or the durable power of attorney is executed in this state.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.01, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 400 (S.B. 1193), Sec. 4, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
</chapter>
<chapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c753">
<num value="753">CHAPTER 753.</num>
<heading>REMOVAL OF ATTORNEY IN FACT OR AGENT</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c753/s753.001">
<num value="753.001">Sec. 753.001.</num>
<heading>PROCEDURE FOR REMOVAL</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c753/s753.001/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>In this section, "person interested," notwithstanding Section 22.018, has the meaning assigned by Section 1002.018.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c753/s753.001/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>The following persons may file a petition under this section:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c753/s753.001/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>any person named as a successor attorney in fact or agent in a durable power of attorney; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c753/s753.001/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>if the person with respect to whom a guardianship proceeding has been commenced is a principal who has executed a durable power of attorney, any person interested in the guardianship proceeding, including an attorney ad litem or guardian ad litem.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c753/s753.001/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<chapeau>On the petition of a person described by Subsection (b), a probate court, after a hearing, may enter an order:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c753/s753.001/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>removing a person named and serving as an attorney in fact or agent under a durable power of attorney;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c753/s753.001/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>authorizing the appointment of a successor attorney in fact or agent who is named in the durable power of attorney if the court finds that the successor attorney in fact or agent is willing to accept the authority granted under the power of attorney; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c753/s753.001/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>if compensation is allowed by the terms of the durable power of attorney, denying all or part of the removed attorney in fact's or agent's compensation.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c753/s753.001/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<chapeau>A court may enter an order under Subsection (c) if the court finds:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c753/s753.001/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>that the attorney in fact or agent has breached the attorney in fact's or agent's fiduciary duties to the principal;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c753/s753.001/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>that the attorney in fact or agent has materially violated or attempted to violate the terms of the durable power of attorney and the violation or attempted violation results in a material financial loss to the principal;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c753/s753.001/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>that the attorney in fact or agent is incapacitated or is otherwise incapable of properly performing the attorney in fact's or agent's duties; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c753/s753.001/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<chapeau>that the attorney in fact or agent has failed to make an accounting:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c753/s753.001/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>that is required by Section 751.104 within the period prescribed by Section 751.105, by other law, or by the terms of the durable power of attorney; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c753/s753.001/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>as ordered by the court.</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 514 (S.B. 39), Sec. 6, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t2/c753/s753.002">
<num value="753.002">Sec. 753.002.</num>
<heading>NOTICE TO THIRD PARTIES</heading>
<content>Not later than the 21st day after the date the court enters an order removing an attorney in fact or agent and authorizing the appointment of a successor under Section 753.001, the successor attorney in fact or agent shall provide actual notice of the order to each third party that the attorney in fact or agent has reason to believe relied on or may rely on the durable power of attorney.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 514 (S.B. 39), Sec. 6, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</chapter>
<num value="3">TITLE 3.</num>
<heading>GUARDIANSHIP AND RELATED PROCEDURES</heading>
<chapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1001">
<num value="1001">CHAPTER 1001.</num>
<heading>PURPOSE AND CONSTRUCTION</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1001/s1001.001">
<num value="1001.001">Sec. 1001.001.</num>
<heading>POLICY; PURPOSE OF GUARDIANSHIP</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1001/s1001.001/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>A court may appoint a guardian with either full or limited authority over an incapacitated person as indicated by the incapacitated person's actual mental or physical limitations and only as necessary to promote and protect the well-being of the incapacitated person.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1001/s1001.001/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>In creating a guardianship that gives a guardian limited authority over an incapacitated person, the court shall design the guardianship to encourage the development or maintenance of maximum self-reliance and independence in the incapacitated person, including by presuming that the incapacitated person retains capacity to make personal decisions regarding the person's residence.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 214 (H.B. 39), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2015.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1001/s1001.002">
<num value="1001.002">Sec. 1001.002.</num>
<heading>LAWS APPLICABLE TO GUARDIANSHIPS</heading>
<content>To the extent applicable and not inconsistent with other provisions of this code, the laws and rules governing estates of decedents apply to guardianships.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1001/s1001.003">
<num value="1001.003">Sec. 1001.003.</num>
<heading>REFERENCES IN LAW MEANING INCAPACITATED PERSON</heading>
<chapeau>In this code or any other law, a reference to any of the following means an incapacitated person:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1001/s1001.003/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>a person who is mentally, physically, or legally incompetent;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1001/s1001.003/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>a person who is judicially declared incompetent;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1001/s1001.003/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>an incompetent or an incompetent person;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1001/s1001.003/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>a person of unsound mind; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1001/s1001.003/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>a habitual drunkard.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</chapter>
<chapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1002">
<num value="1002">CHAPTER 1002.</num>
<heading>DEFINITIONS</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1002/s1002.001">
<num value="1002.001">Sec. 1002.001.</num>
<heading>APPLICABILITY OF DEFINITIONS</heading>
<content>The definition for a term provided by this chapter applies in this title.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1002/s1002.0015">
<num value="1002.0015">Sec. 1002.0015.</num>
<heading>ALTERNATIVES TO GUARDIANSHIP</heading>
<chapeau>"Alternatives to guardianship" includes the:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1002/s1002.0015/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>execution of a medical power of attorney under Chapter 166, Health and Safety Code;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1002/s1002.0015/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>appointment of an attorney in fact or agent under a durable power of attorney as provided by Subtitle P, Title 2;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1002/s1002.0015/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>execution of a declaration for mental health treatment under Chapter 137, Civil Practice and Remedies Code;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1002/s1002.0015/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>appointment of a representative payee to manage public benefits;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1002/s1002.0015/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>establishment of a joint bank account;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1002/s1002.0015/6">
<num value="6">(6)</num>
<content>creation of a management trust under Chapter 1301;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1002/s1002.0015/7">
<num value="7">(7)</num>
<content>creation of a special needs trust;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1002/s1002.0015/8">
<num value="8">(8)</num>
<content>designation of a guardian before the need arises under Subchapter E, Chapter 1104; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1002/s1002.0015/9">
<num value="9">(9)</num>
<content>establishment of alternate forms of decision-making based on person-centered planning.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 214 (H.B. 39), Sec. 2, eff. September 1, 2015.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1002/s1002.002">
<num value="1002.002">Sec. 1002.002.</num>
<heading>ATTORNEY AD LITEM</heading>
<content>"Attorney ad litem" means an attorney appointed by a court to represent and advocate on behalf of a proposed ward, an incapacitated person, an unborn person, or another person described by Section 1054.007 in a guardianship proceeding.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 982 (H.B. 2080), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1002/s1002.003">
<num value="1002.003">Sec. 1002.003.</num>
<heading>AUTHORIZED CORPORATE SURETY</heading>
<content>"Authorized corporate surety" means a domestic or foreign corporation authorized to engage in business in this state to issue surety, guaranty, or indemnity bonds that guarantee the fidelity of a guardian.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1002/s1002.004">
<num value="1002.004">Sec. 1002.004.</num>
<heading>CHILD</heading>
<content>"Child" includes a biological child and an adopted child, regardless of whether the child was adopted by a parent under a statutory procedure or by acts of estoppel.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1002/s1002.005">
<num value="1002.005">Sec. 1002.005.</num>
<heading>CLAIM</heading>
<chapeau>"Claim" includes:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1002/s1002.005/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>a liability against the estate of an incapacitated person; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1002/s1002.005/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>a debt due to the estate of an incapacitated person.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1002/s1002.006">
<num value="1002.006">Sec. 1002.006.</num>
<heading>COMMUNITY ADMINISTRATOR</heading>
<content>"Community administrator" means a spouse who, on the judicial declaration of incapacity of the other spouse, is authorized to manage, control, and dispose of the entire community estate, including the part of the community estate the incapacitated spouse legally has the power to manage in the absence of the incapacity.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1002/s1002.007">
<num value="1002.007">Sec. 1002.007.</num>
<heading>CORPORATE FIDUCIARY</heading>
<chapeau>"Corporate fiduciary" means a financial institution, as defined by Section 201.101, Finance Code, that:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1002/s1002.007/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>is existing or engaged in business under the laws of this state, another state, or the United States;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1002/s1002.007/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>has trust powers; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1002/s1002.007/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>is authorized by law to act under the order or appointment of a court of record, without giving bond, as guardian, receiver, trustee, executor, administrator, or, although the financial institution does not have general depository powers, depository for any money paid into the court, or to become sole guarantor or surety in or on any bond required to be given under the laws of this state.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1002/s1002.008">
<num value="1002.008">Sec. 1002.008.</num>
<heading>COURT; PROBATE COURT; STATUTORY PROBATE COURT</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1002/s1002.008/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>"Court" or "probate court" means:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1002/s1002.008/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>a county court exercising its probate jurisdiction;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1002/s1002.008/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>a court created by statute and authorized to exercise original probate jurisdiction; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1002/s1002.008/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>a district court exercising original probate jurisdiction in a contested matter.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1002/s1002.008/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>"Statutory probate court" means a court created by statute and designated as a statutory probate court under Chapter 25, Government Code. The term does not include a county court at law exercising probate jurisdiction unless the court is designated a statutory probate court under Chapter 25, Government Code.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1002/s1002.009">
<num value="1002.009">Sec. 1002.009.</num>
<heading>COURT INVESTIGATOR</heading>
<content>"Court investigator" means a person appointed by the judge of a statutory probate court under Section 25.0025, Government Code, or a judge under Section 1054.156.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 414 (S.B. 1016), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1002/s1002.010">
<num value="1002.010">Sec. 1002.010.</num>
<heading>ESTATE; GUARDIANSHIP ESTATE</heading>
<chapeau>"Estate" or "guardianship estate" means a ward's or deceased ward's property, as that property:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1002/s1002.010/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>exists originally and changes in form by sale, reinvestment, or otherwise;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1002/s1002.010/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>is augmented by any accretions and other additions to the property, including any property to be distributed to the deceased ward's representative by the trustee of a trust that terminates on the ward's death, or substitutions for the property; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1002/s1002.010/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>is diminished by any decreases in or distributions from the property.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1002/s1002.011">
<num value="1002.011">Sec. 1002.011.</num>
<heading>EXEMPT PROPERTY</heading>
<content>"Exempt property" means the property in a deceased ward's estate that is exempt from execution or forced sale by the constitution or laws of this state, and any allowance paid instead of that property.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1002/s1002.012">
<num value="1002.012">Sec. 1002.012.</num>
<heading>GUARDIAN</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1002/s1002.012/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>"Guardian" means a person appointed as a:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1002/s1002.012/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>guardian under Subchapter D, Chapter 1101;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1002/s1002.012/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>successor guardian; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1002/s1002.012/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>temporary guardian.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1002/s1002.012/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>Except as expressly provided otherwise, "guardian" includes:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1002/s1002.012/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the guardian of the estate of an incapacitated person; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1002/s1002.012/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the guardian of the person of an incapacitated person.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1002/s1002.013">
<num value="1002.013">Sec. 1002.013.</num>
<heading>GUARDIAN AD LITEM</heading>
<content>"Guardian ad litem" means a person appointed by a court to represent the best interests of an incapacitated person or proposed ward in a guardianship proceeding.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2025, 89th Leg., R.S., Ch. 283 (S.B. 746), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2025.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1002/s1002.014">
<num value="1002.014">Sec. 1002.014.</num>
<heading>GUARDIANSHIP CERTIFICATION PROGRAM OF THE JUDICIAL BRANCH CERTIFICATION COMMISSION</heading>
<content>"Guardianship certification program of the Judicial Branch Certification Commission" means the program established under Chapter 155, Government Code.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 42 (S.B. 966), Sec. 2.04, eff. September 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1002/s1002.015">
<num value="1002.015">Sec. 1002.015.</num>
<heading>GUARDIANSHIP PROCEEDING</heading>
<chapeau>The term "guardianship proceeding" means a matter or proceeding related to a guardianship or any other matter covered by this title, including:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1002/s1002.015/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the appointment of a guardian of a minor or other incapacitated person, including an incapacitated adult for whom another court obtained continuing, exclusive jurisdiction in a suit affecting the parent-child relationship when the person was a child;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1002/s1002.015/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>an application, petition, or motion regarding guardianship or a substitute for guardianship under this title;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1002/s1002.015/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>a mental health action; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1002/s1002.015/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>an application, petition, or motion regarding a trust created under Chapter 1301.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 161 (S.B. 1093), Sec. 6.014, eff. January 1, 2014.
Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 214 (H.B. 39), Sec. 3, eff. September 1, 2015.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1002/s1002.016">
<num value="1002.016">Sec. 1002.016.</num>
<heading>GUARDIANSHIP PROGRAM</heading>
<content>"Guardianship program" has the meaning assigned by Section 155.001, Government Code.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 42 (S.B. 966), Sec. 2.05, eff. September 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1002/s1002.017">
<num value="1002.017">Sec. 1002.017.</num>
<heading>INCAPACITATED PERSON</heading>
<chapeau>"Incapacitated person" means:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1002/s1002.017/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>a minor;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1002/s1002.017/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<chapeau>an adult who, because of a physical or mental condition, is substantially unable to:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1002/s1002.017/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>provide food, clothing, or shelter for himself or herself;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1002/s1002.017/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>care for the person's own physical health; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1002/s1002.017/C">
<num value="C">(C)</num>
<content>manage the person's own financial affairs; or</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1002/s1002.017/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>a person who must have a guardian appointed for the person to receive funds due the person from a governmental source.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1002/s1002.018">
<num value="1002.018">Sec. 1002.018.</num>
<heading>INTERESTED PERSON; PERSON INTERESTED</heading>
<chapeau>"Interested person" or "person interested" means:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1002/s1002.018/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>an heir, devisee, spouse, creditor, or any other person having a property right in or claim against an estate being administered; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1002/s1002.018/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>a person interested in the welfare of an incapacitated person.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1002/s1002.019">
<num value="1002.019">Sec. 1002.019.</num>
<heading>MINOR</heading>
<chapeau>"Minor" means a person younger than 18 years of age who:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1002/s1002.019/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>has never been married; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1002/s1002.019/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>has not had the disabilities of minority removed for general purposes.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1002/s1002.020">
<num value="1002.020">Sec. 1002.020.</num>
<heading>MORTGAGE; LIEN</heading>
<chapeau>"Mortgage" and "lien" include:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1002/s1002.020/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>a deed of trust;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1002/s1002.020/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>a vendor's lien;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1002/s1002.020/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>a mechanic's, materialman's, or laborer's lien;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1002/s1002.020/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>a judgment, attachment, or garnishment lien;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1002/s1002.020/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>a federal or state tax lien;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1002/s1002.020/6">
<num value="6">(6)</num>
<content>a chattel mortgage; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1002/s1002.020/7">
<num value="7">(7)</num>
<content>a pledge by hypothecation.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1002/s1002.021">
<num value="1002.021">Sec. 1002.021.</num>
<heading>NEXT OF KIN</heading>
<chapeau>"Next of kin" includes:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1002/s1002.021/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>an adopted child;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1002/s1002.021/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>an adopted child's descendants; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1002/s1002.021/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the adoptive parent of an adopted child.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1002/s1002.022">
<num value="1002.022">Sec. 1002.022.</num>
<heading>PARENT</heading>
<content>"Parent" means the mother of a child, a man presumed to be the biological father of a child, a man who has been adjudicated to be the biological father of a child by a court of competent jurisdiction, or an adoptive mother or father of a child, but does not include a parent as to whom the parent-child relationship has been terminated.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1002/s1002.023">
<num value="1002.023">Sec. 1002.023.</num>
<heading>PERSON</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1002/s1002.023/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>"Person" includes a natural person, a corporation, and a guardianship program.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1002/s1002.023/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The definition of "person" assigned by Section 311.005, Government Code, does not apply to any provision in this title.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1002/s1002.024">
<num value="1002.024">Sec. 1002.024.</num>
<heading>PERSONAL PROPERTY</heading>
<chapeau>"Personal property" includes an interest in:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1002/s1002.024/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>goods;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1002/s1002.024/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>money;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1002/s1002.024/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>a chose in action;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1002/s1002.024/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>an evidence of debt; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1002/s1002.024/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>a real chattel.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1002/s1002.025">
<num value="1002.025">Sec. 1002.025.</num>
<heading>PRIVATE PROFESSIONAL GUARDIAN</heading>
<content>"Private professional guardian" has the meaning assigned by Section 155.001, Government Code.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 42 (S.B. 966), Sec. 2.06, eff. September 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1002/s1002.026">
<num value="1002.026">Sec. 1002.026.</num>
<heading>PROPOSED WARD</heading>
<content>"Proposed ward" means a person alleged in a guardianship proceeding to be incapacitated.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1002/s1002.0265">
<num value="1002.0265">Sec. 1002.0265.</num>
<heading>QUALIFIED DELIVERY METHOD</heading>
<chapeau>"Qualified delivery method" means delivery by:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1002/s1002.0265/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>hand delivery by courier, with courier's proof of delivery receipt;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1002/s1002.0265/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>certified or registered mail, return receipt requested, with return receipt; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1002/s1002.0265/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>a private delivery service designated as a designated delivery service by the United States Secretary of the Treasury under Section 7502(f)(2), Internal Revenue Code of 1986, with proof of delivery receipt.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 123 (H.B. 785), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2023.
Added by Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 207 (S.B. 1457), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2023.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1002/s1002.027">
<num value="1002.027">Sec. 1002.027.</num>
<heading>REAL PROPERTY</heading>
<content>"Real property" includes estates and interests in land, whether corporeal or incorporeal or legal or equitable. The term does not include a real chattel.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1002/s1002.028">
<num value="1002.028">Sec. 1002.028.</num>
<heading>REPRESENTATIVE; PERSONAL REPRESENTATIVE</heading>
<chapeau>"Representative" and "personal representative" include:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1002/s1002.028/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>a guardian; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1002/s1002.028/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>a successor guardian.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1002/s1002.029">
<num value="1002.029">Sec. 1002.029.</num>
<heading>SURETY</heading>
<content>"Surety" includes a personal surety and a corporate surety.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1002/s1002.030">
<num value="1002.030">Sec. 1002.030.</num>
<heading>WARD</heading>
<content>"Ward" means a person for whom a guardian has been appointed.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1002/s1002.031">
<num value="1002.031">Sec. 1002.031.</num>
<heading>SUPPORTS AND SERVICES</heading>
<chapeau>"Supports and services" means available formal and informal resources and assistance that enable an individual to:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1002/s1002.031/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>meet the individual's needs for food, clothing, or shelter;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1002/s1002.031/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>care for the individual's physical or mental health;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1002/s1002.031/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>manage the individual's financial affairs; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1002/s1002.031/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>make personal decisions regarding residence, voting, operating a motor vehicle, and marriage.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 214 (H.B. 39), Sec. 2, eff. September 1, 2015.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</chapter>
<chapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1021">
<num value="1021">CHAPTER 1021.</num>
<heading>GENERAL PROVISIONS</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1021/s1021.001">
<num value="1021.001">Sec. 1021.001.</num>
<heading>MATTERS RELATED TO GUARDIANSHIP PROCEEDING</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1021/s1021.001/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>For purposes of this code, in a county in which there is no statutory probate court or county court at law exercising original probate jurisdiction, a matter related to a guardianship proceeding includes:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1021/s1021.001/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the granting of letters of guardianship;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1021/s1021.001/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the settling of an account of a guardian and all other matters relating to the settlement, partition, or distribution of a ward's estate;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1021/s1021.001/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>a claim brought by or against a guardianship estate;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1021/s1021.001/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>an action for trial of title to real property that is guardianship estate property, including the enforcement of a lien against the property;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1021/s1021.001/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>an action for trial of the right of property that is guardianship estate property;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1021/s1021.001/6">
<num value="6">(6)</num>
<chapeau>after a guardianship of the estate of a ward is required to be settled as provided by Section 1204.001:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1021/s1021.001/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>an action brought by or on behalf of the former ward against a former guardian of the ward for alleged misconduct arising from the performance of the person's duties as guardian;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1021/s1021.001/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>an action calling on the surety of a guardian or former guardian to perform in place of the guardian or former guardian, which may include the award of a judgment against the guardian or former guardian in favor of the surety;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1021/s1021.001/C">
<num value="C">(C)</num>
<content>an action against a former guardian of the former ward that is brought by a surety that is called on to perform in place of the former guardian;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1021/s1021.001/D">
<num value="D">(D)</num>
<content>a claim for the payment of compensation, expenses, and court costs, and any other matter authorized under Chapter 1155; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1021/s1021.001/E">
<num value="E">(E)</num>
<content>a matter related to an authorization made or duty performed by a guardian under Chapter 1204; and</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1021/s1021.001/7">
<num value="7">(7)</num>
<content>the appointment of a trustee for a trust created under Section 1301.053 or 1301.054, the settling of an account of the trustee, and all other matters relating to the trust.</content>
<continuation>(a-1) For purposes of this code, in a county in which there is no statutory probate court, but in which there is a county court at law exercising original probate jurisdiction, a matter related to a guardianship proceeding includes:</continuation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1021/s1021.001/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>all matters and actions described in Subsection (a);</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1021/s1021.001/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the interpretation and administration of a testamentary trust in which a ward is an income or remainder beneficiary; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1021/s1021.001/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the interpretation and administration of an inter vivos trust in which a ward is an income or remainder beneficiary.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1021/s1021.001/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>For purposes of this code, in a county in which there is a statutory probate court, a matter related to a guardianship proceeding includes:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1021/s1021.001/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>all matters and actions described in Subsections (a) and (a-1);</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1021/s1021.001/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>a suit, action, or application filed against or on behalf of a guardianship or a trustee of a trust created under Section 1301.053 or 1301.054; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1021/s1021.001/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>a cause of action in which a guardian in a guardianship pending in the statutory probate court is a party.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 161 (S.B. 1093), Sec. 6.015(a), eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1236 (S.B. 1296), Sec. 20.007, eff. September 1, 2015.
Acts 2021, 87th Leg., R.S., Ch. 521 (S.B. 626), Sec. 13, eff. September 1, 2021.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</chapter>
<chapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1022">
<num value="1022">CHAPTER 1022.</num>
<heading>JURISDICTION</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1022/s1022.001">
<num value="1022.001">Sec. 1022.001.</num>
<heading>GENERAL PROBATE COURT JURISDICTION IN GUARDIANSHIP PROCEEDINGS; APPEALS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1022/s1022.001/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>All guardianship proceedings must be filed and heard in a court exercising original probate jurisdiction. The court exercising original probate jurisdiction also has jurisdiction of all matters related to the guardianship proceeding as specified in Section 1021.001 for that type of court.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1022/s1022.001/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A probate court may exercise pendent and ancillary jurisdiction as necessary to promote judicial efficiency and economy.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1022/s1022.001/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>A final order issued by a probate court is appealable to the court of appeals.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 161 (S.B. 1093), Sec. 6.015(a), eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1022/s1022.002">
<num value="1022.002">Sec. 1022.002.</num>
<heading>ORIGINAL JURISDICTION FOR GUARDIANSHIP PROCEEDINGS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1022/s1022.002/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>In a county in which there is no statutory probate court or county court at law exercising original probate jurisdiction, the county court has original jurisdiction of guardianship proceedings.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1022/s1022.002/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>In a county in which there is no statutory probate court, but in which there is a county court at law exercising original probate jurisdiction, the county court at law exercising original probate jurisdiction and the county court have concurrent original jurisdiction of guardianship proceedings, unless otherwise provided by law. The judge of a county court may hear guardianship proceedings while sitting for the judge of any other county court.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1022/s1022.002/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>In a county in which there is a statutory probate court, the statutory probate court has original jurisdiction of guardianship proceedings.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1022/s1022.002/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>From the filing of the application for the appointment of a guardian of the estate or person, or both, until the guardianship is settled and closed under this chapter, the administration of the estate of a minor or other incapacitated person is one proceeding for purposes of jurisdiction and is a proceeding in rem.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 161 (S.B. 1093), Sec. 6.015(a), eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 982 (H.B. 2080), Sec. 2, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1022/s1022.003">
<num value="1022.003">Sec. 1022.003.</num>
<heading>JURISDICTION OF CONTESTED GUARDIANSHIP PROCEEDING IN COUNTY WITH NO STATUTORY PROBATE COURT OR COUNTY COURT AT LAW</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1022/s1022.003/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>In a county in which there is no statutory probate court or county court at law exercising original probate jurisdiction, when a matter in a guardianship proceeding is contested, the judge of the county court may, on the judge's own motion, or shall, on the motion of any party to the proceeding, according to the motion:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1022/s1022.003/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>request the assignment of a statutory probate court judge to hear the contested matter, as provided by Section 25.0022, Government Code; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1022/s1022.003/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>transfer the contested matter to the district court, which may then hear the contested matter as if originally filed in the district court.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1022/s1022.003/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>If a party to a guardianship proceeding files a motion for the assignment of a statutory probate court judge to hear a contested matter in the proceeding before the judge of the county court transfers the contested matter to a district court under this section, the county judge shall grant the motion for the assignment of a statutory probate court judge and may not transfer the matter to the district court unless the party withdraws the motion.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1022/s1022.003/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>If a judge of a county court requests the assignment of a statutory probate court judge to hear a contested matter in a guardianship proceeding on the judge's own motion or on the motion of a party to the proceeding as provided by this section, the judge may request that the statutory probate court judge be assigned to the entire proceeding on the judge's own motion or on the motion of a party.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1022/s1022.003/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>A party to a guardianship proceeding may file a motion for the assignment of a statutory probate court judge under this section before a matter in the proceeding becomes contested, and the motion is given effect as a motion for assignment of a statutory probate court judge under Subsection (a) if the matter later becomes contested.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1022/s1022.003/e">
<num value="e">(e)</num>
<chapeau>Notwithstanding any other law, a transfer of a contested matter in a guardianship proceeding to a district court under any authority other than the authority provided by this section:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1022/s1022.003/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>is disregarded for purposes of this section; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1022/s1022.003/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>does not defeat the right of a party to the proceeding to have the matter assigned to a statutory probate court judge in accordance with this section.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1022/s1022.003/f">
<num value="f">(f)</num>
<content>A statutory probate court judge assigned to a contested matter in a guardianship proceeding or to the entire proceeding under this section has the jurisdiction and authority granted to a statutory probate court by this code. A statutory probate court judge assigned to hear only the contested matter in a guardianship proceeding shall, on resolution of the matter, including any appeal of the matter, return the matter to the county court for further proceedings not inconsistent with the orders of the statutory probate court or court of appeals, as applicable. A statutory probate court judge assigned to the entire guardianship proceeding as provided by Subsection (c) shall, on resolution of the contested matter in the proceeding, including any appeal of the matter, return the entire proceeding to the county court for further proceedings not inconsistent with the orders of the statutory probate court or court of appeals, as applicable.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1022/s1022.003/g">
<num value="g">(g)</num>
<content>A district court to which a contested matter in a guardianship proceeding is transferred under this section has the jurisdiction and authority granted to a statutory probate court by this code. On resolution of a contested matter transferred to the district court under this section, including any appeal of the matter, the district court shall return the matter to the county court for further proceedings not inconsistent with the orders of the district court or court of appeals, as applicable.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1022/s1022.003/h">
<num value="h">(h)</num>
<content>If only the contested matter in a guardianship proceeding is assigned to a statutory probate court judge under this section, or if the contested matter in a guardianship proceeding is transferred to a district court under this section, the county court shall continue to exercise jurisdiction over the management of the guardianship, other than a contested matter, until final disposition of the contested matter is made in accordance with this section. Any matter related to a guardianship proceeding in which a contested matter is transferred to a district court may be brought in the district court. The district court in which a matter related to the proceeding is filed may, on the court's own motion or on the motion of any party, find that the matter is not a contested matter and transfer the matter to the county court with jurisdiction of the management of the guardianship.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1022/s1022.003/i">
<num value="i">(i)</num>
<content>If a contested matter in a guardianship proceeding is transferred to a district court under this section, the district court has jurisdiction of any contested matter in the proceeding that is subsequently filed, and the county court shall transfer those contested matters to the district court. If a statutory probate court judge is assigned under this section to hear a contested matter in a guardianship proceeding, the statutory probate court judge shall be assigned to hear any contested matter in the proceeding that is subsequently filed.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1022/s1022.003/j">
<num value="j">(j)</num>
<content>The clerk of a district court to which a contested matter in a guardianship proceeding is transferred under this section may perform in relation to the transferred matter any function a county clerk may perform with respect to that type of matter.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 161 (S.B. 1093), Sec. 6.015(a), eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1022/s1022.004">
<num value="1022.004">Sec. 1022.004.</num>
<heading>JURISDICTION OF CONTESTED GUARDIANSHIP PROCEEDING IN COUNTY WITH NO STATUTORY PROBATE COURT</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1022/s1022.004/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>In a county in which there is no statutory probate court, but in which there is a county court at law exercising original probate jurisdiction, when a matter in a guardianship proceeding is contested, the judge of the county court may, on the judge's own motion, or shall, on the motion of any party to the proceeding, transfer the contested matter to the county court at law. In addition, the judge of the county court, on the judge's own motion or on the motion of a party to the proceeding, may transfer the entire proceeding to the county court at law.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1022/s1022.004/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A county court at law to which a proceeding is transferred under this section may hear the proceeding as if originally filed in that court. If only a contested matter in the proceeding is transferred, on the resolution of the matter, the matter shall be returned to the county court for further proceedings not inconsistent with the orders of the county court at law.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 161 (S.B. 1093), Sec. 6.015(a), eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1022/s1022.005">
<num value="1022.005">Sec. 1022.005.</num>
<heading>EXCLUSIVE JURISDICTION OF GUARDIANSHIP PROCEEDING IN COUNTY WITH STATUTORY PROBATE COURT</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1022/s1022.005/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>In a county in which there is a statutory probate court, the statutory probate court has exclusive jurisdiction of all guardianship proceedings, regardless of whether contested or uncontested.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1022/s1022.005/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A cause of action related to a guardianship proceeding of which the statutory probate court has exclusive jurisdiction as provided by Subsection (a) must be brought in the statutory probate court unless the jurisdiction of the statutory probate court is concurrent with the jurisdiction of a district court as provided by Section 1022.006 or with the jurisdiction of any other court.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 161 (S.B. 1093), Sec. 6.015(a), eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1022/s1022.006">
<num value="1022.006">Sec. 1022.006.</num>
<heading>CONCURRENT JURISDICTION WITH DISTRICT COURT</heading>
<chapeau>A statutory probate court has concurrent jurisdiction with the district court in:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1022/s1022.006/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>a personal injury, survival, or wrongful death action by or against a person in the person's capacity as a guardian; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1022/s1022.006/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>an action involving a guardian in which each other party aligned with the guardian is not an interested person in the guardianship.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 161 (S.B. 1093), Sec. 6.015(a), eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1022/s1022.007">
<num value="1022.007">Sec. 1022.007.</num>
<heading>TRANSFER OF PROCEEDING BY STATUTORY PROBATE COURT</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1022/s1022.007/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>A judge of a statutory probate court, on the motion of a party to the action or of a person interested in the guardianship, may:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1022/s1022.007/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>transfer to the judge's court from a district, county, or statutory court a cause of action that is a matter related to a guardianship proceeding pending in the statutory probate court, including a cause of action that is a matter related to a guardianship proceeding pending in the statutory probate court and in which the guardian, ward, or proposed ward in the pending guardianship proceeding is a party; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1022/s1022.007/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>consolidate the transferred cause of action with the guardianship proceeding to which it relates and any other proceedings in the statutory probate court that are related to the guardianship proceeding.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1022/s1022.007/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>Notwithstanding any other provision of this title, the proper venue for an action by or against a guardian, ward, or proposed ward for personal injury, death, or property damages is determined under Section 15.007, Civil Practice and Remedies Code.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 161 (S.B. 1093), Sec. 6.015(a), eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1022/s1022.008">
<num value="1022.008">Sec. 1022.008.</num>
<heading>TRANSFER OF CONTESTED GUARDIANSHIP OF THE PERSON OF A MINOR</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1022/s1022.008/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>If an interested person contests an application for the appointment of a guardian of the person of a minor or an interested person seeks the removal of a guardian of the person of a minor, the judge, on the judge's own motion, may transfer all matters related to the guardianship proceeding to a court of competent jurisdiction in which a suit affecting the parent-child relationship under the Family Code is pending.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1022/s1022.008/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The probate court that transfers a proceeding under this section to a court with proper jurisdiction over suits affecting the parent-child relationship shall send to the court to which the transfer is made the complete files in all matters affecting the guardianship of the person of the minor and certified copies of all entries in the judge's guardianship docket. The transferring court shall keep a copy of the transferred files. If the transferring court retains jurisdiction of the guardianship of the estate of the minor or of another minor who was the subject of the suit, the court shall send a copy of the complete files to the court to which the transfer is made and shall keep the original files.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1022/s1022.008/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>The court to which a transfer is made under this section shall apply the procedural and substantive provisions of the Family Code, including Sections 155.005 and 155.205, in regard to enforcing an order rendered by the court from which the proceeding was transferred.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 1993, 73rd Leg., ch. 957, Sec. 1, eff. Sept. 1, 1993. Amended by Acts 1997, 75th Leg., ch. 77, Sec. 1, eff. Sept. 1, 1997; Acts 1997, 75th Leg., ch. 165, Sec. 7.55, eff. Sept. 1, 1997.
Amended by:
Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 602 (H.B. 585), Sec. 12, eff. June 19, 2009.
Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1085 (S.B. 1196), Sec. 5, eff. September 1, 2011.
Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1085 (S.B. 1196), Sec. 6, eff. September 1, 2011.
Added by Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 161 (S.B. 1093), Sec. 6.015(a), eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 161 (S.B. 1093), Sec. 6.015(b), eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</chapter>
<chapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1023">
<num value="1023">CHAPTER 1023.</num>
<heading>VENUE</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1023/s1023.001">
<num value="1023.001">Sec. 1023.001.</num>
<heading>VENUE FOR APPOINTMENT OF GUARDIAN</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1023/s1023.001/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>Except as otherwise authorized by this section, a proceeding for the appointment of a guardian for the person or estate, or both, of an incapacitated person shall be brought in the county in which the proposed ward resides or is located on the date the application is filed or in the county in which the principal estate of the proposed ward is located.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1023/s1023.001/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>A proceeding for the appointment of a guardian for the person or estate, or both, of a minor may be brought:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1023/s1023.001/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>in the county in which both the minor's parents reside;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1023/s1023.001/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>if the parents do not reside in the same county, in the county in which the parent who is the sole managing conservator of the minor resides, or in the county in which the parent who is the joint managing conservator with the greater period of physical possession of and access to the minor resides;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1023/s1023.001/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>if only one parent is living and the parent has custody of the minor, in the county in which that parent resides;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1023/s1023.001/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>if both parents are dead but the minor was in the custody of a deceased parent, in the county in which the last surviving parent having custody resided; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1023/s1023.001/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>if both parents of a minor child have died in a common disaster and there is no evidence that the parents died other than simultaneously, in the county in which both deceased parents resided at the time of their simultaneous deaths if they resided in the same county.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1023/s1023.001/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>A proceeding for the appointment of a guardian who was appointed by will may be brought in the county in which the will was admitted to probate or in the county of the appointee's residence if the appointee resides in this state.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1023/s1023.001/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>Repealed by Acts 1999, 76th Leg., ch. 379, Sec. 10, eff. Sept. 1, 1999.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 1993, 73rd Leg., ch. 957, Sec. 1, eff. Sept. 1, 1993. Amended by Acts 1999, 76th Leg., ch. 379, Sec. 10, eff. Sept. 1, 1999.
Transferred and redesignated from Probate Code, Art/Sec 610 by Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 161 (S.B. 1093), Sec. 6.015(c), eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1023/s1023.002">
<num value="1023.002">Sec. 1023.002.</num>
<heading>CONCURRENT VENUE AND TRANSFER FOR WANT OF VENUE</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1023/s1023.002/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>If two or more courts have concurrent venue of a guardianship proceeding, the court in which an application for a guardianship proceeding is initially filed has and retains jurisdiction of the proceeding. A proceeding is considered commenced by the filing of an application alleging facts sufficient to confer venue, and the proceeding initially legally commenced extends to all of the property of the guardianship estate.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1023/s1023.002/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>If a guardianship proceeding is commenced in more than one county, it shall be stayed except in the county in which it was initially commenced until final determination of proper venue is made by the court in the county in which it was initially commenced.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1023/s1023.002/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>If it appears to the court at any time before the guardianship is closed that the proceeding was commenced in a court that did not have venue over the proceeding, the court shall, on the application of any interested person, transfer the proceeding to the proper county in the manner prescribed by Section 1023.006.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1023/s1023.002/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>When a proceeding is transferred to another county under a provision of this chapter, all orders entered in connection with the proceeding shall be valid and shall be recognized in the court to which the guardianship was ordered transferred, if the orders were made and entered in conformance with the procedures prescribed by this code.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 161 (S.B. 1093), Sec. 6.015(a), eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 161 (S.B. 1093), Sec. 6.015(d), eff. January 1, 2014.
Acts 2025, 89th Leg., R.S., Ch. 855 (S.B. 1760), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2025.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1023/s1023.003">
<num value="1023.003">Sec. 1023.003.</num>
<heading>TRANSFER OF GUARDIANSHIP TO ANOTHER COUNTY</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1023/s1023.003/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>When a guardian or any other person desires to transfer the transaction of the business of the guardianship from one county to another, the person shall file a written application in the court in which the guardianship is pending stating the reason for the transfer.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1023/s1023.003/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>With notice as provided by Section 1023.004, the court in which a guardianship is pending, on the court's own motion, may transfer the transaction of the business of the guardianship to another county if the ward resides in the county to which the guardianship is to be transferred.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 161 (S.B. 1093), Sec. 6.015(a), eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 514 (S.B. 39), Sec. 1(c), eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1023/s1023.004">
<num value="1023.004">Sec. 1023.004.</num>
<heading>NOTICE</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1023/s1023.004/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>On filing an application or on motion of a court to transfer a guardianship to another county under Section 1023.002 or 1023.003, the sureties on the bond of the guardian shall be cited by a qualified delivery method to appear and show cause why the guardianship should not be transferred.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1023/s1023.004/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>If an application is filed by a person other than the guardian, the guardian shall be cited by personal service to appear and show cause why the guardianship should not be transferred.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1023/s1023.004/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>If a court made a motion to transfer a guardianship, the guardian shall be given notice by a qualified delivery method to appear and show cause why the guardianship should not be transferred.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 161 (S.B. 1093), Sec. 6.015(a), eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 161 (S.B. 1093), Sec. 6.015(e), eff. January 1, 2014.
Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 514 (S.B. 39), Sec. 1(d), eff. September 1, 2017.
Acts 2021, 87th Leg., R.S., Ch. 243 (H.B. 1296), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2021.
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 123 (H.B. 785), Sec. 2, eff. September 1, 2023.
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 207 (S.B. 1457), Sec. 2, eff. September 1, 2023.
Acts 2025, 89th Leg., R.S., Ch. 855 (S.B. 1760), Sec. 2, eff. September 1, 2025.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1023/s1023.005">
<num value="1023.005">Sec. 1023.005.</num>
<heading>COURT ACTION</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1023/s1023.005/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>On hearing an application or motion under Section 1023.003, if it appears that transfer of the guardianship is in the best interests of the ward and either the ward has resided in the county to which the guardianship is to be transferred for at least six months or good cause is not otherwise shown to deny the transfer, the court shall enter an order:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1023/s1023.005/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>authorizing the transfer on payment on behalf of the estate of all accrued costs;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1023/s1023.005/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>requiring that any existing bond of the guardian must remain in effect until a new bond has been given or a rider has been filed in accordance with Section 1023.010; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1023/s1023.005/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>certifying that the guardianship is in compliance with this code at the time of transfer.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1023/s1023.005/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>In making a determination that the transfer is in the best interests of the ward under Subsection (a), the court may consider:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1023/s1023.005/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the interests of justice;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1023/s1023.005/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the convenience of the parties; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1023/s1023.005/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the preference of the ward, if the ward is 12 years of age or older.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1023/s1023.005/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>On receipt of an order described by Subsection (a), the clerk of the court to which the guardianship is transferred shall accept the transfer of the guardianship.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 161 (S.B. 1093), Sec. 6.015(a), eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1031 (H.B. 1438), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2015.
Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 514 (S.B. 39), Sec. 1(e), eff. September 1, 2017.
Acts 2021, 87th Leg., R.S., Ch. 382 (S.B. 1129), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2021.
Acts 2025, 89th Leg., R.S., Ch. 855 (S.B. 1760), Sec. 3, eff. September 1, 2025.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1023/s1023.006">
<num value="1023.006">Sec. 1023.006.</num>
<heading>TRANSFER OF RECORD</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1023/s1023.006/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>Not later than the 10th working day after the date an order of transfer is signed under Section 1023.002 or 1023.005, the clerk shall record any unrecorded papers of the guardianship required to be recorded. On payment of the clerk's fee, the clerk shall send, using the electronic filing system established under Section 72.031, Government Code, to the county clerk of the county to which the guardianship was ordered transferred:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1023/s1023.006/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>a transfer certificate and certified index of transferred documents;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1023/s1023.006/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>a copy of each order;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1023/s1023.006/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>a copy of the order of transfer signed by the transferring court;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1023/s1023.006/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>a copy of the original papers filed in the transferring court, including any papers previously received on transfer from a court in another county;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1023/s1023.006/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>a copy of the transfer certificate and certified index of transferred documents from each previous transfer, if applicable; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1023/s1023.006/6">
<num value="6">(6)</num>
<content>a bill of any costs accrued in the transferring court.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1023/s1023.006/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The clerk of the transferring court shall use the standardized transfer certificate and certified index of transferred documents form developed by the Office of Court Administration of the Texas Judicial System under Section 72.037, Government Code, when transferring a proceeding under this section.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1023/s1023.006/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>The clerk of the transferring court shall keep a copy of the documents transferred under Subsection (a), including transferred pleadings, orders, and all other papers filed into the case record.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1023/s1023.006/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<chapeau>The clerk of the court to which the proceeding is transferred shall, subject to Section 1023.005:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1023/s1023.006/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>accept documents transferred under Subsection (a);</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1023/s1023.006/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>docket the proceeding; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1023/s1023.006/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>notify, using the electronic filing system established under Section 72.031, Government Code, all parties, the clerk of the transferring court, and, if appropriate, the transferring court's local registry that the proceeding has been docketed.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1023/s1023.006/e">
<num value="e">(e)</num>
<content>The clerk of the transferee court shall physically or electronically mark or stamp the transfer certificate and certified index of transferred documents to evidence the date and time of acceptance under Subsection (d), but may not physically or electronically mark or stamp any other document transferred under Subsection (a).</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1023/s1023.006/f">
<num value="f">(f)</num>
<chapeau>The clerk of the transferring court shall send a certified copy of the order directing payments to the transferee court to:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1023/s1023.006/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>any party affected by the order and, if appropriate, to the local registry of the transferee court using the electronic filing system established under Section 72.031, Government Code; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1023/s1023.006/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>an employer affected by the order electronically or by first class mail.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1023/s1023.006/g">
<num value="g">(g)</num>
<content>The clerks of both the transferee and transferring courts may each produce under Chapter 51, Government Code, certified or uncertified copies of documents transferred under Subsection (a) but must include a copy of the transfer certificate and certified index of transferred documents with each document produced.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1023/s1023.006/h">
<num value="h">(h)</num>
<content>Sections 80.001 and 80.002, Government Code, do not apply to the transfer of documents under this section.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 161 (S.B. 1093), Sec. 6.015(a), eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2021, 87th Leg., R.S., Ch. 521 (S.B. 626), Sec. 14, eff. September 1, 2021.
Acts 2021, 87th Leg., R.S., Ch. 576 (S.B. 615), Sec. 13, eff. September 1, 2021.
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 256 (S.B. 1612), Sec. 5, eff. September 1, 2023.
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 861 (H.B. 3474), Sec. 11.005, eff. September 1, 2023.
Acts 2025, 89th Leg., R.S., Ch. 855 (S.B. 1760), Sec. 4, eff. September 1, 2025.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1023/s1023.007">
<num value="1023.007">Sec. 1023.007.</num>
<heading>TRANSFER EFFECTIVE</heading>
<content>The order transferring a guardianship does not take effect until the clerk of the court to which the proceeding is transferred accepts and dockets the case record under Section 1023.006.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 161 (S.B. 1093), Sec. 6.015(a), eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2021, 87th Leg., R.S., Ch. 521 (S.B. 626), Sec. 15, eff. September 1, 2021.
Acts 2021, 87th Leg., R.S., Ch. 576 (S.B. 615), Sec. 14, eff. September 1, 2021.
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 256 (S.B. 1612), Sec. 6, eff. September 1, 2023.
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 861 (H.B. 3474), Sec. 11.006, eff. September 1, 2023.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1023/s1023.0071">
<num value="1023.0071">Sec. 1023.0071.</num>
<heading>TRANSFER FEE</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1023/s1023.0071/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>The fee for filing a guardianship case transferred from another county under this chapter in which the guardian has previously been appointed and qualified in accordance with this title is $80 payable to the clerk of the court to which the case is transferred. No portion of this fee may be sent to the state.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1023/s1023.0071/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A party may not be assessed any other filing fee by the clerk of the court to which the guardianship is transferred in connection with the filing and docketing of the transferred case.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1023/s1023.0071/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>To the extent that this section conflicts with another state statute, the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure, or other rules, this section prevails.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2025, 89th Leg., R.S., Ch. 855 (S.B. 1760), Sec. 5, eff. September 1, 2025.
Amended by:
Acts 2025, 89th Leg., 2nd C.S., Ch. 7 (H.B. 16), Sec. 9.22(a), eff. January 1, 2026.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1023/s1023.009">
<num value="1023.009">Sec. 1023.009.</num>
<heading>NEW GUARDIAN APPOINTED ON TRANSFER</heading>
<content>If it appears to the court that transfer of the guardianship is in the best interests of the ward, but that because of the transfer it is not in the best interests of the ward for the guardian of the estate to continue to serve in that capacity, the court may in its order of transfer revoke the letters of guardianship and appoint a new guardian, and the former guardian shall account for and deliver the estate as provided by this title in a case in which a guardian resigns.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 161 (S.B. 1093), Sec. 6.015(a), eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1023/s1023.010">
<num value="1023.010">Sec. 1023.010.</num>
<heading>REVIEW OF TRANSFERRED GUARDIANSHIP</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1023/s1023.010/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>Not later than the 90th day after the date the transfer of the guardianship takes effect under Section 1023.007, the court to which the guardianship was transferred shall hold a hearing to consider modifying the rights, duties, and powers of the guardian or any other provisions of the transferred guardianship.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1023/s1023.010/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>After the hearing described by Subsection (a), the court to which the guardianship was transferred shall enter an order requiring the guardian to:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1023/s1023.010/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>give a new bond payable to the judge of the court to which the guardianship was transferred; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1023/s1023.010/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>file a rider to an existing bond noting the court to which the guardianship was transferred.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 161 (S.B. 1093), Sec. 6.015(a), eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1031 (H.B. 1438), Sec. 2, eff. September 1, 2015.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1023/s1023.011">
<num value="1023.011">Sec. 1023.011.</num>
<heading>NO LIABILITY OF JUDGE</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1023/s1023.011/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>When a guardianship is transferred from one county to another in accordance with this chapter, a judge of the court from which the guardianship is transferred may not be held civilly liable for any injury, damage, or loss to the ward or the ward's estate that occurs after the transfer.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1023/s1023.011/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A judge of the court to which a guardianship is transferred as described by Subsection (a) may not be held civilly liable for any injury, damage, or loss to the ward or the ward's estate that occurred before the transfer.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2021, 87th Leg., R.S., Ch. 382 (S.B. 1129), Sec. 3, eff. September 1, 2021.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</chapter>
<chapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051">
<num value="1051">CHAPTER 1051.</num>
<heading>NOTICES AND PROCESS IN GUARDIANSHIP PROCEEDINGS IN GENERAL</heading>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scA">
<num value="A">SUBCHAPTER A.</num>
<heading>ISSUANCE AND FORM OF NOTICE OR PROCESS</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scA/s1051.001">
<num value="1051.001">Sec. 1051.001.</num>
<heading>ISSUANCE OF NOTICE OR PROCESS IN GENERAL</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scA/s1051.001/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>Except as provided by Subsection (b), a person is not required to be cited or otherwise given notice in a guardianship proceeding except in a situation in which this title expressly provides for citation or the giving of notice.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scA/s1051.001/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>If this title does not expressly provide for citation or the issuance or return of notice in a guardianship proceeding, the court may require that notice be given. A court that requires that notice be given shall prescribe the form and manner of service of the notice and the return of service.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scA/s1051.001/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<chapeau>Unless a court order is required by this title, the county clerk without a court order shall issue:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scA/s1051.001/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>necessary citations, writs, and other process in a guardianship proceeding; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scA/s1051.001/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>all notices not required to be issued by a guardian.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 161 (S.B. 1093), Sec. 6.016, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scA/s1051.002">
<num value="1051.002">Sec. 1051.002.</num>
<heading>DIRECTION OF WRIT OR OTHER PROCESS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scA/s1051.002/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>A writ or other process other than a citation or notice must be directed "To any sheriff or constable within the State of Texas."</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scA/s1051.002/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>Notwithstanding Subsection (a), a writ or other process other than a citation or notice may not be held defective because the process is directed to the sheriff or a constable of a named county if the process is properly served within that county by an officer authorized to serve the process.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scA/s1051.003">
<num value="1051.003">Sec. 1051.003.</num>
<heading>CONTENTS OF CITATION OR NOTICE</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scA/s1051.003/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>A citation or notice must:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scA/s1051.003/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>be directed to the person to be cited or notified;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scA/s1051.003/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>be dated;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scA/s1051.003/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>state the style and number of the proceeding;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scA/s1051.003/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>state the court in which the proceeding is pending;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scA/s1051.003/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>describe generally the nature of the proceeding or matter to which the citation or notice relates;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scA/s1051.003/6">
<num value="6">(6)</num>
<content>direct the person being cited or notified to appear by filing a written contest or answer or to perform another required action; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scA/s1051.003/7">
<num value="7">(7)</num>
<content>state when and where the appearance or performance described by Subdivision (6) is required.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scA/s1051.003/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A citation or notice issued by the county clerk must be styled "The State of Texas" and be signed by the clerk under the court's seal.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scA/s1051.003/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>A notice required to be given by a guardian must be in writing and be signed by the guardian in the guardian's official capacity.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scA/s1051.003/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>A citation or notice is not required to contain a precept directed to an officer, but may not be held defective because the citation or notice contains a precept directed to an officer authorized to serve the citation or notice.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2021, 87th Leg., R.S., Ch. 521 (S.B. 626), Sec. 16, eff. September 1, 2021.
Acts 2021, 87th Leg., R.S., Ch. 576 (S.B. 615), Sec. 15, eff. September 1, 2021.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scB">
<num value="B">SUBCHAPTER B.</num>
<heading>METHODS OF SERVING CITATION OR NOTICE; PERSONS TO BE SERVED</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scB/s1051.051">
<num value="1051.051">Sec. 1051.051.</num>
<heading>PERSONAL SERVICE</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scB/s1051.051/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>Except as otherwise provided by Subsection (b), if personal service of citation or notice is required, the citation or notice must be served on the attorney of record for the person to be cited or notified. Notwithstanding the requirement of personal service, service may be made on that attorney by any method specified by Section 1051.055 for service on an attorney of record.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scB/s1051.051/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>If the person to be cited or notified does not have an attorney of record in the proceeding, or if an attempt to serve the person's attorney is unsuccessful:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scB/s1051.051/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the sheriff or constable shall serve the citation or notice by delivering a copy of the citation or notice to the person to be cited or notified, in person, if the person to whom the citation or notice is directed is in this state; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scB/s1051.051/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>a disinterested person competent to make an oath that the citation or notice was served may serve the citation or notice, if the person to be cited or notified is absent from or is not a resident of this state.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scB/s1051.051/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>The return day of the citation or notice served under Subsection (b) must be at least 10 days after the date of service, excluding the date of service.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scB/s1051.051/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>If the citation or notice attempted to be served as provided by Subsection (b) is returned with the notation that the person sought to be served, whether inside or outside this state, cannot be found, the county clerk shall issue a new citation or notice. Service of the new citation or notice must be made by publication.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scB/s1051.052">
<num value="1051.052">Sec. 1051.052.</num>
<heading>SERVICE BY MAIL OR QUALIFIED DELIVERY METHOD</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scB/s1051.052/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>The county clerk, or the guardian if required by statute or court order, shall serve a citation or notice required or permitted to be served by regular mail by mailing the original citation or notice to the person to be cited or notified.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scB/s1051.052/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>Except as provided by Subsection (c), the county clerk shall issue a citation or notice required or permitted to be served by a qualified delivery method and shall serve the citation or notice by sending the original citation or notice by a qualified delivery method.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scB/s1051.052/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>A guardian shall issue a notice required to be given by the guardian by a qualified delivery method and shall serve the notice by sending the original notice by a qualified delivery method.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scB/s1051.052/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<chapeau>The county clerk or guardian, as applicable, shall send a citation or notice under Subsection (b) or (c) with an instruction to deliver the citation or notice to the addressee only and with return receipt or other proof of delivery requiring recipient signature requested. The clerk or guardian, as applicable, shall address the envelope containing the citation or notice to:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scB/s1051.052/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the attorney of record in the proceeding for the person to be cited or notified; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scB/s1051.052/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the person to be cited or notified, if the citation or notice to the attorney is returned undelivered or the person to be cited or notified has no attorney of record in the proceeding.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scB/s1051.052/e">
<num value="e">(e)</num>
<content>Service by a qualified delivery method must be made at least 20 days before the return day of the citation or notice, excluding the date of service. The date of service is the date of mailing, the date of deposit with the private delivery service, or the date of delivery by courier, as applicable.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scB/s1051.052/f">
<num value="f">(f)</num>
<content>A copy of a citation or notice served under Subsection (a), (b), or (c) and a certificate of the person serving the citation or notice showing that the citation or notice was sent and the date of the mailing, the date of deposit with a private delivery service, or the date of delivery by courier, as applicable, shall be filed and recorded. A returned receipt or other proof of delivery receipt for a citation or notice served under Subsection (b) or (c) shall be attached to the certificate.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scB/s1051.052/g">
<num value="g">(g)</num>
<content>If a citation or notice served by mail is returned undelivered, a new citation or notice shall be issued. Service of the new citation or notice must be made by posting.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Text of subsection as added by Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 123 (H.B. 785), Sec. 4
(h) The applicant or movant in a guardianship proceeding shall pay the cost of delivery of a citation or notice under this section, to be taxed as costs in the proceeding.
Text of subsection as added by Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 207 (S.B. 1457), Sec. 4
(h) The applicant or movant in a guardianship proceeding shall pay the cost of delivery of a citation or notice under this section.
Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 123 (H.B. 785), Sec. 3, eff. September 1, 2023.
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 123 (H.B. 785), Sec. 4, eff. September 1, 2023.
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 207 (S.B. 1457), Sec. 3, eff. September 1, 2023.
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 207 (S.B. 1457), Sec. 4, eff. September 1, 2023.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scB/s1051.053">
<num value="1051.053">Sec. 1051.053.</num>
<heading>SERVICE BY POSTING</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scB/s1051.053/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>The county clerk shall deliver the original and a copy of a citation or notice required to be posted to the sheriff or a constable of the county in which the proceeding is pending. The sheriff or constable shall post the copy at the door of the county courthouse or the location in or near the courthouse where public notices are customarily posted.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scB/s1051.053/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>Citation or notice under this section must be posted for at least 10 days before the return day of the citation or notice, excluding the date of posting, except as provided by Section 1051.152(b). The date of service of citation or notice by posting is the date of posting.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scB/s1051.053/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>A sheriff or constable who posts a copy of a citation or notice under this section shall return the original citation or notice to the county clerk and state the date and location of the posting in a written return of the copy of the citation or notice.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scB/s1051.053/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<chapeau>The method of service prescribed by this section applies when a guardian is required or permitted to post a notice. The notice must be:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scB/s1051.053/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>issued in the name of the guardian;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scB/s1051.053/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>addressed and delivered to, and posted and returned by, the appropriate officer; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scB/s1051.053/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>filed with the county clerk.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scB/s1051.054">
<num value="1051.054">Sec. 1051.054.</num>
<heading>SERVICE BY PUBLICATION</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scB/s1051.054/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>Except as provided by Section 17.032, Civil Practice and Remedies Code, citation or notice to a person to be served by publication shall be published one time on the public information Internet website maintained as required by Section 72.034, Government Code, and in a newspaper of general circulation in the county in which the proceeding is pending. The publication must be made at least 10 days before the return day of the citation or notice, excluding the date of publication.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scB/s1051.054/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>The date of service of citation or notice by publication is the earlier of:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scB/s1051.054/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the date the citation or notice is published on the public information Internet website under Subsection (a); or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scB/s1051.054/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the date of publication printed on the newspaper in which the citation or notice is published.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scB/s1051.054/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>Repealed by Acts 2019, 86th Leg., R.S., Ch. 606 (S.B. 891), Sec. 15.02(2), eff. September 1, 2019.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2019, 86th Leg., R.S., Ch. 606 (S.B. 891), Sec. 10.07, eff. June 1, 2020.
Acts 2019, 86th Leg., R.S., Ch. 606 (S.B. 891), Sec. 15.02(2), eff. September 1, 2019.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scB/s1051.055">
<num value="1051.055">Sec. 1051.055.</num>
<heading>SERVICE ON PARTY'S ATTORNEY OF RECORD</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scB/s1051.055/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>If a party is represented by an attorney of record in a guardianship proceeding, including a proposed ward who has been personally served with notice of the proceeding and is represented by an attorney ad litem, a citation or notice required to be served on the party shall be served instead on that attorney.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scB/s1051.055/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A notice served on an attorney under this section may be served by delivery to the attorney in person or by a qualified delivery method.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scB/s1051.055/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<chapeau>A notice or citation may be served on an attorney under this section by:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scB/s1051.055/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>another party to the proceeding;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scB/s1051.055/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the attorney of record for another party to the proceeding;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scB/s1051.055/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>an appropriate sheriff or constable; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scB/s1051.055/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>another person competent to testify.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scB/s1051.055/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<chapeau>Each of the following is prima facie evidence of the fact that service has been made under this section:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scB/s1051.055/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the written statement of an attorney of record showing service;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scB/s1051.055/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the return of the officer showing service; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scB/s1051.055/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the affidavit of a person showing service.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scB/s1051.055/e">
<num value="e">(e)</num>
<content>Except as provided by Section 1051.105, an attorney ad litem may not waive personal service of citation.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 123 (H.B. 785), Sec. 5, eff. September 1, 2023.
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 207 (S.B. 1457), Sec. 5, eff. September 1, 2023.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scB/s1051.056">
<num value="1051.056">Sec. 1051.056.</num>
<heading>SERVICE ON GUARDIAN OR RECEIVER</heading>
<chapeau>Unless this title expressly provides for another method of service, the county clerk who issues a citation or notice required to be served on a guardian or receiver shall serve the citation or notice by sending the original citation or notice by a qualified delivery method to:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scB/s1051.056/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the guardian's or receiver's attorney of record; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scB/s1051.056/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the guardian or receiver, if the guardian or receiver does not have an attorney of record.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 123 (H.B. 785), Sec. 6, eff. September 1, 2023.
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 207 (S.B. 1457), Sec. 6, eff. September 1, 2023.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scC">
<num value="C">SUBCHAPTER C.</num>
<heading>NOTICE AND CITATION REQUIRED FOR APPLICATION FOR GUARDIANSHIP</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scC/s1051.101">
<num value="1051.101">Sec. 1051.101.</num>
<heading>NOTICE REQUIRED FOR APPLICATION FOR GUARDIANSHIP; CITATION OF APPLICANT NOT REQUIRED</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scC/s1051.101/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>On the filing of an application for guardianship, notice shall be issued and served as provided by this subchapter.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scC/s1051.101/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>It is not necessary to serve a citation on a person who files an application for the creation of a guardianship under this title or for that person to waive the issuance and personal service of citation under this subchapter.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scC/s1051.102">
<num value="1051.102">Sec. 1051.102.</num>
<heading>ISSUANCE OF CITATION FOR APPLICATION FOR GUARDIANSHIP</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scC/s1051.102/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>On the filing of an application for guardianship, the court clerk shall issue a citation stating:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scC/s1051.102/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>that the application was filed;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scC/s1051.102/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the name of the proposed ward;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scC/s1051.102/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the name of the applicant; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scC/s1051.102/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>the name of the person to be appointed guardian as provided in the application, if that person is not the applicant.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scC/s1051.102/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The citation must cite all persons interested in the welfare of the proposed ward to appear at the time and place stated in the notice if the persons wish to contest the application.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scC/s1051.102/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>The citation shall be posted.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scC/s1051.102/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>The citation must contain a clear and conspicuous statement informing those interested persons of the right provided under Section 1051.252 to be notified of any or all motions, applications, or pleadings relating to the application for the guardianship or any subsequent guardianship proceeding involving the ward after the guardianship is created, if any.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 161 (S.B. 1093), Sec. 6.017, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scC/s1051.103">
<num value="1051.103">Sec. 1051.103.</num>
<heading>SERVICE OF CITATION FOR APPLICATION FOR GUARDIANSHIP</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scC/s1051.103/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>The sheriff or other officer shall personally serve citation to appear and answer an application for guardianship on:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scC/s1051.103/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>a proposed ward who is 12 years of age or older;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scC/s1051.103/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the proposed ward's parents, if the whereabouts of the parents are known or can be reasonably ascertained;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scC/s1051.103/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>any court-appointed conservator or person having control of the care and welfare of the proposed ward;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scC/s1051.103/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>the proposed ward's spouse, if the whereabouts of the spouse are known or can be reasonably ascertained; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scC/s1051.103/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>the person named in the application to be appointed guardian, if that person is not the applicant.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scC/s1051.103/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A citation served as provided by Subsection (a) must contain the statement regarding the right under Section 1051.252 that is required in the citation issued under Section 1051.102.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scC/s1051.103/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>A citation served as provided by Subsection (a) to a relative of the proposed ward described by Subsection (a)(2) or (4) must contain a statement notifying the relative that, if a guardianship is created for the proposed ward, the relative must elect in writing in order to receive notice about the ward under Section 1151.056.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 161 (S.B. 1093), Sec. 6.018, eff. January 1, 2014.
Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1125 (S.B. 1709), Sec. 1, eff. June 15, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scC/s1051.104">
<num value="1051.104">Sec. 1051.104.</num>
<heading>NOTICE BY APPLICANT FOR GUARDIANSHIP</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scC/s1051.104/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>The person filing an application for guardianship shall send a copy of the application and a notice containing the information required in the citation issued under Section 1051.102 by a qualified delivery method to the following persons, if their whereabouts are known or can be reasonably ascertained:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scC/s1051.104/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>each adult child of the proposed ward;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scC/s1051.104/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>each adult sibling of the proposed ward;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scC/s1051.104/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the administrator of a nursing home facility or similar facility in which the proposed ward resides;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scC/s1051.104/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>the operator of a residential facility in which the proposed ward resides;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scC/s1051.104/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>a person whom the applicant knows to hold a power of attorney signed by the proposed ward;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scC/s1051.104/6">
<num value="6">(6)</num>
<content>a person designated to serve as guardian of the proposed ward by a written declaration under Subchapter E, Chapter 1104, if the applicant knows of the existence of the declaration;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scC/s1051.104/7">
<num value="7">(7)</num>
<content>a person designated to serve as guardian of the proposed ward in the probated will of the last surviving parent of the proposed ward;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scC/s1051.104/8">
<num value="8">(8)</num>
<content>a person designated to serve as guardian of the proposed ward by a written declaration of the proposed ward's last surviving parent, if the declarant is deceased and the applicant knows of the existence of the declaration; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scC/s1051.104/9">
<num value="9">(9)</num>
<content>each adult named in the application as an "other living relative" of the proposed ward within the third degree by consanguinity, as required by Section 1101.001(b)(11) or (13), if the proposed ward's spouse and each of the proposed ward's parents, adult siblings, and adult children are deceased or there is no spouse, parent, adult sibling, or adult child.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scC/s1051.104/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>The applicant shall file with the court:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scC/s1051.104/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>a copy of any notice required by Subsection (a) and the return receipts or other proofs of delivery of the notice; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scC/s1051.104/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<chapeau>an affidavit sworn to by the applicant or the applicant's attorney stating:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scC/s1051.104/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>that the notice was sent as required by Subsection (a); and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scC/s1051.104/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>the name of each person to whom the notice was sent, if the person's name is not shown on the return receipt or other proof of delivery.</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scC/s1051.104/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>Failure of the applicant to comply with Subsections (a)(2)-(9) does not affect the validity of a guardianship created under this title.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scC/s1051.104/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>Notice required by Subsection (a) to a relative of the proposed ward described by Subsection (a)(1) or (2) must contain a statement notifying the relative that, if a guardianship is created for the proposed ward, the relative must elect in writing in order to receive notice about the ward under Section 1151.056.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 161 (S.B. 1093), Sec. 6.019, eff. January 1, 2014.
Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1031 (H.B. 1438), Sec. 3, eff. September 1, 2015.
Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1125 (S.B. 1709), Sec. 2, eff. June 15, 2017.
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 123 (H.B. 785), Sec. 7, eff. September 1, 2023.
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 207 (S.B. 1457), Sec. 7, eff. September 1, 2023.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scC/s1051.105">
<num value="1051.105">Sec. 1051.105.</num>
<heading>WAIVER OF NOTICE OF APPLICATION FOR GUARDIANSHIP</heading>
<content>A person other than the proposed ward who is entitled to receive notice or personal service of citation under Sections 1051.103 and 1051.104(a) may, by writing filed with the clerk, waive the receipt of notice or the issuance and personal service of citation either in person or through an attorney ad litem.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scC/s1051.106">
<num value="1051.106">Sec. 1051.106.</num>
<heading>ACTION BY COURT ON APPLICATION FOR GUARDIANSHIP</heading>
<content>The court may not act on an application for the creation of a guardianship until the applicant has complied with Section 1051.104(b) and not earlier than the Monday following the expiration of the 10-day period beginning on the date service of notice and citation has been made as provided by Sections 1051.102, 1051.103, and 1051.104(a)(1).</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scD">
<num value="D">SUBCHAPTER D.</num>
<heading>RETURN AND PROOF OF SERVICE OF CITATION OR NOTICE</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scD/s1051.151">
<num value="1051.151">Sec. 1051.151.</num>
<heading>REQUIREMENTS FOR RETURN ON CITATION OR NOTICE SERVED BY PERSONAL SERVICE</heading>
<chapeau>The return of the person serving a citation or notice under Section 1051.051 must:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scD/s1051.151/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>be endorsed on or attached to the citation or notice;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scD/s1051.151/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>state the date and place of service;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scD/s1051.151/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>certify that a copy of the citation or notice was delivered to the person directed to be served;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scD/s1051.151/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>be subscribed and sworn to before, and under the hand and official seal of, an officer authorized by the laws of this state to take an affidavit; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scD/s1051.151/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>be returned to the county clerk who issued the citation or notice.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scD/s1051.152">
<num value="1051.152">Sec. 1051.152.</num>
<heading>VALIDITY OF SERVICE AND RETURN ON CITATION OR NOTICE SERVED BY POSTING</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scD/s1051.152/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>A citation or notice in a guardianship proceeding that is required to be served by posting and is issued in conformity with this title, and the service of and return of the citation or notice, is valid if:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scD/s1051.152/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>a sheriff or constable posts a copy of the citation or notice at the location or locations prescribed by this title; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scD/s1051.152/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the posting occurs on a day preceding the return day of service specified in the citation or notice that provides sufficient time for the period the citation or notice must be posted to expire before the specified return day.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scD/s1051.152/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The fact that the sheriff or constable, as applicable, makes the return of service on the citation or notice described by Subsection (a) and returns the citation or notice on which the return has been made to the court before the expiration of the period the citation or notice must be posted does not affect the validity of the citation or notice or the service or return of service. This subsection applies even if the sheriff or constable makes the return of service and returns the citation or notice to the court on the same day the citation or notice is issued.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 161 (S.B. 1093), Sec. 6.020, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scD/s1051.153">
<num value="1051.153">Sec. 1051.153.</num>
<heading>PROOF OF SERVICE</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scD/s1051.153/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>Proof of service in each case requiring citation or notice must be filed before a hearing.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scD/s1051.153/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>Proof of service consists of:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scD/s1051.153/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>if the service is made by a sheriff or constable, the return of service;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scD/s1051.153/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>if the service is made by a private person, the person's affidavit;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scD/s1051.153/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<chapeau>if the service is made by mail or by a qualified delivery method:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scD/s1051.153/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>the certificate of the county clerk making the service, or the affidavit of the guardian or other person making the service that states that the citation or notice was mailed or sent by a qualified delivery method and the date of the mailing, the date of deposit with the private delivery service, or the date of delivery by courier, as applicable; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scD/s1051.153/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>the return receipt or other proof of delivery receipt attached to the certificate or affidavit, as applicable, if the service was made by a qualified delivery method; and</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scD/s1051.153/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<chapeau>if the service is made by publication:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scD/s1051.153/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>a statement that:</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scD/s1051.153/i">
<num value="i">(i)</num>
<chapeau>is made by the Office of Court Administration of the Texas Judicial System or an employee of the office;</chapeau>
<clause identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scD/s1051.153/ii">
<num value="ii">(ii)</num>
<content>contains or to which is attached a copy of the published citation or notice; and</content>
</clause>
<clause identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scD/s1051.153/iii">
<num value="iii">(iii)</num>
<content>states the date of publication on the public information Internet website maintained as required by Section 72.034, Government Code; and</content>
</clause>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scD/s1051.153/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>an affidavit that:</content>
</subparagraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scD/s1051.153/i">
<num value="i">(i)</num>
<chapeau>is made by the publisher of the newspaper in which the citation or notice was published or an employee of the publisher;</chapeau>
<clause identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scD/s1051.153/ii">
<num value="ii">(ii)</num>
<content>contains or to which is attached a copy of the published citation or notice; and</content>
</clause>
<clause identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scD/s1051.153/iii">
<num value="iii">(iii)</num>
<content>states the date of publication printed on the newspaper in which the citation or notice was published.</content>
</clause>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2019, 86th Leg., R.S., Ch. 606 (S.B. 891), Sec. 10.08, eff. June 1, 2020.
Acts 2021, 87th Leg., R.S., Ch. 934 (H.B. 3774), Sec. 9.03, eff. September 1, 2021.
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 123 (H.B. 785), Sec. 8, eff. September 1, 2023.
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 207 (S.B. 1457), Sec. 8, eff. September 1, 2023.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scD/s1051.154">
<num value="1051.154">Sec. 1051.154.</num>
<heading>RETURN TO COURT</heading>
<content>A citation or notice issued by a county clerk must be returned to the court from which the citation or notice was issued on the first Monday after the service is perfected.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scE">
<num value="E">SUBCHAPTER E.</num>
<heading>ALTERNATIVE MANNER OF ISSUANCE, SERVICE, AND RETURN</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scE/s1051.201">
<num value="1051.201">Sec. 1051.201.</num>
<heading>COURT-ORDERED ISSUANCE, SERVICE, AND RETURN UNDER CERTAIN CIRCUMSTANCES</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scE/s1051.201/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>A citation or notice required by this title shall be issued, served, and returned in the manner specified by written order of the court in accordance with this title and the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure if:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scE/s1051.201/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>an interested person requests that action;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scE/s1051.201/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>a specific method is not provided by this title for giving the citation or notice;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scE/s1051.201/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>a specific method is not provided by this title for the service and return of citation or notice; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scE/s1051.201/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>a provision with respect to a matter relating to citation or notice is inadequate.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scE/s1051.201/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>Citation or notice issued, served, and returned in the manner specified by a court order as provided by Subsection (a) has the same effect as if the manner of service and return had been specified by this title.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scF">
<num value="F">SUBCHAPTER F.</num>
<heading>ADDITIONAL NOTICE PROVISIONS</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scF/s1051.251">
<num value="1051.251">Sec. 1051.251.</num>
<heading>WAIVER OF NOTICE OF HEARING</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scF/s1051.251/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>A competent person who is interested in a hearing in a guardianship proceeding may waive notice of the hearing in writing either in person or through an attorney.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scF/s1051.251/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A consul or other representative of a foreign government whose appearance has been entered as provided by law on behalf of a person residing in a foreign country may waive notice on the person's behalf.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scF/s1051.251/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>A person who submits to the jurisdiction of the court in a hearing is considered to have waived notice of the hearing.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scF/s1051.252">
<num value="1051.252">Sec. 1051.252.</num>
<heading>REQUEST FOR NOTICE OF FILING OF PLEADING</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scF/s1051.252/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>At any time after an application is filed to commence a guardianship proceeding, a person interested in the estate or welfare of a ward or incapacitated person may file with the county clerk a written request to be notified of all, or any specified, motions, applications, or pleadings filed with respect to the proceeding by any person or by a person specifically designated in the request. A person filing a request under this section is responsible for payment of the fees and other costs of providing the requested documents, and the clerk may require a deposit to cover the estimated costs of providing the notice. The clerk shall send to the requestor by regular mail a copy of any requested document.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scF/s1051.252/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A county clerk's failure to comply with a request under this section does not invalidate a proceeding.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scF/s1051.253">
<num value="1051.253">Sec. 1051.253.</num>
<heading>SERVICE OF NOTICE OF INTENTION TO TAKE DEPOSITIONS IN CERTAIN PROCEEDINGS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scF/s1051.253/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>In a guardianship proceeding in which there is no opposing party or attorney of record on whom to serve notice and copies of interrogatories, service may be made by posting notice of the intention to take depositions for a period of 10 days as provided by Section 1051.053 governing a posting of notice.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scF/s1051.253/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>When notice by posting under Subsection (a) is filed with the clerk, a copy of the interrogatories must also be filed.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scF/s1051.253/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<chapeau>At the expiration of the 10-day period prescribed by Subsection (a):</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scF/s1051.253/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the depositions for which the notice was posted may be taken; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1051/scF/s1051.253/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the judge may file cross-interrogatories if no person appears.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 161 (S.B. 1093), Sec. 6.021, eff. January 1, 2014.
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 982 (H.B. 2080), Sec. 3, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
</chapter>
<chapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1052">
<num value="1052">CHAPTER 1052.</num>
<heading>FILING AND RECORDKEEPING</heading>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1052/scA">
<num value="A">SUBCHAPTER A.</num>
<heading>RECORDKEEPING REQUIREMENTS</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1052/scA/s1052.001">
<num value="1052.001">Sec. 1052.001.</num>
<heading>GUARDIANSHIP DOCKET</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1052/scA/s1052.001/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>The county clerk shall maintain a record book titled "Judge's Guardianship Docket" and shall record in the book:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1052/scA/s1052.001/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the name of each person with respect to whom, or with respect to whose estate, a proceeding is commenced or sought to be commenced;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1052/scA/s1052.001/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the name of the guardian of the estate or person or of the applicant for letters of guardianship;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1052/scA/s1052.001/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the date each original application for a guardianship proceeding is filed;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1052/scA/s1052.001/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>a notation of each order, judgment, decree, and proceeding that occurs in each guardianship, including the date it occurs; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1052/scA/s1052.001/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>the docket number of each guardianship as assigned under Subsection (b).</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1052/scA/s1052.001/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The county clerk shall assign a docket number to each guardianship in the order a proceeding is commenced.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1031 (H.B. 1438), Sec. 4, eff. September 1, 2015.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1052/scA/s1052.002">
<num value="1052.002">Sec. 1052.002.</num>
<heading>CLAIM DOCKET</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1052/scA/s1052.002/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>The county clerk shall maintain a record book titled "Claim Docket" and shall record in the book each claim that is presented against a guardianship for the court's approval.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1052/scA/s1052.002/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The county clerk shall assign one or more pages of the record book to each guardianship.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1052/scA/s1052.002/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<chapeau>The claim docket must be ruled in 16 columns at proper intervals from top to bottom, with a short note of the contents at the top of each column. The county clerk shall record for each claim, in the order the claims are filed, the following information in the respective columns, beginning with the first or marginal column:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1052/scA/s1052.002/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the name of the claimant;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1052/scA/s1052.002/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the amount of the claim;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1052/scA/s1052.002/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the date of the claim;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1052/scA/s1052.002/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>the date the claim is filed;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1052/scA/s1052.002/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>the date the claim is due;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1052/scA/s1052.002/6">
<num value="6">(6)</num>
<content>the date the claim begins bearing interest;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1052/scA/s1052.002/7">
<num value="7">(7)</num>
<content>the interest rate;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1052/scA/s1052.002/8">
<num value="8">(8)</num>
<content>the date the claim is allowed by the guardian, if applicable;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1052/scA/s1052.002/9">
<num value="9">(9)</num>
<content>the amount allowed by the guardian, if applicable;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1052/scA/s1052.002/10">
<num value="10">(10)</num>
<content>the date the claim is rejected, if applicable;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1052/scA/s1052.002/11">
<num value="11">(11)</num>
<content>the date the claim is approved, if applicable;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1052/scA/s1052.002/12">
<num value="12">(12)</num>
<content>the amount approved for the claim, if applicable;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1052/scA/s1052.002/13">
<num value="13">(13)</num>
<content>the date the claim is disapproved, if applicable;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1052/scA/s1052.002/14">
<num value="14">(14)</num>
<content>the class to which the claim belongs;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1052/scA/s1052.002/15">
<num value="15">(15)</num>
<content>the date the claim is established by a judgment of a court, if applicable; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1052/scA/s1052.002/16">
<num value="16">(16)</num>
<content>the amount of the judgment established under Subdivision (15), if applicable.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1052/scA/s1052.003">
<num value="1052.003">Sec. 1052.003.</num>
<heading>GUARDIANSHIP FEE BOOK</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1052/scA/s1052.003/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>The county clerk shall maintain a record book titled "Guardianship Fee Book" and shall record in the book each item of cost that accrues to the officers of the court and any witness fees.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1052/scA/s1052.003/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>Each record entry must include:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1052/scA/s1052.003/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the party to whom the cost or fee is due;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1052/scA/s1052.003/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the date the cost or fee accrued;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1052/scA/s1052.003/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the guardianship or party liable for the cost or fee; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1052/scA/s1052.003/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>the date the cost or fee is paid.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1052/scA/s1052.004">
<num value="1052.004">Sec. 1052.004.</num>
<heading>ALTERNATE RECORDKEEPING</heading>
<chapeau>Instead of maintaining the record books described by Sections 1052.001, 1052.002, and 1052.003, the county clerk may maintain the information described by those sections relating to a person's guardianship proceeding:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1052/scA/s1052.004/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>on a computer file;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1052/scA/s1052.004/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>on microfilm;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1052/scA/s1052.004/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>in the form of a digitized optical image; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1052/scA/s1052.004/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>in another similar form of data compilation.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1052/scB">
<num value="B">SUBCHAPTER B.</num>
<heading>FILES; INDEX</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1052/scB/s1052.051">
<num value="1052.051">Sec. 1052.051.</num>
<heading>FILING PROCEDURES</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1052/scB/s1052.051/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>An application for a guardianship proceeding or a complaint, petition, or other paper permitted or required by law to be filed with a court in a guardianship proceeding must be filed with the county clerk of the appropriate county.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1052/scB/s1052.051/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>Each paper filed in a guardianship proceeding must be given the docket number assigned to the estate.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1052/scB/s1052.051/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<chapeau>On receipt of a paper described by Subsection (a), the county clerk shall:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1052/scB/s1052.051/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>file the paper; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1052/scB/s1052.051/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<chapeau>endorse on the paper:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1052/scB/s1052.051/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>the date the paper is filed;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1052/scB/s1052.051/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>the docket number; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1052/scB/s1052.051/C">
<num value="C">(C)</num>
<content>the clerk's official signature.</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1052/scB/s1052.051/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>Repealed by Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1031 , Sec. 37(1), eff. September 1, 2015.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1052/scB/s1052.051/e">
<num value="e">(e)</num>
<content>Repealed by Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1031 , Sec. 37(1), eff. September 1, 2015.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1052/scB/s1052.051/f">
<num value="f">(f)</num>
<content>Repealed by Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1031 , Sec. 37(1), eff. September 1, 2015.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 161 (S.B. 1093), Sec. 6.022, eff. January 1, 2014.
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 982 (H.B. 2080), Sec. 4, eff. January 1, 2014.
Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1031 (H.B. 1438), Sec. 37(1), eff. September 1, 2015.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1052/scB/s1052.052">
<num value="1052.052">Sec. 1052.052.</num>
<heading>CASE FILES</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1052/scB/s1052.052/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>The county clerk shall maintain a case file for each person's filed guardianship proceedings.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1052/scB/s1052.052/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>Each case file must contain each order, judgment, and proceeding of the court and any other guardianship filing with the court, including each:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1052/scB/s1052.052/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>application for the granting of guardianship;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1052/scB/s1052.052/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>citation and notice, whether published or posted, including the return on the citation or notice;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1052/scB/s1052.052/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>bond and official oath or declaration;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1052/scB/s1052.052/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>inventory, appraisement, and list of claims;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1052/scB/s1052.052/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>exhibit and account;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1052/scB/s1052.052/6">
<num value="6">(6)</num>
<content>report of renting;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1052/scB/s1052.052/7">
<num value="7">(7)</num>
<content>application for sale or partition of real estate;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1052/scB/s1052.052/8">
<num value="8">(8)</num>
<content>report of sale;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1052/scB/s1052.052/9">
<num value="9">(9)</num>
<content>application for authority to execute a lease for mineral development, or for pooling or unitization of lands, royalty, or other interest in minerals, or to lend or invest money;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1052/scB/s1052.052/10">
<num value="10">(10)</num>
<content>report of lending or investing money; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1052/scB/s1052.052/11">
<num value="11">(11)</num>
<content>report of guardians of the persons.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2021, 87th Leg., R.S., Ch. 521 (S.B. 626), Sec. 17, eff. September 1, 2021.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1052/scB/s1052.053">
<num value="1052.053">Sec. 1052.053.</num>
<heading>INDEX</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1052/scB/s1052.053/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>The county clerk shall properly index the records required under this chapter.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1052/scB/s1052.053/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The county clerk shall keep the index open for public inspection but may not release the index from the clerk's custody.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
</chapter>
<chapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1053">
<num value="1053">CHAPTER 1053.</num>
<heading>OTHER COURT DUTIES AND PROCEDURES</heading>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1053/scA">
<num value="A">SUBCHAPTER A.</num>
<heading>ENFORCEMENT OF ORDERS</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1053/scA/s1053.001">
<num value="1053.001">Sec. 1053.001.</num>
<heading>ENFORCEMENT OF ORDERS</heading>
<content>A judge may enforce an order entered against a guardian by attachment and confinement. Unless this title expressly provides otherwise, the term of confinement for any one offense under this section may not exceed three days.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1053/scB">
<num value="B">SUBCHAPTER B.</num>
<heading>COSTS AND SECURITY</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1053/scB/s1053.051">
<num value="1053.051">Sec. 1053.051.</num>
<heading>APPLICABILITY OF CERTAIN LAWS</heading>
<content>A law regulating costs in ordinary civil cases applies to a guardianship proceeding unless otherwise expressly provided by this title.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 161 (S.B. 1093), Sec. 6.023, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1053/scB/s1053.052">
<num value="1053.052">Sec. 1053.052.</num>
<heading>SECURITY FOR CERTAIN COSTS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1053/scB/s1053.052/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>The clerk may require or may obtain from the court an order requiring a person who files an application, complaint, or opposition relating to a guardianship proceeding, other than a guardian, attorney ad litem, or guardian ad litem, to provide security for the probable costs of the proceeding before filing the application, complaint, or opposition.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1053/scB/s1053.052/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>At any time before the trial of an application, complaint, or opposition described by Subsection (a), an officer of the court or a person interested in the guardianship or in the welfare of the ward may, by written motion, obtain from the court an order requiring the person who filed the application, complaint, or opposition to provide security for the probable costs of the proceeding. The rules governing civil suits in the county court with respect to providing security for the probable costs of a proceeding control in cases described by Subsection (a) and this subsection.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1053/scB/s1053.052/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>A guardian, attorney ad litem, or guardian ad litem appointed under this title by a court of this state may not be required to provide security for costs in an action brought by the guardian, attorney ad litem, or guardian ad litem in the guardian's, attorney ad litem's, or guardian ad litem's fiduciary capacity.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 161 (S.B. 1093), Sec. 6.024, eff. January 1, 2014.
Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1031 (H.B. 1438), Sec. 5, eff. September 1, 2015.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1053/scB/s1053.053">
<num value="1053.053">Sec. 1053.053.</num>
<heading>EXEMPTION FROM GUARDIANSHIP PROCEEDING FEES FOR CERTAIN MILITARY SERVICEMEMBERS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1053/scB/s1053.053/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>In this section, "combat zone" means an area that the president of the United States by executive order designates for purposes of 26 U.S.C. Section 112 as an area in which armed forces of the United States are or have engaged in combat.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1053/scB/s1053.053/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>Notwithstanding any other law, the clerk of a county court may not charge, or collect from, the estate of a proposed ward or ward any of the following fees if the court finds that the proposed ward or ward became incapacitated as a result of a personal injury sustained while in active service as a member of the armed forces of the United States in a combat zone:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1053/scB/s1053.053/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>a fee for the filing of a guardianship proceeding; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1053/scB/s1053.053/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>a fee for any service rendered by the court regarding the administration of the guardianship.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 436 (S.B. 1559), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1053/scB/s1053.054">
<num value="1053.054">Sec. 1053.054.</num>
<heading>EXEMPTION FROM GUARDIANSHIP FEES FOR CERTAIN LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICERS, FIREFIGHTERS, AND OTHERS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1053/scB/s1053.054/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>In this section:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1053/scB/s1053.054/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>"Eligible proposed ward" or "eligible ward" means an individual listed in Section 615.003, Government Code.</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1053/scB/s1053.054/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>"Line of duty" and "personal injury" have the meanings assigned by Section 615.021(e), Government Code.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1053/scB/s1053.054/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>Notwithstanding any other law, the clerk of a court may not charge, or collect from, the estate of an eligible proposed ward or eligible ward any of the following fees if the court finds the proposed ward or ward became incapacitated as a result of a personal injury sustained in the line of duty in the individual's position as described by Section 615.003, Government Code:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1053/scB/s1053.054/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>a fee for the filing of a guardianship proceeding; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1053/scB/s1053.054/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>a fee for any service rendered by the court regarding the administration of the guardianship.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 436 (S.B. 1559), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1053/scC">
<num value="C">SUBCHAPTER C.</num>
<heading>PROCEDURES FOR GUARDIANSHIP PROCEEDINGS</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1053/scC/s1053.101">
<num value="1053.101">Sec. 1053.101.</num>
<heading>CALLING OF DOCKETS</heading>
<chapeau>The judge in whose court a guardianship proceeding is pending, as determined by the judge, shall:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1053/scC/s1053.101/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>call guardianship proceedings in the proceedings' regular order on both the guardianship and claim dockets; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1053/scC/s1053.101/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>issue necessary orders.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 161 (S.B. 1093), Sec. 6.026, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1053/scC/s1053.102">
<num value="1053.102">Sec. 1053.102.</num>
<heading>SETTING OF CERTAIN HEARINGS BY CLERK</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1053/scC/s1053.102/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>If a judge is unable to designate the time and place for hearing a guardianship proceeding pending in the judge's court because the judge is absent from the county seat or is on vacation, disqualified, ill, or deceased, the county clerk of the county in which the proceeding is pending may:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1053/scC/s1053.102/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>designate the time and place for hearing;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1053/scC/s1053.102/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>enter the setting on the judge's docket; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1053/scC/s1053.102/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>certify on the docket the reason that the judge is not acting to set the hearing.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1053/scC/s1053.102/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>If, after the perfection of the service of notices and citations required by law concerning the time and place of hearing, a qualified judge is not present for a hearing set under Subsection (a), the hearing is automatically continued from day to day until a qualified judge is present to hear and make a determination in the proceeding.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 161 (S.B. 1093), Sec. 6.027, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1053/scC/s1053.103">
<num value="1053.103">Sec. 1053.103.</num>
<heading>RENDERING OF DECISIONS, ORDERS, DECREES, AND JUDGMENTS</heading>
<content>The court shall render a decision, order, decree, or judgment in a guardianship proceeding in open court, except as otherwise expressly provided.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 161 (S.B. 1093), Sec. 6.028, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1053/scC/s1053.104">
<num value="1053.104">Sec. 1053.104.</num>
<heading>CONFIDENTIALITY OF CERTAIN INFORMATION</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1053/scC/s1053.104/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>On request by a person protected by a protective order issued under Chapter 85, Family Code, or a guardian, attorney ad litem, or member of the family or household of a person protected by an order, the court may exclude from any document filed in a guardianship proceeding:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1053/scC/s1053.104/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the address and phone number of the person protected by the protective order;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1053/scC/s1053.104/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the place of employment or business of the person protected by the protective order;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1053/scC/s1053.104/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the school attended by the person protected by the protective order or the day-care center or other child-care facility the person attends or in which the person resides; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1053/scC/s1053.104/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>the place at which service of process on the person protected by the protective order was effectuated.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1053/scC/s1053.104/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>On granting a request for confidentiality under this section, the court shall order the clerk to:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1053/scC/s1053.104/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>strike the information described by Subsection (a) from the public records of the court; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1053/scC/s1053.104/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>maintain a confidential record of the information for use only by the court.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 982 (H.B. 2080), Sec. 5, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1053/scC/s1053.105">
<num value="1053.105">Sec. 1053.105.</num>
<heading>INAPPLICABILITY OF CERTAIN RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE</heading>
<chapeau>The following do not apply to guardianship proceedings:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1053/scC/s1053.105/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>Rules 47(c) and 169, Texas Rules of Civil Procedure; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1053/scC/s1053.105/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the portions of Rule 190.2, Texas Rules of Civil Procedure, concerning expedited actions under Rule 169, Texas Rules of Civil Procedure.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 982 (H.B. 2080), Sec. 5, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
</chapter>
<chapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054">
<num value="1054">CHAPTER 1054.</num>
<heading>COURT OFFICERS AND COURT-APPOINTED PERSONS</heading>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scA">
<num value="A">SUBCHAPTER A.</num>
<heading>ATTORNEYS AD LITEM AND INTERPRETERS</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scA/s1054.001">
<num value="1054.001">Sec. 1054.001.</num>
<heading></heading>
<content>In a proceeding under this title for the appointment of a guardian, the court shall appoint an attorney ad litem to represent the proposed ward's interests.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scA/s1054.002">
<num value="1054.002">Sec. 1054.002.</num>
<heading></heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scA/s1054.002/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>Unless the court determines that the continued appointment of an attorney ad litem appointed under Section 1054.001 is in the ward's best interests, the attorney's term of appointment expires, without a court order, on the date the court:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scA/s1054.002/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>appoints a guardian in accordance with Subchapter D, Chapter 1101;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scA/s1054.002/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>appoints a successor guardian; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scA/s1054.002/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>denies the application for appointment of a guardian.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scA/s1054.002/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The term of appointment of an attorney ad litem appointed under Section 1054.001 continues after the court appoints a temporary guardian under Chapter 1251 unless a court order provides for the termination or expiration of the attorney ad litem's appointment.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 161 (S.B. 1093), Sec. 6.029, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scA/s1054.003">
<num value="1054.003">Sec. 1054.003.</num>
<heading></heading>
<content>An attorney ad litem appointed under Section 1054.001 shall be provided copies of all of the current records in the guardianship case. The attorney may have access to all of the proposed ward's relevant medical, psychological, and intellectual testing records.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scA/s1054.004">
<num value="1054.004">Sec. 1054.004.</num>
<heading></heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scA/s1054.004/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>An attorney ad litem appointed under Section 1054.001 shall interview the proposed ward within a reasonable time before the hearing in the proceeding for the appointment of a guardian. To the greatest extent possible, the attorney shall discuss with the proposed ward:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scA/s1054.004/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the law and facts of the case;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scA/s1054.004/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the proposed ward's legal options regarding disposition of the case;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scA/s1054.004/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the grounds on which guardianship is sought; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scA/s1054.004/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>whether alternatives to guardianship would meet the needs of the proposed ward and avoid the need for the appointment of a guardian.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scA/s1054.004/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>Before the hearing, the attorney ad litem shall review:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scA/s1054.004/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the application for guardianship;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scA/s1054.004/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>certificates of current physical, medical, and intellectual examinations; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scA/s1054.004/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>all of the proposed ward's relevant medical, psychological, and intellectual testing records.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scA/s1054.004/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<chapeau>Before the hearing, the attorney ad litem shall discuss with the proposed ward the attorney ad litem's opinion regarding:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scA/s1054.004/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>whether a guardianship is necessary for the proposed ward; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scA/s1054.004/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>if a guardianship is necessary, the specific powers or duties of the guardian that should be limited if the proposed ward receives supports and services.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 214 (H.B. 39), Sec. 4, eff. September 1, 2015.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scA/s1054.005">
<num value="1054.005">Sec. 1054.005.</num>
<heading></heading>
<content>At the time the court appoints the attorney ad litem under Section 1054.001, the court shall appoint a language interpreter or sign interpreter if necessary to ensure effective communication between the proposed ward and the attorney.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scA/s1054.006">
<num value="1054.006">Sec. 1054.006.</num>
<heading></heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scA/s1054.006/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>The following persons may at any time retain an attorney who holds a certificate required by Subchapter E to represent the person's interests in a guardianship proceeding instead of having those interests represented by an attorney ad litem appointed under Section 1054.001 or another provision of this title:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scA/s1054.006/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>a ward who retains the power to enter into a contract under the terms of the guardianship, subject to Section 1202.103; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scA/s1054.006/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>a proposed ward for purposes of a proceeding for the appointment of a guardian as long as the proposed ward has capacity to contract.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scA/s1054.006/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>If the court finds that the ward or the proposed ward has capacity to contract, the court may remove an attorney ad litem appointed under Section 1054.001 or any other provision of this title that requires the court to appoint an attorney ad litem to represent the interests of a ward or proposed ward and appoint a ward or a proposed ward's retained counsel.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 161 (S.B. 1093), Sec. 6.030, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scA/s1054.007">
<num value="1054.007">Sec. 1054.007.</num>
<heading></heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scA/s1054.007/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>Except in a situation in which this title requires the appointment to represent the interests of the person, a court may appoint an attorney ad litem in any guardianship proceeding to represent the interests of:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scA/s1054.007/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>an incapacitated person or another person who has a legal disability;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scA/s1054.007/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>a proposed ward;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scA/s1054.007/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>a nonresident;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scA/s1054.007/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>an unborn or unascertained person; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scA/s1054.007/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>an unknown or missing potential heir.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scA/s1054.007/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>An attorney ad litem appointed under this section is entitled to reasonable compensation for services provided in the amount set by the court, to be taxed as costs in the proceeding.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 982 (H.B. 2080), Sec. 6, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scB">
<num value="B">SUBCHAPTER B.</num>
<heading>GUARDIANS AD LITEM</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scB/s1054.051">
<num value="1054.051">Sec. 1054.051.</num>
<heading></heading>
<content>The judge may appoint a guardian ad litem to represent the interests of an incapacitated person in a guardianship proceeding.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scB/s1054.052">
<num value="1054.052">Sec. 1054.052.</num>
<heading></heading>
<content>In the interest of judicial economy, the court may appoint as guardian ad litem under Section 1104.354(1) the person who has been appointed attorney ad litem under Section 1054.001 or the person who is serving as an ad litem for the ward's benefit in any other proceeding.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scB/s1054.053">
<num value="1054.053">Sec. 1054.053.</num>
<heading></heading>
<chapeau>Unless the court determines that the continued appointment of a guardian ad litem appointed in a proceeding for the appointment of a guardian is in the ward's best interests, the guardian ad litem's term of appointment expires, without a court order, on the date the court:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scB/s1054.053/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>appoints a guardian; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scB/s1054.053/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>denies the application for appointment of a guardian.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scB/s1054.054">
<num value="1054.054">Sec. 1054.054.</num>
<heading></heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scB/s1054.054/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>A guardian ad litem is an officer of the court.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scB/s1054.054/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A guardian ad litem shall protect the incapacitated person whose interests the guardian has been appointed to represent in a manner that will enable the court to determine the action that will be in that person's best interests.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scB/s1054.054/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<chapeau>The guardian ad litem shall:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scB/s1054.054/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>investigate whether a guardianship is necessary for the proposed ward; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scB/s1054.054/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>evaluate alternatives to guardianship and supports and services available to the proposed ward that would avoid the need for appointment of a guardian.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scB/s1054.054/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>The information gathered by the guardian ad litem under Subsection (c) is subject to examination by the court.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 214 (H.B. 39), Sec. 5, eff. September 1, 2015.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scB/s1054.055">
<num value="1054.055">Sec. 1054.055.</num>
<heading></heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scB/s1054.055/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>A guardian ad litem is entitled to reasonable compensation for services provided in the amount set by the court, to be taxed as costs in the proceeding.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scB/s1054.055/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The fees and expenses of a guardian ad litem appointed under Section 1104.354(1) are costs of the litigation proceeding that made the appointment necessary.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scB/s1054.056">
<num value="1054.056">Sec. 1054.056.</num>
<heading></heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scB/s1054.056/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>Subject to Subsection (b), a guardian ad litem appointed under this subchapter or Section 1102.001 or 1202.054 to represent the interests of an incapacitated person in a guardianship proceeding involving the creation, modification, or termination of a guardianship is not liable for civil damages arising from a recommendation made or an opinion given in the capacity of guardian ad litem.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scB/s1054.056/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>This section does not apply to a recommendation or opinion that is:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scB/s1054.056/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>wilfully wrongful;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scB/s1054.056/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<chapeau>given:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scB/s1054.056/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>with conscious indifference to or reckless disregard for the safety of another;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scB/s1054.056/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>with malice; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scB/s1054.056/C">
<num value="C">(C)</num>
<content>in bad faith; or</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scB/s1054.056/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>grossly negligent.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scC">
<num value="C">SUBCHAPTER C.</num>
<heading>COURT VISITORS</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scC/s1054.101">
<num value="1054.101">Sec. 1054.101.</num>
<heading></heading>
<content>This subchapter does not apply to a guardianship created only because the appointment of a guardian for a person is necessary for the person to receive funds from a governmental source.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scC/s1054.102">
<num value="1054.102">Sec. 1054.102.</num>
<heading></heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scC/s1054.102/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>Each statutory probate court shall operate a court visitor program to assess the conditions of wards and proposed wards.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scC/s1054.102/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A court, other than a statutory probate court, that has jurisdiction of a guardianship proceeding may operate a court visitor program in accordance with the population needs and financial abilities of the area the court serves.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scC/s1054.103">
<num value="1054.103">Sec. 1054.103.</num>
<heading></heading>
<chapeau>A court, at any time before a guardian is appointed for a proposed ward or during the pendency of a guardianship of the person or estate, may appoint a court visitor to evaluate the ward or proposed ward and provide a written report that substantially complies with Section 1054.104(b) on:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scC/s1054.103/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the request of any interested person, including the ward or proposed ward; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scC/s1054.103/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the court's own motion.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scC/s1054.104">
<num value="1054.104">Sec. 1054.104.</num>
<heading></heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scC/s1054.104/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>A court visitor appointed under Section 1054.103 shall file the report on the evaluation of a ward or proposed ward not later than the 14th day after the date the court visitor conducts the evaluation. The court visitor shall swear under penalty of perjury that the report is accurate to the best of the court visitor's knowledge and belief.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scC/s1054.104/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>A court visitor's report must include:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scC/s1054.104/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>a description of the nature and degree of the ward's or proposed ward's capacity and incapacity, including a description of the ward's or proposed ward's medical history, if reasonably available and not waived by the court;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scC/s1054.104/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>a medical prognosis and list of the ward's or proposed ward's treating physicians, when appropriate;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scC/s1054.104/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>a description of the ward's or proposed ward's living conditions and circumstances;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scC/s1054.104/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>a description of the ward's or proposed ward's social, intellectual, physical, and educational conditions;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scC/s1054.104/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>a statement that the court visitor has personally visited or observed the ward or proposed ward;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scC/s1054.104/6">
<num value="6">(6)</num>
<content>a statement of the date of the guardian's most recent visit, if a guardian has been appointed;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scC/s1054.104/7">
<num value="7">(7)</num>
<content>a recommendation as to any modification needed in the guardianship or proposed guardianship, including removal or denial of the guardianship; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scC/s1054.104/8">
<num value="8">(8)</num>
<content>any other information required by the court.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scC/s1054.105">
<num value="1054.105">Sec. 1054.105.</num>
<heading></heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scC/s1054.105/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>A court that operates a court visitor program shall use persons willing to serve as court visitors without compensation to the greatest extent possible.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scC/s1054.105/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A court visitor who has not expressed a willingness to serve without compensation is entitled to reasonable compensation for services provided in an amount set by the court, to be taxed as costs in the proceeding.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scD">
<num value="D">SUBCHAPTER D.</num>
<heading>COURT INVESTIGATORS</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scD/s1054.151">
<num value="1054.151">Sec. 1054.151.</num>
<heading></heading>
<content>On the filing of an application for guardianship under Section 1101.001, a court investigator shall investigate the circumstances alleged in the application to determine whether a less restrictive alternative to guardianship is appropriate.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scD/s1054.152">
<num value="1054.152">Sec. 1054.152.</num>
<heading></heading>
<chapeau>A court investigator shall:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scD/s1054.152/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>supervise a court visitor program established under Subchapter C if the court for which the investigator is appointed operates that type of program and, in that capacity, shall serve as the chief court visitor;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scD/s1054.152/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>investigate a complaint received from any person about a guardianship and report to the judge, if necessary; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scD/s1054.152/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>perform other duties as assigned by the judge or required by this title.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 414 (S.B. 1016), Sec. 2, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scD/s1054.153">
<num value="1054.153">Sec. 1054.153.</num>
<heading></heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scD/s1054.153/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>A court investigator shall file with the court a report containing the court investigator's findings and conclusions after conducting an investigation under Section 1054.151 or 1054.152.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scD/s1054.153/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>In a contested case, the court investigator shall provide copies of the report of the court investigator's findings and conclusions to the attorneys for the parties before the earlier of:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scD/s1054.153/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the seventh day after the date the court investigator completes the report; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scD/s1054.153/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the 10th day before the date the trial is scheduled to begin.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scD/s1054.153/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>Disclosure to a jury of the contents of a court investigator's report is subject to the Texas Rules of Evidence.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scD/s1054.154">
<num value="1054.154">Sec. 1054.154.</num>
<heading></heading>
<content>Nothing in this subchapter supersedes any duty or obligation of another to report or investigate abuse or neglect under any statute of this state.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scD/s1054.155">
<num value="1054.155">Sec. 1054.155.</num>
<heading></heading>
<content>If a request is made to a financial institution for a customer record in connection with an investigation conducted under Section 1054.151 or 1054.152, the court shall provide written notice of that fact to the ward or proposed ward with respect to whom the investigation is conducted not later than the fifth day after the date the financial institution produces the customer record.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1031 (H.B. 1438), Sec. 6, eff. September 1, 2015.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scD/s1054.156">
<num value="1054.156">Sec. 1054.156.</num>
<heading></heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scD/s1054.156/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>The judge of a court as defined by Section 1002.008(a)(1) or (2), other than a statutory probate court, may appoint a court investigator if the appointment is authorized by the commissioners court.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scD/s1054.156/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The commissioners court may authorize additional court investigators for a county if necessary.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scD/s1054.156/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>The commissioners court shall set the salary of a court investigator.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scD/s1054.156/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>The appointment of a court investigator by the judge of a statutory probate court is governed by Section 25.0025, Government Code.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 414 (S.B. 1016), Sec. 3, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scE">
<num value="E">SUBCHAPTER E.</num>
<heading>QUALIFICATIONS TO SERVE AS ATTORNEY</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scE/s1054.201">
<num value="1054.201">Sec. 1054.201.</num>
<heading></heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scE/s1054.201/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>Except as provided by Subsection (c), an attorney representing any person's interests in a guardianship proceeding, including an attorney ad litem, must be certified by the State Bar of Texas, or a person or other entity designated by the state bar, as having successfully completed a course of study in guardianship law and procedure sponsored by the state bar or the state bar's designee.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scE/s1054.201/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The State Bar of Texas shall require four hours of credit for certification under this subchapter, including one hour on alternatives to guardianship and supports and services available to proposed wards.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scE/s1054.201/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>An attorney may commence representation of a person's interests and file an appearance in a guardianship proceeding before completing the course required for certification under Subsection (a), but must complete the course not later than the 14th day after the date of filing the appearance and before filing any substantive motion in the guardianship proceeding.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 214 (H.B. 39), Sec. 6, eff. September 1, 2015.
Acts 2021, 87th Leg., R.S., Ch. 521 (S.B. 626), Sec. 20, eff. September 1, 2021.
Acts 2021, 87th Leg., R.S., Ch. 576 (S.B. 615), Sec. 18, eff. September 1, 2021.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scE/s1054.202">
<num value="1054.202">Sec. 1054.202.</num>
<heading></heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scE/s1054.202/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>Except as provided by Subsection (b), a certificate issued under this subchapter expires on the second anniversary of the date the certificate is issued.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scE/s1054.202/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A new certificate obtained by a person to whom a certificate under this subchapter was previously issued expires on the fourth anniversary of the date the new certificate is issued if the person has been certified each of the four years immediately preceding the date the new certificate is issued.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1054/scE/s1054.203">
<num value="1054.203">Sec. 1054.203.</num>
<heading></heading>
<content>An attorney whose certificate issued under this subchapter has expired must obtain a new certificate to be eligible for appointment by a court to represent a person at a guardianship proceeding, including as an attorney ad litem.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
</chapter>
<chapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1055">
<num value="1055">CHAPTER 1055.</num>
<heading>TRIAL AND HEARING MATTERS</heading>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1055/scA">
<num value="A">SUBCHAPTER A.</num>
<heading>STANDING AND PLEADINGS</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1055/scA/s1055.001">
<num value="1055.001">Sec. 1055.001.</num>
<heading>STANDING TO COMMENCE OR CONTEST PROCEEDING</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1055/scA/s1055.001/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>Except as provided by Subsection (b), any person has the right to:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1055/scA/s1055.001/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>commence a guardianship proceeding, including a proceeding for complete restoration of a ward's capacity or modification of a ward's guardianship; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1055/scA/s1055.001/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>appear and contest a guardianship proceeding or the appointment of a particular person as guardian.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1055/scA/s1055.001/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>A person who has an interest that is adverse to a proposed ward or incapacitated person may not:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1055/scA/s1055.001/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>file an application to create a guardianship or for the appointment of a guardian for the proposed ward or incapacitated person;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1055/scA/s1055.001/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>contest the creation of a guardianship for the proposed ward or incapacitated person;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1055/scA/s1055.001/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>contest the appointment of a person as a guardian of the proposed ward or incapacitated person;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1055/scA/s1055.001/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>contest an application for complete restoration of a ward's capacity or modification of a ward's guardianship; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1055/scA/s1055.001/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>file a motion or complaint to request the removal of a guardian or contest the request for removal of a guardian.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1055/scA/s1055.001/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>The court shall determine by motion in limine the standing of a person who has an interest that is adverse to a proposed ward or incapacitated person.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2025, 89th Leg., R.S., Ch. 283 (S.B. 746), Sec. 5, eff. September 1, 2025.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1055/scA/s1055.002">
<num value="1055.002">Sec. 1055.002.</num>
<heading>DEFECT IN PLEADING</heading>
<content>A court may not invalidate a pleading in a guardianship proceeding, or an order based on the pleading, on the basis of a defect of form or substance in the pleading unless a timely objection has been made against the defect and the defect has been called to the attention of the court in which the proceeding was or is pending.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 161 (S.B. 1093), Sec. 6.031, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1055/scA/s1055.003">
<num value="1055.003">Sec. 1055.003.</num>
<heading>INTERVENTION BY INTERESTED PERSON</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1055/scA/s1055.003/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>Notwithstanding the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure and except as provided by Subsection (d), an interested person may intervene in a guardianship proceeding only by filing a timely motion to intervene that is served on the parties.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1055/scA/s1055.003/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The motion must state the grounds for intervention in the proceeding and be accompanied by a pleading that sets out the purpose for which intervention is sought.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1055/scA/s1055.003/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<chapeau>The court has the discretion to grant or deny the motion and, in exercising that discretion, must consider whether:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1055/scA/s1055.003/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the intervention will unduly delay or prejudice the adjudication of the original parties' rights; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1055/scA/s1055.003/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the proposed intervenor has such an adverse relationship with the ward or proposed ward that the intervention would unduly prejudice the adjudication of the original parties' rights.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1055/scA/s1055.003/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>A person who is entitled to receive notice under Section 1051.104 is not required to file a motion under this section to intervene in a guardianship proceeding.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1031 (H.B. 1438), Sec. 7, eff. September 1, 2015.
Amended by:
Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 514 (S.B. 39), Sec. 7, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1055/scB">
<num value="B">SUBCHAPTER B.</num>
<heading>TRIAL AND HEARING</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1055/scB/s1055.051">
<num value="1055.051">Sec. 1055.051.</num>
<heading>HEARING BY SUBMISSION</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1055/scB/s1055.051/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>A court may consider by submission a motion or application filed under this title unless the proceeding is:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1055/scB/s1055.051/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>contested; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1055/scB/s1055.051/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>an application for the appointment of a guardian.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1055/scB/s1055.051/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The party seeking relief under a motion or application being considered by the court on submission has the burden of proof at the hearing.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1055/scB/s1055.051/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>The court may consider a person's failure to file a response to a motion or application that may be considered on submission as a representation that the person does not oppose the motion or application.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1055/scB/s1055.051/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>A person's request for oral argument is not a response to a motion or application under this section.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1055/scB/s1055.051/e">
<num value="e">(e)</num>
<content>The court, on the court's own motion, may order oral argument on a motion or application that may be considered by submission.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1055/scB/s1055.052">
<num value="1055.052">Sec. 1055.052.</num>
<heading>TRIAL BY JURY</heading>
<content>A party in a contested guardianship proceeding is entitled to a jury trial on request.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1055/scB/s1055.053">
<num value="1055.053">Sec. 1055.053.</num>
<heading>LOCATION OF HEARING</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1055/scB/s1055.053/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>Except as provided by Subsection (b), the judge may hold a hearing on a guardianship proceeding involving an adult ward or adult proposed ward at any suitable location in the county in which the guardianship proceeding is pending. The hearing should be held in a physical setting that is not likely to have a harmful effect on the ward or proposed ward.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1055/scB/s1055.053/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>On the request of the adult proposed ward, the adult ward, or the attorney of the proposed ward or ward, the hearing may not be held under the authority of this section at a place other than the courthouse.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 161 (S.B. 1093), Sec. 6.032, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1055/scC">
<num value="C">SUBCHAPTER C.</num>
<heading>EVIDENCE</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1055/scC/s1055.101">
<num value="1055.101">Sec. 1055.101.</num>
<heading>APPLICABILITY OF CERTAIN RULES RELATING TO WITNESSES AND EVIDENCE</heading>
<content>The rules relating to witnesses and evidence that apply in the district court apply in a guardianship proceeding to the extent practicable.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1055/scC/s1055.102">
<num value="1055.102">Sec. 1055.102.</num>
<heading>USE OF CERTAIN RECORDS AS EVIDENCE</heading>
<chapeau>The following are admissible as evidence in any court of this state:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1055/scC/s1055.102/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>record books described by Sections 1052.001, 1052.002, and 1052.003 and individual case files described by Section 1052.052, including records maintained in a manner allowed under Section 1052.004; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1055/scC/s1055.102/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>certified copies or reproductions of the records.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1055/scD">
<num value="D">SUBCHAPTER D.</num>
<heading>MEDIATION</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1055/scD/s1055.151">
<num value="1055.151">Sec. 1055.151.</num>
<heading>MEDIATION OF CONTESTED GUARDIANSHIP PROCEEDING</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1055/scD/s1055.151/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>Subject to Subsection (b), on the written agreement of the parties or on the court's own motion, the court may refer a contested guardianship proceeding to mediation.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1055/scD/s1055.151/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>If the court refers to mediation a proceeding under Subsection (a) regarding the appointment of a guardian for a proposed ward:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1055/scD/s1055.151/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>a determination of incapacity of the proposed ward may be an issue to be mediated, but the applicant for guardianship must still prove to the court that the proposed ward is an incapacitated person in accordance with the requirements of Chapter 1101; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1055/scD/s1055.151/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>all parties to the proceeding shall evaluate during the mediation alternatives to guardianship and supports and services available to the proposed ward, including whether the supports and services and alternatives to guardianship would be feasible to avoid the need for appointment of a guardian.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1055/scD/s1055.151/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>The cost of mediation shall be paid by the parties to the proceeding unless otherwise ordered by the court. If the parties are unable to pay the cost of mediation, the court may refer the parties to a local alternative dispute resolution center providing services as part of a system for resolution of disputes established under Section 152.002, Civil Practice and Remedies Code, if a system has been established in the county, and the local center may waive mediation costs as appropriate.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 982 (H.B. 2080), Sec. 7, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2021, 87th Leg., R.S., Ch. 382 (S.B. 1129), Sec. 4, eff. September 1, 2021.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1055/scD/s1055.152">
<num value="1055.152">Sec. 1055.152.</num>
<heading>MEDIATED SETTLEMENT AGREEMENTS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1055/scD/s1055.152/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>A mediated settlement agreement is binding on the parties if the agreement:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1055/scD/s1055.152/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>provides, in a prominently displayed statement that is in boldfaced type, in capital letters, or underlined, that the agreement is not subject to revocation by the parties;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1055/scD/s1055.152/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>is signed by each party to the agreement; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1055/scD/s1055.152/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>is signed by the party's attorney, if any, who is present at the time the agreement is signed.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1055/scD/s1055.152/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>If a mediated settlement agreement meets the requirements of this section, a party is entitled to judgment on the mediated settlement agreement notwithstanding Rule 11, Texas Rules of Civil Procedure, or another rule or law.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1055/scD/s1055.152/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>Notwithstanding Subsections (a) and (b), a court may decline to enter a judgment on a mediated settlement agreement if the court finds that the agreement is not in the ward's or proposed ward's best interests.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 982 (H.B. 2080), Sec. 7, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2021, 87th Leg., R.S., Ch. 382 (S.B. 1129), Sec. 4, eff. September 1, 2021.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
</chapter>
<chapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1056">
<num value="1056">CHAPTER 1056.</num>
<heading>EXECUTION, ATTACHMENT, AND BILL OF REVIEW</heading>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1056/scA">
<num value="A">SUBCHAPTER A.</num>
<heading>EXECUTION</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1056/scA/s1056.001">
<num value="1056.001">Sec. 1056.001.</num>
<heading>EXECUTIONS IN GUARDIANSHIP PROCEEDINGS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1056/scA/s1056.001/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>An execution in a guardianship proceeding must be:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1056/scA/s1056.001/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>directed "to any sheriff or any constable within the State of Texas";</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1056/scA/s1056.001/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>attested and signed by the clerk officially under court seal; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1056/scA/s1056.001/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>made returnable in 60 days.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1056/scA/s1056.001/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A proceeding under an execution in a guardianship proceeding is governed, to the extent applicable, by the laws regulating a proceeding under an execution issued by a district court.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1056/scA/s1056.001/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>Notwithstanding Subsection (a), an execution directed to the sheriff or a constable of a specific county in this state may not be held defective if properly executed within that county by the sheriff or constable to whom the execution is directed.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 161 (S.B. 1093), Sec. 6.033, eff. January 1, 2014.
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 161 (S.B. 1093), Sec. 6.034, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1056/scB">
<num value="B">SUBCHAPTER B.</num>
<heading>ATTACHMENT OF ESTATE PROPERTY</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1056/scB/s1056.051">
<num value="1056.051">Sec. 1056.051.</num>
<heading>ORDER FOR ISSUANCE OF WRIT OF ATTACHMENT</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1056/scB/s1056.051/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>If a person interested in the estate of an incapacitated person files with the judge a written complaint made under oath alleging that the guardian is about to remove the estate or a part of the estate outside of the state, the judge may order a writ of attachment to issue, directed "to any sheriff or any constable within the State of Texas." The writ must order the sheriff or constable to:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1056/scB/s1056.051/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>seize the estate or a part of the estate; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1056/scB/s1056.051/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>hold that property subject to further court order.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1056/scB/s1056.051/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>Notwithstanding Subsection (a), a writ of attachment directed to the sheriff or constable of a specific county in this state is not defective if the writ was properly executed within that county by the sheriff or constable to whom the writ is directed.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1056/scB/s1056.052">
<num value="1056.052">Sec. 1056.052.</num>
<heading>BOND</heading>
<chapeau>Before a judge may issue a writ of attachment ordered under Section 1056.051, the complainant must execute a bond that is:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1056/scB/s1056.052/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>payable to the guardian of the estate;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1056/scB/s1056.052/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>in an amount set by the judge; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1056/scB/s1056.052/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>conditioned on the payment of all damages and costs that are recovered for a wrongful suit out of the writ.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1056/scC">
<num value="C">SUBCHAPTER C.</num>
<heading>BILL OF REVIEW</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1056/scC/s1056.101">
<num value="1056.101">Sec. 1056.101.</num>
<heading>REVISION AND CORRECTION OF ORDER OR JUDGMENT IN GUARDIANSHIP PROCEEDING</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1056/scC/s1056.101/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>An interested person, including a ward, may, by a bill of review filed in the court in which the guardianship proceeding was held, have an order or judgment rendered by the court revised and corrected on a showing of error in the order or judgment.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1056/scC/s1056.101/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>Except as provided by Subsection (c), a bill of review to revise and correct an order or judgment may not be filed more than two years after the date of the order or judgment.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1056/scC/s1056.101/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>A bill of review to revise and correct an order or judgment filed by a person whose disability has been removed must be filed not later than the second anniversary of the date the person's disability was removed.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1056/scC/s1056.102">
<num value="1056.102">Sec. 1056.102.</num>
<heading>INJUNCTION</heading>
<content>A process or action under a court order or judgment subject to a bill of review filed under Section 1056.101 may be stayed only by writ of injunction.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
</chapter>
<chapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1057">
<num value="1057">CHAPTER 1057.</num>
<heading>CHANGE AND RESIGNATION OF RESIDENT AGENT OF GUARDIAN FOR SERVICE OF PROCESS</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1057/s1057.001">
<num value="1057.001">Sec. 1057.001.</num>
<heading>CHANGE OF RESIDENT AGENT</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1057/s1057.001/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>A guardian may change the guardian's resident agent to accept service of process in a guardianship proceeding or other matter relating to the guardianship by filing with the court in which the guardianship proceeding is pending a statement titled "Designation of Successor Resident Agent" that states the names and addresses of:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1057/s1057.001/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the guardian;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1057/s1057.001/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the resident agent; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1057/s1057.001/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the successor resident agent.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1057/s1057.001/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The designation of a successor resident agent takes effect on the date the statement is filed with the court.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1057/s1057.002">
<num value="1057.002">Sec. 1057.002.</num>
<heading>RESIGNATION OF RESIDENT AGENT</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1057/s1057.002/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>A resident agent of a guardian may resign as resident agent by giving notice to the guardian and filing with the court in which the guardianship proceeding is pending a statement titled "Resignation of Resident Agent" that states:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1057/s1057.002/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the name of the guardian;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1057/s1057.002/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the guardian's address most recently known by the resident agent;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1057/s1057.002/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>that notice of the resignation has been given to the guardian and the date that notice was given; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1057/s1057.002/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>that the guardian does not have a resident agent.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1057/s1057.002/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>The resident agent shall send, by a qualified delivery method, a copy of a resignation statement filed under Subsection (a) to:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1057/s1057.002/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the guardian at the address most recently known by the resident agent; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1057/s1057.002/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>each party in the case or the party's attorney or other designated representative of record.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1057/s1057.002/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>The resignation of the resident agent takes effect on the date the court enters an order accepting the resignation. A court may not enter an order accepting the resignation unless the resident agent complies with this section.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 123 (H.B. 785), Sec. 9, eff. September 1, 2023.
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 207 (S.B. 1457), Sec. 9, eff. September 1, 2023.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</chapter>
<chapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101">
<num value="1101">CHAPTER 1101.</num>
<heading>GENERAL PROCEDURE TO APPOINT GUARDIAN</heading>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scA">
<num value="A">SUBCHAPTER A.</num>
<heading>INITIATION OF PROCEEDING FOR APPOINTMENT OF GUARDIAN</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scA/s1101.001">
<num value="1101.001">Sec. 1101.001.</num>
<heading>APPLICATION FOR APPOINTMENT OF GUARDIAN; CONTENTS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scA/s1101.001/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>Any person may commence a proceeding for the appointment of a guardian by filing a written application in a court having jurisdiction and venue.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scA/s1101.001/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>The application must be sworn to by the applicant and state:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scA/s1101.001/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the proposed ward's name, sex, date of birth, and address;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scA/s1101.001/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the name, former name, if any, relationship, and address of the person the applicant seeks to have appointed as guardian;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scA/s1101.001/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>whether guardianship of the person or estate, or both, is sought;</content>
<continuation>(3-a) whether alternatives to guardianship and available supports and services to avoid guardianship were considered;</continuation>
<continuation>(3-b) whether any alternatives to guardianship and supports and services available to the proposed ward considered are feasible and would avoid the need for a guardianship;</continuation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scA/s1101.001/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<chapeau>the nature and degree of the alleged incapacity, the specific areas of protection and assistance requested, and the limitation or termination of rights requested to be included in the court's order of appointment, including a termination of:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scA/s1101.001/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>the right of a proposed ward who is 18 years of age or older to vote in a public election;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scA/s1101.001/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>the proposed ward's eligibility to hold or obtain a license to operate a motor vehicle under Chapter 521, Transportation Code; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scA/s1101.001/C">
<num value="C">(C)</num>
<content>the right of a proposed ward to make personal decisions regarding residence;</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scA/s1101.001/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>the facts requiring the appointment of a guardian;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scA/s1101.001/6">
<num value="6">(6)</num>
<content>the interest of the applicant in the appointment of a guardian;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scA/s1101.001/7">
<num value="7">(7)</num>
<content>the nature and description of any kind of guardianship existing for the proposed ward in any other state;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scA/s1101.001/8">
<num value="8">(8)</num>
<content>to enable a criminal history record information background check to be obtained on the person, the name, address, phone number, and date of birth, if applicable, of any person having the care and custody of the proposed ward or the proposed ward's estate;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scA/s1101.001/9">
<num value="9">(9)</num>
<chapeau>the approximate value and a detailed description of the proposed ward's property, including:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scA/s1101.001/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>liquid assets, including any compensation, pension, insurance, or allowance to which the proposed ward may be entitled; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scA/s1101.001/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>non-liquid assets, including real property;</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scA/s1101.001/10">
<num value="10">(10)</num>
<content>the name and address of any person whom the applicant knows to hold a power of attorney signed by the proposed ward and a description of the type of power of attorney;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scA/s1101.001/11">
<num value="11">(11)</num>
<chapeau>for a proposed ward who is a minor, the following information if known by the applicant:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scA/s1101.001/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>the name of each of the proposed ward's parents and either the parent's address or that the parent is deceased;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scA/s1101.001/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>the name and age of each of the proposed ward's siblings, if any, and either the sibling's address or that the sibling is deceased; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scA/s1101.001/C">
<num value="C">(C)</num>
<content>if each of the proposed ward's parents and adult siblings are deceased, the names and addresses of the proposed ward's other living relatives who are related to the proposed ward within the third degree by consanguinity and who are adults;</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scA/s1101.001/12">
<num value="12">(12)</num>
<chapeau>for a proposed ward who is a minor, whether the minor was the subject of a legal or conservatorship proceeding in the preceding two years and, if so:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scA/s1101.001/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>the court involved;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scA/s1101.001/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>the nature of the proceeding; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scA/s1101.001/C">
<num value="C">(C)</num>
<content>any final disposition of the proceeding;</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scA/s1101.001/13">
<num value="13">(13)</num>
<chapeau>for a proposed ward who is an adult, the following information if known by the applicant:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scA/s1101.001/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>the name of the proposed ward's spouse, if any, and either the spouse's address or that the spouse is deceased;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scA/s1101.001/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>the name of each of the proposed ward's parents and either the parent's address or that the parent is deceased;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scA/s1101.001/C">
<num value="C">(C)</num>
<content>the name and age of each of the proposed ward's siblings, if any, and either the sibling's address or that the sibling is deceased;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scA/s1101.001/D">
<num value="D">(D)</num>
<content>the name and age of each of the proposed ward's children, if any, and either the child's address or that the child is deceased; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scA/s1101.001/E">
<num value="E">(E)</num>
<content>if there is no living spouse, parent, adult sibling, or adult child of the proposed ward, the names and addresses of the proposed ward's other living relatives who are related to the proposed ward within the third degree by consanguinity and who are adults;</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scA/s1101.001/14">
<num value="14">(14)</num>
<content>facts showing that the court has venue of the proceeding; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scA/s1101.001/15">
<num value="15">(15)</num>
<content>if applicable, that the person whom the applicant seeks to have appointed as a guardian is a private professional guardian who is certified under Subchapter C, Chapter 155, Government Code, and has complied with the requirements of Subchapter G, Chapter 1104.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scA/s1101.001/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<chapeau>For purposes of this section, a proposed ward's relatives within the third degree by consanguinity include the proposed ward's:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scA/s1101.001/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>grandparent or grandchild; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scA/s1101.001/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>great-grandparent, great-grandchild, aunt who is a sister of a parent of the proposed ward, uncle who is a brother of a parent of the proposed ward, nephew who is a child of a brother or sister of the proposed ward, or niece who is a child of a brother or sister of the proposed ward.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 42 (S.B. 966), Sec. 2.07, eff. September 1, 2014.
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 161 (S.B. 1093), Sec. 6.035, eff. January 1, 2014.
Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 214 (H.B. 39), Sec. 7, eff. September 1, 2015.
Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1031 (H.B. 1438), Sec. 8, eff. September 1, 2015.
Acts 2021, 87th Leg., R.S., Ch. 521 (S.B. 626), Sec. 21, eff. September 1, 2021.
Acts 2021, 87th Leg., R.S., Ch. 576 (S.B. 615), Sec. 19, eff. September 1, 2021.
Acts 2025, 89th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1155 (S.B. 2587), Sec. 18, eff. September 1, 2025.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scA/s1101.002">
<num value="1101.002">Sec. 1101.002.</num>
<heading>CONTENTS OF APPLICATION; CONFIDENTIALITY OF CERTAIN ADDRESSES</heading>
<chapeau>An application filed under Section 1101.001 may omit the address of a person named in the application if:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scA/s1101.002/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the application states that the person is or was protected by a protective order issued under Chapter 85, Family Code;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scA/s1101.002/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>a copy of the protective order is attached to the application as an exhibit;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scA/s1101.002/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the application states the county in which the person resides;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scA/s1101.002/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>the application indicates the place where notice to or the issuance and service of citation on the person may be made or sent; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scA/s1101.002/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>the application is accompanied by a request for an order under Section 1051.201 specifying the manner of issuance, service, and return of citation or notice on the person.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 982 (H.B. 2080), Sec. 8, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 514 (S.B. 39), Sec. 8, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scA/s1101.003">
<num value="1101.003">Sec. 1101.003.</num>
<heading>AFFIDAVIT CONTAINING CONTACT INFORMATION OF CERTAIN PERSONS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scA/s1101.003/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>Within the time prescribed by the court, a person who files an application under Section 1101.001 shall file an affidavit with the court that states the name, address, telephone number, e-mail address, and other contact information if known by the applicant for each person entitled to notice under Section 1051.104(a).</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scA/s1101.003/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>An affidavit filed under this section is privileged and confidential. The affidavit may not be released or otherwise disclosed to the public.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scA/s1101.003/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>On qualification of a guardian, the court shall provide a copy of the affidavit filed under this section to the guardian if the guardian is not the person who filed the affidavit.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 116 (H.B. 266), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2023.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scB">
<num value="B">SUBCHAPTER B.</num>
<heading>HEARING; JURY TRIAL</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scB/s1101.051">
<num value="1101.051">Sec. 1101.051.</num>
<heading>HEARING</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scB/s1101.051/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>At a hearing for the appointment of a guardian, the court shall:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scB/s1101.051/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<chapeau>inquire into the ability of any allegedly incapacitated adult to:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scB/s1101.051/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>feed, clothe, and shelter himself or herself;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scB/s1101.051/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>care for his or her own physical health; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scB/s1101.051/C">
<num value="C">(C)</num>
<content>manage his or her property or financial affairs;</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scB/s1101.051/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>ascertain the age of any proposed ward who is a minor;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scB/s1101.051/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>inquire into the governmental reports for any person who must have a guardian appointed to receive funds due the person from any governmental source; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scB/s1101.051/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>inquire into the qualifications, abilities, and capabilities of the person seeking to be appointed guardian.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scB/s1101.051/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A proposed ward must be present at the hearing unless the court, on the record or in the order, determines that a personal appearance is not necessary.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scB/s1101.051/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>The court may close the hearing at the request of the proposed ward or the proposed ward's counsel.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scB/s1101.052">
<num value="1101.052">Sec. 1101.052.</num>
<heading>JURY TRIAL</heading>
<content>A proposed ward is entitled to a jury trial on request.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scB/s1101.053">
<num value="1101.053">Sec. 1101.053.</num>
<heading>PROVISION OF RECORDS REQUIRED; USE OF RECORDS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scB/s1101.053/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>Before a hearing may be held for the appointment of a guardian, current and relevant medical, psychological, and intellectual testing records of the proposed ward must be provided to the attorney ad litem appointed to represent the proposed ward unless:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scB/s1101.053/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the proposed ward is a minor or a person who must have a guardian appointed to receive funds due the person from any governmental source; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scB/s1101.053/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<chapeau>the court makes a finding on the record that:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scB/s1101.053/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>current or relevant records do not exist; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scB/s1101.053/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>examining the proposed ward for the purpose of creating the records is impractical.</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scB/s1101.053/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>Current medical, psychological, and intellectual testing records are a sufficient basis for a determination of guardianship.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scB/s1101.053/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>The findings and recommendations contained in the medical, psychological, and intellectual testing records are not binding on the court.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scC">
<num value="C">SUBCHAPTER C.</num>
<heading>DETERMINATION OF NECESSITY OF GUARDIANSHIP; FINDINGS AND PROOF</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scC/s1101.100">
<num value="1101.100">Sec. 1101.100.</num>
<heading>DEFINITIONS</heading>
<chapeau>In this subchapter:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scC/s1101.100/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>"Advanced practice registered nurse" has the meaning assigned by Section 301.152, Occupations Code.</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scC/s1101.100/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>"Physician" means an individual licensed by the Texas Medical Board to practice medicine in this state.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1012 (H.B. 3009), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2023.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scC/s1101.101">
<num value="1101.101">Sec. 1101.101.</num>
<heading>FINDINGS AND PROOF REQUIRED</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scC/s1101.101/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>Before appointing a guardian for a proposed ward, the court must:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scC/s1101.101/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<chapeau>find by clear and convincing evidence that:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scC/s1101.101/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>the proposed ward is an incapacitated person;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scC/s1101.101/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>it is in the proposed ward's best interest to have the court appoint a person as the proposed ward's guardian;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scC/s1101.101/C">
<num value="C">(C)</num>
<content>the proposed ward's rights or property will be protected by the appointment of a guardian;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scC/s1101.101/D">
<num value="D">(D)</num>
<content>alternatives to guardianship that would avoid the need for the appointment of a guardian have been considered and determined not to be feasible; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scC/s1101.101/E">
<num value="E">(E)</num>
<content>supports and services available to the proposed ward that would avoid the need for the appointment of a guardian have been considered and determined not to be feasible; and</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scC/s1101.101/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<chapeau>find by a preponderance of the evidence that:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scC/s1101.101/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>the court has venue of the case;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scC/s1101.101/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>the person to be appointed guardian is eligible to act as guardian and is entitled to appointment, or, if no eligible person entitled to appointment applies, the person appointed is a proper person to act as guardian;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scC/s1101.101/C">
<num value="C">(C)</num>
<content>if a guardian is appointed for a minor, the guardianship is not created for the primary purpose of enabling the minor to establish residency for enrollment in a school or school district for which the minor is not otherwise eligible for enrollment; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scC/s1101.101/D">
<num value="D">(D)</num>
<content>the proposed ward:</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scC/s1101.101/i">
<num value="i">(i)</num>
<chapeau>is totally without capacity as provided by this title to care for himself or herself and to manage his or her property; or</chapeau>
<clause identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scC/s1101.101/ii">
<num value="ii">(ii)</num>
<content>lacks the capacity to do some, but not all, of the tasks necessary to care for himself or herself or to manage his or her property.</content>
</clause>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scC/s1101.101/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The court may not grant an application to create a guardianship unless the applicant proves each element required by this title.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scC/s1101.101/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>A finding under Subsection (a)(2)(D)(ii) must specifically state whether the proposed ward lacks the capacity, or lacks sufficient capacity with supports and services, to make personal decisions regarding residence, voting, operating a motor vehicle, and marriage.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 214 (H.B. 39), Sec. 8, eff. September 1, 2015.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scC/s1101.1011">
<num value="1101.1011">Sec. 1101.1011.</num>
<heading>LIMITATION ON ACTS BY ADVANCED PRACTICE REGISTERED NURSE</heading>
<content>An advanced practice registered nurse may act under this subchapter only if the advanced practice registered nurse is acting under a physician's delegation authority and supervision in accordance with Chapter 157, Occupations Code.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1012 (H.B. 3009), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2023.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scC/s1101.102">
<num value="1101.102">Sec. 1101.102.</num>
<heading>DETERMINATION OF INCAPACITY OF CERTAIN ADULTS: RECURRING ACTS OR OCCURRENCES</heading>
<content>A determination of incapacity of an adult proposed ward, other than a person who must have a guardian appointed to receive funds due the person from any governmental source, must be evidenced by recurring acts or occurrences in the preceding six months and not by isolated instances of negligence or bad judgment.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scC/s1101.103">
<num value="1101.103">Sec. 1101.103.</num>
<heading></heading>
<content>Text of section as amended by Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 939 (S.B. 1624), Sec. 7</content>
<sourceCredit>For text of section as amended by Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1012 (H.B. 3009), Sec. 2, see other Sec. 1101.103.
Sec. 1101.103. DETERMINATION OF INCAPACITY OF CERTAIN ADULTS: PHYSICIAN OR PSYCHOLOGIST EXAMINATION. (a) Except as provided by Section 1101.104, the court may not grant an application to create a guardianship for an incapacitated person, other than a minor or person for whom it is necessary to have a guardian appointed only to receive funds from a governmental source, unless the applicant presents to the court a written letter or certificate from:
(1) a physician licensed in this state, if the proposed ward's alleged incapacity results from a physical condition or mental condition; or
(2) a psychologist licensed in this state or certified by the Health and Human Services Commission to perform the examination, in accordance with rules adopted by the executive commissioner of the commission governing examinations of that kind, if the proposed ward's alleged incapacity results from a mental condition.
(a-1) The physician or psychologist who provides the letter or certificate under Subsection (a) must:
(1) have experience examining individuals with the physical or mental condition resulting in the proposed ward's alleged incapacity; or
(2) have an established patient-provider relationship with the proposed ward.
(a-2) The letter or certificate required by Subsection (a) must be:
(1) dated not earlier than the 120th day before the date the application is filed; and
(2) based on an examination the physician or psychologist performed not earlier than the 120th day before the date the application is filed.
(b) A letter or certificate from a physician must:
(1) describe the nature, degree, and severity of the proposed ward's incapacity, including any functional deficits regarding the proposed ward's ability to:
(A) handle business and managerial matters;
(B) manage financial matters;
(C) operate a motor vehicle;
(D) make personal decisions regarding residence, voting, and marriage; and
(E) consent to medical, dental, psychological, or psychiatric treatment;
(2) in providing a description under Subdivision (1) regarding the proposed ward's ability to operate a motor vehicle and make personal decisions regarding voting, state whether in the physician's opinion the proposed ward:
(A) has the mental capacity to vote in a public election; and
(B) has the ability to safely operate a motor vehicle;
(3) provide an evaluation of the proposed ward's physical condition and mental functioning and summarize the proposed ward's medical history if reasonably available;
(3-a) in providing an evaluation under Subdivision (3), state whether improvement in the proposed ward's physical condition and mental functioning is possible and, if so, state the period after which the proposed ward should be reevaluated to determine whether a guardianship continues to be necessary;
(4) state how or in what manner the proposed ward's ability to make or communicate responsible decisions concerning himself or herself is affected by the proposed ward's physical or mental health, including the proposed ward's ability to:
(A) understand or communicate;
(B) recognize familiar objects and individuals;
(C) solve problems;
(D) reason logically; and
(E) administer to daily life activities with and without supports and services;
(5) state whether any current medication affects the proposed ward's demeanor or the proposed ward's ability to participate fully in a court proceeding;
(6) describe the precise physical and mental conditions underlying a diagnosis of a mental disability, and state whether the proposed ward would benefit from supports and services that would allow the individual to live in the least restrictive setting;
(6-a) state whether a guardianship is necessary for the proposed ward and, if so, whether specific powers or duties of the guardian should be limited if the proposed ward receives supports and services; and
(7) include any other information required by the court.
(b-1) Consistent with the scope of practice of a psychologist under Chapter 501, Occupations Code, a letter or certificate from a psychologist must include the information required under Subsection (b) only in relation to the proposed ward's mental capacity.
(c) If the court determines it is necessary, the court may appoint a physician or psychologist to examine the proposed ward. The court must make its determination with respect to the necessity for a physician's or psychologist's examination of the proposed ward at a hearing held for that purpose. Not later than the fourth day before the date of the hearing, the applicant shall give to the proposed ward and the proposed ward's attorney ad litem written notice specifying the purpose and the date and time of the hearing.
(d) A physician or psychologist who examines the proposed ward, other than a physician or psychologist who examines the proposed ward under Section 1101.104(2), shall make available for inspection by the attorney ad litem appointed to represent the proposed ward a written letter or certificate from:
(1) the physician that complies with the requirements of Subsections (a), (a-1), (a-2), and (b); or
(2) the psychologist that complies with the requirements of Subsections (a), (a-1), (a-2), and (b-1).
Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 214 (H.B. 39), Sec. 9, eff. September 1, 2015.
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 939 (S.B. 1624), Sec. 7, eff. September 1, 2023.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scC/s1101.103">
<num value="1101.103">Sec. 1101.103.</num>
<heading></heading>
<content>Text of section as amended by Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1012 (H.B. 3009), Sec. 2</content>
<sourceCredit>For text of section as amended by Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 939 (S.B. 1624), Sec. 7, see other Sec. 1101.103.
Sec. 1101.103. DETERMINATION OF INCAPACITY OF CERTAIN ADULTS: HEALTH CARE PROVIDER EXAMINATION. (a) Except as provided by Section 1101.104, the court may not grant an application to create a guardianship for an incapacitated person, other than a minor or person for whom it is necessary to have a guardian appointed only to receive funds from a governmental source, unless the applicant presents to the court a written letter or certificate from a physician or advanced practice registered nurse that is:
(1) dated not earlier than the 120th day before the date the application is filed; and
(2) based on an examination the physician or advanced practice registered nurse performed not earlier than the 120th day before the date the application is filed.
(a-1) For purposes of Subsection (a), a letter or certificate based on an examination by an advanced practice registered nurse must be signed by the supervising physician.
(b) The letter or certificate must:
(1) describe the nature, degree, and severity of the proposed ward's incapacity, including any functional deficits regarding the proposed ward's ability to:
(A) handle business and managerial matters;
(B) manage financial matters;
(C) operate a motor vehicle;
(D) make personal decisions regarding residence, voting, and marriage; and
(E) consent to medical, dental, psychological, or psychiatric treatment;
(2) in providing a description under Subdivision (1) regarding the proposed ward's ability to operate a motor vehicle and make personal decisions regarding voting, state whether in the physician's opinion the proposed ward:
(A) has the mental capacity to vote in a public election; and
(B) has the ability to safely operate a motor vehicle;
(3) provide an evaluation of the proposed ward's physical condition and mental functioning and summarize the proposed ward's medical history if reasonably available;
(3-a) in providing an evaluation under Subdivision (3), state whether improvement in the proposed ward's physical condition and mental functioning is possible and, if so, state the period after which the proposed ward should be reevaluated to determine whether a guardianship continues to be necessary;
(4) state how or in what manner the proposed ward's ability to make or communicate responsible decisions concerning himself or herself is affected by the proposed ward's physical or mental health, including the proposed ward's ability to:
(A) understand or communicate;
(B) recognize familiar objects and individuals;
(C) solve problems;
(D) reason logically; and
(E) administer to daily life activities with and without supports and services;
(5) state whether any current medication affects the proposed ward's demeanor or the proposed ward's ability to participate fully in a court proceeding;
(6) describe the precise physical and mental conditions underlying a diagnosis of a mental disability, and state whether the proposed ward would benefit from supports and services that would allow the individual to live in the least restrictive setting;
(6-a) state whether a guardianship is necessary for the proposed ward and, if so, whether specific powers or duties of the guardian should be limited if the proposed ward receives supports and services; and
(7) include any other information required by the court.
(b-1) For purposes of Subsection (b)(2), the opinion of an advanced practice registered nurse that is based on an examination of a proposed ward conducted by the advanced practice registered nurse under delegation from and supervision by a physician and is signed by the supervising physician is considered the supervising physician's opinion.
(c) If the court determines it is necessary, the court may appoint the necessary physicians or advanced practice registered nurses to examine the proposed ward. The court must make its determination with respect to the necessity for a physician's or advanced practice registered nurse's examination of the proposed ward at a hearing held for that purpose. Not later than the fourth day before the date of the hearing, the applicant shall give to the proposed ward and the proposed ward's attorney ad litem written notice specifying the purpose and the date and time of the hearing.
(d) A physician or advanced practice registered nurse who examines the proposed ward, other than a physician, advanced practice registered nurse, or psychologist who examines the proposed ward under Section 1101.104(2), shall make available for inspection by the attorney ad litem appointed to represent the proposed ward a written letter or certificate from the physician or advanced practice registered nurse that complies with the requirements of Subsections (a) and (b).
Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 214 (H.B. 39), Sec. 9, eff. September 1, 2015.
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1012 (H.B. 3009), Sec. 2, eff. September 1, 2023.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scC/s1101.104">
<num value="1101.104">Sec. 1101.104.</num>
<heading></heading>
<content>Text of section as amended by Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 938 (S.B. 1606), Sec. 1</content>
<sourceCredit>For text of section as amended by Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1012 (H.B. 3009), Sec. 3, see other Sec. 1101.104.
Sec. 1101.104. EXAMINATIONS AND DOCUMENTATION REGARDING INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY. (a) If an intellectual disability is the basis of the proposed ward's alleged incapacity, the court may not grant an application to create a guardianship for the proposed ward unless the applicant presents to the court a written letter or certificate that:
(1) complies with Sections 1101.103(a) and (b); or
(2) shows that not earlier than 24 months before the hearing date:
(A) the proposed ward has been examined by a physician or psychologist licensed in this state or certified by the Health and Human Services Commission to perform the examination, in accordance with rules of the executive commissioner of the commission governing examinations of that kind, and the physician's or psychologist's written findings and recommendations include a determination of an intellectual disability; or
(B) a physician or psychologist licensed in this state or certified by the Health and Human Services Commission to perform examinations described by Paragraph (A) updated or endorsed in writing a prior determination of an intellectual disability for the proposed ward made by a physician or psychologist licensed in this state or certified by the commission.
(b) A physician or psychologist described by Subsection (a)(2)(A) must preferably have experience examining individuals with an intellectual disability. For purposes of this subsection, a physician or psychologist is considered to have experience examining individuals with an intellectual disability if the physician or psychologist has an established patient-provider relationship with the proposed ward.
Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 780 (S.B. 1235), Sec. 2, eff. January 1, 2014.
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 938 (S.B. 1606), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2023.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scC/s1101.104">
<num value="1101.104">Sec. 1101.104.</num>
<heading></heading>
<content>Text of section as amended by Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1012 (H.B. 3009), Sec. 3</content>
<sourceCredit>For text of section as amended by Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 938 (S.B. 1606), Sec. 1, see other Sec. 1101.104.
Sec. 1101.104. EXAMINATIONS AND DOCUMENTATION REGARDING INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY. (a) If an intellectual disability is the basis of the proposed ward's alleged incapacity, the court may not grant an application to create a guardianship for the proposed ward unless the applicant presents to the court a written letter or certificate that:
(1) complies with Sections 1101.103(a) and (b); or
(2) shows that not earlier than 24 months before the hearing date:
(A) the proposed ward has been examined by a physician or advanced practice registered nurse or by a psychologist licensed in this state or certified by the Health and Human Services Commission to perform the examination, in accordance with rules of the executive commissioner of the commission governing examinations of that kind, and the written findings and recommendations include a determination of an intellectual disability; or
(B) a physician or advanced practice registered nurse or a psychologist licensed in this state or certified by the Health and Human Services Commission to perform examinations described by Paragraph (A) updated or endorsed in writing a prior determination of an intellectual disability for the proposed ward made by a physician or by a psychologist licensed in this state or certified by the commission.
(a-1) For purposes of Subsection (a), a letter or certificate based on an examination by an advanced practice registered nurse must be signed by the supervising physician.
(b) For purposes of Subsection (a)(2)(B), the determination of an advanced practice registered nurse that is based on an examination of a proposed ward conducted by the advanced practice registered nurse under delegation from and supervision by a physician and is signed by the supervising physician is considered the supervising physician's determination.
Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 780 (S.B. 1235), Sec. 2, eff. January 1, 2014.
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1012 (H.B. 3009), Sec. 3, eff. September 1, 2023.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scC/s1101.105">
<num value="1101.105">Sec. 1101.105.</num>
<heading>PROHIBITION AGAINST CONSIDERATION OF AGE AS SOLE FACTOR IN APPOINTMENT OF GUARDIAN FOR ADULTS</heading>
<content>In determining whether to appoint a guardian for an incapacitated person who is not a minor, the court may not use age as the sole factor.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scC/s1101.106">
<num value="1101.106">Sec. 1101.106.</num>
<heading>EVIDENCE OF NECESSITY OF GUARDIANSHIP TO RECEIVE GOVERNMENTAL FUNDS</heading>
<content>A certificate of the executive head or a representative of a bureau, department, or agency of the government, to the effect that the appointment of a guardian is a condition precedent to the payment of any funds due the proposed ward from that governmental entity, is prima facie evidence of the necessity for the appointment of a guardian.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scD">
<num value="D">SUBCHAPTER D.</num>
<heading>COURT ACTION</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scD/s1101.151">
<num value="1101.151">Sec. 1101.151.</num>
<heading>ORDER APPOINTING GUARDIAN WITH FULL AUTHORITY</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scD/s1101.151/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>If it is found that the proposed ward is totally without capacity to care for himself or herself, manage his or her property, operate a motor vehicle, make personal decisions regarding residence, and vote in a public election, the court may appoint a guardian of the proposed ward's person or estate, or both, with full authority over the incapacitated person except as provided by law.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scD/s1101.151/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>An order appointing a guardian under this section must contain findings of fact and specify:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scD/s1101.151/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the information required by Section 1101.153(a);</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scD/s1101.151/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>that the guardian has full authority over the incapacitated person;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scD/s1101.151/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>if necessary, the amount of funds from the corpus of the person's estate the court will allow the guardian to spend for the education and maintenance of the person under Subchapter A, Chapter 1156;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scD/s1101.151/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>whether the person is totally incapacitated because of a mental condition;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scD/s1101.151/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>that the person does not have the capacity to operate a motor vehicle, make personal decisions regarding residence, and vote in a public election; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scD/s1101.151/6">
<num value="6">(6)</num>
<content>if it is a guardianship of the person of the ward or of both the person and the estate of the ward, the rights of the guardian with respect to the person as specified in Section 1151.051(c)(1).</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scD/s1101.151/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>An order appointing a guardian under this section that includes the rights of the guardian with respect to the person as specified in Section 1151.051(c)(1) must also contain the following prominently displayed statement in boldfaced type, in capital letters, or underlined:</content>
<continuation>"NOTICE TO ANY PEACE OFFICER OF THE STATE OF TEXAS: YOU MAY USE REASONABLE EFFORTS TO ENFORCE THE RIGHT OF A GUARDIAN OF THE PERSON OF A WARD TO HAVE PHYSICAL POSSESSION OF THE WARD OR TO ESTABLISH THE WARD'S LEGAL DOMICILE AS SPECIFIED IN THIS ORDER. A PEACE OFFICER WHO RELIES ON THE TERMS OF A COURT ORDER AND THE OFFICER'S AGENCY ARE ENTITLED TO THE APPLICABLE IMMUNITY AGAINST ANY CIVIL OR OTHER CLAIM REGARDING THE OFFICER'S GOOD FAITH ACTS PERFORMED IN THE SCOPE OF THE OFFICER'S DUTIES IN ENFORCING THE TERMS OF THIS ORDER THAT RELATE TO THE ABOVE-MENTIONED RIGHTS OF THE COURT-APPOINTED GUARDIAN OF THE PERSON OF THE WARD. ANY PERSON WHO KNOWINGLY PRESENTS FOR ENFORCEMENT AN ORDER THAT IS INVALID OR NO LONGER IN EFFECT COMMITS AN OFFENSE THAT MAY BE PUNISHABLE BY CONFINEMENT IN JAIL FOR AS LONG AS TWO YEARS AND A FINE OF AS MUCH AS $10,000."</continuation>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 982 (H.B. 2080), Sec. 9, eff. January 1, 2014.
Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 214 (H.B. 39), Sec. 10, eff. September 1, 2015.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scD/s1101.152">
<num value="1101.152">Sec. 1101.152.</num>
<heading>ORDER APPOINTING GUARDIAN WITH LIMITED AUTHORITY</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scD/s1101.152/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>If it is found that the proposed ward lacks the capacity to do some, but not all, of the tasks necessary to care for himself or herself or to manage his or her property with or without supports and services, the court may appoint a guardian with limited powers and permit the proposed ward to care for himself or herself, including making personal decisions regarding residence, or to manage his or her property commensurate with the proposed ward's ability.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scD/s1101.152/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>An order appointing a guardian under this section must contain findings of fact and specify:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scD/s1101.152/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the information required by Section 1101.153(a);</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scD/s1101.152/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the specific powers, limitations, or duties of the guardian with respect to the person's care or the management of the person's property by the guardian;</content>
<continuation>(2-a) the specific rights and powers retained by the person:</continuation>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scD/s1101.152/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>with the necessity for supports and services; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scD/s1101.152/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>without the necessity for supports and services;</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scD/s1101.152/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>if necessary, the amount of funds from the corpus of the person's estate the court will allow the guardian to spend for the education and maintenance of the person under Subchapter A, Chapter 1156; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scD/s1101.152/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<chapeau>whether the person is incapacitated because of a mental condition and, if so, whether the person:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scD/s1101.152/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>retains the right to make personal decisions regarding residence or vote in a public election; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scD/s1101.152/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>maintains eligibility to hold or obtain a license to operate a motor vehicle under Chapter 521, Transportation Code.</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scD/s1101.152/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>An order appointing a guardian under this section that includes the right of the guardian to have physical possession of the ward or to establish the ward's legal domicile as specified in Section 1151.051(c)(1) must also contain the following prominently displayed statement in boldfaced type, in capital letters, or underlined:</content>
<continuation>"NOTICE TO ANY PEACE OFFICER OF THE STATE OF TEXAS: YOU MAY USE REASONABLE EFFORTS TO ENFORCE THE RIGHT OF A GUARDIAN OF THE PERSON OF A WARD TO HAVE PHYSICAL POSSESSION OF THE WARD OR TO ESTABLISH THE WARD'S LEGAL DOMICILE AS SPECIFIED IN THIS ORDER. A PEACE OFFICER WHO RELIES ON THE TERMS OF A COURT ORDER AND THE OFFICER'S AGENCY ARE ENTITLED TO THE APPLICABLE IMMUNITY AGAINST ANY CIVIL OR OTHER CLAIM REGARDING THE OFFICER'S GOOD FAITH ACTS PERFORMED IN THE SCOPE OF THE OFFICER'S DUTIES IN ENFORCING THE TERMS OF THIS ORDER THAT RELATE TO THE ABOVE-MENTIONED RIGHTS OF THE COURT-APPOINTED GUARDIAN OF THE PERSON OF THE WARD. ANY PERSON WHO KNOWINGLY PRESENTS FOR ENFORCEMENT AN ORDER THAT IS INVALID OR NO LONGER IN EFFECT COMMITS AN OFFENSE THAT MAY BE PUNISHABLE BY CONFINEMENT IN JAIL FOR AS LONG AS TWO YEARS AND A FINE OF AS MUCH AS $10,000."</continuation>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 982 (H.B. 2080), Sec. 10, eff. January 1, 2014.
Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 214 (H.B. 39), Sec. 11, eff. September 1, 2015.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scD/s1101.153">
<num value="1101.153">Sec. 1101.153.</num>
<heading>GENERAL CONTENTS OF ORDER APPOINTING GUARDIAN</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scD/s1101.153/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>A court order appointing a guardian must:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scD/s1101.153/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<chapeau>specify:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scD/s1101.153/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>the name of the person appointed;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scD/s1101.153/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>the name of the ward;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scD/s1101.153/C">
<num value="C">(C)</num>
<content>whether the guardian is of the person or estate of the ward, or both;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scD/s1101.153/D">
<num value="D">(D)</num>
<content>the amount of any bond required;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scD/s1101.153/E">
<num value="E">(E)</num>
<content>if it is a guardianship of the estate of the ward and the court considers an appraisal to be necessary, one, two, or three disinterested persons to appraise the estate and to return the appraisement to the court; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scD/s1101.153/F">
<num value="F">(F)</num>
<content>that the clerk will issue letters of guardianship to the person appointed when the person has qualified according to law; and</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scD/s1101.153/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>if the court waives the guardian's training requirement, contain a finding that the waiver is in accordance with rules adopted by the supreme court under Section 155.203, Government Code.</content>
<continuation>(a-1) If the letter or certificate under Section 1101.103(b)(3-a) stated that improvement in the ward's physical condition or mental functioning is possible and specified a period of less than a year after which the ward should be reevaluated to determine continued necessity for the guardianship, an order appointing a guardian must include the date by which the guardian must submit to the court an updated letter or certificate containing the requirements of Section 1101.103(b).</continuation>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scD/s1101.153/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>An order appointing a guardian may not duplicate or conflict with the powers and duties of any other guardian.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scD/s1101.153/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>An order appointing a guardian or a successor guardian may specify as authorized by Section 1202.001(c) a period during which a petition for adjudication that the ward no longer requires the guardianship may not be filed without special leave.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 214 (H.B. 39), Sec. 12, eff. September 1, 2015.
Acts 2021, 87th Leg., R.S., Ch. 521 (S.B. 626), Sec. 22, eff. September 1, 2021.
Acts 2021, 87th Leg., R.S., Ch. 576 (S.B. 615), Sec. 20, eff. September 1, 2021.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scD/s1101.154">
<num value="1101.154">Sec. 1101.154.</num>
<heading>APPOINTMENT OF GUARDIAN OF ESTATE FOR CERTAIN MINORS PROHIBITED</heading>
<content>A court may not appoint a guardian of the estate of a minor when a payment of claims is made under Chapter 1355.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scD/s1101.155">
<num value="1101.155">Sec. 1101.155.</num>
<heading>DISMISSAL OF APPLICATION</heading>
<content>If it is found that a proposed ward who is an adult possesses the capacity to care for himself or herself and manage his or her property as would a reasonably prudent person, the court shall dismiss an application for guardianship.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scD/s1101.156">
<num value="1101.156">Sec. 1101.156.</num>
<heading>DEPOSIT OF ESTATE ASSETS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scD/s1101.156/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>At the time or after an order appointing a guardian is signed by the court but before letters of guardianship are issued, a court may, on the request of a party, require the deposit for safekeeping of cash, securities, or other assets of a ward or proposed ward in a financial institution described by Section 1105.155(b).</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1101/scD/s1101.156/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The amount of the bond required to be given by the guardian under Section 1105.101 shall be reduced in proportion to the amount of the cash or the value of the securities or other assets deposited under this section.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1031 (H.B. 1438), Sec. 9, eff. September 1, 2015.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
</chapter>
<chapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1102">
<num value="1102">CHAPTER 1102.</num>
<heading>COURT-INITIATED PROCEDURE TO APPOINT GUARDIAN</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1102/s1102.001">
<num value="1102.001">Sec. 1102.001.</num>
<heading>COURT-INITIATED INVESTIGATION</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1102/s1102.001/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>If a court has probable cause to believe that a person domiciled or found in the county in which the court is located is an incapacitated person, and the person does not have a guardian in this state, the court shall appoint a guardian ad litem or court investigator to investigate the person's conditions and circumstances to determine whether:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1102/s1102.001/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the person is an incapacitated person; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1102/s1102.001/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>a guardianship is necessary.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1102/s1102.001/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>If a court appoints a guardian ad litem or court investigator under Subsection (a):</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1102/s1102.001/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the court's order appointing a guardian ad litem or court investigator must include a statement that the person believed to be incapacitated has the right to petition the court to have the appointment set aside;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1102/s1102.001/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>at the initial meeting between the guardian ad litem or court investigator and the person believed to be incapacitated, the guardian ad litem or court investigator, as appropriate, shall provide a copy of the information letter under Section 1102.003 and the order to, and discuss the contents of the letter and order with, the person believed to be incapacitated; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1102/s1102.001/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>during the period beginning after the date of the initial meeting described by Subdivision (2) and ending on the date an application for the appointment of a guardian is filed, the person believed to be incapacitated may petition the court to have the appointment of the guardian ad litem or court investigator, as appropriate, set aside.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1031 (H.B. 1438), Sec. 10, eff. September 1, 2015.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1102/s1102.002">
<num value="1102.002">Sec. 1102.002.</num>
<heading></heading>
<content>Text of section as amended by Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 939 (S.B. 1624), Sec. 8</content>
<sourceCredit>For text of section as amended by Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1012 (H.B. 3009), Sec. 4, see other Sec. 1102.002.
Sec. 1102.002. ESTABLISHMENT OF PROBABLE CAUSE FOR INVESTIGATION. To establish probable cause under Section 1102.001, the court may require:
(1) an information letter about the person believed to be incapacitated that is submitted by an interested person and satisfies the requirements of Section 1102.003; or
(2) a written letter or certificate from a physician or psychologist who has examined the person believed to be incapacitated that satisfies the requirements of Section 1101.103, except that the letter must be:
(A) dated not earlier than the 120th day before the date of the appointment of a guardian ad litem or court investigator under Section 1102.001; and
(B) based on an examination the physician or psychologist performed not earlier than the 120th day before that date.
Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 939 (S.B. 1624), Sec. 8, eff. September 1, 2023.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1102/s1102.002">
<num value="1102.002">Sec. 1102.002.</num>
<heading></heading>
<content>Text of section as amended by Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1012 (H.B. 3009), Sec. 4</content>
<sourceCredit>For text of section as amended by Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 939 (S.B. 1624), Sec. 8, see other Sec. 1102.002.
Sec. 1102.002. ESTABLISHMENT OF PROBABLE CAUSE FOR INVESTIGATION. (a) In this section:
(1) "Advanced practice registered nurse" has the meaning assigned by Section 301.152, Occupations Code.
(2) "Physician" has the meaning assigned by Section 1101.100.
(b) An advanced practice registered nurse may act under this section only if the advanced practice registered nurse is acting under a physician's delegation authority and supervision in accordance with Chapter 157, Occupations Code.
(c) To establish probable cause under Section 1102.001, the court may require:
(1) an information letter about the person believed to be incapacitated that is submitted by an interested person and satisfies the requirements of Section 1102.003; or
(2) a written letter or certificate from a physician or advanced practice registered nurse who has examined the person believed to be incapacitated that satisfies the requirements of Section 1101.103, except that the letter must be:
(A) dated not earlier than the 120th day before the date of the appointment of a guardian ad litem or court investigator under Section 1102.001; and
(B) based on an examination the physician or advanced practice registered nurse performed not earlier than the 120th day before that date.
(d) For purposes of Subsection (c)(2), a letter or certificate based on an examination by an advanced practice registered nurse must be signed by the supervising physician. The opinion of an advanced practice registered nurse that is based on an examination of a proposed ward conducted by the advanced practice registered nurse under delegation from and supervision by a physician and signed by the supervising physician is considered the supervising physician's opinion.
Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1012 (H.B. 3009), Sec. 4, eff. September 1, 2023.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1102/s1102.003">
<num value="1102.003">Sec. 1102.003.</num>
<heading>INFORMATION LETTER</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1102/s1102.003/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>An interested person who submits an information letter under Section 1102.002(1) about a person believed to be incapacitated must, to the best of the interested person's knowledge:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1102/s1102.003/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>state the person's name, address, telephone number, county of residence, and date of birth;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1102/s1102.003/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>state whether the person's residence is a private residence, health care facility, or other type of residence;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1102/s1102.003/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>describe the relationship between the person and the interested person submitting the letter;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1102/s1102.003/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>state the names and telephone numbers of any known friends and relatives of the person;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1102/s1102.003/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>state whether a guardian of the person or estate has been appointed in this state for the person;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1102/s1102.003/6">
<num value="6">(6)</num>
<content>state whether the person has executed a power of attorney and, if so, the designee's name, address, and telephone number;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1102/s1102.003/7">
<num value="7">(7)</num>
<content>describe any property of the person, including the estimated value of that property;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1102/s1102.003/8">
<num value="8">(8)</num>
<content>list the amount and source of any monthly income of the person;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1102/s1102.003/9">
<num value="9">(9)</num>
<content>describe the nature and degree of the person's alleged incapacity; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1102/s1102.003/10">
<num value="10">(10)</num>
<content>state whether the person is in imminent danger of serious impairment to the person's physical health, safety, or estate.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1102/s1102.003/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>In addition to the requirements of Subsection (a), if an information letter under that subsection is submitted by an interested person who is a family member of the person believed to be incapacitated, the information letter must:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1102/s1102.003/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>be signed and sworn to before a notary public by the interested person; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1102/s1102.003/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>include a written declaration signed by the interested person under penalty of perjury that the information contained in the information letter is true to the best of the person's knowledge.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1102/s1102.003/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>Any information provided by the Department of Family and Protective Services under this section that is confidential under Chapter 48, Human Resources Code, remains confidential and is not subject to disclosure under Chapter 552, Government Code.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 982 (H.B. 2080), Sec. 11, eff. January 1, 2014.
Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1031 (H.B. 1438), Sec. 11, eff. September 1, 2015.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1102/s1102.004">
<num value="1102.004">Sec. 1102.004.</num>
<heading>APPLICATION FOR GUARDIANSHIP FOLLOWING INVESTIGATION</heading>
<content>A guardian ad litem or court investigator who, after an investigation as prescribed by Section 1102.001, believes that the person is an incapacitated person and that a guardianship is necessary shall file an application for the appointment of a guardian of the person or estate, or both, for the person.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1102/s1102.005">
<num value="1102.005">Sec. 1102.005.</num>
<heading>COMPENSATION OF GUARDIAN AD LITEM</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1102/s1102.005/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>Regardless of whether a guardianship is created for a proposed ward and except as provided by Section 1155.151, a court that appoints a guardian ad litem under Section 1102.001 may authorize compensation of the guardian ad litem from available funds of:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1102/s1102.005/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the proposed ward's estate; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1102/s1102.005/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the management trust, if a management trust has been created for the benefit of the proposed ward under Chapter 1301.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1102/s1102.005/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>Except as provided by Section 1155.151, after examining the proposed ward's assets or the assets of any management trust created for the proposed ward's benefit under Chapter 1301, and determining that the proposed ward or the management trust is unable to pay for services provided by the guardian ad litem, the court may authorize compensation from the county treasury.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 982 (H.B. 2080), Sec. 12, eff. January 1, 2014.
Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1031 (H.B. 1438), Sec. 12, eff. September 1, 2015.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1102/s1102.006">
<num value="1102.006">Sec. 1102.006.</num>
<heading>NOTICE REGARDING REQUEST TO FINANCIAL INSTITUTION FOR CUSTOMER RECORDS</heading>
<content>If a request is made to a financial institution for a customer record in connection with an investigation conducted under Section 1102.001, the court shall provide written notice of that fact to the proposed ward with respect to whom the investigation is conducted not later than the fifth day after the date the financial institution produces the customer record.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1031 (H.B. 1438), Sec. 13, eff. September 1, 2015.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</chapter>
<chapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1103">
<num value="1103">CHAPTER 1103.</num>
<heading>PROCEDURE TO APPOINT GUARDIAN FOR CERTAIN MINORS REQUIRING GUARDIANSHIPS AS ADULTS</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1103/s1103.001">
<num value="1103.001">Sec. 1103.001.</num>
<heading>APPLICATION FOR APPOINTMENT OF GUARDIAN</heading>
<chapeau>Not earlier than the 180th day before the proposed ward's 18th birthday, a person may file an application under Section 1101.001 for the appointment of a guardian of the person or estate, or both, of a proposed ward who:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1103/s1103.001/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>is a minor; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1103/s1103.001/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>because of incapacity will require a guardianship after the proposed ward is no longer a minor.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1103/s1103.002">
<num value="1103.002">Sec. 1103.002.</num>
<heading>APPOINTMENT OF CONSERVATOR AS GUARDIAN WITHOUT HEARING</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1103/s1103.002/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>Notwithstanding any other law, if the applicant who files an application under Section 1101.001 or 1103.001 is a person who was appointed conservator of a disabled child and the proceeding is a guardianship proceeding described by Section 1002.015(1) in which the proposed ward is the incapacitated adult with respect to whom another court obtained continuing, exclusive jurisdiction in a suit affecting the parent-child relationship when the person was a child, the applicant may present to the court a written letter or certificate that meets the requirements of Sections 1101.103(a) and (b).</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1103/s1103.002/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>If, on receipt of the letter or certificate described by Subsection (a), the court is able to make the findings required by Section 1101.101, the court, notwithstanding Subchapter C, Chapter 1104, shall:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1103/s1103.002/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>appoint the conservator as guardian without conducting a hearing; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1103/s1103.002/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>to the extent possible preserve the terms of possession and access to the ward that applied before the court obtained jurisdiction of the guardianship proceeding.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 161 (S.B. 1093), Sec. 6.037, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1103/s1103.003">
<num value="1103.003">Sec. 1103.003.</num>
<heading>EFFECTIVE DATE OF GUARDIANSHIP</heading>
<content>If the application filed under Section 1103.001 is heard before the proposed ward's 18th birthday, a guardianship created under this chapter may not take effect and the person appointed guardian may not take the oath or make the declaration as required under Section 1105.051 or give a bond as required under Section 1105.101 until the proposed ward's 18th birthday.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2021, 87th Leg., R.S., Ch. 521 (S.B. 626), Sec. 23, eff. September 1, 2021.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1103/s1103.004">
<num value="1103.004">Sec. 1103.004.</num>
<heading>SETTLEMENT AND CLOSING OF PRIOR GUARDIANSHIP</heading>
<chapeau>Notwithstanding Section 1202.001(b), the guardianship of the person of a minor who is the subject of an application for the appointment of a guardian of the person filed under Section 1103.001 is settled and closed when:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1103/s1103.004/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the court, after a hearing on the application, determines that the appointment of a guardian of the person for the proposed ward is not necessary; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1103/s1103.004/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the guardian appointed by the court, after a hearing on the application, has qualified under Section 1105.002.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</chapter>
<chapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104">
<num value="1104">CHAPTER 1104.</num>
<heading>SELECTION OF AND ELIGIBILITY TO SERVE AS GUARDIAN</heading>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scA">
<num value="A">SUBCHAPTER A.</num>
<heading>GENERAL PROVISIONS RELATING TO APPOINTMENT OF GUARDIAN</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scA/s1104.001">
<num value="1104.001">Sec. 1104.001.</num>
<heading>GUARDIAN OF THE PERSON OR ESTATE</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scA/s1104.001/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>Only one person may be appointed as guardian of the person or estate, but one person may be appointed guardian of the person and another person may be appointed guardian of the estate, if it is in the best interest of the incapacitated person or ward.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scA/s1104.001/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>Subsection (a) does not prohibit the joint appointment, if the court finds it to be in the best interest of the incapacitated person or ward, of:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scA/s1104.001/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>a husband and wife;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scA/s1104.001/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>joint managing conservators;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scA/s1104.001/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>co-guardians appointed under the laws of a jurisdiction other than this state; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scA/s1104.001/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<chapeau>both parents of an adult who is incapacitated if the incapacitated person:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scA/s1104.001/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>has not been the subject of a suit affecting the parent-child relationship; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scA/s1104.001/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>has been the subject of a suit affecting the parent-child relationship and both of the incapacitated person's parents were named as joint managing conservators in the suit but are no longer serving in that capacity.</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scA/s1104.002">
<num value="1104.002">Sec. 1104.002.</num>
<heading>PREFERENCE OF INCAPACITATED PERSON</heading>
<content>Before appointing a guardian, the court shall make a reasonable effort to consider the incapacitated person's preference of the person to be appointed guardian and, to the extent consistent with other provisions of this title, shall give due consideration to the preference indicated by the incapacitated person, regardless of whether the person has designated by declaration a guardian before the need arises under Subchapter E.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 214 (H.B. 39), Sec. 13, eff. September 1, 2015.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scA/s1104.003">
<num value="1104.003">Sec. 1104.003.</num>
<heading>TRAINING REQUIRED</heading>
<content>A court may not appoint an individual to serve as guardian under this title if the individual has not received the training required under Section 155.204, Government Code, unless waived by the court in accordance with rules adopted by the supreme court under Section 155.203, Government Code.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 313 (S.B. 1096), Sec. 3, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scB">
<num value="B">SUBCHAPTER B.</num>
<heading>SELECTION OF GUARDIAN FOR MINOR</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scB/s1104.051">
<num value="1104.051">Sec. 1104.051.</num>
<heading>GUARDIAN OF MINOR CHILDREN</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scB/s1104.051/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>If the parents live together, both parents are the natural guardians of the person of the minor children by the marriage, and one of the parents is entitled to be appointed guardian of the children's estates. If the parents disagree as to which parent should be appointed, the court shall make the appointment on the basis of which parent is better qualified to serve in that capacity.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scB/s1104.051/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The rights of parents who do not live together are equal. The court shall assign the guardianship of their minor children to one parent considering only the best interests of the children.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scB/s1104.051/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>If one parent is deceased, the surviving parent is the natural guardian of the person of the minor children and is entitled to be appointed guardian of the minor children's estates.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scB/s1104.052">
<num value="1104.052">Sec. 1104.052.</num>
<heading>GUARDIAN FOR MINOR ORPHAN</heading>
<chapeau>In appointing a guardian for a minor orphan:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scB/s1104.052/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>if the last surviving parent did not appoint a guardian, the nearest ascendant in the direct line of the minor is entitled to guardianship of both the person and the estate of the minor;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scB/s1104.052/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>if more than one ascendant exists in the same degree in the direct line of the minor, the court shall appoint one ascendant according to circumstances and considering the minor's best interests;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scB/s1104.052/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<chapeau>if the minor does not have an ascendant in the direct line of the minor:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scB/s1104.052/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>the court shall appoint the nearest of kin; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scB/s1104.052/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>if two or more persons are in the same degree of kinship to the minor, the court shall appoint one of those persons according to circumstances and considering the minor's best interests; and</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scB/s1104.052/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>if the minor does not have a relative who is eligible to be guardian, or if none of the eligible persons apply to be guardian, the court shall appoint a qualified person as guardian.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scB/s1104.053">
<num value="1104.053">Sec. 1104.053.</num>
<heading>GUARDIAN DESIGNATED BY WILL OR WRITTEN DECLARATION</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scB/s1104.053/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>Notwithstanding Section 1104.001 or 1104.051, the surviving parent of a minor may by will or written declaration appoint any eligible person to be guardian of the person of the parent's minor children after the parent dies or in the event of the parent's incapacity.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scB/s1104.053/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>After the surviving parent of a minor dies or if the court finds the surviving parent is an incapacitated person, the court shall appoint the person designated in the will or declaration to serve as guardian of the person of the parent's minor children in preference to another otherwise entitled to serve as guardian under this title, unless the court finds that the person designated to serve as guardian:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scB/s1104.053/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>is disqualified;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scB/s1104.053/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>is deceased;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scB/s1104.053/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>refuses to serve; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scB/s1104.053/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>would not serve the minor children's best interests.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scB/s1104.053/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>On compliance with this title, an eligible person is also entitled to be appointed guardian of the minor children's estates after the surviving parent dies or in the event of the surviving parent's incapacity.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scB/s1104.054">
<num value="1104.054">Sec. 1104.054.</num>
<heading>SELECTION OF GUARDIAN BY MINOR</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scB/s1104.054/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>Notwithstanding any other provision of this subchapter, if an application is filed for the guardianship of the person or estate, or both, of a minor at least 12 years of age, the minor may select the guardian by a writing filed with the clerk, if the court finds that the selection is in the minor's best interest and approves the selection.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scB/s1104.054/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>Notwithstanding any other provision of this subchapter, a minor at least 12 years of age may select another guardian of the minor's person or estate, or both, if the minor has a guardian appointed by the court, by will of the minor's parent, or by written declaration of the minor's parent, and that guardian dies, resigns, or is removed from guardianship. The minor must make the selection by filing an application in open court in person or by an attorney. The court shall make the appointment and revoke the letters of guardianship of the former guardian if the court is satisfied that:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scB/s1104.054/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the person selected is suitable and competent; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scB/s1104.054/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the appointment of the person is in the minor's best interest.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scC">
<num value="C">SUBCHAPTER C.</num>
<heading>SELECTION OF GUARDIAN FOR INCAPACITATED PERSON OTHER THAN MINOR</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scC/s1104.101">
<num value="1104.101">Sec. 1104.101.</num>
<heading>APPOINTMENT ACCORDING TO CIRCUMSTANCES AND BEST INTERESTS</heading>
<content>The court shall appoint a guardian for an incapacitated person other than a minor according to the circumstances and considering the incapacitated person's best interests.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scC/s1104.102">
<num value="1104.102">Sec. 1104.102.</num>
<heading>APPOINTMENT PREFERENCES</heading>
<chapeau>If the court finds that two or more eligible persons are equally entitled to be appointed guardian of an incapacitated person:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scC/s1104.102/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the incapacitated person's spouse is entitled to the guardianship in preference to any other person, if the spouse is one of the eligible persons;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scC/s1104.102/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the eligible person nearest of kin to the incapacitated person is entitled to the guardianship, if the incapacitated person's spouse is not one of the eligible persons; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scC/s1104.102/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<chapeau>the court shall appoint the eligible person who is best qualified to serve as guardian if:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scC/s1104.102/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>the persons entitled to serve under Subdivisions (1) and (2) refuse to serve;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scC/s1104.102/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>two or more persons entitled to serve under Subdivision (2) are related in the same degree of kinship to the incapacitated person; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scC/s1104.102/C">
<num value="C">(C)</num>
<content>neither the incapacitated person's spouse nor any person related to the incapacitated person is an eligible person.</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scC/s1104.103">
<num value="1104.103">Sec. 1104.103.</num>
<heading>DESIGNATION OF GUARDIAN BY WILL OR WRITTEN DECLARATION</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scC/s1104.103/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>The surviving parent of an adult individual who is an incapacitated person may, if the parent is the guardian of the person or estate of the adult individual, by will or written declaration appoint an eligible person to serve as guardian of the person or estate, as applicable, of the adult individual:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scC/s1104.103/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>after the parent dies;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scC/s1104.103/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>in the event the parent resigns as guardian of the person or estate; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scC/s1104.103/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>in the event of the parent's incapacity.</content>
<continuation>(a-1) If the surviving parent is both the guardian of the person and estate of the adult individual, the surviving parent may by will or written declaration appoint different eligible persons to serve as guardian of the person and guardian of the estate.</continuation>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scC/s1104.103/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>After the surviving parent dies or resigns as guardian, or if the court finds the surviving parent has become an incapacitated person after being appointed the adult individual's guardian, the court shall appoint the person or persons designated in the will or declaration to serve as guardian of the person, guardian of the estate, or both, in preference to any other person otherwise entitled to serve as guardian under this title, unless the court finds that the person designated to serve as guardian:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scC/s1104.103/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>is disqualified;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scC/s1104.103/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>is deceased;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scC/s1104.103/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>refuses to serve; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scC/s1104.103/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>would not serve the adult individual's best interests.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scC/s1104.103/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>Repealed by Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 207 (S.B. 1457), Sec. 31, eff. September 1, 2023.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 207 (S.B. 1457), Sec. 10, eff. September 1, 2023.
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 207 (S.B. 1457), Sec. 31, eff. September 1, 2023.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scD">
<num value="D">SUBCHAPTER D.</num>
<heading>WRITTEN DECLARATION BY CERTAIN PARENTS TO APPOINT GUARDIAN FOR THEIR CHILDREN</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scD/s1104.151">
<num value="1104.151">Sec. 1104.151.</num>
<heading>DEFINITIONS</heading>
<chapeau>In this subchapter:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scD/s1104.151/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<chapeau>"Declaration" means a written declaration of a person that:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scD/s1104.151/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>appoints a guardian for the person's child under Section 1104.053(a) or 1104.103(a); and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scD/s1104.151/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>satisfies the requirements of this subdivision and Sections 1104.152, 1104.153, 1104.154, 1104.156, 1104.159, and 1104.160.</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scD/s1104.151/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>"Self-proving affidavit" means an affidavit the form and content of which substantially comply with the requirements of Section 1104.153.</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scD/s1104.151/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>"Self-proving declaration" includes a self-proving affidavit that is attached or annexed to a declaration.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scD/s1104.152">
<num value="1104.152">Sec. 1104.152.</num>
<heading>REQUIREMENTS FOR DECLARATION</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scD/s1104.152/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>A declaration appointing an eligible person to be guardian of the person of a parent's child under Section 1104.053(a) or 1104.103(a) must be signed by the declarant and be:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scD/s1104.152/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>written wholly in the declarant's handwriting; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scD/s1104.152/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<chapeau>attested to in the declarant's presence by at least two credible witnesses who are:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scD/s1104.152/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>14 years of age or older; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scD/s1104.152/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>not named as guardian or alternate guardian in the declaration.</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scD/s1104.152/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>Notwithstanding Subsection (a), a declaration that is not written wholly in the declarant's handwriting may be signed by another person for the declarant under the direction of and in the presence of the declarant.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scD/s1104.152/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<chapeau>A declaration described by Subsection (a)(2) may have attached a self-proving affidavit signed by the declarant and the witnesses attesting to:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scD/s1104.152/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the competence of the declarant; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scD/s1104.152/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the execution of the declaration.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scD/s1104.153">
<num value="1104.153">Sec. 1104.153.</num>
<heading>FORM AND CONTENT OF DECLARATION AND SELF-PROVING AFFIDAVIT</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scD/s1104.153/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>A declaration and affidavit may be in any form adequate to clearly indicate the declarant's intention to designate a guardian for the declarant's child.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scD/s1104.153/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The following form may be used but is not required to be used:</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>DECLARATION OF APPOINTMENT OF GUARDIAN FOR MY CHILDREN
IN THE EVENT OF MY DEATH OR INCAPACITY
I, __________, make this Declaration to appoint as guardian for my child or children, listed as follows, in the event of my death or incapacity:
(add blanks as appropriate)
I designate __________ to serve as guardian of the person of my (child or children), __________ as first alternate guardian of the person of my (child or children), __________ as second alternate guardian of the person of my (child or children), and __________ as third alternate guardian of the person of my (child or children).
I direct that the guardian of the person of my (child or children) serve (with or without) bond.
(If applicable) I designate __________ to serve as guardian of the estate of my (child or children), __________ as first alternate guardian of the estate of my (child or children), __________ as second alternate guardian of the estate of my (child or children), and __________ as third alternate guardian of the estate of my (child or children).
If any guardian or alternate guardian dies, does not qualify, or resigns, the next named alternate guardian becomes guardian of my (child or children).
Signed this __________ day of __________, 20__.
______________________________
Declarant
Witness Witness
SELF-PROVING AFFIDAVIT
Before me, the undersigned authority, on this date personally appeared __________, the declarant, and __________ and __________ as witnesses, and all being duly sworn, the declarant said that the above instrument was his or her Declaration of Appointment of Guardian for the Declarant's Children in the Event of Declarant's Death or Incapacity and that the declarant had made and executed it for the purposes expressed in the declaration. The witnesses declared to me that they are each 14 years of age or older, that they saw the declarant sign the declaration, that they signed the declaration as witnesses, and that the declarant appeared to them to be of sound mind.
______________________________
Declarant
Affiant Affiant
Subscribed and sworn to before me by __________, the above named declarant, and __________ (names of affiants) affiants, on this ___ day of __________, 20__.
___________________________
Notary Public in and for the
State of Texas
My Commission expires:
___________________________
Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scD/s1104.154">
<num value="1104.154">Sec. 1104.154.</num>
<heading>ALTERNATIVE TO SELF-PROVING AFFIDAVIT</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scD/s1104.154/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>As an alternative to the self-proving affidavit authorized by Section 1104.153, a declaration of appointment of a guardian for the declarant's children in the event of the declarant's death or incapacity may be simultaneously executed, attested, and made self-proved by including the following in substantially the same form and with substantially the same contents:</content>
<continuation>I, _________________________, as declarant, after being duly sworn, declare to the undersigned witnesses and to the undersigned authority that this instrument is my Declaration of Appointment of Guardian for My Children in the Event of My Death or Incapacity, and that I willingly make and execute it for the purposes expressed in the declaration. I now sign this declaration in the presence of the attesting witnesses and the undersigned authority on this ____ day of ________, 20__.</continuation>
<continuation>___________________________</continuation>
<continuation>Declarant</continuation>
<continuation>The undersigned, _____________________ and ___________________, each being 14 years of age or older, after being duly sworn, declare to the declarant and to the undersigned authority that the declarant declared to us that this instrument is the declarant's Declaration of Appointment of Guardian for the Declarant's Children in the Event of Declarant's Death or Incapacity and that the declarant executed it for the purposes expressed in the declaration. The declarant then signed this declaration and we believe the declarant to be of sound mind. We now sign our names as attesting witnesses on this _____ day of ___________, 20___.</continuation>
<continuation>___________________________</continuation>
<continuation>Witness</continuation>
<continuation>___________________________</continuation>
<continuation>Witness</continuation>
<continuation>Subscribed and sworn to before me by the above named declarant, and affiants, this ____ day of __________________, 20__.</continuation>
<continuation>___________________________</continuation>
<continuation>Notary Public in and for the</continuation>
<continuation>State of Texas</continuation>
<continuation>My Commission expires:</continuation>
<continuation>___________________________</continuation>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scD/s1104.154/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A declaration that is executed as provided by Subsection (a) is considered self-proved to the same extent a declaration executed with a self-proving affidavit under Section 1104.153 is considered self-proved.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1031 (H.B. 1438), Sec. 14, eff. September 1, 2015.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scD/s1104.155">
<num value="1104.155">Sec. 1104.155.</num>
<heading>ALTERNATE SELF-PROVING OF DECLARATION</heading>
<content>At any time during the declarant's lifetime, a declaration described by Section 1104.152(a)(1) may be made self-proved in the same form and manner that a will written wholly in the testator's handwriting is made self-proved under Section 251.107.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scD/s1104.156">
<num value="1104.156">Sec. 1104.156.</num>
<heading>FILING OF DECLARATION AND SELF-PROVING AFFIDAVIT</heading>
<content>The declaration and any self-proving affidavit may be filed with the court at any time after the application for appointment of a guardian is filed and before a guardian is appointed.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scD/s1104.157">
<num value="1104.157">Sec. 1104.157.</num>
<heading>PROOF OF DECLARATION</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scD/s1104.157/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>The court may admit a declaration that is self-proved into evidence without the testimony of witnesses attesting to the competency of the declarant and the execution of the declaration. Additional proof of the execution of the declaration with the formalities and solemnities and under the circumstances required to make it a valid declaration is not necessary.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scD/s1104.157/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A declaration described by Section 1104.152(a)(1) that is not self-proved may be proved in the same manner that a will written wholly in the testator's handwriting is proved under Section 256.154.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scD/s1104.157/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>A declaration described by Section 1104.152(a)(2) that is not self-proved may be proved in the same manner that an attested written will produced in court is proved under Section 256.153.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scD/s1104.158">
<num value="1104.158">Sec. 1104.158.</num>
<heading>PRIMA FACIE EVIDENCE</heading>
<chapeau>A properly executed and witnessed self-proving declaration, including a declaration and self-proving affidavit described by Section 1104.152(c), is prima facie evidence that:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scD/s1104.158/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the declarant was competent at the time the declarant executed the declaration; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scD/s1104.158/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the guardian named in the declaration would serve the best interests of the ward or incapacitated person.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scD/s1104.159">
<num value="1104.159">Sec. 1104.159.</num>
<heading>REVOCATION OF DECLARATION</heading>
<content>The declarant may revoke a declaration in any manner provided for the revocation of a will under Section 253.002, including the subsequent re-execution of the declaration in the manner required for the original declaration.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scD/s1104.160">
<num value="1104.160">Sec. 1104.160.</num>
<heading>ALTERNATE OR OTHER COURT-APPOINTED GUARDIAN</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scD/s1104.160/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>The court shall appoint the next eligible designated alternate guardian named in a declaration if the designated guardian does not qualify, is deceased, refuses to serve, resigns, or dies after being appointed guardian, or is otherwise unavailable to serve as guardian.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scD/s1104.160/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>The court shall appoint another person to serve as guardian as otherwise provided by this title if the designated guardian and all designated alternate guardians named in the declaration:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scD/s1104.160/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>do not qualify;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scD/s1104.160/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>are deceased;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scD/s1104.160/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>refuse to serve; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scD/s1104.160/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>later die or resign.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scE">
<num value="E">SUBCHAPTER E.</num>
<heading>WRITTEN DECLARATION TO DESIGNATE GUARDIAN BEFORE NEED ARISES</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scE/s1104.201">
<num value="1104.201">Sec. 1104.201.</num>
<heading>DEFINITIONS</heading>
<chapeau>In this subchapter:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scE/s1104.201/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<chapeau>"Declaration" means a written declaration of a person that:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scE/s1104.201/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>designates another person to serve as a guardian of the person or estate of the declarant; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scE/s1104.201/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>satisfies the requirements of this subdivision and Sections 1104.202, 1104.203, 1104.204, 1104.205, 1104.207, 1104.210, 1104.211, and 1104.212.</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scE/s1104.201/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>"Self-proving affidavit" means an affidavit the form and content of which substantially comply with the requirements of Section 1104.204.</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scE/s1104.201/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>"Self-proving declaration" includes a self-proving affidavit that is attached or annexed to a declaration.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scE/s1104.202">
<num value="1104.202">Sec. 1104.202.</num>
<heading>DESIGNATION OF GUARDIAN FOR DECLARANT</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scE/s1104.202/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>A person other than an incapacitated person may designate by declaration a person to serve as guardian of the person or estate of the declarant if the declarant becomes incapacitated. The court shall appoint the person designated in the declaration to serve as guardian in preference to any other person otherwise entitled to serve as guardian under this title, unless the court finds that the person designated to serve as guardian:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scE/s1104.202/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>is disqualified; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scE/s1104.202/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>would not serve the ward's best interests.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scE/s1104.202/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A declarant may, in the declaration, disqualify a named person from serving as guardian of the declarant's person or estate. The court may not under any circumstances appoint as guardian a person named under this subsection.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scE/s1104.203">
<num value="1104.203">Sec. 1104.203.</num>
<heading>REQUIREMENTS FOR DECLARATION</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scE/s1104.203/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>Except as provided by Subsection (a-1), a declaration under this subchapter must be signed by the declarant and be:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scE/s1104.203/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>written wholly in the declarant's handwriting; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scE/s1104.203/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<chapeau>attested to in the declarant's presence by at least two credible witnesses who are:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scE/s1104.203/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>14 years of age or older; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scE/s1104.203/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>not named as guardian or alternate guardian in the declaration.</content>
<continuation>(a-1) If the declaration does not expressly disqualify any individual from serving as guardian of the declarant's person or estate, the declaration must be signed by the declarant and may be acknowledged by a notary public instead of being attested to in the declarant's presence by witnesses as required by Subsection (a)(2).</continuation>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scE/s1104.203/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>Notwithstanding Subsection (a) or (a-1), a declaration that is not written wholly in the declarant's handwriting may be signed by another person for the declarant under the direction of and in the presence of the declarant.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scE/s1104.203/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<chapeau>A declaration described by Subsection (a)(2) may have attached a self-proving affidavit signed by the declarant and the witnesses attesting to:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scE/s1104.203/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the competence of the declarant; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scE/s1104.203/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the execution of the declaration.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 298 (S.B. 511), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scE/s1104.204">
<num value="1104.204">Sec. 1104.204.</num>
<heading>FORM AND CONTENT OF DECLARATION AND SELF-PROVING AFFIDAVIT</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scE/s1104.204/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>A declaration and affidavit may be in any form adequate to clearly indicate the declarant's intention to designate a guardian.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scE/s1104.204/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The following form may be used but is not required to be used:</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>DECLARATION OF GUARDIAN
IN THE EVENT OF LATER INCAPACITY OR NEED OF GUARDIAN
I, __________, make this Declaration of Guardian, to operate if the need for a guardian for me later arises.
1. I designate __________ to serve as guardian of my person, __________ as first alternate guardian of my person, __________ as second alternate guardian of my person, and __________ as third alternate guardian of my person.
2. I designate __________ to serve as guardian of my estate, __________ as first alternate guardian of my estate, __________ as second alternate guardian of my estate, and __________ as third alternate guardian of my estate.
3. If any guardian or alternate guardian dies, does not qualify, or resigns, the next named alternate guardian becomes my guardian.
4. I expressly disqualify the following persons from serving as guardian of my person: __________, __________, and __________.
5. I expressly disqualify the following persons from serving as guardian of my estate: __________, __________, and __________.
Signed this ___ day of __________, 20__.
______________________________
Declarant
____________________________ ________________________________
Witness Witness
SELF-PROVING AFFIDAVIT
Before me, the undersigned authority, on this date personally appeared ______________, the declarant, and ____________ and ____________ as witnesses, and all being duly sworn, the declarant said that the above instrument was his or her Declaration of Guardian and that the declarant had made and executed it for the purposes expressed in the declaration. The witnesses declared to me that they are each 14 years of age or older, that they saw the declarant sign the declaration, that they signed the declaration as witnesses, and that the declarant appeared to them to be of sound mind.
______________________________
Declarant
____________________________ ________________________________
Affiant Affiant
Subscribed and sworn to before me by the above named declarant and affiants on this ____ day of __________, 20__.
__________________________
Notary Public in and for the
State of Texas
My Commission expires:
__________________________
(c) A declaration that complies with the requirements of Section 1104.203(a-1) may, but is not required to, be in the form specified by Subsection (b), except that instead of having attached the self-proving affidavit prescribed by that subsection, the declaration shall have attached the following acknowledgment:
STATE OF __________________
COUNTY OF _________________
This instrument was acknowledged before me on the ___ day of __________, 20______,
by ________________________ (Declarant).
___________________________
Notary Public, in and for the
State of Texas
Notary's printed name:
___________________________
My commission expires:
___________________________
(d) A declaration that complies with the requirements of Section 1104.203(a-1) that has attached the acknowledgment provided by Subsection (c) is considered self-proved.
Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 298 (S.B. 511), Sec. 2, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scE/s1104.205">
<num value="1104.205">Sec. 1104.205.</num>
<heading>ALTERNATIVE TO SELF-PROVING AFFIDAVIT</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scE/s1104.205/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>As an alternative to the self-proving affidavit authorized by Section 1104.204, a declaration of guardian in the event of later incapacity or need of guardian may be simultaneously executed, attested, and made self-proved by including the following in substantially the same form and with substantially the same contents:</content>
<continuation>I, _________________________, as declarant, after being duly sworn, declare to the undersigned witnesses and to the undersigned authority that this instrument is my Declaration of Guardian in the Event of Later Incapacity or Need of Guardian, and that I willingly make and execute it for the purposes expressed in the declaration. I now sign this declaration in the presence of the attesting witnesses and the undersigned authority on this ____ day of ________, 20__.</continuation>
<continuation>___________________________</continuation>
<continuation>Declarant</continuation>
<continuation>The undersigned, _____________________ and ___________________, each being 14 years of age or older, after being duly sworn, declare to the declarant and to the undersigned authority that the declarant declared to us that this instrument is the declarant's Declaration of Guardian in the Event of Later Incapacity or Need of Guardian and that the declarant executed it for the purposes expressed in the declaration. The declarant then signed this declaration and we believe the declarant to be of sound mind. We now sign our names as attesting witnesses on this _____ day of ___________, 20___.</continuation>
<continuation>___________________________</continuation>
<continuation>Witness</continuation>
<continuation>___________________________</continuation>
<continuation>Witness</continuation>
<continuation>Subscribed and sworn to before me by the above named declarant, and affiants, this ____ day of __________________, 20__.</continuation>
<continuation>__________________________</continuation>
<continuation>Notary Public in and for the</continuation>
<continuation>State of Texas</continuation>
<continuation>My Commission expires:</continuation>
<continuation>__________________________</continuation>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scE/s1104.205/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A declaration that is executed as provided by Subsection (a) is considered self-proved to the same extent a declaration executed with a self-proving affidavit under Section 1104.204 is considered self-proved.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1031 (H.B. 1438), Sec. 15, eff. September 1, 2015.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scE/s1104.206">
<num value="1104.206">Sec. 1104.206.</num>
<heading>ALTERNATE SELF-PROVING OF DECLARATION</heading>
<content>At any time during the declarant's lifetime, a declaration described by Section 1104.203(a)(1) may be made self-proved in the same form and manner that a will written wholly in the testator's handwriting is made self-proved under Section 251.107.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scE/s1104.207">
<num value="1104.207">Sec. 1104.207.</num>
<heading>FILING OF DECLARATION AND SELF-PROVING AFFIDAVIT</heading>
<content>The declaration and any self-proving affidavit may be filed with the court at any time after the application for appointment of a guardian is filed and before a guardian is appointed.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scE/s1104.208">
<num value="1104.208">Sec. 1104.208.</num>
<heading>PROOF OF DECLARATION</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scE/s1104.208/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>The court may admit a declaration that is self-proved into evidence without the testimony of witnesses attesting to the competency of the declarant and the execution of the declaration. Additional proof of the execution of the declaration with the formalities and solemnities and under the circumstances required to make it a valid declaration is not necessary.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scE/s1104.208/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A declaration described by Section 1104.203(a)(1) that is not self-proved may be proved in the same manner that a will written wholly in the testator's handwriting is proved under Section 256.154.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scE/s1104.208/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>A declaration described by Section 1104.203(a)(2) that is not self-proved may be proved in the same manner that an attested written will produced in court is proved under Section 256.153.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scE/s1104.209">
<num value="1104.209">Sec. 1104.209.</num>
<heading>PRIMA FACIE EVIDENCE</heading>
<chapeau>A properly executed and witnessed self-proving declaration, including a declaration and self-proving affidavit described by Section 1104.203(c), is prima facie evidence that:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scE/s1104.209/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the declarant was competent at the time the declarant executed the declaration; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scE/s1104.209/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the guardian named in the declaration would serve the best interests of the ward or incapacitated person.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scE/s1104.210">
<num value="1104.210">Sec. 1104.210.</num>
<heading>REVOCATION OF DECLARATION</heading>
<content>The declarant may revoke a declaration in any manner provided for the revocation of a will under Section 253.002, including the subsequent re-execution of the declaration in the manner required for the original declaration.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scE/s1104.211">
<num value="1104.211">Sec. 1104.211.</num>
<heading>EFFECT OF DIVORCE ON DESIGNATION OF SPOUSE</heading>
<content>If a declarant designates the declarant's spouse to serve as guardian under this subchapter, and the declarant is subsequently divorced from that spouse before a guardian is appointed, the provision of the declaration designating the spouse has no effect.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scE/s1104.212">
<num value="1104.212">Sec. 1104.212.</num>
<heading>ALTERNATE OR OTHER COURT-APPOINTED GUARDIAN</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scE/s1104.212/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>The court shall appoint the next eligible designated alternate guardian named in a declaration if the designated guardian does not qualify, is deceased, refuses to serve, resigns, or dies after being appointed guardian, or is otherwise unavailable to serve as guardian.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scE/s1104.212/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>The court shall appoint another person to serve as guardian as otherwise provided by this title if the designated guardian and all designated alternate guardians named in the declaration:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scE/s1104.212/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>do not qualify;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scE/s1104.212/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>are deceased;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scE/s1104.212/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>refuse to serve; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scE/s1104.212/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>later die or resign.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scF">
<num value="F">SUBCHAPTER F.</num>
<heading>CERTIFICATION REQUIREMENTS</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scF/s150118.133570">
<num value="150118.133570">Sec. 150118.133570.</num>
<heading></heading>
<content>FOR CERTAIN GUARDIANS</content>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scF/s1104.251">
<num value="1104.251">Sec. 1104.251.</num>
<heading>CERTIFICATION REQUIRED FOR CERTAIN GUARDIANS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scF/s1104.251/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>An individual must be certified under Subchapter C, Chapter 155, Government Code, if the individual:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scF/s1104.251/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>is a private professional guardian;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scF/s1104.251/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>will represent the interests of a ward as a guardian on behalf of a private professional guardian;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scF/s1104.251/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>is providing guardianship services to a ward of a guardianship program on the program's behalf, except as provided by Section 1104.254; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scF/s1104.251/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>is an employee of the Department of Aging and Disability Services providing guardianship services to a ward of the department.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scF/s1104.251/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>An individual employed by or contracting with a guardianship program must be certified as provided by Subsection (a) to provide guardianship services to a ward of the program.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 42 (S.B. 966), Sec. 2.08, eff. September 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scF/s1104.252">
<num value="1104.252">Sec. 1104.252.</num>
<heading>EFFECT OF PROVISIONAL CERTIFICATE</heading>
<content>For purposes of this subchapter, a person who holds a provisional certificate issued under Section 155.103, Government Code, is considered to be certified.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 42 (S.B. 966), Sec. 2.09, eff. September 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scF/s1104.253">
<num value="1104.253">Sec. 1104.253.</num>
<heading>EXCEPTION FOR FAMILY MEMBERS AND FRIENDS</heading>
<content>A family member or friend of an incapacitated person is not required to be certified under Subchapter C, Chapter 155, Government Code, or any other law to serve as the person's guardian.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 42 (S.B. 966), Sec. 2.10, eff. September 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scF/s1104.254">
<num value="1104.254">Sec. 1104.254.</num>
<heading>EXCEPTION FOR CERTAIN VOLUNTEERS</heading>
<content>An individual volunteering with a guardianship program or with the Department of Aging and Disability Services is not required to be certified as provided by Section 1104.251 to provide guardianship services or other services under Section 161.114, Human Resources Code, on the program's or the department's behalf.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 161 (S.B. 1093), Sec. 6.038, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scF/s1104.255">
<num value="1104.255">Sec. 1104.255.</num>
<heading>EXPIRATION OF CERTIFICATION</heading>
<content>A person whose certification under Subchapter C, Chapter 155, Government Code, has expired must obtain a new certification under that subchapter to provide or continue providing guardianship services to a ward or incapacitated person under this title.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 42 (S.B. 966), Sec. 2.11, eff. September 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scF/s1104.256">
<num value="1104.256">Sec. 1104.256.</num>
<heading>FAILURE TO COMPLY; COURT'S DUTY TO NOTIFY</heading>
<chapeau>The court shall notify the guardianship certification program of the Judicial Branch Certification Commission if the court becomes aware of a person who is not complying with:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scF/s1104.256/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the terms of a certification issued under Subchapter C, Chapter 155, Government Code; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scF/s1104.256/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the standards and rules adopted under that subchapter.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 42 (S.B. 966), Sec. 2.12, eff. September 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scF/s1104.257">
<num value="1104.257">Sec. 1104.257.</num>
<heading>INFORMATION REGARDING SERVICES PROVIDED BY GUARDIANSHIP PROGRAM</heading>
<content>Not later than January 31 of each year, each guardianship program operating in a county shall submit to the county clerk a copy of the report submitted to the guardianship certification program of the Judicial Branch Certification Commission under Section 155.105, Government Code.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 42 (S.B. 966), Sec. 2.13, eff. September 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scF/s1104.258">
<num value="1104.258">Sec. 1104.258.</num>
<heading>INFORMATION REGARDING CERTAIN STATE EMPLOYEES PROVIDING GUARDIANSHIP SERVICES</heading>
<chapeau>Not later than January 31 of each year, the Department of Aging and Disability Services shall submit to the guardianship certification program of the Judicial Branch Certification Commission a statement containing:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scF/s1104.258/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the name, address, and telephone number of each department employee who is or will be providing guardianship services to a ward or proposed ward on the department's behalf; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scF/s1104.258/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the name of each county in which each employee named in Subdivision (1) is providing or is authorized to provide those services.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 42 (S.B. 966), Sec. 2.14, eff. September 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scG">
<num value="G">SUBCHAPTER G.</num>
<heading>PRIVATE PROFESSIONAL GUARDIANS</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scG/s1104.301">
<num value="1104.301">Sec. 1104.301.</num>
<heading>CERTIFICATION AND REGISTRATION REQUIRED</heading>
<chapeau>A court may not appoint a private professional guardian to serve as a guardian or permit a private professional guardian to continue to serve as a guardian under this title if the private professional guardian is not:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scG/s1104.301/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>certified as provided by Section 1104.251(a), 1104.252, 1104.255, or 1104.256; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scG/s1104.301/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>in compliance with the registration requirements of this subchapter.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scG/s1104.302">
<num value="1104.302">Sec. 1104.302.</num>
<heading>ANNUAL CERTIFICATE OF REGISTRATION</heading>
<content>A private professional guardian must annually apply for a certificate of registration.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scG/s1104.303">
<num value="1104.303">Sec. 1104.303.</num>
<heading>REQUIREMENTS OF APPLICATION</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scG/s1104.303/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>An application for a certificate of registration must include a sworn statement containing the following information concerning a private professional guardian or each person who represents or plans to represent the interests of a ward as a guardian on behalf of the private professional guardian:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scG/s1104.303/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>place of residence;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scG/s1104.303/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>business address and business telephone number;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scG/s1104.303/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>educational background and professional experience;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scG/s1104.303/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>three or more professional references;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scG/s1104.303/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>the name of each ward for whom the private professional guardian or person is or will be serving as a guardian;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scG/s1104.303/6">
<num value="6">(6)</num>
<content>the aggregate fair market value of the property of all wards that is or will be managed by the private professional guardian or person;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scG/s1104.303/7">
<num value="7">(7)</num>
<chapeau>whether the private professional guardian or person has ever been removed as a guardian by the court or resigned as a guardian in a particular case, and, if so:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scG/s1104.303/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>a description of the circumstances causing the removal or resignation; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scG/s1104.303/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>the style of the suit, the docket number, and the court having jurisdiction over the proceeding; and</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scG/s1104.303/8">
<num value="8">(8)</num>
<content>the certification number or provisional certification number issued to the private professional guardian or person by the guardianship certification program of the Judicial Branch Certification Commission.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scG/s1104.303/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>The application must be:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scG/s1104.303/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>made to the clerk of the county having venue of the proceeding for the appointment of a guardian; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scG/s1104.303/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>accompanied by a nonrefundable fee of $40 to cover the cost of administering this subchapter.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 42 (S.B. 966), Sec. 2.15, eff. September 1, 2014.
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 982 (H.B. 2080), Sec. 13, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scG/s1104.304">
<num value="1104.304">Sec. 1104.304.</num>
<heading>TERM OF REGISTRATION; RENEWAL</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scG/s1104.304/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>The term of an initial registration begins on the date the requirements under Section 1104.303 are met and extends through December 31 of the year in which the application is made. After the term of the initial registration, the term of registration begins on January 1 and extends through December 31 of each year.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scG/s1104.304/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>An application to renew a registration must be completed during December of the year preceding the year for which the renewal is requested.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scG/s1104.305">
<num value="1104.305">Sec. 1104.305.</num>
<heading>USE OF REGISTRATION INFORMATION</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scG/s1104.305/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>The clerk shall bring the information received under Section 1104.303 to the judge's attention for review.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scG/s1104.305/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The judge shall use the information only to determine whether to appoint, remove, or continue the appointment of a private professional guardian.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scG/s1104.306">
<num value="1104.306">Sec. 1104.306.</num>
<heading>USE OF NAMES AND BUSINESS ADDRESSES</heading>
<content>Not later than January 31 of each year, the clerk shall submit to the guardianship certification program of the Judicial Branch Certification Commission the name and business address of each private professional guardian who has satisfied the registration requirements of this subchapter during the preceding year.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 42 (S.B. 966), Sec. 2.16, eff. September 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scH">
<num value="H">SUBCHAPTER H.</num>
<heading>GROUNDS FOR DISQUALIFICATION</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scH/s1104.351">
<num value="1104.351">Sec. 1104.351.</num>
<heading>INCAPACITY OR INEXPERIENCE</heading>
<chapeau>A person may not be appointed guardian if the person is:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scH/s1104.351/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>a minor or other incapacitated person; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scH/s1104.351/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>a person who, because of inexperience, lack of education, or other good reason, is incapable of properly and prudently managing and controlling the person or estate of the ward.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scH/s1104.352">
<num value="1104.352">Sec. 1104.352.</num>
<heading>UNSUITABILITY</heading>
<content>A person may not be appointed guardian if the person is a person, institution, or corporation found by the court to be unsuitable.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 161 (S.B. 1093), Sec. 6.039, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scH/s1104.353">
<num value="1104.353">Sec. 1104.353.</num>
<heading>NOTORIOUSLY BAD CONDUCT; PRESUMPTION CONCERNING BEST INTEREST</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scH/s1104.353/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>A person may not be appointed guardian if the person's conduct is notoriously bad.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scH/s1104.353/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>It is presumed to be not in the best interests of a ward or incapacitated person to appoint as guardian of the ward or incapacitated person a person who has been finally convicted of:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scH/s1104.353/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>any sexual offense, including sexual assault, aggravated sexual assault, and prohibited sexual conduct;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scH/s1104.353/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>aggravated assault;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scH/s1104.353/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>injury to a child, elderly individual, or disabled individual;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scH/s1104.353/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>abandoning or endangering a child, elderly individual, or disabled individual;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scH/s1104.353/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>terroristic threat; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scH/s1104.353/6">
<num value="6">(6)</num>
<content>continuous violence against the family of the ward or incapacitated person.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 982 (H.B. 2080), Sec. 14, eff. January 1, 2014.
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 830 (H.B. 2187), Sec. 4, eff. September 1, 2023.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scH/s1104.354">
<num value="1104.354">Sec. 1104.354.</num>
<heading>CONFLICT OF INTEREST</heading>
<chapeau>A person may not be appointed guardian if the person:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scH/s1104.354/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<chapeau>is a party or is a person whose parent is a party to a lawsuit concerning or affecting the welfare of the proposed ward, unless the court:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scH/s1104.354/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>determines that the lawsuit claim of the person who has applied to be appointed guardian is not in conflict with the lawsuit claim of the proposed ward; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scH/s1104.354/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>appoints a guardian ad litem to represent the interests of the proposed ward throughout the litigation of the ward's lawsuit claim;</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scH/s1104.354/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>is indebted to the proposed ward, unless the person pays the debt before appointment; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scH/s1104.354/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>asserts a claim adverse to the proposed ward or the proposed ward's property.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scH/s1104.355">
<num value="1104.355">Sec. 1104.355.</num>
<heading>DISQUALIFIED IN DECLARATION</heading>
<content>A person may not be appointed guardian if the person is disqualified in a declaration under Section 1104.202(b).</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scH/s1104.356">
<num value="1104.356">Sec. 1104.356.</num>
<heading>LACK OF CERTAIN REQUIRED CERTIFICATION</heading>
<content>A person may not be appointed guardian if the person does not have the certification to serve as guardian that is required by Subchapter F.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scH/s1104.357">
<num value="1104.357">Sec. 1104.357.</num>
<heading>NONRESIDENT WITHOUT RESIDENT AGENT</heading>
<content>A person may not be appointed guardian if the person is a nonresident who has failed to file with the court the name of a resident agent to accept service of process in all actions or proceedings relating to the guardianship.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scH/s1104.358">
<num value="1104.358">Sec. 1104.358.</num>
<heading>SUBJECT TO PROTECTIVE ORDER FOR FAMILY VIOLENCE</heading>
<content>A person found to have committed family violence who is subject to a protective order issued under Chapter 85, Family Code, may not be appointed guardian of a proposed ward or ward who is protected by the protective order.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 982 (H.B. 2080), Sec. 15, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scH/s1104.359">
<num value="1104.359">Sec. 1104.359.</num>
<heading>EFFECT OF LACK OF REQUIRED REGISTRATION</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scH/s1104.359/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>A guardianship program may not be appointed guardian:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scH/s1104.359/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>if the program is not registered as required under Subchapter F, Chapter 155, Government Code;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scH/s1104.359/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>if a registration certificate issued to the program under Subchapter F, Chapter 155, Government Code, is expired or refused renewal, or has been revoked and not been reissued; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scH/s1104.359/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>during the time a registration certificate issued to the program under Subchapter F, Chapter 155, Government Code, is suspended.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scH/s1104.359/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>This section does not prevent the appointment, on the individual's own behalf, of an individual who is employed by or contracts with a guardianship program to provide guardianship and related services independently of the program.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 715 (S.B. 36), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2017.
Amended by:
Acts 2019, 86th Leg., R.S., Ch. 467 (H.B. 4170), Sec. 21.002(5), eff. September 1, 2019.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scI">
<num value="I">SUBCHAPTER I.</num>
<heading>ACCESS TO CRIMINAL HISTORY RECORDS</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scI/s1104.401">
<num value="1104.401">Sec. 1104.401.</num>
<heading>DEFINITION</heading>
<content>In this subchapter, "department" means the Department of Aging and Disability Services.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scI/s1104.402">
<num value="1104.402">Sec. 1104.402.</num>
<heading>DUTY TO OBTAIN CRIMINAL HISTORY RECORD INFORMATION; AUTHORITY TO CHARGE FEE</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scI/s1104.402/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>Except as provided by Section 1104.404 or 1104.406(a), the clerk of the county having venue of the proceeding for the appointment of a guardian shall, based on information provided in an application filed under Section 1101.001, obtain criminal history record information that is maintained by the Department of Public Safety or the Federal Bureau of Investigation identification division relating to any person, other than an attorney or a person who is a certified guardian, proposed to serve as a guardian under this title, including:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scI/s1104.402/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>a proposed temporary guardian;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scI/s1104.402/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>a proposed successor guardian; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scI/s1104.402/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>any person who will have care and custody of the proposed ward or the proposed ward's estate on behalf of the proposed guardian and who is not otherwise required to submit to a criminal background check under this section.</content>
<continuation>(a-1) A proposed guardian who is an attorney or a certified guardian shall provide to the court the name, address, phone number, and date of birth of any person who will have care and custody of the proposed ward or the proposed ward's estate on the proposed guardian's behalf. If the person having care and custody of the proposed ward or the proposed ward's estate on the proposed guardian's behalf is not also a certified guardian, the clerk shall obtain criminal history record information for that person as specified by Subsection (a).</continuation>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scI/s1104.402/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The clerk may charge a $10 fee to recover the costs of obtaining criminal history record information under Subsection (a).</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1031 (H.B. 1438), Sec. 16, eff. September 1, 2015.
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 871 (H.B. 4123), Sec. 4, eff. June 13, 2023.
Acts 2025, 89th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1155 (S.B. 2587), Sec. 19, eff. September 1, 2025.
Acts 2025, 89th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1155 (S.B. 2587), Sec. 20, eff. September 1, 2025.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scI/s1104.404">
<num value="1104.404">Sec. 1104.404.</num>
<heading>EXCEPTION FOR INFORMATION CONCERNING CERTAIN PERSONS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scI/s1104.404/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>The clerk described by Section 1104.402 is not required to obtain criminal history record information from the Department of Public Safety for a person if the Judicial Branch Certification Commission conducted a criminal history check on the person under Sections 155.203 and 155.207, Government Code. However, the clerk shall obtain criminal history record information from the Federal Bureau of Investigation identification division relating to each person described by Section 1104.402.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scI/s1104.404/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The commission shall provide to the clerk the criminal history record information that was obtained from the Department of Public Safety. The commission is prohibited from disseminating criminal history record information that was obtained from the Federal Bureau of Investigation under Section 411.1408, Government Code, for purposes of determining whether an applicant is ineligible for certification as a guardian.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 42 (S.B. 966), Sec. 2.17, eff. September 1, 2014.
Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 313 (S.B. 1096), Sec. 5, eff. September 1, 2017.
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 871 (H.B. 4123), Sec. 5, eff. June 13, 2023.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scI/s1104.405">
<num value="1104.405">Sec. 1104.405.</num>
<heading>INFORMATION FOR EXCLUSIVE USE OF COURT</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scI/s1104.405/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>Criminal history record information obtained or provided under Section 1104.402 or 1104.404 is privileged and confidential and is for the exclusive use of the court. The criminal history record information may not be released or otherwise disclosed to any person or agency except on court order. The court may use the criminal history record information only to determine whether to:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scI/s1104.405/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>appoint, remove, or continue the appointment of a private professional guardian, a guardianship program, or the Health and Human Services Commission; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scI/s1104.405/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>appoint any person proposed to serve as a guardian under this title, including a proposed temporary guardian, a proposed successor guardian, or any person who will have care or custody of the proposed ward or the proposed ward's estate on behalf of the proposed guardian, other than an attorney or a certified guardian.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scI/s1104.405/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The county clerk may destroy the criminal history record information after the information is used for the purposes authorized by this subchapter.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 871 (H.B. 4123), Sec. 6, eff. June 13, 2023.
Acts 2025, 89th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1155 (S.B. 2587), Sec. 21, eff. September 1, 2025.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scI/s1104.406">
<num value="1104.406">Sec. 1104.406.</num>
<heading>DEPARTMENT'S DUTY TO OBTAIN CRIMINAL HISTORY RECORD INFORMATION</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scI/s1104.406/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>The department shall obtain criminal history record information that is maintained by the Department of Public Safety or the Federal Bureau of Investigation identification division relating to each individual who is or will be providing guardianship services to a ward of or referred by the department, including:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scI/s1104.406/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>an employee of or an applicant selected for an employment position with the department;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scI/s1104.406/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>a volunteer or an applicant selected to volunteer with the department;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scI/s1104.406/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>an employee of or an applicant selected for an employment position with a business entity or other person who contracts with the department to provide guardianship services to a ward referred by the department;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scI/s1104.406/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>a volunteer or an applicant selected to volunteer with a business entity or other person described by Subdivision (3); and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scI/s1104.406/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>a contractor or an employee of a contractor who provides services to a ward of the Department of Aging and Disability Services under a contract with the estate of the ward.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scI/s1104.406/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>The department must obtain the information in Subsection (a) before:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scI/s1104.406/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>making an offer of employment to an applicant for an employment position; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scI/s1104.406/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>a volunteer contacts a ward of or referred by the department.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scI/s1104.406/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>The department must annually obtain the information in Subsection (a) regarding employees, contractors, or volunteers providing guardianship services.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1 (S.B. 219), Sec. 6.025, eff. April 2, 2015.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scI/s1104.409">
<num value="1104.409">Sec. 1104.409.</num>
<heading>USE OF INFORMATION BY COURT</heading>
<chapeau>The court shall use the information obtained under this subchapter only in determining whether to:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scI/s1104.409/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>appoint, remove, or continue the appointment of a private professional guardian, a guardianship program, or the department; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scI/s1104.409/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>appoint any other person proposed to serve as a guardian under this title, including a proposed temporary guardian and a proposed successor guardian, other than an attorney.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1031 (H.B. 1438), Sec. 17, eff. September 1, 2015.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scI/s1104.411">
<num value="1104.411">Sec. 1104.411.</num>
<heading>CRIMINAL OFFENSE FOR UNAUTHORIZED RELEASE OR DISCLOSURE</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scI/s1104.411/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>A person commits an offense if the person releases or discloses any information received under this subchapter without the authorization prescribed by Section 1104.405 or 1104.408.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scI/s1104.411/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>An offense under this section is a Class A misdemeanor.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1104/scI/s1104.412">
<num value="1104.412">Sec. 1104.412.</num>
<heading>EFFECT OF SUBCHAPTER ON DEPARTMENT'S AUTHORITY TO OBTAIN OR USE INFORMATION</heading>
<content>This subchapter does not prohibit the department from obtaining and using criminal history record information as provided by other law.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
</chapter>
<chapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105">
<num value="1105">CHAPTER 1105.</num>
<heading>QUALIFICATION OF GUARDIANS</heading>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scA">
<num value="A">SUBCHAPTER A.</num>
<heading>GENERAL PROVISIONS</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scA/s1105.001">
<num value="1105.001">Sec. 1105.001.</num>
<heading>DEFINITIONS</heading>
<chapeau>In this chapter:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scA/s1105.001/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>"Bond" means a bond required by this chapter to be given by a person appointed to serve as a guardian.</content>
<continuation>(1-a) "Declaration" means a declaration taken by a person appointed to serve as a guardian to qualify to serve.</continuation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scA/s1105.001/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>"Oath" means an oath taken by a person appointed to serve as a guardian to qualify to serve.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2021, 87th Leg., R.S., Ch. 521 (S.B. 626), Sec. 24, eff. September 1, 2021.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scA/s1105.002">
<num value="1105.002">Sec. 1105.002.</num>
<heading>MANNER OF QUALIFICATION OF GUARDIAN</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scA/s1105.002/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>Except as provided by Subsection (b), a guardian is considered to have qualified when the guardian has:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scA/s1105.002/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>taken and filed the oath, or made and filed the declaration, required under Section 1105.051;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scA/s1105.002/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>given the required bond;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scA/s1105.002/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>obtained the judge's approval of the bond; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scA/s1105.002/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>filed the bond with the clerk.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scA/s1105.002/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A guardian who is not required to give a bond is considered to have qualified when the guardian has taken and filed the oath, or made and filed the declaration, as required under Section 1105.051.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2021, 87th Leg., R.S., Ch. 521 (S.B. 626), Sec. 25, eff. September 1, 2021.
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 207 (S.B. 1457), Sec. 11, eff. September 1, 2023.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scA/s1105.003">
<num value="1105.003">Sec. 1105.003.</num>
<heading>PERIOD FOR TAKING OATH OR MAKING DECLARATION AND GIVING BOND</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scA/s1105.003/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>Except as provided by Section 1103.003, an oath may be taken and subscribed or a declaration may be made, and a bond may be given and approved, at any time before:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scA/s1105.003/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the 21st day after the date of the order granting letters of guardianship; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scA/s1105.003/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the letters of guardianship are revoked for a failure to qualify within the period allowed.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scA/s1105.003/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A guardian of an estate must give a bond before being issued letters of guardianship unless a bond is not required under this title.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2021, 87th Leg., R.S., Ch. 521 (S.B. 626), Sec. 26, eff. September 1, 2021.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scB">
<num value="B">SUBCHAPTER B.</num>
<heading>OATHS AND DECLARATIONS</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scB/s1105.051">
<num value="1105.051">Sec. 1105.051.</num>
<heading>OATH OR DECLARATION OF GUARDIAN</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scB/s1105.051/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>A guardian shall:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scB/s1105.051/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>take an oath to discharge faithfully the duties of guardian for the person or estate, or both, of a ward; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scB/s1105.051/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>make a declaration as prescribed by Subsection (d).</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scB/s1105.051/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>If the Health and Human Services Commission is appointed guardian, a commission representative shall take the oath or make the declaration required by Subsection (a).</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scB/s1105.051/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>An oath taken by a person named as guardian or temporary guardian, as applicable, must be substantially as follows:</content>
<continuation>I, __________ (insert person's name), do solemnly swear that I will discharge faithfully the duties of guardian of __________ (insert "the person," "the estate," or "the person and estate") of __________ (insert ward's name), an incapacitated person, according to law.</continuation>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scB/s1105.051/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>A declaration made by a person named as guardian or temporary guardian, as applicable, must be substantially as follows:</content>
<continuation>My name is _______ (insert person's name), my date of birth is __________ (insert person's date of birth), and my address is __________ (insert person's address, including country). I declare under penalty of perjury that the information in this declaration is true and correct. I solemnly declare that I will discharge faithfully the duties of __________ (insert "guardian" or "temporary guardian," as applicable) of __________ (insert "the person," "the estate," or "the person and estate") of __________ (insert ward's name), an incapacitated person, according to law. Signed on __________ (insert date of signing).</continuation>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2021, 87th Leg., R.S., Ch. 521 (S.B. 626), Sec. 28, eff. September 1, 2021.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scB/s1105.052">
<num value="1105.052">Sec. 1105.052.</num>
<heading>ADMINISTRATION OF OATH OR MAKING OF DECLARATION</heading>
<content>The oath prescribed by Section 1105.051 may be taken before any person authorized to administer oaths under the laws of this state. The declaration prescribed by Section 1105.051 must be signed by the declarant.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2021, 87th Leg., R.S., Ch. 521 (S.B. 626), Sec. 29, eff. September 1, 2021.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scC">
<num value="C">SUBCHAPTER C.</num>
<heading>GENERAL PROVISIONS RELATING TO BONDS</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scC/s1105.101">
<num value="1105.101">Sec. 1105.101.</num>
<heading>BOND GENERALLY REQUIRED; EXCEPTIONS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scC/s1105.101/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>Except as provided by this section, a guardian of the person or the estate of a ward shall give a bond.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scC/s1105.101/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>A bond is not required if the guardian is:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scC/s1105.101/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>a corporate fiduciary; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scC/s1105.101/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>a guardianship program operated by a county.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scC/s1105.101/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<chapeau>The court shall issue letters of guardianship of the person to a person without the requirement of a bond if:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scC/s1105.101/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the person is named to be appointed guardian in a will made by a surviving parent that is probated by a court in this state, or in a written declaration made by a surviving parent, and the will or declaration directs that the guardian serve without a bond; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scC/s1105.101/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the court finds that the guardian is qualified.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scC/s1105.101/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>The court may not waive the requirement of bond for the guardian of the estate of a ward, regardless of whether a surviving parent's will or written declaration directs the court to waive the bond.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scC/s1105.102">
<num value="1105.102">Sec. 1105.102.</num>
<heading>BOND FOR CERTAIN GUARDIANS OF THE PERSON</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scC/s1105.102/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>This section applies only to a bond required to be posted by a guardian of the person of a ward when there is no guardian of the ward's estate.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scC/s1105.102/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>To ensure the performance of the guardian's duties, a court may accept only:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scC/s1105.102/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>a corporate surety bond;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scC/s1105.102/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>a personal surety bond;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scC/s1105.102/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>a deposit of money instead of a surety bond; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scC/s1105.102/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>a personal bond.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scC/s1105.102/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<chapeau>In determining the appropriate type and amount of bond to set for the guardian, the court shall consider:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scC/s1105.102/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the familial relationship of the guardian to the ward;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scC/s1105.102/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the guardian's ties to the community;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scC/s1105.102/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the guardian's financial condition;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scC/s1105.102/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>the guardian's past history of compliance with the court; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scC/s1105.102/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>the reason the guardian may have previously been denied a corporate surety bond.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scC/s1105.103">
<num value="1105.103">Sec. 1105.103.</num>
<heading>BOND REQUIRED FROM GUARDIAN OTHERWISE EXEMPT</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scC/s1105.103/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>This section applies only to an individual guardian of the estate from whom a bond was not required.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scC/s1105.103/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A person who has a debt, claim, or demand against the guardianship, with respect to the justice of which an oath has been made by the person, the person's agent or attorney, or another person interested in the guardianship, in person or as the representative of another person, may file a written complaint under oath in the court in which the guardian was appointed.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scC/s1105.103/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>After a complaint is filed under Subsection (b), the court shall cite the guardian to appear and show cause why the guardian should not be required to give a bond.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scC/s1105.103/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>On hearing a complaint filed under Subsection (b), if it appears to the court that the guardian is wasting, mismanaging, or misapplying the guardianship estate and that a creditor may probably lose the creditor's debt, or that a person's interest in the guardianship may be diminished or lost, the court shall enter an order requiring the guardian to give a bond not later than the 10th day after the date of the order.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scC/s1105.103/e">
<num value="e">(e)</num>
<chapeau>A bond required under Subsection (d) must be:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scC/s1105.103/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>in an amount sufficient to protect the guardianship and the guardianship's creditors;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scC/s1105.103/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>approved by and payable to the judge; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scC/s1105.103/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<chapeau>conditioned that the guardian:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scC/s1105.103/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>will well and truly administer the guardianship; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scC/s1105.103/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>will not waste, mismanage, or misapply the guardianship estate.</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scC/s1105.103/f">
<num value="f">(f)</num>
<chapeau>If the guardian fails to give the bond required under Subsection (d) and the judge has not extended the period for giving the bond, the judge, without citation, shall remove the guardian and appoint a competent person as guardian, who shall:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scC/s1105.103/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>administer the guardianship according to the provisions of a will or law;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scC/s1105.103/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>take the oath or make the declaration required of a guardian under Section 1105.051 before the person enters on the administration of the guardianship; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scC/s1105.103/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>give bond in the same manner and in the same amount provided by this title for the issuance of original letters of guardianship.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2021, 87th Leg., R.S., Ch. 521 (S.B. 626), Sec. 30, eff. September 1, 2021.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scC/s1105.104">
<num value="1105.104">Sec. 1105.104.</num>
<heading>BONDS OF JOINT GUARDIANS</heading>
<chapeau>If two or more persons are appointed as guardians and are required to give a bond by the court or under this title, the court may require:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scC/s1105.104/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>a separate bond from each person; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scC/s1105.104/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>a joint bond from all of the persons.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scC/s1105.105">
<num value="1105.105">Sec. 1105.105.</num>
<heading>BOND OF MARRIED PERSON</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scC/s1105.105/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>A married person appointed as guardian may jointly execute, with or without, the person's spouse, a bond required by law.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scC/s1105.105/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>A bond executed by a married person:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scC/s1105.105/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>binds the person's separate estate; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scC/s1105.105/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>may bind the person's spouse only if the spouse signs the bond.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scC/s1105.106">
<num value="1105.106">Sec. 1105.106.</num>
<heading>BOND OF MARRIED PERSON YOUNGER THAN 18 YEARS OF AGE</heading>
<content>A bond required to be executed by a person who is younger than 18 years of age, is or has been married, and accepts and qualifies as guardian is as valid and binding for all purposes as if the person were of legal age.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scC/s1105.107">
<num value="1105.107">Sec. 1105.107.</num>
<heading>BOND OF GUARDIANSHIP PROGRAM</heading>
<chapeau>The judge may require a guardianship program appointed guardian under this title to file one bond that:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scC/s1105.107/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>meets all the conditions required under this title; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scC/s1105.107/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>is in an amount sufficient to protect all of the guardianships and the creditors of the guardianships of the wards receiving services from the guardianship program.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scC/s1105.108">
<num value="1105.108">Sec. 1105.108.</num>
<heading>SUBSCRIPTION OF BOND BY PRINCIPALS AND SURETIES</heading>
<content>A bond required under this title shall be subscribed by the principals and sureties.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scC/s1105.109">
<num value="1105.109">Sec. 1105.109.</num>
<heading>FORM OF BOND</heading>
<chapeau>The following form, or a form with the same substance, may be used for the bond of a guardian:</chapeau>
<continuation>"The State of Texas</continuation>
<continuation>"County of __________</continuation>
<continuation>"Know all persons by these presents that we, _____ (insert name of each principal), as principal, and ____ (insert name of each surety), as sureties, are held and firmly bound to the judge of ____ (insert reference to appropriate judge), and that judge's successors in office, in the sum of $______; conditioned that the above bound principal or principals, appointed by the judge as guardian or temporary guardian of the person or of the estate, or both, of __________ (insert name of ward, stating in each case whether the person is a minor or an incapacitated person other than a minor), shall well and truly perform all of the duties required of the guardian or temporary guardian by law under appointment."</continuation>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scC/s1105.110">
<num value="1105.110">Sec. 1105.110.</num>
<heading>FILING OF BOND</heading>
<content>A bond required under this title shall be filed with the clerk after the court approves the bond.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scC/s1105.111">
<num value="1105.111">Sec. 1105.111.</num>
<heading>FAILURE TO GIVE BOND</heading>
<content>Another person may be appointed as guardian to replace a guardian who fails to give the bond required by the court within the period required under this title.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scC/s1105.112">
<num value="1105.112">Sec. 1105.112.</num>
<heading>BOND NOT VOID ON FIRST RECOVERY</heading>
<content>A guardian's bond is not void on the first recovery, but the bond may be sued on and prosecuted from time to time until the entire amount of the bond is recovered.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scD">
<num value="D">SUBCHAPTER D.</num>
<heading>OTHER PROVISIONS RELATING TO BONDS OF GUARDIANS OF THE ESTATE</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scD/s1105.151">
<num value="1105.151">Sec. 1105.151.</num>
<heading>GENERAL FORMALITIES</heading>
<chapeau>A bond given by a guardian of the estate must:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scD/s1105.151/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>be conditioned as required by law;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scD/s1105.151/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>be payable to the judge or that judge's successors in office;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scD/s1105.151/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>have the written approval of the judge in the judge's official capacity; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scD/s1105.151/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>be executed and approved in accordance with this subchapter.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scD/s1105.152">
<num value="1105.152">Sec. 1105.152.</num>
<heading>GENERAL STANDARD REGARDING AMOUNT OF BOND</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scD/s1105.152/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>The judge shall set the amount of a bond for a guardian of an estate in an amount sufficient to protect the guardianship and the guardianship's creditors, as provided by this title.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scD/s1105.152/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>In determining the amount of the bond, the court may not consider estate assets placed in a management trust under Chapter 1301.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scD/s1105.153">
<num value="1105.153">Sec. 1105.153.</num>
<heading>EVIDENTIARY HEARING ON AMOUNT OF BOND</heading>
<chapeau>Before setting the amount of a bond required of a guardian of an estate, the court shall hear evidence and determine:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scD/s1105.153/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the amount of cash on hand and where that cash is deposited;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scD/s1105.153/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the amount of cash estimated to be needed for administrative purposes, including the operation of a business, factory, farm, or ranch owned by the guardianship estate, and administrative expenses for one year;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scD/s1105.153/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the revenue anticipated to be received in the succeeding 12 months from dividends, interest, rentals, or use of property belonging to the guardianship estate and the aggregate amount of any installments or periodic payments to be collected;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scD/s1105.153/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>the estimated value of certificates of stock, bonds, notes, or other securities of the ward, and the name of the depository in which the stocks, bonds, notes, or other securities are deposited;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scD/s1105.153/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>the face value of life insurance or other policies payable to the ward or the ward's estate;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scD/s1105.153/6">
<num value="6">(6)</num>
<content>the estimated value of other personal property that is owned by the guardianship, or by a person with a disability; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scD/s1105.153/7">
<num value="7">(7)</num>
<content>the estimated amount of debts due and owing by the ward.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scD/s1105.154">
<num value="1105.154">Sec. 1105.154.</num>
<heading>SPECIFIC BOND AMOUNT</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scD/s1105.154/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>Except as otherwise provided by this section, the judge shall set the amount of a bond of a guardian of an estate in an amount equal to the sum of:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scD/s1105.154/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the estimated value of all personal property belonging to the ward; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scD/s1105.154/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<chapeau>an additional amount to cover revenue anticipated to be derived during the succeeding 12 months from:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scD/s1105.154/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>interest and dividends;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scD/s1105.154/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>collectible claims;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scD/s1105.154/C">
<num value="C">(C)</num>
<content>the aggregate amount of any installments or periodic payments, excluding income derived or to be derived from federal social security payments; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scD/s1105.154/D">
<num value="D">(D)</num>
<content>rentals for the use of property.</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scD/s1105.154/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>The judge shall reduce the amount of the original bond under Subsection (a) in proportion to the amount of cash or the value of securities or other assets:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scD/s1105.154/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>authorized or required to be deposited by court order; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scD/s1105.154/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>voluntarily deposited by the guardian or the sureties on the guardian's bond as provided in Sections 1105.156 and 1105.157(a).</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scD/s1105.154/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>The judge shall set the amount of the bond for a temporary guardian.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scD/s1105.155">
<num value="1105.155">Sec. 1105.155.</num>
<heading>AGREEMENT REGARDING DEPOSIT OF ESTATE ASSETS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scD/s1105.155/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>If the court considers it to be in the best interests of the ward, the court may require the guardian of the estate and the corporate or personal sureties on the guardian's bond to agree to deposit cash and other assets of the guardianship estate in a depository described by Subsection (b). If the depository is otherwise proper, the court may require the deposit to be made in a manner so as to prevent the withdrawal of the money or other assets in the guardianship estate without the written consent of the surety or on court order made after notice to the surety.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scD/s1105.155/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>Cash and assets must be deposited under this section in a financial institution as defined by Section 201.101, Finance Code, that:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scD/s1105.155/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>has its main office or a branch office in this state; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scD/s1105.155/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>is qualified to act as a depository in this state under the laws of this state or the United States.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scD/s1105.155/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>An agreement made by a guardian and the sureties on the guardian's bond under this section does not release the principal or sureties from liability, or change the liability of the principal or sureties, as established by the terms of the bond.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scD/s1105.156">
<num value="1105.156">Sec. 1105.156.</num>
<heading>DEPOSIT OF ESTATE ASSETS ON TERMS PRESCRIBED BY COURT</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scD/s1105.156/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>Cash, securities, or other personal assets of a ward to which the ward is entitled may, or if considered by the court to be in the best interests of the ward, shall, be deposited in one or more depositories described by this subchapter on terms prescribed by the court.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scD/s1105.156/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>The court in which the guardianship proceeding is pending may authorize or require additional estate assets currently on hand or that accrue during the pendency of the proceeding to be deposited as provided by Subsection (a) on:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scD/s1105.156/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the court's own motion; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scD/s1105.156/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the written application of the guardian or any other person interested in the ward.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scD/s1105.156/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>The amount of the bond required to be given by the guardian of the estate shall be reduced in proportion to the amount of the cash or the value of the securities or other assets deposited under this section.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scD/s1105.156/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>Cash, securities, or other assets deposited under this section may be withdrawn wholly or partly from the depository only in accordance with a court order, and the amount of the guardian's bond shall be increased in proportion to the amount of the cash or the value of the securities or other assets authorized to be withdrawn.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scD/s1105.157">
<num value="1105.157">Sec. 1105.157.</num>
<heading>DEPOSITS OF GUARDIAN</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scD/s1105.157/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>Instead of giving a surety or sureties on a bond, or to reduce the amount of a bond, the guardian of an estate may deposit the guardian's own cash or securities acceptable to the court with:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scD/s1105.157/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>a financial institution as defined by Section 201.101, Finance Code, that has its main office or a branch office in this state; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scD/s1105.157/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the registry of the court, for which the clerk of the court shall issue a receipt.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scD/s1105.157/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>If the deposit is otherwise proper, the deposit must be in an amount or value equal to the amount of the bond required or the bond shall be reduced by the value of assets that are deposited.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scD/s1105.157/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<chapeau>A depository that receives a deposit made under Subsection (a) shall issue a receipt for the deposit that:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scD/s1105.157/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>shows the amount of cash deposited or the amount and description of the securities deposited, as applicable; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scD/s1105.157/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>states that the depository agrees to disburse or deliver the cash or securities only on receipt of a certified copy of an order of the court in which the proceeding is pending.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scD/s1105.157/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>A receipt issued by a depository under Subsection (c) or a record of deposit to the registry of the court must be attached to the guardian's bond and must be in substantially the following form:</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>The State of Texas
County of ________ (insert name of county)
Know all persons by these presents that I/we, ___________ (name of each principal), as principal, have deposited cash or securities as evidenced by the attached receipt or record of deposit issued by _____ (name of depository where cash or securities are deposited or the name of the court) on _____ (date of deposit), are held and firmly bound to the judge of ______ (insert reference to appropriate judge), and that judge's successors in office, in the sum of $______, having been so deposited; conditioned that the above bound principal or principals, appointed by the judge as guardian or temporary guardian of the person or of the estate, or both, of _________(name of ward and whether the person is a minor or is an incapacitated person other than a minor), shall well and truly perform all of the duties required of the guardian or temporary guardian by law under appointment.
(d-1) The guardian's bond and depository receipt, if applicable, shall be delivered to and filed by the county clerk after the bond is approved by the judge.
(e) The amount of cash or securities on deposit may be increased or decreased, by court order from time to time, as the interests of the guardianship require.
(f) A deposit of cash or securities made instead of a surety on the bond may be withdrawn or released only on order of a court that has jurisdiction.
(g) A creditor has the same rights against a guardian of the estate and the deposits as are provided for recovery against sureties on a bond.
Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2025, 89th Leg., R.S., Ch. 855 (S.B. 1760), Sec. 6, eff. September 1, 2025.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scD/s1105.158">
<num value="1105.158">Sec. 1105.158.</num>
<heading>BOND REQUIRED INSTEAD OF DEPOSITS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scD/s1105.158/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>The court may on its own motion or on the written application by the guardian of an estate or any other person interested in the guardianship:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scD/s1105.158/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>require the guardian to give adequate bond instead of the deposit; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scD/s1105.158/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>authorize withdrawal of the deposit and substitution of a bond with sureties.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scD/s1105.158/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>Before the 21st day after the date the guardian is personally served with notice of the filing of the application or the date the court enters the court's motion, the guardian shall file a sworn statement showing the condition of the guardianship.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scD/s1105.158/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>A guardian who fails to comply with Subsection (b) is subject to removal as in other cases.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scD/s1105.158/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<chapeau>The deposit may not be released or withdrawn until the court:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scD/s1105.158/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>is satisfied as to the condition of the guardianship estate;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scD/s1105.158/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>determines the amount of the bond; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scD/s1105.158/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>receives and approves the bond.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scD/s1105.159">
<num value="1105.159">Sec. 1105.159.</num>
<heading>WITHDRAWAL OF DEPOSITS ON CLOSING OF GUARDIANSHIP</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scD/s1105.159/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>Any deposit of assets of the guardian of an estate, the guardianship, or a surety that remains at the time a guardianship is closed shall be released by court order and paid to the person entitled to the assets.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scD/s1105.159/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>Except as provided by Subsection (c), a writ of attachment or garnishment does not lie against a deposit described by Subsection (a).</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scD/s1105.159/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>A writ of attachment or garnishment may lie against a deposit described by Subsection (a) as to a claim of a creditor of the guardianship or a person interested in the guardianship, including a distributee or ward, only to the extent the court has ordered distribution.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scD/s1105.160">
<num value="1105.160">Sec. 1105.160.</num>
<heading>AUTHORIZED CORPORATE OR PERSONAL SURETIES</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scD/s1105.160/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>The surety on a bond of a guardian of an estate may be an authorized corporate or personal surety.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scD/s1105.160/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>A bond of a guardian of an estate with sureties who are individuals must have at least two sureties, each of whom must:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scD/s1105.160/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>execute an affidavit in the manner provided by Subchapter E; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scD/s1105.160/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>own property in this state, excluding property exempt by law, that the judge is satisfied is sufficient to qualify the person as a surety as required by law.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scD/s1105.160/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>A bond with an authorized corporate surety is only required to have one surety, except as otherwise provided by law.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scD/s1105.161">
<num value="1105.161">Sec. 1105.161.</num>
<heading>SURETIES FOR CERTAIN BONDS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scD/s1105.161/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>If the amount of the bond of a guardian of an estate exceeds $50,000, the court may require that the bond be signed by:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scD/s1105.161/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>at least two authorized corporate sureties; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scD/s1105.161/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>one corporate surety and at least two good and sufficient personal sureties.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scD/s1105.161/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The guardianship shall pay the cost of a bond with corporate sureties.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scD/s1105.162">
<num value="1105.162">Sec. 1105.162.</num>
<heading>DEPOSITS BY PERSONAL SURETY</heading>
<content>Instead of executing an affidavit under Section 1105.201 or creating a lien under Section 1105.202 when required, a personal surety may deposit the surety's own cash or securities in the same manner as a guardian instead of pledging real property as security, subject to the provisions governing the deposits if made by a guardian.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scD/s1105.163">
<num value="1105.163">Sec. 1105.163.</num>
<heading>APPLICABILITY OF SUBCHAPTER TO CERTAIN COURT ORDERS</heading>
<chapeau>To the extent applicable, the provisions of this subchapter relating to the deposit of cash and securities cover the orders entered by the court when:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scD/s1105.163/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>property of a guardianship has been authorized to be sold or rented;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scD/s1105.163/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>money is borrowed from the guardianship;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scD/s1105.163/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>real property, or an interest in real property, has been authorized to be leased for mineral development or made subject to unitization;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scD/s1105.163/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>the general bond has been found insufficient; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scD/s1105.163/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>money is borrowed or invested on behalf of a ward.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scE">
<num value="E">SUBCHAPTER E.</num>
<heading>PROVISIONS RELATING TO PERSONAL SURETIES</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scE/s1105.201">
<num value="1105.201">Sec. 1105.201.</num>
<heading>AFFIDAVIT OF PERSONAL SURETY</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scE/s1105.201/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>Before a judge considers a bond with a personal surety, each personal surety must execute an affidavit stating the amount by which the surety's assets that are reachable by creditors exceeds the surety's liabilities. The total of the surety's worth must equal at least twice the amount of the bond.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scE/s1105.201/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>Each affidavit must be presented to the judge for consideration and, if approved, shall be attached to and form part of the bond.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scE/s1105.202">
<num value="1105.202">Sec. 1105.202.</num>
<heading>LIEN ON REAL PROPERTY OWNED BY PERSONAL SURETY</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scE/s1105.202/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>If a judge finds that the estimated value of personal property of the guardianship that cannot be deposited, as provided by Subchapter D, is such that personal sureties cannot be accepted without the creation of a specific lien on the real property owned by the sureties, the judge shall enter an order requiring each surety to designate real property that is owned by the surety, located in this state, and subject to execution. The designated property must have a value that exceeds all liens and unpaid taxes by an amount at least equal to the amount of the bond and must have an adequate legal description, all of which the surety shall incorporate in an affidavit. Following approval by the judge, the affidavit shall be attached to and form part of the bond.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scE/s1105.202/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A lien arises as security for the performance of the obligation of the bond only on the real property designated in the affidavit.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scE/s1105.202/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<chapeau>Before letters of guardianship are issued to the guardian whose bond includes an affidavit under this section, the court clerk shall mail a statement to the office of the county clerk of each county in which any real property designated in the affidavit is located. The statement must be signed by the court clerk and include:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scE/s1105.202/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>a sufficient description of the real property;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scE/s1105.202/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the names of the principal and sureties on the bond;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scE/s1105.202/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the amount of the bond;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scE/s1105.202/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>the name of the guardianship; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scE/s1105.202/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>the name of the court in which the bond is given.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scE/s1105.202/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>Each county clerk who receives a statement required by Subsection (c) shall record the statement in the county deed records. Each recorded statement shall be indexed in a manner that permits the convenient determination of the existence and character of the lien described in the statement.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scE/s1105.202/e">
<num value="e">(e)</num>
<content>The recording and indexing required by Subsection (d) is constructive notice to a person regarding the existence of the lien on the real property located in the county, effective as of the date of the indexing.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scE/s1105.202/f">
<num value="f">(f)</num>
<chapeau>If each personal surety subject to a court order under this section does not comply with the order, the judge may require that the bond be signed by:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scE/s1105.202/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>an authorized corporate surety; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scE/s1105.202/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>an authorized corporate surety and at least two personal sureties.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scE/s1105.203">
<num value="1105.203">Sec. 1105.203.</num>
<heading>SUBORDINATION OF LIEN ON REAL PROPERTY OWNED BY PERSONAL SURETY</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scE/s1105.203/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>A personal surety required to create a lien on specific real property under Section 1105.202 who wishes to lease the real property for mineral development may file a written application in the court in which the proceeding is pending requesting subordination of the lien to the proposed lease.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scE/s1105.203/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The judge may enter an order granting the application.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scE/s1105.203/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>A certified copy of an order entered under this section that is filed and recorded in the deed records of the proper county is sufficient to subordinate the lien to the rights of a lessee under the proposed lease.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scE/s1105.204">
<num value="1105.204">Sec. 1105.204.</num>
<heading>RELEASE OF LIEN ON REAL PROPERTY OWNED BY PERSONAL SURETIES</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scE/s1105.204/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>A personal surety who has given a lien under Section 1105.202 may apply to the court to have the lien released.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scE/s1105.204/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>The court shall order the lien released if:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scE/s1105.204/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the court is satisfied that the bond is sufficient without the lien; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scE/s1105.204/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>sufficient other real or personal property of the surety is substituted on the same terms required for the lien that is to be released.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scE/s1105.204/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>If the personal surety does not offer a lien on other substituted property under Subsection (b)(2) and the court is not satisfied that the bond is sufficient without the substitution of other property, the court shall order the guardian to appear and give a new bond.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scE/s1105.204/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>A certified copy of the court's order releasing the lien and describing the property that was subject to the lien has the effect of canceling the lien if the order is filed with the county clerk and recorded in the deed records of the county in which the property is located.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scF">
<num value="F">SUBCHAPTER F.</num>
<heading>NEW BONDS</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scF/s1105.251">
<num value="1105.251">Sec. 1105.251.</num>
<heading>GROUNDS FOR REQUIRING NEW BOND</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scF/s1105.251/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>A guardian may be required to give a new bond if:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scF/s1105.251/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>a surety on a bond dies, removes beyond the limits of this state, or becomes insolvent;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scF/s1105.251/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<chapeau>in the court's opinion:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scF/s1105.251/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>the sureties on a bond are insufficient; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scF/s1105.251/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>a bond is defective;</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scF/s1105.251/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the amount of a bond is insufficient;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scF/s1105.251/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>a surety on a bond petitions the court to be discharged from future liability on the bond; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scF/s1105.251/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>a bond and the record of the bond have been lost or destroyed.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scF/s1105.251/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>A person interested in the guardianship may have the guardian cited to appear and show cause why the guardian should not be required to give a new bond by filing a written application with the county clerk of the county in which the guardianship proceeding is pending. The application must allege that:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scF/s1105.251/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the bond is insufficient or defective; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scF/s1105.251/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the bond and the record of the bond have been lost or destroyed.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scF/s1105.252">
<num value="1105.252">Sec. 1105.252.</num>
<heading>COURT ORDER OR CITATION ON NEW BOND</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scF/s1105.252/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>When a judge is made aware that a bond is insufficient or that a bond and the record of the bond have been lost or destroyed, the judge shall:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scF/s1105.252/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>without delay and without notice enter an order requiring the guardian to give a new bond; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scF/s1105.252/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>without delay have the guardian cited to show cause why the guardian should not be required to give a new bond.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scF/s1105.252/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>An order entered under Subsection (a)(1) must state:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scF/s1105.252/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the reasons for requiring a new bond;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scF/s1105.252/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the amount of the new bond; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scF/s1105.252/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the period within which the new bond must be given, which may not expire earlier than the 10th day after the date of the order.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scF/s1105.252/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>A guardian who opposes an order entered under Subsection (a)(1) may demand a hearing on the order. The hearing must be held before the expiration of the period within which the new bond must be given.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scF/s1105.253">
<num value="1105.253">Sec. 1105.253.</num>
<heading>SHOW CAUSE HEARING ON NEW BOND REQUIREMENT</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scF/s1105.253/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>On the return of a citation ordering a guardian to show cause why the guardian should not be required to give a new bond, the judge shall, on the date specified in the return of citation for the hearing of the matter, inquire into the sufficiency of the reasons for requiring a new bond.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scF/s1105.253/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>If the judge is satisfied that a new bond should be required, the judge shall enter an order requiring a new bond. The order must state:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scF/s1105.253/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the amount of the new bond; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scF/s1105.253/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the period within which the new bond must be given, which may not expire later than the 20th day after the date of the order.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scF/s1105.254">
<num value="1105.254">Sec. 1105.254.</num>
<heading>EFFECT OF ORDER REQUIRING NEW BOND</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scF/s1105.254/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>An order requiring a guardian to give a new bond has the effect of suspending the guardian's powers.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scF/s1105.254/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>After the order is entered, the guardian may not pay out any of the guardianship's money or take any other official action, except to preserve the guardianship's property, until the new bond is given and approved.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scF/s1105.255">
<num value="1105.255">Sec. 1105.255.</num>
<heading>NEW BOND IN DECREASED AMOUNT</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scF/s1105.255/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>A guardian required to give a bond may at any time file with the clerk a written application requesting that the court reduce the amount of the bond.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scF/s1105.255/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>After the guardian files an application under Subsection (a), the clerk shall issue and have posted notice to all persons interested in the estate and to a surety on the bond. The notice must inform the interested persons and surety of:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scF/s1105.255/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the fact that the application has been filed;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scF/s1105.255/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the nature of the application; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scF/s1105.255/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the time the judge will hear the application.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scF/s1105.255/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<chapeau>The judge may permit the filing of a new bond in a reduced amount if:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scF/s1105.255/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>proof is submitted that a bond in an amount less than the bond in effect will be adequate to meet the requirements of law and protect the guardianship; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scF/s1105.255/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the judge approves an accounting filed at the time of the application.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scF/s1105.256">
<num value="1105.256">Sec. 1105.256.</num>
<heading>REQUEST BY SURETY FOR NEW BOND</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scF/s1105.256/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>A surety on a guardian's bond may at any time file with the clerk a petition requesting that the court in which the proceeding is pending:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scF/s1105.256/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>require the guardian to give a new bond; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scF/s1105.256/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>discharge the petitioner from all liability for the future acts of the guardian.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scF/s1105.256/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>If a petition is filed under Subsection (a), the guardian shall be cited to appear and give a new bond.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1105/scF/s1105.257">
<num value="1105.257">Sec. 1105.257.</num>
<heading>DISCHARGE OF FORMER SURETIES ON APPROVAL OF NEW BOND</heading>
<content>When a new bond has been given and approved, the judge shall enter an order discharging the sureties on the former bond from all liability for the future acts of the principal on the bond.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
</chapter>
<chapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1106">
<num value="1106">CHAPTER 1106.</num>
<heading>LETTERS OF GUARDIANSHIP</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1106/s1106.001">
<num value="1106.001">Sec. 1106.001.</num>
<heading>ISSUANCE OF CERTIFICATE AS LETTERS OF GUARDIANSHIP</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1106/s1106.001/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>When a person who is appointed guardian has qualified under Section 1105.002, the clerk shall issue to the guardian a certificate under the court's seal stating:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1106/s1106.001/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the fact of the appointment and of the qualification;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1106/s1106.001/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the date of the appointment and of the qualification; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1106/s1106.001/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the date the letters of guardianship expire.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1106/s1106.001/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The certificate issued by the clerk under Subsection (a) constitutes letters of guardianship.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 207 (S.B. 1457), Sec. 12, eff. September 1, 2023.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1106/s1106.002">
<num value="1106.002">Sec. 1106.002.</num>
<heading>EXPIRATION OF LETTERS OF GUARDIANSHIP</heading>
<content>Letters of guardianship expire one year and four months after the date the letters are issued, unless renewed.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1106/s1106.003">
<num value="1106.003">Sec. 1106.003.</num>
<heading>RENEWAL OF LETTERS OF GUARDIANSHIP</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1106/s1106.003/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>The clerk may not renew letters of guardianship relating to the appointment of a guardian of the estate until the court receives and approves the guardian's annual account.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1106/s1106.003/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The clerk may not renew letters of guardianship relating to the appointment of a guardian of the person until the court receives and approves the guardian's annual report.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1106/s1106.003/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>If a guardian's annual account or annual report is disapproved or is not timely filed, the clerk may not issue further letters of guardianship to the delinquent guardian unless ordered by the court.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1106/s1106.003/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>Except as otherwise provided by this subsection, regardless of the date the court approves an annual account or annual report for purposes of this section, a renewal of letters of guardianship relates back to the date the original letters were issued. If the accounting period has been changed as provided by this title, a renewal relates back to the first day of the accounting period.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1106/s1106.004">
<num value="1106.004">Sec. 1106.004.</num>
<heading>REPLACEMENT AND OTHER ADDITIONAL LETTERS OF GUARDIANSHIP</heading>
<content>When letters of guardianship have been destroyed or lost, the clerk shall issue new letters that have the same effect as the original letters. The clerk shall also issue any number of letters on request of the person who holds the letters.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1106/s1106.005">
<num value="1106.005">Sec. 1106.005.</num>
<heading>EFFECT OF LETTERS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1106/s1106.005/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>Letters of guardianship issued as prescribed by Section 1106.001 under the court's seal by the clerk of the court that granted the letters are sufficient evidence of:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1106/s1106.005/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the appointment and qualification of the guardian; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1106/s1106.005/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the date of qualification.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1106/s1106.005/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The court order that appoints the guardian is evidence of the authority granted to the guardian and of the scope of the powers and duties that the guardian may exercise only after the date letters of guardianship have been issued under Section 1106.001.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 207 (S.B. 1457), Sec. 13, eff. September 1, 2023.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1106/s1106.006">
<num value="1106.006">Sec. 1106.006.</num>
<heading>VALIDATION OF CERTAIN LETTERS OF GUARDIANSHIP</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1106/s1106.006/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>Letters of guardianship existing on September 1, 1993, that were issued to a nonresident guardian without the procedure or any part of the procedure provided in this chapter, or without a notice or citation required of a resident guardian, are validated as of the letters' dates, to the extent that the absence of the procedure, notice, or citation is concerned. An otherwise valid conveyance, mineral lease, or other act of a nonresident guardian qualified and acting in connection with the letters of guardianship and under supporting orders of a county or probate court of this state is validated.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1106/s1106.006/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>This section does not apply to letters of guardianship, a conveyance, a lease, or another act of a nonresident guardian under this section if the absence of the procedure, notice, or citation involving the letters, conveyance, lease, or other act of the nonresident guardian is an issue in a lawsuit pending in this state on September 1, 1993.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</chapter>
<chapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151">
<num value="1151">CHAPTER 1151.</num>
<heading>RIGHTS, POWERS, AND DUTIES UNDER GUARDIANSHIP</heading>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scA">
<num value="A">SUBCHAPTER A.</num>
<heading>RIGHTS, POWERS, AND DUTIES IN GENERAL</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scA/s1151.001">
<num value="1151.001">Sec. 1151.001.</num>
<heading>RIGHTS AND POWERS RETAINED BY WARD</heading>
<content>An incapacitated person for whom a guardian is appointed retains all legal and civil rights and powers except those designated by court order as legal disabilities by virtue of having been specifically granted to the guardian.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scA/s1151.002">
<num value="1151.002">Sec. 1151.002.</num>
<heading>RIGHTS OF GOOD FAITH PURCHASERS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scA/s1151.002/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>This section applies only to a guardian who has qualified acting as guardian and in conformity with the law and the guardian's authority.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scA/s1151.002/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A guardian's act is valid for all purposes regarding the rights of an innocent purchaser of property of the guardianship estate who purchased the property from the guardian for valuable consideration, in good faith, and without notice of any illegality in the title to the property, regardless of whether the guardian's act or the authority under which the act was performed is subsequently set aside, annulled, or declared invalid.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scA/s1151.003">
<num value="1151.003">Sec. 1151.003.</num>
<heading>GUARDIAN MAY NOT DISPUTE WARD'S RIGHT TO PROPERTY; EXCEPTION</heading>
<chapeau>A guardian, or an heir, executor, administrator, or assignee of a guardian, may not dispute the right of the ward to any property that came into the guardian's possession as guardian of the ward, except property:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scA/s1151.003/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>that is recovered from the guardian; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scA/s1151.003/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>on which there is a personal action pending.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scA/s1151.004">
<num value="1151.004">Sec. 1151.004.</num>
<heading>POWERS AND DUTIES OF PERSON SERVING AS GUARDIAN OF BOTH PERSON AND ESTATE</heading>
<content>The guardian of both the person and the estate of a ward has all the rights and powers and shall perform all the duties of the guardian of the person and the guardian of the estate.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scA/s1151.005">
<num value="1151.005">Sec. 1151.005.</num>
<heading>LEGAL PROCEEDINGS IN WHICH WARD IS PARTY OR WITNESS</heading>
<chapeau>The guardian of the person or of the estate of a ward may not be excluded from attending a legal proceeding in which the ward is:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scA/s1151.005/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>a party; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scA/s1151.005/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>participating as a witness.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2021, 87th Leg., R.S., Ch. 521 (S.B. 626), Sec. 31, eff. September 1, 2021.
Added by Acts 2021, 87th Leg., R.S., Ch. 576 (S.B. 615), Sec. 21, eff. September 1, 2021.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scA/s1151.006">
<num value="1151.006">Sec. 1151.006.</num>
<heading>GUARDIAN'S DUTY TO NOTIFY COURT OF CHANGES CONCERNING CARE AND CUSTODY OF WARD; CLERK'S DUTY TO OBTAIN CRIMINAL HISTORY RECORD INFORMATION</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scA/s1151.006/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>This section applies only to a guardian who is a certified guardian or attorney and who has designated a person to have care and custody of the ward or the ward's estate on the guardian's behalf as provided by Section 1104.402(a-1).</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scA/s1151.006/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A guardian shall notify the court of any change concerning the designation or contact information of a person having care and custody of a ward or the ward's estate on the guardian's behalf not later than the 30th day after the date the change occurs. If, as a result of a change in designation, the guardian wants to designate another person who will have care and custody of the ward or the ward's estate on the guardian's behalf, the notification must also include the name, address, phone number, and date of birth of that other person.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scA/s1151.006/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>On receipt of notification of a change under Subsection (b) that includes the name of a person who will have care and custody of the ward or the ward's estate on behalf of the guardian, the clerk of the court having jurisdiction over the proceeding shall obtain criminal history record information that is maintained by the Department of Public Safety or the Federal Bureau of Investigation identification division relating to that person.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2025, 89th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1155 (S.B. 2587), Sec. 22, eff. September 1, 2025.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scB">
<num value="B">SUBCHAPTER B.</num>
<heading>POWERS AND DUTIES OF GUARDIANS RELATING TO CARE OF WARD</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scB/s1151.051">
<num value="1151.051">Sec. 1151.051.</num>
<heading>GENERAL POWERS AND DUTIES OF GUARDIANS OF THE PERSON</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scB/s1151.051/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>The guardian of the person of a ward is entitled to take charge of the person of the ward.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scB/s1151.051/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The duties of the guardian of the person correspond with the rights of the guardian.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scB/s1151.051/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<chapeau>A guardian of the person has:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scB/s1151.051/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the right to have physical possession of the ward and to establish the ward's legal domicile;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scB/s1151.051/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the duty to provide care, supervision, and protection for the ward;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scB/s1151.051/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the duty to provide the ward with clothing, food, medical care, and shelter;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scB/s1151.051/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>the power to consent to medical, psychiatric, and surgical treatment other than the inpatient psychiatric commitment of the ward;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scB/s1151.051/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>on application to and order of the court, the power to establish a trust in accordance with 42 U.S.C. Section 1396p(d)(4)(B) and direct that the income of the ward as defined by that section be paid directly to the trust, solely for the purpose of the ward's eligibility for medical assistance under Chapter 32, Human Resources Code;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scB/s1151.051/6">
<num value="6">(6)</num>
<content>the duty to notify the court, as soon as practicable, if the ward has died or is admitted to a medical facility for acute care for a period of three or more days;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scB/s1151.051/7">
<num value="7">(7)</num>
<content>the duty to notify the court not later than the 30th day after the date the ward's residence or address has changed;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scB/s1151.051/8">
<num value="8">(8)</num>
<content>the duty to notify the court not later than the 30th day after the date of a change in the guardian's residence, address, phone number, or any other information used by the court to contact the guardian; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scB/s1151.051/9">
<num value="9">(9)</num>
<chapeau>the power to sign documents necessary or appropriate to facilitate employment of the ward if:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scB/s1151.051/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>the guardian was appointed with full authority over the person of the ward under Section 1101.151; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scB/s1151.051/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>the power is specified in the court order appointing the guardian with limited powers over the person of the ward under Section 1101.152.</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scB/s1151.051/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>Notwithstanding Subsection (c)(4), a guardian of the person of a ward has the power to personally transport the ward or to direct the ward's transport by emergency medical services or other means to an inpatient mental health facility for a preliminary examination in accordance with Subchapters A and C, Chapter 573, Health and Safety Code. The guardian shall immediately provide written notice to the court that granted the guardianship as required by Section 573.004, Health and Safety Code, of the filing of an application under that section.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scB/s1151.051/e">
<num value="e">(e)</num>
<chapeau>Notwithstanding Subsection (c)(1) and except in cases of emergency, a guardian of the person of a ward may only place the ward in a more restrictive care facility if the guardian provides notice of the proposed placement to the court, the ward, and any person who has requested notice and after:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scB/s1151.051/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the court orders the placement at a hearing on the matter, if the ward or another person objects to the proposed placement before the eighth business day after the person's receipt of the notice; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scB/s1151.051/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the seventh business day after the court's receipt of the notice, if the court does not schedule a hearing, on its own motion, on the proposed placement before that day.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 982 (H.B. 2080), Sec. 16, eff. January 1, 2014.
Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 214 (H.B. 39), Sec. 14, eff. September 1, 2015.
Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 514 (S.B. 39), Sec. 9, eff. September 1, 2017.
Acts 2025, 89th Leg., R.S., Ch. 855 (S.B. 1760), Sec. 7, eff. September 1, 2025.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scB/s1151.052">
<num value="1151.052">Sec. 1151.052.</num>
<heading>CARE OF ADULT WARD</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scB/s1151.052/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>The guardian of an adult ward may spend funds of the guardianship as provided by court order to care for and maintain the ward.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scB/s1151.052/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The guardian of an adult ward who has decision-making ability may apply on the ward's behalf for residential care and services provided by a public or private facility if the ward agrees to be placed in the facility. The guardian shall report the condition of the ward to the court at regular intervals at least annually, unless the court orders more frequent reports. The guardian shall include in a report of an adult ward who is receiving residential care in a public or private residential care facility a statement as to the necessity for continued care in the facility.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scB/s1151.0525">
<num value="1151.0525">Sec. 1151.0525.</num>
<heading>ACCESS AND MANAGEMENT OF WARD'S FUNDS BY GUARDIAN OF PERSON</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scB/s1151.0525/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>This section applies only to the guardian of the person of a ward for whom the court has not appointed a guardian of the estate.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scB/s1151.0525/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>On application to and order from the court, the guardian of the person of a ward may access, manage, and spend the ward's funds in an amount not to exceed $20,000 per year for the ward's benefit. The court shall require the guardian to file a new bond or a rider to an existing bond that meets the surety requirements for a guardian of the estate's bond under Section 1105.160.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scB/s1151.0525/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>A guardian of the person shall include any expenditures made for the benefit of the ward if authorized by court order under Subsection (b) in the annual report required by Section 1163.101.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scB/s1151.0525/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>When there is no longer a need for the guardian of the person to access, manage, or spend the ward's funds, the guardian of the person shall file a sworn affidavit of fulfillment with the court. After the filing of the affidavit, the court, on motion filed with the court, may authorize the guardian to file a new bond or a rider to an existing bond that meets the requirements for a guardian of the person's bond under Section 1105.102, and may discharge the guardian of the person and the guardian's sureties on a bond required by Subsection (b).</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 207 (S.B. 1457), Sec. 14, eff. September 1, 2023.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scB/s1151.053">
<num value="1151.053">Sec. 1151.053.</num>
<heading>COMMITMENT OF WARD</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scB/s1151.053/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>Except as provided by Subsection (b) or (c), a guardian may not voluntarily admit a ward to a public or private inpatient psychiatric facility operated by the Department of State Health Services for care and treatment or to a residential facility operated by the Department of Aging and Disability Services for care and treatment. If care and treatment in a psychiatric or residential facility is necessary, the ward or the ward's guardian may:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scB/s1151.053/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>apply for services under Section 593.027 or 593.028, Health and Safety Code;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scB/s1151.053/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>apply to a court to commit the person under Subtitle C or D, Title 7, Health and Safety Code, or Chapter 462, Health and Safety Code; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scB/s1151.053/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>transport the ward to an inpatient mental health facility for a preliminary examination in accordance with Subchapters A and C, Chapter 573, Health and Safety Code.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scB/s1151.053/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A guardian of a person younger than 18 years of age may voluntarily admit the ward to a public or private inpatient psychiatric facility for care and treatment.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scB/s1151.053/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>A guardian of a person may voluntarily admit an incapacitated person to a residential care facility for emergency care or respite care under Section 593.027 or 593.028, Health and Safety Code.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 161 (S.B. 1093), Sec. 6.040, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scB/s1151.054">
<num value="1151.054">Sec. 1151.054.</num>
<heading>ADMINISTRATION OF MEDICATION</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scB/s1151.054/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>In this section, "psychoactive medication" has the meaning assigned by Section 574.101, Health and Safety Code.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scB/s1151.054/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The guardian of the person of a ward who is not a minor and who is under a protective custody order as provided by Subchapter B, Chapter 574, Health and Safety Code, may consent to the administration of psychoactive medication as prescribed by the ward's treating physician regardless of the ward's expressed preferences regarding treatment with psychoactive medication.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scB/s1151.055">
<num value="1151.055">Sec. 1151.055.</num>
<heading>APPLICATION BY CERTAIN RELATIVES FOR ACCESS TO WARD; HEARING AND COURT ORDER</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scB/s1151.055/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>This section applies to a relative described under Sections 1101.001(b)(13)(A)-(D).</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scB/s1151.055/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A relative of a ward may file an application with the court requesting access to the ward, including the opportunity to establish visitation or communication with the ward.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scB/s1151.055/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>Except as provided by Subsection (d), the court shall schedule a hearing on the application not later than the 60th day after the date an application is filed under Subsection (b). The court may grant a continuance of a hearing under this section for good cause.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scB/s1151.055/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>If an application under Subsection (b) states that the ward's health is in significant decline or that the ward's death may be imminent, the court shall conduct an emergency hearing as soon as practicable, but not later than the 10th day after the date the application is filed under Subsection (b).</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scB/s1151.055/e">
<num value="e">(e)</num>
<chapeau>The guardian of a ward with respect to whom an application is filed under Subsection (b) shall be personally served with a copy of the application and cited to appear at a hearing under:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scB/s1151.055/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>Subsection (c) at least 21 days before the date of the hearing; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scB/s1151.055/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>Subsection (d) as soon as practicable.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scB/s1151.055/f">
<num value="f">(f)</num>
<chapeau>The court shall issue an order after notice and a hearing under this section. An order issued under this section may:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scB/s1151.055/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<chapeau>prohibit the guardian of a ward from preventing the applicant access to the ward if the applicant shows by a preponderance of the evidence that:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scB/s1151.055/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>the guardian's past act or acts prevented access to the ward; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scB/s1151.055/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>the ward desires contact with the applicant; and</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scB/s1151.055/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>specify the frequency, time, place, location, and any other terms of access.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scB/s1151.055/g">
<num value="g">(g)</num>
<chapeau>In deciding whether to issue or modify an order issued under this section, the court:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scB/s1151.055/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<chapeau>shall consider:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scB/s1151.055/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>whether any protective orders have been issued against the applicant to protect the ward;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scB/s1151.055/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>whether a court or other state agency has found that the applicant abused, neglected, or exploited the ward; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scB/s1151.055/C">
<num value="C">(C)</num>
<content>the best interest of the ward; and</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scB/s1151.055/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<chapeau>may consider whether:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scB/s1151.055/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>visitation by the applicant should be limited to situations in which a third person, specified by the court, is present; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scB/s1151.055/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>visitation should be suspended or denied.</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scB/s1151.055/h">
<num value="h">(h)</num>
<content>The court may, in its discretion, award the prevailing party in any action brought under this section court costs and attorney's fees, if any. Court costs or attorney's fees awarded under this subsection may not be paid from the ward's estate.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1087 (H.B. 2665), Sec. 1, eff. June 19, 2015.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scB/s1151.056">
<num value="1151.056">Sec. 1151.056.</num>
<heading>GUARDIAN'S DUTY TO INFORM CERTAIN RELATIVES ABOUT WARD'S HEALTH AND RESIDENCE</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scB/s1151.056/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>This section applies only with respect to a relative described under Sections 1101.001(b)(13)(A)-(D):</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scB/s1151.056/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>against whom a protective order has not been issued to protect the ward;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scB/s1151.056/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>who has not been found by a court or other state agency to have abused, neglected, or exploited the ward; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scB/s1151.056/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>who has elected in writing to receive the notice about a ward under this section.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scB/s1151.056/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>Except as provided by Subsection (e), the guardian of an adult ward shall as soon as practicable inform relatives if:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scB/s1151.056/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the ward dies;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scB/s1151.056/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the ward is admitted to a medical facility for acute care for a period of three days or more;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scB/s1151.056/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the ward's residence has changed; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scB/s1151.056/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>the ward is staying at a location other than the ward's residence for a period that exceeds one calendar week.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scB/s1151.056/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>In the case of the ward's death, the guardian shall inform relatives of any funeral arrangements and the location of the ward's final resting place.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scB/s1151.056/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>A relative entitled to notice about a ward under this section may elect to not receive the notice by providing a written request to that effect to the guardian. A guardian shall file any written request received by the guardian under this subsection with the court.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scB/s1151.056/e">
<num value="e">(e)</num>
<content>On motion filed with the court showing good cause and after a relative is provided an opportunity to present evidence to the court under Subsection (f), the court, subject to Subsection (g), may relieve the guardian of the duty to provide notice about a ward to a relative under this section.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scB/s1151.056/f">
<num value="f">(f)</num>
<content>A copy of the motion required under Subsection (e) shall be provided to the relative specifically named in the motion unless the guardian was unable to locate the relative after making reasonable efforts to discover and locate the relative. The relative provided notice under this subsection may file evidence with the court in response to the motion, and the court shall consider that evidence before making a decision on the motion.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scB/s1151.056/g">
<num value="g">(g)</num>
<chapeau>In considering a motion under Subsection (e), the court shall relieve the guardian of the duty to provide notice about a ward to a relative under this section if the court finds that:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scB/s1151.056/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the motion includes a written request from a relative electing to not receive the notice;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scB/s1151.056/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the guardian was unable to locate the relative after making reasonable efforts to discover and locate the relative;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scB/s1151.056/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the guardian was able to locate the relative, but was unable to establish communication with the relative after making reasonable efforts to establish communication; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scB/s1151.056/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>notice is not in the best interest of the ward.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scB/s1151.056/h">
<num value="h">(h)</num>
<content>Unless the guardian knows the information is not correct, a guardian of a ward shall rely on the contact information contained in the affidavit required by Section 1101.003 to provide notice about the ward to a relative of the ward under this section.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1087 (H.B. 2665), Sec. 1, eff. June 19, 2015.
Amended by:
Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1125 (S.B. 1709), Sec. 3, eff. June 15, 2017.
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 116 (H.B. 266), Sec. 2, eff. September 1, 2023.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scC">
<num value="C">SUBCHAPTER C.</num>
<heading>GENERAL POWERS AND DUTIES OF GUARDIANS OF THE ESTATE</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scC/s1151.101">
<num value="1151.101">Sec. 1151.101.</num>
<heading>GENERAL POWERS AND DUTIES</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scC/s1151.101/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>Subject to Subsection (b), the guardian of the estate of a ward is entitled to:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scC/s1151.101/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>possess and manage all property belonging to the ward;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scC/s1151.101/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>collect all debts, rentals, or claims that are due to the ward;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scC/s1151.101/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>enforce all obligations in favor of the ward;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scC/s1151.101/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>bring and defend suits by or against the ward; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scC/s1151.101/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>access the ward's digital assets as provided by Chapter 2001.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scC/s1151.101/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>In the management of a ward's estate, the guardian of the estate is governed by the provisions of this title.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scC/s1151.101/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>In this section, "digital asset" has the meaning assigned by Section 2001.002.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 400 (S.B. 1193), Sec. 5, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scC/s1151.102">
<num value="1151.102">Sec. 1151.102.</num>
<heading>EXERCISE OF AUTHORITY UNDER COURT ORDER</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scC/s1151.102/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>The guardian of the estate may renew or extend any obligation owed by or to the ward on application and if authorized by order.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scC/s1151.102/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>On written application to the court, a guardian of the estate may take an action described by Subsection (c) if:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scC/s1151.102/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the guardian considers the action in the best interests of the estate; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scC/s1151.102/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the action is authorized by court order.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scC/s1151.102/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<chapeau>A guardian of the estate who complies with Subsection (b) may:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scC/s1151.102/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>purchase or exchange property;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scC/s1151.102/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>take a claim or property for the use and benefit of the estate in payment of a debt due or owing to the estate;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scC/s1151.102/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>compound a bad or doubtful debt due or owing to the estate;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scC/s1151.102/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>make a compromise or a settlement in relation to property or a claim in dispute or litigation;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scC/s1151.102/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<chapeau>compromise or pay in full any secured claim that has been allowed and approved as required by law against the estate by conveying to the holder of the secured claim the real estate or personal property securing the claim:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scC/s1151.102/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>in full payment, liquidation, and satisfaction of the claim; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scC/s1151.102/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>in consideration of cancellation of a note, deed of trust, mortgage, chattel mortgage, or other evidence of a lien that secures the payment of the claim;</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scC/s1151.102/6">
<num value="6">(6)</num>
<content>abandon worthless or burdensome property and the administration of that property;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scC/s1151.102/7">
<num value="7">(7)</num>
<content>purchase a prepaid funeral benefits contract; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scC/s1151.102/8">
<num value="8">(8)</num>
<content>establish a trust in accordance with 42 U.S.C. Section 1396p(d)(4)(B), and direct that the income of the ward as defined by that section be paid directly to the trust, solely for the purpose of the ward's eligibility for medical assistance under Chapter 32, Human Resources Code.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scC/s1151.102/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>A mortgagee, another secured party, or a trustee may foreclose on property abandoned under Subsection (c)(6) without further court order.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scC/s1151.103">
<num value="1151.103">Sec. 1151.103.</num>
<heading>EXERCISE OF AUTHORITY WITHOUT COURT ORDER</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scC/s1151.103/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>The guardian of the estate of a ward may, without application to or order of the court:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scC/s1151.103/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>release a lien on payment at maturity of the debt secured by the lien;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scC/s1151.103/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>vote stocks by limited or general proxy;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scC/s1151.103/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>pay calls and assessments;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scC/s1151.103/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>insure the estate against liability in appropriate cases;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scC/s1151.103/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>insure estate property against fire, theft, and other hazards; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scC/s1151.103/6">
<num value="6">(6)</num>
<content>pay taxes, court costs, and bond premiums.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scC/s1151.103/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A guardian of the estate may apply and obtain a court order if the guardian doubts the propriety of the exercise of any power listed in Subsection (a).</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scC/s1151.104">
<num value="1151.104">Sec. 1151.104.</num>
<heading>AUTHORITY TO COMMENCE SUITS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scC/s1151.104/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>The guardian of the estate of a ward appointed in this state may commence a suit for:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scC/s1151.104/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the recovery of personal property, debts, or damages; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scC/s1151.104/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>title to or possession of land, any right attached to or arising from that land, or injury or damage done.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scC/s1151.104/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A judgment in a suit described by Subsection (a) is conclusive, but may be set aside by any person interested for fraud or collusion on the guardian's part.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scC/s1151.105">
<num value="1151.105">Sec. 1151.105.</num>
<heading>ORDINARY DILIGENCE REQUIRED</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scC/s1151.105/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>If there is a reasonable prospect of collecting the claims or recovering the property, the guardian of the estate shall use ordinary diligence to:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scC/s1151.105/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>collect all claims and debts due the ward; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scC/s1151.105/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>recover possession of all property to which the ward has claim or title.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scC/s1151.105/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>If the guardian wilfully neglects to use ordinary diligence, the guardian and the sureties on the guardian's bond are liable, on the suit of any person interested in the estate, for the use of the estate, the amount of the claims, or the value of the property that has been lost due to the guardian's neglect.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scD">
<num value="D">SUBCHAPTER D.</num>
<heading>POSSESSION AND CARE OF WARD'S PROPERTY BY GUARDIAN OF THE ESTATE</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scD/s1151.151">
<num value="1151.151">Sec. 1151.151.</num>
<heading>DUTY OF CARE</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scD/s1151.151/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>The guardian of the estate shall take care of and manage the estate as a prudent person would manage the person's own property, except as otherwise provided by this title.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scD/s1151.151/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The guardian of the estate shall account for all rents, profits, and revenues that the estate would have produced by prudent management as required by Subsection (a).</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scD/s1151.152">
<num value="1151.152">Sec. 1151.152.</num>
<heading>POSSESSION OF PERSONAL PROPERTY AND RECORDS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scD/s1151.152/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>Immediately after receiving letters of guardianship, the guardian of the estate shall collect and take possession of the ward's personal property, record books, title papers, and other business papers.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scD/s1151.152/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>The guardian of the estate shall deliver the ward's personal property, record books, title papers, and other business papers to a person legally entitled to that property when:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scD/s1151.152/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the guardianship has been closed; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scD/s1151.152/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>a successor guardian has received letters of guardianship.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scD/s1151.153">
<num value="1151.153">Sec. 1151.153.</num>
<heading>POSSESSION OF PROPERTY HELD IN COMMON OWNERSHIP</heading>
<content>The guardian of the estate is entitled to possession of a ward's property held or owned in common with a part owner in the same manner as another owner in common or joint owner is entitled.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scD/s1151.154">
<num value="1151.154">Sec. 1151.154.</num>
<heading>ADMINISTRATION OF PARTNERSHIP INTEREST</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scD/s1151.154/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>This section applies only to a general partnership governed by a partnership agreement or articles of partnership that provide that, on the incapacity of a partner, the guardian of the estate of the partner is entitled to the place of the incapacitated partner in the partnership.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scD/s1151.154/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>If a ward was a partner in a general partnership, the guardian who contracts to come into the partnership is, to the extent allowed by law, liable to a third person only to the extent of:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scD/s1151.154/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the incapacitated partner's capital in the partnership; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scD/s1151.154/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the assets of the incapacitated partner's estate that are held by the guardian.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scD/s1151.154/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>This section does not exonerate a guardian from liability for the guardian's negligence.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scD/s1151.155">
<num value="1151.155">Sec. 1151.155.</num>
<heading>OPERATION OR RENTAL OF FARM, RANCH, FACTORY, OR OTHER BUSINESS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scD/s1151.155/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>If the ward owns a farm, ranch, factory, or other business that is not required to be immediately sold for the payment of a debt or other lawful purpose, the guardian of the estate on order of the court shall, as it appears to be in the estate's best interests:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scD/s1151.155/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>continue to operate, or cause the continued operation of, the farm, ranch, factory, or other business; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scD/s1151.155/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>rent the farm, ranch, factory, or other business.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scD/s1151.155/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>In deciding whether to issue an order under Subsection (a), the court:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scD/s1151.155/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<chapeau>shall consider:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scD/s1151.155/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>the condition of the estate; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scD/s1151.155/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>the necessity that may exist for the future sale of the property or business for the payment of a debt, claim, or other lawful expenditure; and</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scD/s1151.155/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>may not extend the time of renting any of the property beyond what appears consistent with the maintenance and education of a ward or the settlement of the ward's estate.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scE">
<num value="E">SUBCHAPTER E.</num>
<heading>AUTHORITY OF GUARDIAN TO ENGAGE IN CERTAIN BORROWING</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scE/s1151.201">
<num value="1151.201">Sec. 1151.201.</num>
<heading>MORTGAGE OR PLEDGE OF ESTATE PROPERTY AUTHORIZED IN CERTAIN CIRCUMSTANCES</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scE/s1151.201/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>Under court order, the guardian may mortgage or pledge any property of a guardianship estate by deed of trust or otherwise as security for an indebtedness when necessary for:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scE/s1151.201/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the payment of any ad valorem, income, gift, or transfer tax due from a ward, regardless of whether the tax is assessed by a state, a political subdivision of the state, the federal government, or a foreign country;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scE/s1151.201/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the payment of any expense of administration, including amounts necessary for the operation of a business, farm, or ranch owned by the estate;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scE/s1151.201/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the payment of any claim allowed and approved, or established by suit, against the ward or the ward's estate;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scE/s1151.201/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>the renewal and extension of an existing lien;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scE/s1151.201/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<chapeau>an improvement or repair to the ward's real estate if:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scE/s1151.201/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>the real estate is not revenue producing but could be made revenue producing by certain improvements and repairs; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scE/s1151.201/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>the revenue from the real estate could be increased by making improvements or repairs to the real estate;</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scE/s1151.201/6">
<num value="6">(6)</num>
<content>the purchase of a residence for the ward or a dependent of the ward, if the court finds that borrowing money for that purpose is in the ward's best interests; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scE/s1151.201/7">
<num value="7">(7)</num>
<content>funeral expenses of the ward and expenses of the ward's last illness, if the guardianship is kept open after the ward's death.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scE/s1151.201/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>Under court order, the guardian of the estate may also receive an extension of credit on the ward's behalf that is wholly or partly secured by a lien on real property that is the ward's homestead when necessary to:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scE/s1151.201/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>make an improvement or repair to the homestead; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scE/s1151.201/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>pay for the ward's education or medical expenses.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scE/s1151.201/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>Proceeds of a home equity loan described by Subsection (b) may be used only for the purposes authorized under Subsection (b) and to pay the outstanding balance of the loan.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scE/s1151.202">
<num value="1151.202">Sec. 1151.202.</num>
<heading>APPLICATION; ORDER</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scE/s1151.202/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>The guardian of the estate must file a sworn application with the court for authority to:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scE/s1151.202/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>borrow money for a purpose authorized by Section 1151.201(a) or (b); or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scE/s1151.202/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>create or extend a lien on estate property as security.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scE/s1151.202/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The application must state fully and in detail the circumstances that the guardian of the estate believes make the granting of the authority necessary.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scE/s1151.202/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>On the filing of an application under Subsection (a), the clerk shall issue and have posted a citation to all interested persons stating the nature of the application and requiring the interested persons to appear and show cause why the application should not be granted.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scE/s1151.202/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>If the court is satisfied by the evidence presented at the hearing on an application filed under Subsection (a) that it is in the interest of the ward or the ward's estate to borrow money or to extend and renew an existing lien, the court shall issue an order to that effect, setting out the terms of the authority granted.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scE/s1151.202/e">
<num value="e">(e)</num>
<content>If a new lien is created on guardianship estate property, the court may require, for the protection of the guardianship estate and the estate's creditors, that the guardian's general bond be increased or an additional bond be given, as for the sale of real property belonging to the estate.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scE/s1151.203">
<num value="1151.203">Sec. 1151.203.</num>
<heading>TERM OF LOAN OR RENEWAL</heading>
<content>The term of a loan or renewal authorized under Section 1151.202 must be for the length of time that the court determines to be in the best interests of the ward or the ward's estate.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scF">
<num value="F">SUBCHAPTER F.</num>
<heading>GUARDIANS APPOINTED FOR WARD TO RECEIVE GOVERNMENT FUNDS</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scF/s1151.251">
<num value="1151.251">Sec. 1151.251.</num>
<heading>POWERS AND DUTIES OF GUARDIAN APPOINTED AS NECESSARY FOR WARD TO RECEIVE GOVERNMENT FUNDS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scF/s1151.251/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>A guardian of the person for whom it is necessary to have a guardian appointed to receive funds from a governmental source may:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scF/s1151.251/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<chapeau>administer only:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scF/s1151.251/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>the funds received from the governmental source;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scF/s1151.251/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>all earnings, interest, or profits derived from the funds; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scF/s1151.251/C">
<num value="C">(C)</num>
<content>all property acquired with the funds; and</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scF/s1151.251/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>receive the funds and pay the expenses of administering the guardianship and the expenses for the support, maintenance, or education of the ward or the ward's dependents.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scF/s1151.251/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>Expenditures under Subsection (a)(2) for the support, maintenance, or education of the ward or the ward's dependents may not exceed $12,000 during any 12-month period without the court's approval.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scF/s1151.252">
<num value="1151.252">Sec. 1151.252.</num>
<heading>VALIDATION OF CERTAIN PRIOR ACTS OF GUARDIAN</heading>
<content>An act performed before September 1, 1993, by a guardian of the estate of a person for whom it is necessary to have a guardian appointed to receive and disburse funds that are due the person from a governmental source is validated if the act was performed in conformance with an order of a court that has venue with respect to the support, maintenance, and education of the ward or the ward's dependents and the investment of surplus funds of the ward under this title and if the validity of the act was not an issue in a probate proceeding or civil lawsuit that was pending on September 1, 1993.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scG">
<num value="G">SUBCHAPTER G.</num>
<heading>NOTICE BY GUARDIAN TO DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scG/s1151.301">
<num value="1151.301">Sec. 1151.301.</num>
<heading>NOTICE OF FILING REQUIRED; HEARING DATE</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scG/s1151.301/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>This section applies only to:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scG/s1151.301/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<chapeau>a filing by a guardian whose ward is a beneficiary of the Department of Veterans Affairs of:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scG/s1151.301/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>an annual or other account of funds; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scG/s1151.301/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>an application for the expenditure or investment of funds; or</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scG/s1151.301/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>a filing of a claim against the estate of a ward who is a beneficiary of the Department of Veterans Affairs.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scG/s1151.301/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The court shall set a date for a hearing of a matter initiated by a filing to which this section applies not earlier than 20 days from the date of the filing.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scG/s1151.301/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>Not later than the fifth day after the date of a filing to which this section applies, the person who makes the filing shall give notice of the date of the filing by mailing a certified copy of the filing to the office of the Department of Veterans Affairs in whose territory the court is located.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scG/s1151.301/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>An office of the Department of Veterans Affairs through its attorney may waive the service of notice or the time required for setting a hearing under this section.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scH">
<num value="H">SUBCHAPTER H.</num>
<heading>RIGHTS OF WARDS</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scH/s1151.351">
<num value="1151.351">Sec. 1151.351.</num>
<heading>BILL OF RIGHTS FOR WARDS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scH/s1151.351/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>A ward has all the rights, benefits, responsibilities, and privileges granted by the constitution and laws of this state and the United States, except where specifically limited by a court-ordered guardianship or where otherwise lawfully restricted.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scH/s1151.351/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>Unless limited by a court or otherwise restricted by law, a ward is authorized to the following:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scH/s1151.351/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>to have a copy of the guardianship order and letters of guardianship and contact information for the probate court that issued the order and letters;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scH/s1151.351/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>to have a guardianship that encourages the development or maintenance of maximum self-reliance and independence in the ward with the eventual goal, if possible, of self-sufficiency;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scH/s1151.351/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>to be treated with respect, consideration, and recognition of the ward's dignity and individuality;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scH/s1151.351/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>to reside and receive support services in the most integrated setting, including home-based or other community-based settings, as required by Title II of the Americans with Disabilities Act (42 U.S.C. Section 12131 et seq.);</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scH/s1151.351/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>to consideration of the ward's current and previously stated personal preferences, desires, medical and psychiatric treatment preferences, religious beliefs, living arrangements, and other preferences and opinions;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scH/s1151.351/6">
<num value="6">(6)</num>
<content>to financial self-determination for all public benefits after essential living expenses and health needs are met and to have access to a monthly personal allowance;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scH/s1151.351/7">
<num value="7">(7)</num>
<content>to receive timely and appropriate health care and medical treatment that does not violate the ward's rights granted by the constitution and laws of this state and the United States;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scH/s1151.351/8">
<num value="8">(8)</num>
<content>to exercise full control of all aspects of life not specifically granted by the court to the guardian;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scH/s1151.351/9">
<num value="9">(9)</num>
<content>to control the ward's personal environment based on the ward's preferences;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scH/s1151.351/10">
<num value="10">(10)</num>
<content>to complain or raise concerns regarding the guardian or guardianship to the court, including living arrangements, retaliation by the guardian, conflicts of interest between the guardian and service providers, or a violation of any rights under this section;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scH/s1151.351/11">
<num value="11">(11)</num>
<content>to receive notice in the ward's native language, or preferred mode of communication, and in a manner accessible to the ward, of a court proceeding to continue, modify, or terminate the guardianship and the opportunity to appear before the court to express the ward's preferences and concerns regarding whether the guardianship should be continued, modified, or terminated;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scH/s1151.351/12">
<num value="12">(12)</num>
<content>to have a court investigator or guardian ad litem appointed by the court to investigate a complaint received by the court from the ward or any person about the guardianship;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scH/s1151.351/13">
<num value="13">(13)</num>
<content>to participate in social, religious, and recreational activities, training, employment, education, habilitation, and rehabilitation of the ward's choice in the most integrated setting;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scH/s1151.351/14">
<num value="14">(14)</num>
<content>to self-determination in the substantial maintenance, disposition, and management of real and personal property after essential living expenses and health needs are met, including the right to receive notice and object about the substantial maintenance, disposition, or management of clothing, furniture, vehicles, and other personal effects;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scH/s1151.351/15">
<num value="15">(15)</num>
<content>to personal privacy and confidentiality in personal matters, subject to state and federal law;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scH/s1151.351/16">
<num value="16">(16)</num>
<chapeau>to unimpeded, private, and uncensored communication and visitation with persons of the ward's choice, except that if the guardian determines that certain communication or visitation causes substantial harm to the ward:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scH/s1151.351/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>the guardian may limit, supervise, or restrict communication or visitation, but only to the extent necessary to protect the ward from substantial harm; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scH/s1151.351/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>the ward may request a hearing to remove any restrictions on communication or visitation imposed by the guardian under Paragraph (A);</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scH/s1151.351/17">
<num value="17">(17)</num>
<content>to petition the court and retain counsel of the ward's choice who holds a certificate required by Subchapter E, Chapter 1054, to represent the ward's interest for capacity restoration, modification of the guardianship, the appointment of a different guardian, or for other appropriate relief under this subchapter, including a transition to a supported decision-making agreement, except as limited by Section 1054.006;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scH/s1151.351/18">
<num value="18">(18)</num>
<content>to vote in a public election, marry, and retain a license to operate a motor vehicle, unless restricted by the court;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scH/s1151.351/19">
<num value="19">(19)</num>
<content>to personal visits from the guardian or the guardian's designee at least once every three months, but more often, if necessary, unless the court orders otherwise;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scH/s1151.351/20">
<num value="20">(20)</num>
<content>to be informed of the name, address, phone number, and purpose of Disability Rights Texas, an organization whose mission is to protect the rights of, and advocate for, persons with disabilities, and to communicate and meet with representatives of that organization;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scH/s1151.351/21">
<num value="21">(21)</num>
<content>to be informed of the name, address, phone number, and purpose of an independent living center, an area agency on aging, an aging and disability resource center, and the local mental health and intellectual and developmental disability center, and to communicate and meet with representatives from these agencies and organizations;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scH/s1151.351/22">
<num value="22">(22)</num>
<content>to be informed of the name, address, phone number, and purpose of the Judicial Branch Certification Commission and the procedure for filing a complaint against a certified guardian;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scH/s1151.351/23">
<num value="23">(23)</num>
<content>to contact the Department of Family and Protective Services to report abuse, neglect, exploitation, or violation of personal rights without fear of punishment, interference, coercion, or retaliation;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scH/s1151.351/24">
<num value="24">(24)</num>
<content>to have the guardian, on appointment and on annual renewal of the guardianship, explain the rights delineated in this subsection in the ward's native language, or preferred mode of communication, and in a manner accessible to the ward;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scH/s1151.351/25">
<num value="25">(25)</num>
<content>to make decisions related to sexual assault crisis services, including consenting to a forensic medical examination and treatment, authorizing the collection of forensic evidence, consenting to the release of evidence contained in an evidence collection kit and disclosure of related confidential information, and receiving counseling and other support services; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scH/s1151.351/26">
<num value="26">(26)</num>
<chapeau>to have private communications with the ward's physicians or other medical professionals, unless the court, after a hearing requested by the ward's guardian, orders the private communications to be limited due to:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scH/s1151.351/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>the risk of substantial harm to the ward; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scH/s1151.351/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>the communications being unduly burdensome to the physician or medical professional.</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1151/scH/s1151.351/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>This section does not supersede or abrogate other remedies existing in law.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1225 (S.B. 1882), Sec. 1, eff. June 19, 2015.
Amended by:
Acts 2019, 86th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1329 (H.B. 4531), Sec. 6, eff. September 1, 2019.
Acts 2021, 87th Leg., R.S., Ch. 521 (S.B. 626), Sec. 32, eff. September 1, 2021.
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 939 (S.B. 1624), Sec. 9, eff. September 1, 2023.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
</chapter>
<chapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1152">
<num value="1152">CHAPTER 1152.</num>
<heading>GUARDIANSHIP PENDING APPEAL OF APPOINTMENT</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1152/s1152.001">
<num value="1152.001">Sec. 1152.001.</num>
<heading>GUARDIAN TO SERVE PENDING APPEAL OF APPOINTMENT</heading>
<chapeau>Pending an appeal from an order or judgment appointing a guardian, the appointee shall continue to:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1152/s1152.001/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>act as guardian; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1152/s1152.001/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>prosecute a pending suit in favor of the guardianship.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1152/s1152.002">
<num value="1152.002">Sec. 1152.002.</num>
<heading>APPEAL BOND</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1152/s1152.002/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>Except as provided by Subsection (b), if a guardian appeals, an appeal bond is not required.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1152/s1152.002/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A guardian must give an appeal bond if the appeal personally concerns the guardian.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</chapter>
<chapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1153">
<num value="1153">CHAPTER 1153.</num>
<heading>NOTICE TO CLAIMANTS</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1153/s1153.001">
<num value="1153.001">Sec. 1153.001.</num>
<heading>REQUIRED NOTICE REGARDING PRESENTMENT OF CLAIMS IN GENERAL</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1153/s1153.001/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>Within one month after receiving letters of guardianship, a guardian of an estate shall provide notice requiring each person who has a claim against the estate to present the claim within the period prescribed by law. The notice must be:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1153/s1153.001/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>published in a newspaper of general circulation in the county in which the letters were issued; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1153/s1153.001/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>sent to the comptroller by a qualified delivery method, if the ward remitted or should have remitted taxes administered by the comptroller.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1153/s1153.001/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>Notice provided under Subsection (a) must include:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1153/s1153.001/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the date the letters of guardianship were issued to the guardian of the estate;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1153/s1153.001/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the address to which a claim may be presented; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1153/s1153.001/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<chapeau>an instruction of the guardian's choice that the claim be addressed in care of:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1153/s1153.001/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>the guardian;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1153/s1153.001/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>the guardian's attorney; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1153/s1153.001/C">
<num value="C">(C)</num>
<content>"Guardian, Estate of ____________" (naming the estate).</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1153/s1153.001/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>If there is no newspaper of general circulation in the county in which the letters of guardianship were issued, the notice must be posted and the return made and filed as otherwise required by this title.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2021, 87th Leg., R.S., Ch. 521 (S.B. 626), Sec. 33, eff. September 1, 2021.
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 123 (H.B. 785), Sec. 10, eff. September 1, 2023.
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 207 (S.B. 1457), Sec. 15, eff. September 1, 2023.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1153/s1153.002">
<num value="1153.002">Sec. 1153.002.</num>
<heading>PROOF OF PUBLICATION</heading>
<content>A copy of the published notice required by Section 1153.001(a)(1), with the publisher's affidavit, sworn to and subscribed before a proper officer, to the effect that the notice was published as provided in this title for the service of citation or notice by publication, shall be filed in the court in which the cause is pending.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1153/s1153.003">
<num value="1153.003">Sec. 1153.003.</num>
<heading>REQUIRED NOTICE TO CERTAIN CLAIMANTS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1153/s1153.003/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>Within four months after receiving letters of guardianship, the guardian of an estate shall give notice of the issuance of the letters to each person who has a claim for money against the ward's estate:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1153/s1153.003/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>that is secured by a deed of trust, mortgage, or vendor's, mechanic's, or other contractor's lien on real estate belonging to the estate; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1153/s1153.003/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>about which the guardian has actual knowledge.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1153/s1153.003/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>Notice provided under this section must be:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1153/s1153.003/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>sent by a qualified delivery method; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1153/s1153.003/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>addressed to the record holder of the claim at the record holder's last known post office address.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1153/s1153.003/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<chapeau>The following shall be filed in the court from which the letters of guardianship were issued:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1153/s1153.003/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>a copy of each notice required by Subsection (a)(1) with the return receipt or other proof of delivery, if available; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1153/s1153.003/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<chapeau>the guardian's affidavit stating:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1153/s1153.003/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>that the notice was sent as required by law; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1153/s1153.003/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>the name of the person to whom the notice was sent, if that name is not shown on the notice or receipt.</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 123 (H.B. 785), Sec. 11, eff. September 1, 2023.
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 207 (S.B. 1457), Sec. 16, eff. September 1, 2023.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1153/s1153.004">
<num value="1153.004">Sec. 1153.004.</num>
<heading>PERMISSIVE NOTICE TO UNSECURED CREDITOR REGARDING PERIOD FOR PRESENTMENT OF CLAIM</heading>
<chapeau>The guardian of the estate may expressly state in a notice given to an unsecured creditor under Section 1153.003(a)(2) that the creditor must present a claim not later than the 120th day after the date the creditor receives the notice or the claim is barred, if the claim is not barred by the general statutes of limitation. A statement under this section must include:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1153/s1153.004/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the address to which the claim may be presented; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1153/s1153.004/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>an instruction that the claim be filed with the clerk of the court that issued the letters of guardianship.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1153/s1153.005">
<num value="1153.005">Sec. 1153.005.</num>
<heading>ONE NOTICE SUFFICIENT; LIABILITY FOR FAILURE TO GIVE REQUIRED NOTICE</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1153/s1153.005/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>A guardian of an estate is not required to give a notice required by Section 1153.001 or 1153.003 if another person also appointed as guardian or a former guardian has given that notice.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1153/s1153.005/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>If the guardian fails to give a notice required by other sections of this title or to cause the notice to be given, the guardian and the sureties on the guardian's bond are liable for any damage a person suffers because of the neglect, unless it appears that the person otherwise had notice.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 207 (S.B. 1457), Sec. 17, eff. September 1, 2023.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</chapter>
<chapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1154">
<num value="1154">CHAPTER 1154.</num>
<heading>INVENTORY, APPRAISEMENT, AND LIST OF CLAIMS</heading>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1154/scA">
<num value="A">SUBCHAPTER A.</num>
<heading>APPRAISERS</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1154/scA/s1154.001">
<num value="1154.001">Sec. 1154.001.</num>
<heading>APPOINTMENT OF APPRAISERS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1154/scA/s1154.001/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>After letters of guardianship of the estate are granted, the court, for good cause shown, on the court's own motion or the motion of any interested person, shall appoint at least one but not more than three disinterested persons who are residents of the county in which the letters were granted to appraise the ward's property.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1154/scA/s1154.001/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>If the court makes an appointment under Subsection (a) and part of the estate is located in a county other than the county in which the letters were granted, the court, if the court considers it necessary, may appoint at least one but not more than three disinterested persons who are residents of the county in which the relevant part of the estate is located to appraise the estate property located in that county.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1154/scA/s1154.002">
<num value="1154.002">Sec. 1154.002.</num>
<heading>APPRAISERS' FEES</heading>
<content>An appraiser appointed by the court is entitled to receive a reasonable fee, payable out of the estate, for the performance of the appraiser's duties as an appraiser.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1154/scA/s1154.003">
<num value="1154.003">Sec. 1154.003.</num>
<heading>FAILURE OR REFUSAL TO ACT BY APPRAISERS</heading>
<content>If an appraiser appointed under Section 1154.001 fails or refuses to act, the court shall remove the appraiser and appoint one or more appraisers.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1154/scB">
<num value="B">SUBCHAPTER B.</num>
<heading>REQUIREMENTS FOR INVENTORY, APPRAISEMENT, AND LIST OF CLAIMS</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1154/scB/s1154.051">
<num value="1154.051">Sec. 1154.051.</num>
<heading>INVENTORY AND APPRAISEMENT</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1154/scB/s1154.051/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>Not later than the 30th day after the date the guardian of the estate qualifies, unless a longer period is granted by the court, the guardian shall file with the court clerk a single written instrument that contains a verified, full, and detailed inventory of all the ward's property that has come into the guardian's possession or of which the guardian has knowledge. The inventory must:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1154/scB/s1154.051/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<chapeau>include:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1154/scB/s1154.051/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>all the ward's real property located in this state; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1154/scB/s1154.051/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>all the ward's personal property regardless of where the property is located; and</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1154/scB/s1154.051/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<chapeau>specify:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1154/scB/s1154.051/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>which portion of the property is separate property and which is community property; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1154/scB/s1154.051/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>if the property is owned in common with other persons, the ward's interest in that property.</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1154/scB/s1154.051/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>The guardian shall:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1154/scB/s1154.051/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>set out in the inventory the guardian's appraisement of the fair market value of each item in the inventory on the date of the grant of letters of guardianship; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1154/scB/s1154.051/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<chapeau>if the court has appointed an appraiser for the estate:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1154/scB/s1154.051/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>determine the fair market value of each item in the inventory with the assistance of the appraiser; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1154/scB/s1154.051/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>set out in the inventory the appraisement made by the appraiser.</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1154/scB/s1154.051/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>The court for good cause shown may require the guardian to file the inventory and appraisement not later than the 30th day after the date of qualification of the guardian.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1154/scB/s1154.051/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>The inventory, when approved by the court and filed with the court clerk, is for all purposes the inventory and appraisement of the estate referred to in this title.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 161 (S.B. 1093), Sec. 6.041, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1154/scB/s1154.052">
<num value="1154.052">Sec. 1154.052.</num>
<heading>LIST OF CLAIMS</heading>
<chapeau>The guardian of the estate shall make and attach to the inventory and appraisement required by Section 1154.051 a complete list of claims due or owing to the ward. The list of claims must state:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1154/scB/s1154.052/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the name and, if known, address of each person indebted to the ward; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1154/scB/s1154.052/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<chapeau>regarding each claim:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1154/scB/s1154.052/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>the nature of the debt, whether it is a note, bill, bond, or other written obligation, or whether it is an account or verbal contract;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1154/scB/s1154.052/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>the date the debt was incurred;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1154/scB/s1154.052/C">
<num value="C">(C)</num>
<content>the date the debt was or is due;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1154/scB/s1154.052/D">
<num value="D">(D)</num>
<content>the amount of the claim, the rate of interest on the claim, and the period for which the claim bears interest; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1154/scB/s1154.052/E">
<num value="E">(E)</num>
<content>if any portion of the claim is held in common with others, the interest of the estate in the claim.</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 161 (S.B. 1093), Sec. 6.042, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1154/scB/s1154.053">
<num value="1154.053">Sec. 1154.053.</num>
<heading>AFFIDAVIT OF GUARDIAN</heading>
<content>The guardian of the estate shall attach to the inventory, appraisement, and list of claims the guardian's affidavit, subscribed and sworn to before an officer in the county authorized by law to administer oaths, that the inventory, appraisement, and list of claims are a true and complete statement of the property and claims of the estate of which the guardian has knowledge.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1154/scB/s1154.054">
<num value="1154.054">Sec. 1154.054.</num>
<heading>APPROVAL OR DISAPPROVAL BY THE COURT</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1154/scB/s1154.054/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>On the filing of the inventory, appraisement, and list of claims with the court clerk, the judge shall examine and approve or disapprove the inventory, appraisement, and list of claims.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1154/scB/s1154.054/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>If the judge approves the inventory, appraisement, and list of claims, the judge shall enter an order to that effect.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1154/scB/s1154.054/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<chapeau>If the judge does not approve the inventory, appraisement, or list of claims, the judge:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1154/scB/s1154.054/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>shall enter an order to that effect requiring the filing of another inventory, appraisement, or list of claims, whichever is not approved, within a period specified in the order not to exceed 20 days after the date the order is entered; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1154/scB/s1154.054/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>may, if considered necessary, appoint new appraisers.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1154/scB/s1154.055">
<num value="1154.055">Sec. 1154.055.</num>
<heading>FAILURE OF JOINT GUARDIANS TO FILE INVENTORY, APPRAISEMENT, AND LIST OF CLAIMS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1154/scB/s1154.055/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>If more than one guardian of the estate qualifies to serve, any one or more of the guardians, on the neglect of the other guardians, may make and file an inventory, appraisement, and list of claims.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1154/scB/s1154.055/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A guardian who neglects to make or file an inventory, appraisement, and list of claims may not interfere with and does not have any power over the estate after another guardian makes and files an inventory, appraisement, and list of claims.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1154/scB/s1154.055/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<chapeau>The guardian who files the inventory, appraisement, and list of claims is entitled to the whole administration unless, not later than the 60th day after the date the guardian files the inventory, appraisement, and list of claims, each of the delinquent guardians files with the court a written, sworn, and reasonable excuse that the court considers satisfactory. The court shall enter an order removing one or more delinquent guardians and revoking those guardians' letters if:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1154/scB/s1154.055/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>an excuse is not filed; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1154/scB/s1154.055/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the court does not consider the filed excuse sufficient.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1154/scC">
<num value="C">SUBCHAPTER C.</num>
<heading>CHANGES TO INVENTORY, APPRAISEMENT, AND LIST OF CLAIMS</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1154/scC/s1154.101">
<num value="1154.101">Sec. 1154.101.</num>
<heading>DISCOVERY OF ADDITIONAL PROPERTY OR CLAIMS</heading>
<content>If after the filing of the inventory, appraisement, and list of claims the guardian of the estate acquires possession or knowledge of property or claims of the estate not included in the inventory, appraisement, and list of claims, the guardian shall promptly file with the court clerk a verified, full, and detailed supplemental inventory, appraisement, and list of claims.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1154/scC/s1154.102">
<num value="1154.102">Sec. 1154.102.</num>
<heading>ADDITIONAL INVENTORY AND APPRAISEMENT OR LIST OF CLAIMS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1154/scC/s1154.102/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>On the written complaint of any interested person that property or claims of the estate have not been included in the filed inventory, appraisement, and list of claims, the guardian of the estate shall be cited to appear before the court in which the cause is pending and show cause why the guardian should not be required to make and file an additional inventory and appraisement or list of claims, or both.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1154/scC/s1154.102/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>After hearing the complaint, if the court is satisfied of the truth of the complaint, the court shall enter an order requiring the guardian to make and file an additional inventory and appraisement or list of claims, or both. The additional inventory and appraisement or list of claims:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1154/scC/s1154.102/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>must be made and filed in the same manner as the original inventory and appraisement or list of claims within the period prescribed by the court, not to exceed 20 days after the date of the order; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1154/scC/s1154.102/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>may include only property or claims not previously included in the inventory and appraisement or list of claims.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1154/scC/s1154.103">
<num value="1154.103">Sec. 1154.103.</num>
<heading>CORRECTION OF INVENTORY, APPRAISEMENT, OR LIST OF CLAIMS FOR ERRONEOUS OR UNJUST ITEM</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1154/scC/s1154.103/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>A person interested in an estate who considers an inventory, appraisement, or list of claims filed by the guardian of the estate to be erroneous or unjust in any particular form may:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1154/scC/s1154.103/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>file a written complaint setting forth the alleged erroneous or unjust item; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1154/scC/s1154.103/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>have the guardian cited to appear before the court and show cause why the item should not be corrected.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1154/scC/s1154.103/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>On the hearing of the complaint, if the court is satisfied from the evidence that the inventory, appraisement, or list of claims is erroneous or unjust as alleged in the complaint, the court shall enter an order:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1154/scC/s1154.103/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>specifying the erroneous or unjust item and the corrections to be made; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1154/scC/s1154.103/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>appointing an appraiser to make a new appraisement correcting the erroneous or unjust item and requiring the filing of the new appraisement not later than the 20th day after the date of the order.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1154/scC/s1154.103/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>The court, on the court's own motion or a motion of the guardian of the estate, may also have a new appraisement made for the purposes described by this section.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1154/scC/s1154.104">
<num value="1154.104">Sec. 1154.104.</num>
<heading>REAPPRAISEMENT</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1154/scC/s1154.104/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>A reappraisement made, filed, and approved by the court replaces the original appraisement. Not more than one reappraisement may be made.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1154/scC/s1154.104/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>Notwithstanding Subsection (a), a person interested in an estate may object to a reappraisement regardless of whether the court has approved the reappraisement. If the court finds that the reappraisement is erroneous or unjust, the court shall appraise the property on the basis of the evidence before the court.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1154/scD">
<num value="D">SUBCHAPTER D.</num>
<heading>USE OF INVENTORY, APPRAISEMENT, AND LIST OF CLAIMS AS EVIDENCE</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1154/scD/s1154.151">
<num value="1154.151">Sec. 1154.151.</num>
<heading>USE OF INVENTORY, APPRAISEMENT, AND LIST OF CLAIMS AS EVIDENCE</heading>
<chapeau>Each inventory, appraisement, and list of claims that has been made, filed, and approved in accordance with law; the record of the inventory, appraisement, and list of claims; or a copy of an original or the record that has been certified under the seal of the county court affixed by the clerk:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1154/scD/s1154.151/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>may be given in evidence in any court of this state in any suit by or against the guardian of the estate; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1154/scD/s1154.151/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<chapeau>is not conclusive for or against the guardian of the estate if it is shown that:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1154/scD/s1154.151/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>any property or claim of the estate is not shown in the inventory, appraisement, or list of claims; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1154/scD/s1154.151/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>the value of the property or claim of the estate exceeded the value shown in the appraisement or list of claims.</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
</chapter>
<chapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1155">
<num value="1155">CHAPTER 1155.</num>
<heading>COMPENSATION, EXPENSES, AND COURT COSTS</heading>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1155/scA">
<num value="A">SUBCHAPTER A.</num>
<heading>COMPENSATION OF GUARDIANS IN GENERAL</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1155/scA/s1155.001">
<num value="1155.001">Sec. 1155.001.</num>
<heading>DEFINITIONS</heading>
<chapeau>In this subchapter:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1155/scA/s1155.001/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>"Gross income" does not include United States Department of Veterans Affairs or social security benefits received by a ward.</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1155/scA/s1155.001/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>"Money paid out" does not include any money loaned, invested, or paid over on the settlement of a guardianship or a tax-motivated gift made by a ward.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1155/scA/s1155.002">
<num value="1155.002">Sec. 1155.002.</num>
<heading>COMPENSATION FOR CERTAIN GUARDIANS OF THE PERSON</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1155/scA/s1155.002/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>The court may authorize compensation for a guardian serving as a guardian of the person alone from available funds of the ward's estate or other funds available for that purpose. The court may set the compensation in an amount not to exceed the greater of $3,000 per year or five percent of the ward's gross income.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1155/scA/s1155.002/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>If the ward's estate is insufficient to pay for the services of a private professional guardian or a licensed attorney serving as a guardian of the person, the court may authorize compensation for that guardian if funds in the county treasury are budgeted for that purpose.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 207 (S.B. 1457), Sec. 18, eff. September 1, 2023.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1155/scA/s1155.003">
<num value="1155.003">Sec. 1155.003.</num>
<heading>COMPENSATION FOR GUARDIAN OF THE ESTATE</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1155/scA/s1155.003/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>The guardian of an estate is entitled to reasonable compensation on application to the court at the time the court approves an annual or final accounting filed by the guardian under this title.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1155/scA/s1155.003/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A fee of five percent of the gross income of the ward's estate and five percent of all money paid out of the estate, subject to the award of an additional amount under Section 1155.006(a) following a review under Section 1155.006(a)(1), is considered reasonable under this section if the court finds that the guardian has taken care of and managed the estate in compliance with the standards of this title.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1155/scA/s1155.004">
<num value="1155.004">Sec. 1155.004.</num>
<heading>CONSIDERATIONS IN AUTHORIZING COMPENSATION</heading>
<chapeau>In determining whether to authorize compensation for a guardian under this subchapter, the court shall consider:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1155/scA/s1155.004/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the ward's monthly income from all sources; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1155/scA/s1155.004/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>whether the ward receives medical assistance under the state Medicaid program.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1155/scA/s1155.005">
<num value="1155.005">Sec. 1155.005.</num>
<heading>MAXIMUM AGGREGATE COMPENSATION</heading>
<content>Except as provided by Section 1155.006(a) for a fee the court determines is unreasonably low, the aggregate fee of the guardian of the person and guardian of the estate may not exceed an amount equal to five percent of the gross income of the ward's estate plus five percent of all money paid out of the estate.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1155/scA/s1155.006">
<num value="1155.006">Sec. 1155.006.</num>
<heading>MODIFICATION OF UNREASONABLY LOW COMPENSATION; AUTHORIZATION FOR PAYMENT OF ESTIMATED QUARTERLY COMPENSATION</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1155/scA/s1155.006/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>On application of an interested person or on the court's own motion, the court may:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1155/scA/s1155.006/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>review and modify the amount of compensation authorized under Section 1155.002(a) or 1155.003 if the court finds that the amount is unreasonably low when considering the services provided as guardian; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1155/scA/s1155.006/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>authorize compensation for the guardian in an estimated amount the court finds reasonable, to be paid on a quarterly basis before the guardian files an annual or final accounting, if the court finds that delaying the payment of compensation until the guardian files an accounting would create a hardship for the guardian.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1155/scA/s1155.006/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A finding of unreasonably low compensation may not be established under Subsection (a) solely because the amount of compensation is less than the usual and customary charges of the person or entity serving as guardian.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1155/scA/s1155.007">
<num value="1155.007">Sec. 1155.007.</num>
<heading>REDUCTION OR ELIMINATION OF ESTIMATED QUARTERLY COMPENSATION</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1155/scA/s1155.007/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>A court that authorizes payment of estimated quarterly compensation under Section 1155.006(a) may later reduce or eliminate the guardian's compensation if, on review of an annual or final accounting or otherwise, the court finds that the guardian:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1155/scA/s1155.007/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>received compensation in excess of the amount permitted under this subchapter;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1155/scA/s1155.007/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>has not adequately performed the duties required of a guardian under this title; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1155/scA/s1155.007/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>has been removed for cause.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1155/scA/s1155.007/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>If a court reduces or eliminates a guardian's compensation as provided by Subsection (a), the guardian and the surety on the guardian's bond are liable to the guardianship estate for any excess compensation received.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1155/scA/s1155.008">
<num value="1155.008">Sec. 1155.008.</num>
<heading>DENIAL OF COMPENSATION</heading>
<chapeau>On application of an interested person or on the court's own motion, the court may wholly or partly deny a fee authorized under this subchapter if:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1155/scA/s1155.008/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the court finds that the guardian has not adequately performed the duties required of a guardian under this title; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1155/scA/s1155.008/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the guardian has been removed for cause.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1155/scB">
<num value="B">SUBCHAPTER B.</num>
<heading>COMPENSATION FOR PROFESSIONAL SERVICES</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1155/scB/s1155.052">
<num value="1155.052">Sec. 1155.052.</num>
<heading>ATTORNEY SERVING AS GUARDIAN AND PROVIDING RELATED LEGAL SERVICES</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1155/scB/s1155.052/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>Notwithstanding any other provision of this chapter, an attorney who serves as guardian and who also provides legal services in connection with the guardianship is not entitled to compensation for the guardianship services or payment of attorney's fees for the legal services from the ward's estate or other funds available for that purpose unless the attorney files with the court a detailed description of the services performed that identifies which of the services provided were guardianship services and which were legal services.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1155/scB/s1155.052/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>An attorney described by Subsection (a) is not entitled to payment of attorney's fees for guardianship services that are not legal services.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1155/scB/s1155.052/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>The court shall set the compensation of an attorney described by Subsection (a) for the performance of guardianship services in accordance with Subchapter A. The court shall set attorney's fees for an attorney described by Subsection (a) for legal services provided in accordance with Sections 1155.054, 1155.101, and 1155.151.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 982 (H.B. 2080), Sec. 17, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1155/scB/s1155.053">
<num value="1155.053">Sec. 1155.053.</num>
<heading>COMPENSATION FOR SERVICES TO RECOVER PROPERTY</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1155/scB/s1155.053/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>Subject only to the approval of the court in which the estate is being administered and except as provided by Subsection (b), a guardian of an estate may convey or contract to convey a contingent interest in any property sought to be recovered, not to exceed one-third of the property for services of attorneys.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1155/scB/s1155.053/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A guardian of an estate may convey or contract to convey for services of attorneys a contingent interest that exceeds one-third of the property sought to be recovered under this section only on the approval of the court in which the estate is being administered. The court must approve a contract entered into or conveyance made under this section before an attorney performs any legal services. A contract entered into or conveyance made in violation of this section is void unless the court ratifies or reforms the contract or documents relating to the conveyance to the extent necessary to cause the contract or conveyance to meet the requirements of this section.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1155/scB/s1155.053/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<chapeau>In approving a contract or conveyance under Subsection (a) or (b) for services of an attorney, the court shall consider:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1155/scB/s1155.053/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the time and labor that will be required, the novelty and difficulty of the questions to be involved, and the skill that will be required to perform the legal services properly;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1155/scB/s1155.053/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the fee customarily charged in the locality for similar legal services;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1155/scB/s1155.053/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the value of property recovered or sought to be recovered by the guardian under this section;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1155/scB/s1155.053/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>the benefits to the estate that the attorney will be responsible for securing; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1155/scB/s1155.053/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>the experience and ability of the attorney who will be performing the services.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1155/scB/s1155.054">
<num value="1155.054">Sec. 1155.054.</num>
<heading>PAYMENT OF ATTORNEY'S FEES TO CERTAIN ATTORNEYS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1155/scB/s1155.054/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>A court that creates a guardianship or creates a management trust under Chapter 1301 for a ward, on request of a person who filed an application to be appointed guardian of the proposed ward, an application for the appointment of another suitable person as guardian of the proposed ward, or an application for the creation of the management trust, may authorize the payment of reasonable and necessary attorney's fees, as determined by the court, in amounts the court considers equitable and just, to an attorney who represents the person who filed the application at the application hearing, regardless of whether the person is appointed the ward's guardian or whether a management trust is created, from available funds of the ward's estate or management trust, if created, subject to Subsections (b) and (d).</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1155/scB/s1155.054/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>The court may authorize amounts that otherwise would be paid from the ward's estate or the management trust as provided by Subsection (a) to instead be paid from the county treasury, subject to Subsection (e), if:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1155/scB/s1155.054/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the ward's estate or management trust is insufficient to pay the amounts; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1155/scB/s1155.054/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>funds in the county treasury are budgeted for that purpose.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1155/scB/s1155.054/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>The court may not authorize attorney's fees under this section unless the court finds that the applicant acted in good faith and for just cause in the filing and prosecution of the application.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1155/scB/s1155.054/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>If the court finds that a party in a guardianship proceeding acted in bad faith or without just cause in prosecuting or objecting to an application in the proceeding, the court may order the party to reimburse the ward's estate for all or part of the attorney's fees awarded under this section and shall issue judgment against the party and in favor of the estate for the amount of attorney's fees ordered to be reimbursed to the estate.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1155/scB/s1155.054/e">
<num value="e">(e)</num>
<content>The court may authorize the payment of attorney's fees from the county treasury under Subsection (b) only if the court is satisfied that the attorney to whom the fees will be paid has not received, and is not seeking, payment for the services described by that subsection from any other source.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 1995, 74th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1039 (H.B. 2029), Sec. 28, eff. Sept. 1, 1995.
Amended by Acts 1999, 76th Leg., Ch. 905 (H.B. 2165), Sec. 2, eff. Sept. 1, 1999.
Amended by Acts 2003, 78th Leg., Ch. 549 (H.B. 1470), Sec. 10, eff. Sept. 1, 2003.
Amended by:
Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 314 (H.B. 587), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2009.
Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 930 (H.B. 3080), Sec. 2, eff. September 1, 2009.
Acts 2009, 81st Leg., R.S., Ch. 930 (H.B. 3080), Sec. 3, eff. September 1, 2009.
Reenacted, transferred, redesignated and amended by Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 982 (H.B. 2080), Sec. 18, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2021, 87th Leg., R.S., Ch. 521 (S.B. 626), Sec. 34, eff. September 1, 2021.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1155/scC">
<num value="C">SUBCHAPTER C.</num>
<heading>EXPENSES</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1155/scC/s1155.101">
<num value="1155.101">Sec. 1155.101.</num>
<heading>REIMBURSEMENT OF EXPENSES IN GENERAL</heading>
<content>A guardian is entitled to reimbursement from the guardianship estate for all necessary and reasonable expenses incurred in performing any duty as a guardian, including reimbursement for the payment of reasonable attorney's fees necessarily incurred by the guardian in connection with the management of the estate or any other matter in the guardianship.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 161 (S.B. 1093), Sec. 6.043, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1155/scC/s1155.102">
<num value="1155.102">Sec. 1155.102.</num>
<heading>REIMBURSEMENT OF EXPENSES FOR COLLECTION OF CLAIM OR DEBT</heading>
<content>On satisfactory proof to the court, a guardian of an estate is entitled to all necessary and reasonable expenses incurred by the guardian in collecting or attempting to collect a claim or debt owed to the estate or in recovering or attempting to recover property to which the estate has title or a claim.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1155/scC/s1155.103">
<num value="1155.103">Sec. 1155.103.</num>
<heading>EXPENSE CHARGES: REQUIREMENTS</heading>
<chapeau>All expense charges shall be:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1155/scC/s1155.103/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>in writing, showing specifically each item of expense and the date of the expense;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1155/scC/s1155.103/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>verified by affidavit of the guardian;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1155/scC/s1155.103/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>filed with the clerk; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1155/scC/s1155.103/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>paid only if the payment is authorized by court order.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1155/scD">
<num value="D">SUBCHAPTER D.</num>
<heading>COSTS IN GENERAL</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1155/scD/s1155.151">
<num value="1155.151">Sec. 1155.151.</num>
<heading>COSTS IN GUARDIANSHIP PROCEEDING GENERALLY</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1155/scD/s1155.151/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>In a guardianship proceeding, the court costs of the proceeding, including the costs described by Subsection (a-1), shall, except as provided by Subsection (c), be paid as follows, and the court shall issue the judgment accordingly:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1155/scD/s1155.151/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>out of the guardianship estate;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1155/scD/s1155.151/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>out of the management trust, if a management trust has been created for the benefit of the ward under Chapter 1301 and the court determines it is in the ward's best interest;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1155/scD/s1155.151/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<chapeau>by the party to the proceeding who incurred the costs, unless that party filed, on the party's own behalf, an affidavit of inability to pay the costs under Rule 145, Texas Rules of Civil Procedure, that shows the party is unable to afford the costs, if:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1155/scD/s1155.151/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>there is no guardianship estate or no management trust has been created for the ward's benefit; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1155/scD/s1155.151/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>the assets of the guardianship estate or management trust, as appropriate, are insufficient to pay the costs; or</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1155/scD/s1155.151/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<chapeau>out of the county treasury if:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1155/scD/s1155.151/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>there is no guardianship estate or management trust or the assets of the guardianship estate or management trust, as appropriate, are insufficient to pay the costs; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1155/scD/s1155.151/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>the party to the proceeding who incurred the costs filed, on the party's own behalf, an affidavit of inability to pay the costs under Rule 145, Texas Rules of Civil Procedure, that shows the party is unable to afford the costs.</content>
<continuation>(a-1) In a guardianship proceeding, the cost of any guardians ad litem, attorneys ad litem, court visitors, mental health professionals, and interpreters appointed under this title shall be set in an amount the court considers equitable and just.</continuation>
<continuation>(a-2) Notwithstanding any other law requiring the payment of court costs in a guardianship proceeding, the following are not required to pay court costs on the filing of or during a guardianship proceeding:</continuation>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1155/scD/s1155.151/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>an attorney ad litem;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1155/scD/s1155.151/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>a guardian ad litem;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1155/scD/s1155.151/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>a person or entity who files an affidavit of inability to pay the costs under Rule 145, Texas Rules of Civil Procedure, that shows the person or entity is unable to afford the costs;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1155/scD/s1155.151/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>a nonprofit guardianship program;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1155/scD/s1155.151/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>a governmental entity; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1155/scD/s1155.151/6">
<num value="6">(6)</num>
<content>a government agency or nonprofit agency providing guardianship services.</content>
<continuation>(a-3) For purposes of Subsections (a) and (a-2), a person or entity who files an affidavit of inability to pay the costs under Rule 145, Texas Rules of Civil Procedure, is unable to afford the costs if the affidavit shows that the person or entity:</continuation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1155/scD/s1155.151/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>is currently receiving assistance or other benefits from a government program under which assistance or other benefits are provided to individuals on a means-tested basis;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1155/scD/s1155.151/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<chapeau>is eligible for and currently receiving free legal services in the guardianship proceeding through the following:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1155/scD/s1155.151/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>a legal services provider funded partly by the Texas Access to Justice Foundation;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1155/scD/s1155.151/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>a legal services provider funded partly by the Legal Services Corporation; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1155/scD/s1155.151/C">
<num value="C">(C)</num>
<content>a nonprofit corporation formed under the laws of this state that provides legal services to low-income individuals whose household income is at or below 200 percent of the federal poverty guidelines as determined by the United States Department of Health and Human Services;</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1155/scD/s1155.151/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>applied and was eligible for free legal services through a person or entity listed in Subdivision (2) but was declined representation; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1155/scD/s1155.151/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>has a household income that is at or below 200 percent of the federal poverty guidelines as determined by the United States Department of Health and Human Services and has money or other available assets, excluding any homestead and exempt property under Chapter 42, Property Code, in an amount that does not exceed $2,000.</content>
<continuation>(a-4) If an affidavit of inability to pay costs filed under Rule 145, Texas Rules of Civil Procedure, is contested, the court, at a hearing, shall review the contents of and attachments to the affidavit and any other evidence offered at the hearing and make a determination as to whether the person or entity is unable to afford the costs. If the court finds that the person or entity is able to afford the costs, the person or entity must pay the court costs. Except with leave of court, no further action in the guardianship proceeding may be taken by a person or entity found able to afford costs until payment of those costs is made.</continuation>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1155/scD/s1155.151/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The costs attributable to the services of a person described by Subsection (a-1) shall be paid under this section at any time after the commencement of the proceeding as ordered by the court.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1155/scD/s1155.151/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>If the court finds that a party in a guardianship proceeding acted in bad faith or without just cause in prosecuting or objecting to an application in the proceeding, the court may order the party to pay all or part of the costs of the proceeding. If the party found to be acting in bad faith or without just cause was required to provide security for the probable costs of the proceeding under Section 1053.052, the court shall first apply the amount provided as security as payment for costs ordered by the court under this subsection. If the amount provided as security is insufficient to pay the entire amount ordered by the court, the court shall render judgment in favor of the estate against the party for the remaining amount.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1155/scD/s1155.151/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<chapeau>If a guardianship of the estate or management trust under Chapter 1301 is created, a person or entity who paid any costs on the filing of or during the proceeding is entitled to be reimbursed out of assets of the guardianship estate or management trust, as appropriate, for the costs if:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1155/scD/s1155.151/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the assets of the estate or trust, as appropriate, are sufficient to cover the reimbursement of the costs; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1155/scD/s1155.151/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the person or entity has not been ordered by the court to pay the costs as all or part of the payment of court costs under Subsection (c).</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1155/scD/s1155.151/e">
<num value="e">(e)</num>
<content>If at any time after a guardianship of the estate or management trust under Chapter 1301 is created there are sufficient assets of the estate or trust, as appropriate, to pay the amount of any of the costs exempt from payment under Subsection (a-2), the court shall require the guardian to pay out of the guardianship estate or management trust, as appropriate, to the court clerk for deposit in the county treasury the amount of any of those costs.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1155/scD/s1155.151/f">
<num value="f">(f)</num>
<content>To the extent that this section conflicts with the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure or other rules, this section controls.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 982 (H.B. 2080), Sec. 19, eff. January 1, 2014.
Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1031 (H.B. 1438), Sec. 18, eff. September 1, 2015.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1155/scD/s1155.152">
<num value="1155.152">Sec. 1155.152.</num>
<heading>CERTAIN COSTS ADJUDGED AGAINST GUARDIAN</heading>
<chapeau>If costs are incurred because a guardian neglects to perform a required duty or is removed for cause, the guardian and the sureties on the guardian's bond are liable for:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1155/scD/s1155.152/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>any costs of removal and other additional costs incurred that are not expenditures authorized under this title; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1155/scD/s1155.152/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<chapeau>reasonable attorney's fees incurred in:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1155/scD/s1155.152/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>removing the guardian; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1155/scD/s1155.152/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>obtaining compliance regarding any statutory duty the guardian has neglected.</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1155/scE">
<num value="E">SUBCHAPTER E.</num>
<heading>COMPENSATION AND COSTS IN GUARDIANSHIPS FOR CERTAIN MEDICAL ASSISTANCE RECIPIENTS</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1155/scE/s1155.201">
<num value="1155.201">Sec. 1155.201.</num>
<heading>DEFINITIONS</heading>
<chapeau>In this subchapter:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1155/scE/s1155.201/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>"Applied income" means the portion of the earned and unearned income of a recipient of medical assistance, or if applicable the recipient and the recipient's spouse, that is paid under the medical assistance program to an institution or long-term care facility in which the recipient resides.</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1155/scE/s1155.201/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>"Medical assistance" has the meaning assigned by Section 32.003, Human Resources Code.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 161 (S.B. 1093), Sec. 6.046, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1155/scE/s1155.202">
<num value="1155.202">Sec. 1155.202.</num>
<heading>COMPENSATION AND COSTS PAYABLE UNDER MEDICAL ASSISTANCE PROGRAM</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1155/scE/s1155.202/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>Notwithstanding any other provision of this title and to the extent permitted by federal law, a court that appoints a guardian for a recipient of medical assistance who has applied income may order the following to be deducted as an additional personal needs allowance in the computation of the recipient's applied income in accordance with Section 32.02451, Human Resources Code:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1155/scE/s1155.202/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>compensation to the guardian in an amount not to exceed $250 per month;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1155/scE/s1155.202/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>costs directly related to establishing or terminating the guardianship, not to exceed $1,000 except as provided by Subsection (b); and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1155/scE/s1155.202/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>other administrative costs related to the guardianship, not to exceed $1,000 during any three-year period.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1155/scE/s1155.202/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>Costs ordered to be deducted under Subsection (a)(2) may include compensation and expenses for an attorney ad litem or guardian ad litem and reasonable attorney's fees for an attorney representing the guardian. The costs ordered to be paid may exceed $1,000 if the costs in excess of that amount are supported by documentation acceptable to the court and the costs are approved by the court.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1155/scE/s1155.202/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<chapeau>A court may not order:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1155/scE/s1155.202/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<chapeau>that the deduction for compensation and costs under Subsection (a) take effect before the later of:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1155/scE/s1155.202/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>the month in which the court order issued under that subsection is signed; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1155/scE/s1155.202/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>the first month of medical assistance eligibility for which the recipient is subject to a copayment; or</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1155/scE/s1155.202/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>a deduction for services provided before the effective date of the deduction as provided by Subdivision (1).</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 161 (S.B. 1093), Sec. 6.047, eff. January 1, 2014.
Acts 2019, 86th Leg., R.S., Ch. 404 (S.B. 1784), Sec. 1, eff. June 2, 2019.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
</chapter>
<chapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1156">
<num value="1156">CHAPTER 1156.</num>
<heading>EDUCATION AND MAINTENANCE ALLOWANCES PAID FROM WARD'S ESTATE</heading>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1156/scA">
<num value="A">SUBCHAPTER A.</num>
<heading>ALLOWANCES FOR WARD</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1156/scA/s1156.001">
<num value="1156.001">Sec. 1156.001.</num>
<heading>APPLICATION FOR ALLOWANCE</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1156/scA/s1156.001/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>Subject to Section 1156.051, if a monthly allowance for a ward was not ordered in the court's order appointing a guardian, the guardian of the estate of the ward shall file with the court an application requesting a monthly allowance to be spent from the income and corpus of the ward's estate for:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1156/scA/s1156.001/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the education and maintenance of the ward; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1156/scA/s1156.001/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the maintenance of the ward's property.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1156/scA/s1156.001/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The guardian must file the application not later than the 30th day after the date the guardian qualifies as guardian or the date specified by the court, whichever is later.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1156/scA/s1156.001/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>The application must clearly separate amounts requested for the ward's education and maintenance from amounts requested for maintenance of the ward's property.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1156/scA/s1156.002">
<num value="1156.002">Sec. 1156.002.</num>
<heading>COURT DETERMINATION OF ALLOWANCE AMOUNT</heading>
<content>In determining the amount of the monthly allowance for the ward and the ward's property, the court shall consider the condition of the estate and the income and corpus of the estate necessary to pay the reasonably anticipated regular education and maintenance expenses of the ward and maintenance expenses of the ward's property.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1156/scA/s1156.003">
<num value="1156.003">Sec. 1156.003.</num>
<heading>COURT ORDER SETTING ALLOWANCE</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1156/scA/s1156.003/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>The court's order setting a monthly allowance must specify the types of expenditures the guardian may make on a monthly basis for the ward or the ward's property.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1156/scA/s1156.003/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>If different persons have the guardianship of the person and of the estate of a ward, the court's order setting a monthly allowance must specify:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1156/scA/s1156.003/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the amount, if any, set by the court for the ward's education and maintenance that the guardian of the estate shall pay; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1156/scA/s1156.003/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the amount, if any, that the guardian of the estate shall pay to the guardian of the person, at a time specified by the court, for the ward's education and maintenance.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1156/scA/s1156.003/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>If the guardian of the estate fails to pay to the guardian of the person the monthly allowance set by the court, the guardian of the estate shall be compelled by court order to make the payment after the guardian is cited to appear.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1156/scA/s1156.003/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>An order setting a monthly allowance does not affect the guardian's duty to account for expenditures of the allowance in the annual account required by Subchapter A, Chapter 1163.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1156/scA/s1156.004">
<num value="1156.004">Sec. 1156.004.</num>
<heading>EXPENDITURES EXCEEDING ALLOWANCE</heading>
<chapeau>If a guardian in good faith has spent money from the income and corpus of the estate of the ward for the ward's support and maintenance and the expenditures exceed the monthly allowance authorized by the court, the guardian shall file a motion with the court requesting approval of the expenditures. The court may approve the excess expenditures if:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1156/scA/s1156.004/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the expenditures were made when it was not convenient or possible for the guardian to first secure court approval;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1156/scA/s1156.004/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the proof is clear and convincing that the expenditures were reasonable and proper;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1156/scA/s1156.004/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the court would have granted authority in advance to make the expenditures; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1156/scA/s1156.004/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>the ward received the benefits of the expenditures.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1156/scB">
<num value="B">SUBCHAPTER B.</num>
<heading>ALLOWANCES FOR WARD'S FAMILY</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1156/scB/s1156.051">
<num value="1156.051">Sec. 1156.051.</num>
<heading>CERTAIN ALLOWANCES PROHIBITED WHEN PARENT IS GUARDIAN OF MINOR WARD</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1156/scB/s1156.051/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>Except as provided by Subsection (b), a parent who is the guardian of the person of a ward who is 17 years of age or younger may not use the income or the corpus from the ward's estate for the ward's support, education, or maintenance.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1156/scB/s1156.051/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A court with proper jurisdiction may authorize the guardian of the person to spend the income or the corpus from the ward's estate to support, educate, or maintain the ward if the guardian presents to the court clear and convincing evidence that the ward's parents are unable without unreasonable hardship to pay for all of the expenses related to the ward's support.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1156/scB/s1156.052">
<num value="1156.052">Sec. 1156.052.</num>
<heading>ALLOWANCE FOR WARD'S SPOUSE, MINOR CHILDREN, OR INCAPACITATED ADULT CHILDREN</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1156/scB/s1156.052/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>Subject to Section 1156.051 and on application to the court, the court may order the guardian of the estate of a ward to spend money from the ward's estate for the education and maintenance of the ward's spouse, minor children, or incapacitated adult children.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1156/scB/s1156.052/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>In determining whether to order the expenditure of money from a ward's estate for the ward's spouse, minor children, or incapacitated adult children, as appropriate, under this section, the court shall consider:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1156/scB/s1156.052/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the circumstances of the ward, the ward's spouse, and the ward's minor children and incapacitated adult children;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1156/scB/s1156.052/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the ability and duty of the ward's spouse to support himself or herself and the ward's minor children or incapacitated adult children;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1156/scB/s1156.052/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the size of the ward's estate;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1156/scB/s1156.052/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>a beneficial interest the ward or the ward's spouse, minor children, or incapacitated adult children have in a trust; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1156/scB/s1156.052/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>an existing estate plan, including a trust or will, that provides a benefit to the ward's spouse, minor children, or incapacitated adult children.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1156/scB/s1156.052/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>A person who makes an application to the court under this section shall send notice of the application by a qualified delivery method to all interested persons.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1156/scB/s1156.052/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>Copies of the notices sent under Subsection (c) must be filed with the court with a copy of the proof of delivery receipt for each notice sent.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 123 (H.B. 785), Sec. 12, eff. September 1, 2023.
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 207 (S.B. 1457), Sec. 19, eff. September 1, 2023.
Acts 2025, 89th Leg., R.S., Ch. 855 (S.B. 1760), Sec. 8, eff. September 1, 2025.
Acts 2025, 89th Leg., R.S., Ch. 855 (S.B. 1760), Sec. 9, eff. September 1, 2025.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
</chapter>
<chapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157">
<num value="1157">CHAPTER 1157.</num>
<heading>PRESENTMENT AND PAYMENT OF CLAIMS</heading>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scA">
<num value="A">SUBCHAPTER A.</num>
<heading>PRESENTMENT OF CLAIMS AGAINST</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scA/s150304.133570">
<num value="150304.133570">Sec. 150304.133570.</num>
<heading></heading>
<content>GUARDIANSHIP ESTATE IN GENERAL</content>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scA/s1157.001">
<num value="1157.001">Sec. 1157.001.</num>
<heading>PRESENTMENT OF CLAIM TO GUARDIAN OF THE ESTATE</heading>
<chapeau>A claim may be presented to the guardian of the estate at any time if:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scA/s1157.001/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the estate has not been closed; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scA/s1157.001/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>suit on the claim has not been barred by the general statutes of limitation.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scA/s1157.002">
<num value="1157.002">Sec. 1157.002.</num>
<heading>PRESENTMENT OF CLAIM TO CLERK</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scA/s1157.002/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>A claim may also be presented by depositing the claim with the clerk with vouchers and the necessary exhibits and affidavit attached to the claim. On receiving a claim deposited under this subsection, the clerk shall advise the guardian of the estate or the guardian's attorney of the deposit of the claim by a letter mailed to the guardian's last known address.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scA/s1157.002/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A claim deposited under Subsection (a) is presumed to be rejected if the guardian fails to act on the claim on or before the 30th day after the date the claim is filed.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scA/s1157.002/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>Failure of the clerk to give the notice required under Subsection (a) does not affect the validity of the presentment or the presumption of rejection of the claim because the guardian does not act on the claim within the 30-day period prescribed by Subsection (b).</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scA/s1157.003">
<num value="1157.003">Sec. 1157.003.</num>
<heading>INCLUSION OF ATTORNEY'S FEES IN CLAIM</heading>
<content>If the instrument evidencing or supporting a claim provides for attorney's fees, the claimant may include as a part of the claim the portion of the attorney's fees the claimant has paid or contracted to pay to an attorney to prepare, present, and collect the claim.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scA/s1157.004">
<num value="1157.004">Sec. 1157.004.</num>
<heading>AFFIDAVIT AUTHENTICATING CLAIM FOR MONEY IN GENERAL</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scA/s1157.004/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>Except as provided by Sections 1157.005 and 1157.102, a claim for money against an estate must be supported by an affidavit that states:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scA/s1157.004/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>that the claim is just;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scA/s1157.004/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>that all legal offsets, payments, and credits known to the affiant have been allowed; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scA/s1157.004/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>if the claim is not founded on a written instrument or account, the facts on which the claim is founded.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scA/s1157.004/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A photostatic copy of an exhibit or voucher necessary to prove a claim under this section may be offered with and attached to the claim instead of attaching the original.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scA/s1157.005">
<num value="1157.005">Sec. 1157.005.</num>
<heading>AFFIDAVIT AUTHENTICATING CLAIM OF CORPORATION OR BY CERTAIN OTHER REPRESENTATIVES</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scA/s1157.005/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>The cashier, treasurer, or managing official of a corporation shall make the affidavit required to authenticate a claim of the corporation.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scA/s1157.005/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>In an affidavit made by an officer of a corporation, or by an executor, administrator, guardian, trustee, assignee, agent, or attorney, it is sufficient to state that the affiant has made diligent inquiry and examination and believes the claim is just and that all legal offsets, payments, and credits made known to the affiant have been allowed.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scA/s1157.006">
<num value="1157.006">Sec. 1157.006.</num>
<heading>LOST OR DESTROYED EVIDENCE CONCERNING CLAIM</heading>
<chapeau>If evidence of a claim is lost or destroyed, the claimant or the claimant's representative may make an affidavit to the fact of the loss or destruction. The affidavit must state:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scA/s1157.006/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the amount, date, and nature of the claim;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scA/s1157.006/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the due date of the claim;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scA/s1157.006/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>that the claim is just;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scA/s1157.006/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>that all legal offsets, payments, and credits known to the affiant have been allowed; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scA/s1157.006/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>that the claimant is still the owner of the claim.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scA/s1157.007">
<num value="1157.007">Sec. 1157.007.</num>
<heading>WAIVER OF CERTAIN DEFECTS OF FORM OR CLAIMS OF INSUFFICIENCY</heading>
<chapeau>A defect of form or a claim of insufficiency of a presented exhibit or voucher is considered waived by the guardian of the estate unless a written objection to the form, exhibit, or voucher is:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scA/s1157.007/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>made not later than the 30th day after the date the claim is presented; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scA/s1157.007/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>filed with the county clerk.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scA/s1157.008">
<num value="1157.008">Sec. 1157.008.</num>
<heading>EFFECT ON STATUTES OF LIMITATION OF FILING OF OR SUIT ON CLAIM</heading>
<chapeau>The general statutes of limitation are tolled by:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scA/s1157.008/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>filing a claim that is legally allowed and approved; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scA/s1157.008/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>bringing a suit on a rejected and disapproved claim not later than the 90th day after the date the claim is rejected or disapproved.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scB">
<num value="B">SUBCHAPTER B.</num>
<heading>ACTION ON CLAIMS</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scB/s1157.051">
<num value="1157.051">Sec. 1157.051.</num>
<heading>ALLOWANCE OR REJECTION OF CLAIM</heading>
<chapeau>A guardian of the estate shall, not later than the 30th day after the date an authenticated claim against the guardianship estate is presented to the guardian or filed with the clerk as provided by this chapter, endorse on or attach to the claim a memorandum signed by the guardian stating:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scB/s1157.051/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the date of presentation or filing of the claim; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scB/s1157.051/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>whether the guardian allows or rejects the claim, or, if the guardian allows or rejects a part of the claim, the portion of the claim the guardian allows or rejects.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scB/s1157.052">
<num value="1157.052">Sec. 1157.052.</num>
<heading>FAILURE TO ENDORSE OR ATTACH MEMORANDUM OR ALLOW OR REJECT CLAIM</heading>
<chapeau>The failure of a guardian of the estate to endorse on or attach to a claim presented to the guardian the memorandum required by Section 1157.051 or, not later than the 30th day after the date a claim is presented, to allow or reject the claim or portion of the claim constitutes a rejection of the claim. If the claim is later established by suit:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scB/s1157.052/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the costs shall be taxed against the guardian, individually; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scB/s1157.052/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the guardian may be removed as in other cases of removal on the written complaint of any person interested in the claim after personal service of citation, hearing, and proof.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scB/s1157.053">
<num value="1157.053">Sec. 1157.053.</num>
<heading>CLAIM ENTERED ON CLAIM DOCKET</heading>
<content>After a claim against a ward's estate has been presented to and allowed by the guardian of the estate, wholly or partly, the claim must be filed with the county clerk of the proper county. The clerk shall enter the claim on the claim docket.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scB/s1157.054">
<num value="1157.054">Sec. 1157.054.</num>
<heading>CONTEST OF CLAIM</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scB/s1157.054/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>A person interested in a ward may, at any time before the court has acted on a claim, appear and object in writing to the approval of the claim or any part of the claim.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scB/s1157.054/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>If a person objects under Subsection (a):</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scB/s1157.054/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the parties are entitled to process for witnesses; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scB/s1157.054/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the court shall hear evidence and render judgment as in ordinary suits.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scB/s1157.055">
<num value="1157.055">Sec. 1157.055.</num>
<heading>COURT'S ACTION ON CLAIM</heading>
<chapeau>The court shall:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scB/s1157.055/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>approve, wholly or partly, or reject a claim that has been allowed and entered on the claim docket for a period of 10 days; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scB/s1157.055/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>concurrently classify the claim.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scB/s1157.056">
<num value="1157.056">Sec. 1157.056.</num>
<heading>HEARING ON CERTAIN CLAIMS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scB/s1157.056/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>If a claim is properly authenticated and allowed, but the court is not satisfied that the claim is just, the court shall:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scB/s1157.056/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>examine the claimant and the guardian of the estate under oath; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scB/s1157.056/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>hear other evidence necessary to determine the issue.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scB/s1157.056/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>If after the examination and hearing the court is not convinced that the claim is just, the court shall disapprove the claim.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scB/s1157.057">
<num value="1157.057">Sec. 1157.057.</num>
<heading>COURT ORDER REGARDING ACTION ON CLAIM</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scB/s1157.057/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>The court acting on a claim shall endorse on or attach to the claim a written memorandum that:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scB/s1157.057/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>is dated and officially signed; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scB/s1157.057/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<chapeau>states:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scB/s1157.057/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>the exact action taken by the court on the claim, whether the claim is approved or disapproved, or is approved in part and rejected in part; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scB/s1157.057/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>the classification of the claim.</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scB/s1157.057/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>An order under Subsection (a) has the effect of a final judgment.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scB/s1157.058">
<num value="1157.058">Sec. 1157.058.</num>
<heading>APPEAL OF COURT'S ACTION ON CLAIM</heading>
<content>If a claimant or any person interested in a ward is dissatisfied with the court's action on a claim, the claimant or interested person may appeal the action to the court of appeals in the manner other judgments of the county court in probate matters are appealed.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scB/s1157.059">
<num value="1157.059">Sec. 1157.059.</num>
<heading>ALLOWANCE AND APPROVAL PROHIBITED WITHOUT AFFIDAVIT</heading>
<content>Except as provided by Section 1157.102, a guardian of the estate may not allow, and the court may not approve, a claim for money against the estate unless the claim is supported by an affidavit that meets the applicable requirements of Sections 1157.004 and 1157.005.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scB/s1157.060">
<num value="1157.060">Sec. 1157.060.</num>
<heading>UNSECURED CLAIMS BARRED UNDER CERTAIN CIRCUMSTANCES</heading>
<content>A claim of an unsecured creditor for money that is not presented within the time prescribed by the notice of presentment permitted by Section 1153.004 is barred.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scB/s1157.061">
<num value="1157.061">Sec. 1157.061.</num>
<heading>ALLOWING BARRED CLAIM PROHIBITED; COURT DISAPPROVAL</heading>
<content>A guardian of the estate may not allow a claim against a ward if a suit on the claim is barred by an applicable general statute of limitation. A claim against a ward that is allowed by the guardian shall be disapproved if the court is satisfied that the limitation has run.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scB/s1157.062">
<num value="1157.062">Sec. 1157.062.</num>
<heading>CERTAIN ACTIONS ON CLAIMS WITH LOST OR DESTROYED EVIDENCE VOID</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scB/s1157.062/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>Before a claim the evidence for which is lost or destroyed is approved, the claim must be proved by disinterested testimony taken in open court or by oral or written deposition.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scB/s1157.062/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>The allowance or approval of a claim the evidence for which is lost or destroyed is void if the claim is:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scB/s1157.062/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>allowed or approved without the affidavit under Section 1157.006; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scB/s1157.062/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>approved without satisfactory proof.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scB/s1157.063">
<num value="1157.063">Sec. 1157.063.</num>
<heading>SUIT ON REJECTED CLAIM</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scB/s1157.063/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>A claim or part of a claim that has been rejected by the guardian of the estate is barred unless not later than the 90th day after the date of rejection the claimant commences suit on the claim in the court of original probate jurisdiction in which the guardianship is pending or in any other court of proper jurisdiction.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scB/s1157.063/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>In a suit commenced on the rejected claim, the memorandum endorsed on or attached to the claim is taken to be true without further proof unless denied under oath.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scB/s1157.064">
<num value="1157.064">Sec. 1157.064.</num>
<heading>PRESENTMENT OF CLAIM PREREQUISITE FOR JUDGMENT</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scB/s1157.064/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>Except as provided by Subsection (b), a judgment may not be rendered in favor of a claimant on a claim for money that has not been:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scB/s1157.064/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>legally presented to the guardian of the estate of the ward; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scB/s1157.064/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>wholly or partly rejected by the guardian or the court.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scB/s1157.064/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>Subsection (a) does not apply to a claim against the estate of a ward for delinquent ad valorem taxes that is being administered in probate in a county other than the county in which the taxes were imposed.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scB/s1157.065">
<num value="1157.065">Sec. 1157.065.</num>
<heading>JUDGMENT IN SUIT ON REJECTED CLAIM</heading>
<chapeau>No execution may issue on a rejected claim or part of a claim that is established by suit. The judgment in the suit shall be:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scB/s1157.065/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>certified not later than the 30th day after the date of rendition, if the judgment is from a court other than the court of original probate jurisdiction;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scB/s1157.065/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>filed in the court in which the guardianship is pending;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scB/s1157.065/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>entered on the claim docket;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scB/s1157.065/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>classified by the court; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scB/s1157.065/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>handled as if originally allowed and approved in due course of administration.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scC">
<num value="C">SUBCHAPTER C.</num>
<heading>PAYMENT OF CLAIMS, ALLOWANCES, AND EXPENSES</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scC/s1157.101">
<num value="1157.101">Sec. 1157.101.</num>
<heading>PAYMENT OF APPROVED OR ESTABLISHED CLAIM</heading>
<content>Except as provided for payment of an unauthenticated claim at the risk of a guardian, a claim or any part of a claim for money against the estate of a ward may not be paid until the claim or part of the claim has been approved by the court or established by the judgment of a court of competent jurisdiction.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scC/s1157.102">
<num value="1157.102">Sec. 1157.102.</num>
<heading>PAYMENT OF UNAUTHENTICATED CLAIM</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scC/s1157.102/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>Subject to Subsection (b), a guardian of the estate may pay an unauthenticated claim against the ward's estate if the guardian believes the claim to be just.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scC/s1157.102/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A guardian who pays a claim under Subsection (a) and the sureties on the guardian's bond are liable for the amount of any payment of the claim if the court finds that the claim is not just.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scC/s1157.103">
<num value="1157.103">Sec. 1157.103.</num>
<heading>PRIORITY OF PAYMENT OF CLAIMS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scC/s1157.103/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>Except as provided by Subsection (b), the guardian of the estate shall pay a claim against the ward's estate that has been allowed and approved or established by suit, as soon as practicable and in the following order:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scC/s1157.103/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>expenses for the care, maintenance, and education of the ward or the ward's dependents;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scC/s1157.103/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>funeral expenses of the ward and expenses of the ward's last illness, if the guardianship is kept open after the ward's death as provided under this title, except that any claim against the ward's estate that has been allowed and approved or established by suit before the ward's death shall be paid before the funeral expenses and expenses of the last illness;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scC/s1157.103/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>expenses of administration; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scC/s1157.103/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>other claims against the ward or the ward's estate.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scC/s1157.103/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>If the estate is insolvent, the guardian shall give first priority to the payment of a claim relating to the administration of the guardianship. The guardian shall pay other claims against the ward's estate in the order prescribed by Subsection (a).</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scC/s1157.104">
<num value="1157.104">Sec. 1157.104.</num>
<heading>PAYMENT OF PROCEEDS FROM SALE OF PROPERTY SECURING DEBT</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scC/s1157.104/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>If a guardian of the estate has on hand the proceeds of a sale made to satisfy a mortgage or other lien and the proceeds or any part of the proceeds are not required for the payment of any debts against the estate that have a preference over the mortgage or other lien, the guardian shall pay the proceeds to a holder of the mortgage or other lien.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scC/s1157.104/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>If the guardian fails to pay the proceeds as required by this section, the holder of a mortgage or other lien, on proof of the mortgage or other lien, may obtain an order from the court directing the payment of proceeds to be made.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scC/s1157.105">
<num value="1157.105">Sec. 1157.105.</num>
<heading>CLAIMANT'S PETITION FOR ALLOWANCE AND PAYMENT OF CLAIM</heading>
<chapeau>A claimant whose claim has not been paid may:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scC/s1157.105/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>petition the court for determination of the claim at any time before the claim is barred by an applicable statute of limitations; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scC/s1157.105/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>procure on due proof an order for the claim's allowance and payment from the estate.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scC/s1157.106">
<num value="1157.106">Sec. 1157.106.</num>
<heading>PAYMENT WHEN ASSETS INSUFFICIENT TO PAY CERTAIN CLAIMS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scC/s1157.106/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>If there are insufficient assets to pay all claims of the same class, the claims in that class shall be paid pro rata, as directed by the court, and in the order directed.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scC/s1157.106/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A guardian of the estate may not be allowed to pay any claims other than with the pro rata amount of the estate funds that have come into the guardian's possession, regardless of whether the estate is solvent or insolvent.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scC/s1157.107">
<num value="1157.107">Sec. 1157.107.</num>
<heading>PAYMENT OF COURT COSTS RELATING TO CLAIM</heading>
<chapeau>All costs incurred in the probate court with respect to a claim are taxed as follows:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scC/s1157.107/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>if the claim is allowed and approved, the guardianship estate shall pay the costs;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scC/s1157.107/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>if the claim is allowed but disapproved, the claimant shall pay the costs;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scC/s1157.107/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>if the claim is rejected but established by suit, the guardianship estate shall pay the costs;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scC/s1157.107/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>if the claim is rejected but not established by suit, the claimant shall pay the costs; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scC/s1157.107/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>in a suit to establish the claim after the claim is rejected in part, if the claimant fails to recover judgment for a greater amount than was allowed or approved for the claim, the claimant shall pay all costs.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scC/s1157.108">
<num value="1157.108">Sec. 1157.108.</num>
<heading>LIABILITY FOR NONPAYMENT OF CLAIM</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scC/s1157.108/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>A person or claimant, except the state treasury, entitled to payment from a guardianship estate of money the court orders to be paid is authorized to have execution issued against the property of the guardianship for the amount due, with interest and costs, if:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scC/s1157.108/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>a guardian of the estate fails to pay the money on demand;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scC/s1157.108/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>guardianship estate funds are available to make the payment; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scC/s1157.108/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the person or claimant makes an affidavit of the demand for payment and the guardian's failure to pay.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scC/s1157.108/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>The court may cite the guardian and the sureties on the guardian's bond to show cause why the guardian or sureties should not be held liable for the debt, interest, costs, or damages:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scC/s1157.108/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>on return of the execution under Subsection (a) not satisfied; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scC/s1157.108/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>on the affidavit of demand and failure to pay under Subsection (a).</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scC/s1157.108/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<chapeau>On the return of citation served under Subsection (b), the court shall render judgment against the cited guardian and sureties, in favor of the claim holder, if good cause why the guardian and sureties should not be held liable is not shown. The judgment must be for:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scC/s1157.108/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the unpaid amount ordered to be paid or established by suit, with interest and costs; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scC/s1157.108/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>damages on the amount neglected to be paid at the rate of five percent per month for each month, or fraction of a month, that the payment was neglected to be paid after demand for payment was made.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scC/s1157.108/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>Damages ordered under Subsection (c)(2) may be collected in any court of competent jurisdiction.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scD">
<num value="D">SUBCHAPTER D.</num>
<heading>PRESENTMENT AND PAYMENT OF SECURED CLAIMS</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scD/s1157.151">
<num value="1157.151">Sec. 1157.151.</num>
<heading>OPTION TO TREAT CLAIM AS MATURED SECURED CLAIM OR PREFERRED DEBT AND LIEN</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scD/s1157.151/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>If a secured claim against a ward is presented, the claimant shall specify in the claim, in addition to all other matters required to be specified in the claim, whether the claim shall be:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scD/s1157.151/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>allowed and approved as a matured secured claim to be paid in due course of administration, in which case the claim shall be paid in that manner if allowed and approved; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scD/s1157.151/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>allowed, approved, and fixed as a preferred debt and lien against the specific property securing the indebtedness and paid according to the terms of the contract that secured the lien, in which case the claim shall be so allowed and approved if it is a valid lien.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scD/s1157.151/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>Notwithstanding Subsection (a)(2), the guardian of the estate may pay a claim that the claimant specified as a claim to be allowed, approved, and fixed as a preferred debt and lien as described by Subsection (a)(2) before maturity if that payment is in the best interests of the estate.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scD/s1157.151/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>If a secured claim is not presented within the time provided by law, the claim shall be treated as a claim to be paid in accordance with Subsection (a)(2).</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scD/s1157.152">
<num value="1157.152">Sec. 1157.152.</num>
<heading>PREFERRED DEBT AND LIEN</heading>
<chapeau>When a claim for a debt has been allowed and approved under Section 1157.151(a)(2):</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scD/s1157.152/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>a further claim for the debt may not be made against other estate assets;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scD/s1157.152/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the claim remains a preferred lien against the property securing the claim; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scD/s1157.152/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the property remains security for the debt in any distribution or sale of the property before final maturity and payment of the debt.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scD/s1157.153">
<num value="1157.153">Sec. 1157.153.</num>
<heading>PAYMENT OF MATURITIES ON PREFERRED DEBT AND LIEN</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scD/s1157.153/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>If, not later than the 12th month after the date letters of guardianship are granted, the property securing a debt for which a claim is allowed, approved, and fixed under Section 1157.151(a)(2) is not sold or distributed, the guardian of the estate shall:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scD/s1157.153/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>promptly pay all maturities that have accrued on the debt according to the terms of the maturities; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scD/s1157.153/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>perform all the terms of any contract securing the maturities.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scD/s1157.153/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>If the guardian defaults in payment or performance under Subsection (a):</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scD/s1157.153/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>on the motion of the claim holder, the court shall require the sale of the property subject to the unmatured part of the debt and apply the proceeds of the sale to the liquidation of the maturities; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scD/s1157.153/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>at the claim holder's option, a motion may be made in the same manner as a motion under Subdivision (1) to require the sale of the property free of the lien and apply the proceeds to the payment of the whole debt.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scE">
<num value="E">SUBCHAPTER E.</num>
<heading>CLAIMS INVOLVING GUARDIANS</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scE/s1157.201">
<num value="1157.201">Sec. 1157.201.</num>
<heading>CLAIM BY GUARDIAN</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scE/s1157.201/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>A claim that a guardian of the person or estate held against the ward at the time of the guardian's appointment, or that accrues after the appointment, shall be verified by affidavit as required in other cases and presented to the clerk of the court in which the guardianship is pending. The clerk shall enter the claim on the claim docket and the claim shall take the same course as other claims.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scE/s1157.201/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A claim by a guardian that has been filed with the court within the required period shall be entered on the claim docket and acted on by the court in the same manner as in other cases.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scE/s1157.201/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>An appeal from a judgment of the court acting on a claim under this section may be taken as in other cases.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scE/s1157.202">
<num value="1157.202">Sec. 1157.202.</num>
<heading>PURCHASE OF CLAIM BY GUARDIAN PROHIBITED</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scE/s1157.202/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>A guardian may not purchase, for the guardian's own use or for any other purpose, a claim against the guardianship the guardian represents.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scE/s1157.202/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>On written complaint by a person interested in the guardianship estate and on satisfactory proof of a violation of Subsection (a), the court after citation and hearing shall enter an order canceling the claim described by Subsection (a). No part of the canceled claim may be paid out of the guardianship.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1157/scE/s1157.202/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>The court may remove a guardian for a violation of this section.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
</chapter>
<chapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158">
<num value="1158">CHAPTER 1158.</num>
<heading>SALE OR PARTITION OF WARD'S PROPERTY</heading>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scA">
<num value="A">SUBCHAPTER A.</num>
<heading>GENERAL PROVISIONS</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scA/s1158.001">
<num value="1158.001">Sec. 1158.001.</num>
<heading>COURT ORDER AUTHORIZING SALE</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scA/s1158.001/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>Except as provided by this chapter, any property of a ward may not be sold without a court order authorizing the sale.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scA/s1158.001/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>Except as otherwise specifically provided by this title, the court may order property of a ward to be sold for cash or on credit, at public auction or privately, as the court considers most advantageous to the estate.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scB">
<num value="B">SUBCHAPTER B.</num>
<heading>CERTAIN ESTATE PROPERTY REQUIRED TO BE SOLD</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scB/s1158.051">
<num value="1158.051">Sec. 1158.051.</num>
<heading>SALE OF CERTAIN PERSONAL PROPERTY REQUIRED</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scB/s1158.051/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>After approval of the inventory, appraisement, and list of claims, the guardian of the estate of a ward promptly shall apply for a court order to sell, at public auction or privately, for cash or on credit for a term not to exceed six months, all estate property that is liable to perish, waste, or deteriorate in value, or that will be an expense or disadvantage to the estate if kept.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scB/s1158.051/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>The following may not be included in a sale under Subsection (a):</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scB/s1158.051/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>property exempt from forced sale;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scB/s1158.051/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>property that is the subject of a specific legacy; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scB/s1158.051/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>personal property necessary to carry on a farm, ranch, factory, or other business that is thought best to operate.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scB/s1158.051/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<chapeau>In determining whether to order the sale of an asset under Subsection (a), the court shall consider:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scB/s1158.051/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the guardian's duty to take care of and manage the estate in the manner a person of ordinary prudence, discretion, and intelligence would manage the person's own affairs; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scB/s1158.051/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>whether the asset constitutes an asset that a trustee is authorized to invest under Subchapter F, Chapter 113, Property Code, or Chapter 117, Property Code.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scC">
<num value="C">SUBCHAPTER C.</num>
<heading>SALE OF PERSONAL PROPERTY</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scC/s1158.101">
<num value="1158.101">Sec. 1158.101.</num>
<heading>ORDER FOR SALE</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scC/s1158.101/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>Except as provided by Subsection (b), on the application of the guardian of the estate of a ward or any interested person, the court may order the sale of any estate personal property not required to be sold by Section 1158.051, including livestock or growing or harvested crops, if the court finds that the sale of the property is in the best interests of the ward or the ward's estate to pay, from the proceeds of the sale:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scC/s1158.101/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>expenses of the care, maintenance, and education of the ward or the ward's dependents;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scC/s1158.101/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>expenses of administration;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scC/s1158.101/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>allowances;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scC/s1158.101/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>claims against the ward or the ward's estate; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scC/s1158.101/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>if the guardianship is kept open after the death of the ward, the ward's funeral expenses and expenses of the ward's last illness.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scC/s1158.101/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The court may not order under this section the sale of exempt property.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scC/s1158.102">
<num value="1158.102">Sec. 1158.102.</num>
<heading>REQUIREMENTS FOR APPLICATION AND ORDER</heading>
<content>To the extent possible, an application and order for the sale of estate personal property under Section 1158.101 must conform to the requirements under Subchapter F for an application and order for the sale of real estate.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scC/s1158.103">
<num value="1158.103">Sec. 1158.103.</num>
<heading>SALE AT PUBLIC AUCTION</heading>
<chapeau>Unless the court directs otherwise, before estate personal property is sold at public auction, notice must be:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scC/s1158.103/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>issued by the guardian of the estate; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scC/s1158.103/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>posted in the manner notice is posted for original proceedings in probate.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scC/s1158.104">
<num value="1158.104">Sec. 1158.104.</num>
<heading>SALE ON CREDIT</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scC/s1158.104/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>Estate personal property may not be sold on credit at public auction for a term of more than six months from the date of sale.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scC/s1158.104/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>Estate personal property purchased on credit at public auction may not be delivered to the purchaser until the purchaser gives a note for the amount due, with good and solvent personal security. The requirement that security be provided may be waived if the property will not be delivered until the note, with interest, has been paid.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scC/s1158.105">
<num value="1158.105">Sec. 1158.105.</num>
<heading>REPORT; EVIDENCE OF TITLE</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scC/s1158.105/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>A successful bid or contract for the sale of estate personal property shall be reported to the court. The laws regulating the approval or disapproval of a sale of real estate apply to the sale, except that a conveyance is not required.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scC/s1158.105/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>The court's order confirming the sale of estate personal property:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scC/s1158.105/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>vests the right and title of the ward's estate in the purchaser who has complied with the terms of the sale; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scC/s1158.105/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>is prima facie evidence that all requirements of the law in making the sale have been met.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scC/s1158.105/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>The guardian of the estate, on request, may issue a bill of sale without warranty to the purchaser of estate personal property as evidence of title. The expense of the bill of sale if requested must be paid by the purchaser.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2021, 87th Leg., R.S., Ch. 521 (S.B. 626), Sec. 35, eff. September 1, 2021.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scD">
<num value="D">SUBCHAPTER D.</num>
<heading>SALE OF LIVESTOCK</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scD/s1158.151">
<num value="1158.151">Sec. 1158.151.</num>
<heading>AUTHORITY FOR SALE</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scD/s1158.151/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>A guardian of the estate who has possession of livestock and who considers selling the livestock to be necessary or to the estate's advantage may, in addition to any other method provided by law for the sale of personal property, obtain authority from the court in which the estate is pending to sell the livestock through:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scD/s1158.151/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>a bonded livestock commission merchant; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scD/s1158.151/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>a bonded livestock auction commission merchant.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scD/s1158.151/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The court may authorize the sale of livestock in the manner described by Subsection (a) on a written and sworn application by the guardian or any person interested in the estate.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scD/s1158.152">
<num value="1158.152">Sec. 1158.152.</num>
<heading>CONTENTS OF APPLICATION; HEARING</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scD/s1158.152/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>An application under Section 1158.151 must:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scD/s1158.152/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>describe the livestock sought to be sold; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scD/s1158.152/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>state why granting the application is necessary or to the estate's advantage.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scD/s1158.152/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>The court:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scD/s1158.152/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>shall consider the application; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scD/s1158.152/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>may hear evidence for or against the application, with or without notice, as the facts warrant.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scD/s1158.153">
<num value="1158.153">Sec. 1158.153.</num>
<heading>GRANT OF APPLICATION</heading>
<chapeau>If the court grants an application for the sale of livestock, the court shall:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scD/s1158.153/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>enter an order to that effect; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scD/s1158.153/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>authorize delivery of the livestock to a commission merchant described by Section 1158.151(a) for sale in the regular course of business.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scD/s1158.154">
<num value="1158.154">Sec. 1158.154.</num>
<heading>REPORT; PASSAGE OF TITLE</heading>
<content>The guardian of the estate shall promptly report to the court a sale of livestock, supported by a verified copy of the commission merchant's account of the sale. A court order of confirmation is not required to pass title to the purchaser of the livestock.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scD/s1158.155">
<num value="1158.155">Sec. 1158.155.</num>
<heading>COMMISSION MERCHANT CHARGES</heading>
<content>The commission merchant shall be paid the commission merchant's usual and customary charges, not to exceed five percent of the sale price, for the sale of the livestock.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scE">
<num value="E">SUBCHAPTER E.</num>
<heading>SALE OF MORTGAGED PROPERTY</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scE/s1158.201">
<num value="1158.201">Sec. 1158.201.</num>
<heading>APPLICATION FOR SALE OF MORTGAGED PROPERTY</heading>
<content>On the filing of a written application, a creditor holding a claim that is secured by a valid mortgage or other lien and that has been allowed and approved or established by suit may obtain from the court in which the guardianship is pending an order requiring that the property securing the lien, or as much of the property as is necessary to satisfy the creditor's claim, be sold.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scE/s1158.202">
<num value="1158.202">Sec. 1158.202.</num>
<heading>CITATION</heading>
<content>On the filing of an application under Section 1158.201, the clerk shall issue a citation requiring the guardian of the estate to appear and show cause why the application should not be granted.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scE/s1158.203">
<num value="1158.203">Sec. 1158.203.</num>
<heading>ORDER</heading>
<content>The court may order the lien securing the claim of a creditor who files an application under Section 1158.201 to be discharged out of general estate assets or refinanced if the discharge or refinance of the lien appears to the court to be advisable. Otherwise, the court shall grant the application and order that the property securing the lien be sold at public or private sale, as the court considers best, as in an ordinary sale of real estate.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scF">
<num value="F">SUBCHAPTER F.</num>
<heading>SALE OF REAL PROPERTY: APPLICATION AND ORDER FOR SALE</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scF/s1158.251">
<num value="1158.251">Sec. 1158.251.</num>
<heading>APPLICATION FOR ORDER OF SALE</heading>
<chapeau>An application may be made to the court for an order to sell real property of a ward's estate if the sale appears necessary or advisable to:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scF/s1158.251/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<chapeau>pay:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scF/s1158.251/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>expenses of administration, allowances, and claims against the ward or the ward's estate; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scF/s1158.251/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>if the guardianship is kept open after the death of the ward, the ward's funeral expenses and expenses of the ward's last illness;</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scF/s1158.251/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>make up the deficiency if the income of a ward's estate, the personal property of the estate, and the proceeds of previous sales are insufficient to pay for the education and maintenance of the ward or to pay debts against the estate;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scF/s1158.251/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>dispose of property of the ward's estate that consists wholly or partly of an undivided interest in real estate if considered in the best interests of the estate to sell the interest;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scF/s1158.251/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<chapeau>dispose of real estate of a ward, any part of which is nonproductive or does not produce sufficient revenue to make a fair return on the value of the real estate, if:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scF/s1158.251/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>the improvement of the real estate with a view to making the property productive is not considered advantageous or advisable; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scF/s1158.251/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>the sale of the real estate and the investment of the money derived from that sale appears to be in the estate's best interests; or</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scF/s1158.251/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>conserve the ward's estate by selling mineral interest or royalties on minerals in place owned by the ward.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scF/s1158.252">
<num value="1158.252">Sec. 1158.252.</num>
<heading>CONTENTS OF APPLICATION</heading>
<chapeau>An application for the sale of real estate must:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scF/s1158.252/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>be in writing;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scF/s1158.252/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<chapeau>describe:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scF/s1158.252/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>the real estate sought to be sold; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scF/s1158.252/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>the interest in or part of the real estate sought to be sold; and</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scF/s1158.252/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<chapeau>be accompanied by an exhibit, verified by an affidavit, showing fully and in detail:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scF/s1158.252/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>the estate's condition;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scF/s1158.252/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>the charges and claims that have been approved or established by suit or that have been rejected and may be established later;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scF/s1158.252/C">
<num value="C">(C)</num>
<content>the amount of each claim described by Paragraph (B);</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scF/s1158.252/D">
<num value="D">(D)</num>
<content>the estate property remaining on hand that is liable for the payment of the claims described by Paragraph (B); and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scF/s1158.252/E">
<num value="E">(E)</num>
<content>any other facts showing the necessity for or advisability of the sale.</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scF/s1158.253">
<num value="1158.253">Sec. 1158.253.</num>
<heading>CITATION</heading>
<chapeau>On the filing of an application for the sale of real estate under Section 1158.251, accompanied by an exhibit described by Section 1158.252, the clerk shall issue a citation to all persons interested in the guardianship. The citation must:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scF/s1158.253/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>describe the real estate or the interest in or part of the real estate sought to be sold;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scF/s1158.253/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>inform the interested persons of the right under Section 1158.254 to file an opposition to the sale during the period prescribed by the court in the citation; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scF/s1158.253/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>be served by posting.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scF/s1158.254">
<num value="1158.254">Sec. 1158.254.</num>
<heading>OPPOSITION TO SALE</heading>
<chapeau>During the period prescribed in a citation issued under Section 1158.253, a person interested in the guardianship may file:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scF/s1158.254/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>a written opposition to the sale; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scF/s1158.254/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>an application for the sale of other estate property.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scF/s1158.255">
<num value="1158.255">Sec. 1158.255.</num>
<heading>HEARING ON APPLICATION AND ANY OPPOSITION</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scF/s1158.255/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>The clerk of the court in which an application for an order of sale is filed shall immediately call to the judge's attention any opposition to the sale that is filed during the period prescribed in the citation issued under Section 1158.253. The court shall hold a hearing on the application if an opposition to the sale is filed during the period prescribed in the citation.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scF/s1158.255/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A hearing on an application for an order of sale is not required under this section if no opposition to the application is filed during the period prescribed in the citation. The court may determine that a hearing on the application is necessary even if no opposition is filed during that period.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scF/s1158.255/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>If the court orders a hearing under Subsection (a) or (b), the court shall designate in writing a date and time for the hearing on the application and any opposition, together with the evidence pertaining to the application and any opposition. The clerk shall issue a notice of the date and time of the hearing to the applicant and to each person who files an opposition to the sale, if applicable.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scF/s1158.255/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>The judge, by entries on the docket, may continue a hearing held under this section from time to time until the judge is satisfied concerning the application.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scF/s1158.256">
<num value="1158.256">Sec. 1158.256.</num>
<heading>ORDER</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scF/s1158.256/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>The court shall order the sale of the property of the estate described in an application under Section 1158.251 if the court is satisfied that the sale is necessary or advisable. Otherwise, the court may deny the application and, if the court considers it best, may order the sale of other estate property the sale of which would be more advantageous to the estate.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scF/s1158.256/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>An order for the sale of real estate under this section must specify:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scF/s1158.256/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the property to be sold, including a description that identifies that property;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scF/s1158.256/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>whether the property is to be sold at public auction or private sale and, if at public auction, the time and place of the sale;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scF/s1158.256/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the necessity or advisability of, and the purpose of, the sale;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scF/s1158.256/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<chapeau>except in a case in which a guardian of the estate was not required to give a general bond, that the court, after examining the general bond given by the guardian, finds that:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scF/s1158.256/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>the bond is sufficient as required by law; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scF/s1158.256/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>the bond is insufficient;</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scF/s1158.256/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>if the court finds that the general bond is insufficient under Subdivision (4)(B), the amount of the necessary or increased bond, as applicable;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scF/s1158.256/6">
<num value="6">(6)</num>
<content>that the sale is to be made and the report returned in accordance with law; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scF/s1158.256/7">
<num value="7">(7)</num>
<content>the terms of the sale.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scF/s1158.257">
<num value="1158.257">Sec. 1158.257.</num>
<heading>SALE FOR PAYMENT OF DEBTS</heading>
<content>Real property of a ward selected to be sold for the payment of expenses or claims must be that property the sale of which the court considers most advantageous to the guardianship.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scG">
<num value="G">SUBCHAPTER G.</num>
<heading>SALE OF REAL ESTATE: TERMS OF SALE</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scG/s1158.301">
<num value="1158.301">Sec. 1158.301.</num>
<heading>PERMISSIBLE TERMS</heading>
<content>Real estate of an estate may be sold for cash, or for part cash and part credit, or the equity in land securing an indebtedness may be sold subject to the indebtedness, or with an assumption of the indebtedness, at public or private sale, as appears to the court to be in the estate's best interests.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scG/s1158.302">
<num value="1158.302">Sec. 1158.302.</num>
<heading>SALE ON CREDIT</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scG/s1158.302/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>The cash payment for real estate of an estate sold partly on credit may not be less than one-fifth of the purchase price. The purchaser shall execute a note for the deferred payments, payable in monthly, quarterly, semiannual, or annual installments, in amounts that appear to the court to be in the guardianship's best interests. The note must bear interest from the date at a rate of not less than four percent per year, payable as provided in the note.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scG/s1158.302/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A note executed by a purchaser under Subsection (a) must be secured by a vendor's lien retained in the deed and in the note on the property sold, and be additionally secured by a deed of trust on the property sold, with the usual provisions for foreclosure and sale on failure to make the payments provided in the deed and the note.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scG/s1158.302/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>At the election of the holder of a note executed by a purchaser under Subsection (a), default in the payment of principal or interest or any part of the payment when due matures the entire debt.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scH">
<num value="H">SUBCHAPTER H.</num>
<heading>RECONVEYANCE OF REAL ESTATE FOLLOWING FORECLOSURE</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scH/s1158.351">
<num value="1158.351">Sec. 1158.351.</num>
<heading>APPLICABILITY OF SUBCHAPTER</heading>
<chapeau>This subchapter applies only to real estate owned by an estate as a result of the foreclosure of a vendor's lien or mortgage belonging to the estate:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scH/s1158.351/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>by a judicial sale;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scH/s1158.351/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>by a foreclosure suit;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scH/s1158.351/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>through a sale under a deed of trust; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scH/s1158.351/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>by acceptance of a deed in cancellation of a lien or mortgage owned by the estate.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scH/s1158.352">
<num value="1158.352">Sec. 1158.352.</num>
<heading>APPLICATION AND ORDER FOR RECONVEYANCE</heading>
<chapeau>On proper application and proof, the court may dispense with the requirements for a credit sale prescribed by Section 1158.302 and order the reconveyance of foreclosed real estate to the former mortgage debtor or former owner if it appears to the court that:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scH/s1158.352/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>an application to redeem the real estate has been made by the former owner to a corporation or agency created by an act of the United States Congress or of this state in connection with legislation for the relief of owners of mortgaged or encumbered homes, farms, ranches, or other real estate; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scH/s1158.352/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>owning bonds of one of those federal or state corporations or agencies instead of the real estate would be in the estate's best interests.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scH/s1158.353">
<num value="1158.353">Sec. 1158.353.</num>
<heading>EXCHANGE FOR BONDS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scH/s1158.353/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>If a court orders the reconveyance of foreclosed real estate under Section 1158.352, vendor's lien notes shall be reserved for the total amount of the indebtedness due or for the total amount of bonds that the corporation or agency to which the application to redeem the real estate was submitted as described by Section 1158.352(1) is allowed to advance under the corporation's or agency's rules or regulations.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scH/s1158.353/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>On obtaining the order for reconveyance, it shall be proper for the guardian to endorse and assign the reserved vendor's lien notes over to any one of the corporations or agencies described by Section 1158.352(1) in exchange for bonds of that corporation or agency.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scI">
<num value="I">SUBCHAPTER I.</num>
<heading>SALE OF REAL ESTATE: PUBLIC AUCTION</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scI/s1158.401">
<num value="1158.401">Sec. 1158.401.</num>
<heading>REQUIRED NOTICE</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scI/s1158.401/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>A public sale of real estate of an estate shall be made at public auction. Except as otherwise provided by Section 1158.403(c), the guardian of the estate shall advertise a public auction of real estate of the estate by a notice published in the county in which the estate is pending, as provided by this title for publication of notices or citations. The notice must:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scI/s1158.401/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>include a reference to the order of sale;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scI/s1158.401/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>include the time, place, and required terms of sale; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scI/s1158.401/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>briefly describe the real estate to be sold.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scI/s1158.401/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>The reference described by Subsection (a)(1) is not required to contain field notes, but if the real estate to be sold is rural property, the reference must include:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scI/s1158.401/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the name of the original survey of the real estate;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scI/s1158.401/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the number of acres the real estate consists of;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scI/s1158.401/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the location of the real estate in the county; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scI/s1158.401/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>the name by which the real estate is generally known.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2021, 87th Leg., R.S., Ch. 521 (S.B. 626), Sec. 37, eff. September 1, 2021.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scI/s1158.402">
<num value="1158.402">Sec. 1158.402.</num>
<heading>COMPLETION OF AUCTION</heading>
<content>A public auction of real estate of an estate shall be completed on the bid of the highest bidder.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2021, 87th Leg., R.S., Ch. 521 (S.B. 626), Sec. 38, eff. September 1, 2021.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scI/s1158.403">
<num value="1158.403">Sec. 1158.403.</num>
<heading>TIME AND PLACE OF AUCTION</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scI/s1158.403/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>Except as provided by Subsection (c), a public auction of real estate of an estate shall be held at:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scI/s1158.403/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the courthouse door in the county in which the real estate is located, or if the real estate is located in more than one county, the courthouse door in any county in which the real estate is located; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scI/s1158.403/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>another place in a county described by Subdivision (1) at which auctions of real estate are specifically authorized to be held as designated by the commissioners court of the county under Section 51.002(a), Property Code.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scI/s1158.403/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>Except as otherwise provided by this subsection, the auction must occur between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m. on the first Tuesday of the month after publication of notice has been completed. If the first Tuesday of the month occurs on January 1 or July 4, the auction must occur between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m. on the first Wednesday of the month.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scI/s1158.403/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>If the court considers it advisable, the court may order the auction to be held in the county in which the proceedings are pending, in which event notice shall be published both in that county and in the county in which the real estate is located.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2021, 87th Leg., R.S., Ch. 521 (S.B. 626), Sec. 39, eff. September 1, 2021.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scI/s1158.404">
<num value="1158.404">Sec. 1158.404.</num>
<heading>CONTINUANCE OF AUCTION</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scI/s1158.404/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>A public auction of real estate of an estate that is not completed on the day advertised may be continued from day to day by an oral public announcement of the continuance made at the conclusion of the auction each day.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scI/s1158.404/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A continued auction must occur within the hours prescribed by Section 1158.403(b).</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scI/s1158.404/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>The continuance of an auction under this section shall be shown in the report made to the court under Section 1158.551.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2021, 87th Leg., R.S., Ch. 521 (S.B. 626), Sec. 40, eff. September 1, 2021.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scI/s1158.405">
<num value="1158.405">Sec. 1158.405.</num>
<heading>FAILURE OF BIDDER TO COMPLY</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scI/s1158.405/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>If a person who successfully bids on real estate of the guardianship estate offered at public auction fails to comply with the terms of the bid, the property shall be readvertised and auctioned without any further order.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scI/s1158.405/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>The person defaulting on a bid as described by Subsection (a) is liable for payment to the guardian of the estate, for the estate's benefit, of:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scI/s1158.405/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>10 percent of the amount of the bid; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scI/s1158.405/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the amount of any deficiency in price on the second auction.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scI/s1158.405/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>The guardian shall recover the amounts under Subsection (b) by suit in any court in the county in which the auction was held that has jurisdiction over the amount claimed.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2021, 87th Leg., R.S., Ch. 521 (S.B. 626), Sec. 41, eff. September 1, 2021.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scJ">
<num value="J">SUBCHAPTER J.</num>
<heading>SALE OF REAL ESTATE: CONTRACT FOR PRIVATE SALE</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scJ/s1158.451">
<num value="1158.451">Sec. 1158.451.</num>
<heading>TERMS OF SALE</heading>
<content>The guardian of the estate may enter into a contract for the private sale of real estate of the estate made in the manner the court directs in the order of sale. Unless the court directs otherwise, additional advertising, notice, or citation concerning the sale is not required.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2021, 87th Leg., R.S., Ch. 521 (S.B. 626), Sec. 43, eff. September 1, 2021.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scK">
<num value="K">SUBCHAPTER K.</num>
<heading>SALE OF EASEMENT OR RIGHT-OF-WAY</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scK/s1158.501">
<num value="1158.501">Sec. 1158.501.</num>
<heading>AUTHORIZATION</heading>
<content>The guardian may sell and convey easements and rights-of-way on, under, and over the land of a guardianship estate that is being administered under court order, regardless of whether the sale proceeds are required to pay charges or claims against the estate, or for other lawful purposes.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scK/s1158.502">
<num value="1158.502">Sec. 1158.502.</num>
<heading>PROCEDURE</heading>
<content>The procedure for the sale of an easement or right-of-way authorized under Section 1158.501 is the same as the procedure provided by law for a private sale of real property of a ward by contract.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2021, 87th Leg., R.S., Ch. 521 (S.B. 626), Sec. 44, eff. September 1, 2021.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scL">
<num value="L">SUBCHAPTER L.</num>
<heading>APPROVAL OF SALE OF REAL PROPERTY AND TRANSFER OF TITLE</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scL/s1158.551">
<num value="1158.551">Sec. 1158.551.</num>
<heading>REPORT</heading>
<chapeau>A successful bid or private contract for the sale of estate real property shall be reported to the court ordering the sale not later than the 30th day after the date the bid is made or the property is placed under contract. The report must:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scL/s1158.551/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>be in writing, sworn to, and filed with the clerk;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scL/s1158.551/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<chapeau>include:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scL/s1158.551/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>the date of the order of sale;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scL/s1158.551/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>a description of the property being sold;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scL/s1158.551/C">
<num value="C">(C)</num>
<content>the time and place of the auction or date the property is placed under contract;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scL/s1158.551/D">
<num value="D">(D)</num>
<content>the purchaser's name;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scL/s1158.551/E">
<num value="E">(E)</num>
<content>the amount of the successful bid or the purchase price for each parcel of property or interest in the parcel of property auctioned or placed under contract;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scL/s1158.551/F">
<num value="F">(F)</num>
<content>the terms of the sale;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scL/s1158.551/G">
<num value="G">(G)</num>
<content>whether the proposed sale of the property was made at public auction or by contract; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scL/s1158.551/H">
<num value="H">(H)</num>
<content>whether the purchaser is ready to comply with the order of sale; and</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scL/s1158.551/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>be noted on the guardianship docket.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2021, 87th Leg., R.S., Ch. 521 (S.B. 626), Sec. 46, eff. September 1, 2021.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scL/s1158.552">
<num value="1158.552">Sec. 1158.552.</num>
<heading>ACTION OF COURT ON REPORT</heading>
<chapeau>After the expiration of five days from the date a report is filed under Section 1158.551, the court shall:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scL/s1158.552/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>consider the manner in which the auction described in the report was held or the contract described in the report was entered into;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scL/s1158.552/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>consider evidence in support of or against the report; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scL/s1158.552/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>determine the sufficiency or insufficiency of the guardian's general bond, if any has been required and given.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2021, 87th Leg., R.S., Ch. 521 (S.B. 626), Sec. 47, eff. September 1, 2021.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scL/s1158.553">
<num value="1158.553">Sec. 1158.553.</num>
<heading>APPROVAL OF SALE WHEN BOND NOT REQUIRED</heading>
<content>If the guardian of the estate of a ward is not required by Subtitle D to give a general bond, the court may approve the sale of estate real property in the manner provided by Section 1158.556(a) if the court finds that the sale is satisfactory and made in accordance with law.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2021, 87th Leg., R.S., Ch. 521 (S.B. 626), Sec. 48, eff. September 1, 2021.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scL/s1158.554">
<num value="1158.554">Sec. 1158.554.</num>
<heading>SUFFICIENCY OF BOND</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scL/s1158.554/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>If the guardian of an estate is required by Subtitle D to give a general bond, before the court approves any sale of real estate, the court shall determine whether the bond is sufficient to protect the estate after the sale proceeds are received.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scL/s1158.554/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>If the court finds that the general bond is sufficient, the court may approve the sale as provided by Section 1158.556(a).</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scL/s1158.554/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>If the court finds that the general bond is insufficient, the court may not approve the sale until the general bond is increased to the amount required by the court, or an additional bond is given, and approved by the court.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scL/s1158.554/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<chapeau>An increase in the amount of the general bond, or the additional bond, as applicable under Subsection (c), must be equal to the sum of:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scL/s1158.554/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the amount for which the real estate is sold; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scL/s1158.554/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>any additional amount the court finds necessary and sets for the estate's protection.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2021, 87th Leg., R.S., Ch. 521 (S.B. 626), Sec. 49, eff. September 1, 2021.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scL/s1158.555">
<num value="1158.555">Sec. 1158.555.</num>
<heading>INCREASED OR ADDITIONAL BOND NOT REQUIRED</heading>
<content>Notwithstanding Sections 1158.554(c) and (d), if the real estate sold is encumbered by a lien to secure a claim against the estate and is sold to the owner or holder of the secured claim in full payment, liquidation, and satisfaction of the claim, an increased general bond or additional bond may not be required except for the amount of any cash paid to the guardian of the estate in excess of the amount necessary to pay, liquidate, and satisfy the claim in full.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scL/s1158.556">
<num value="1158.556">Sec. 1158.556.</num>
<heading>APPROVAL OR DISAPPROVAL ORDER</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scL/s1158.556/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>If the court is satisfied that the proposed sale of real property reported under Section 1158.551 is for a fair price, properly made, and in conformity with law, and the court has approved any increased or additional bond that the court found necessary to protect the estate, the court shall enter an order:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scL/s1158.556/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>approving the sale;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scL/s1158.556/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>showing conformity with this chapter;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scL/s1158.556/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>detailing the terms of the sale; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scL/s1158.556/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>authorizing the guardian of the estate to convey the property on the purchaser's compliance with the terms of the sale.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scL/s1158.556/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>If the court is not satisfied that the proposed sale of real property is for a fair price, properly made, and in conformity with law, the court shall enter an order setting aside the bid or contract and ordering a new sale to be made, if necessary.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scL/s1158.556/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>The court's action in approving or disapproving a report under Section 1158.551 has the effect of a final judgment. Any person interested in the guardianship estate or in the sale is entitled to have an order entered under this section reviewed as in other final judgments in probate proceedings.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2021, 87th Leg., R.S., Ch. 521 (S.B. 626), Sec. 50, eff. September 1, 2021.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scL/s1158.557">
<num value="1158.557">Sec. 1158.557.</num>
<heading>DEED</heading>
<chapeau>Real estate of an estate that is sold shall be conveyed by a proper deed that refers to and identifies the court order approving the sale. The deed:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scL/s1158.557/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>vests in the purchaser all right and title of the estate to, and all interest of the estate in, the property; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scL/s1158.557/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>is prima facie evidence that the sale has met all applicable requirements of the law.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2021, 87th Leg., R.S., Ch. 521 (S.B. 626), Sec. 51, eff. September 1, 2021.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scL/s1158.558">
<num value="1158.558">Sec. 1158.558.</num>
<heading>DELIVERY OF DEED</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scL/s1158.558/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>After the court has approved a sale and the purchaser has complied with the terms of the sale, the guardian of the estate shall promptly execute and deliver to the purchaser a proper deed conveying the property.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scL/s1158.558/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>If the sale is made partly on credit:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scL/s1158.558/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the vendor's lien securing a purchase money note must be expressly retained in the deed and may not be waived; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scL/s1158.558/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>before actual delivery of the deed to the purchaser, the purchaser shall execute and deliver to the guardian of the estate a vendor's lien note, with or without personal sureties as ordered by the court, and a deed of trust or mortgage on the property as additional security for the payment of the note.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scL/s1158.558/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>On completion of the transaction, the guardian of the estate shall promptly file and record the deed of trust or mortgage in the appropriate records in the county in which the land is located.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2021, 87th Leg., R.S., Ch. 521 (S.B. 626), Sec. 52, eff. September 1, 2021.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scL/s1158.559">
<num value="1158.559">Sec. 1158.559.</num>
<heading>DAMAGES; REMOVAL</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scL/s1158.559/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>If the guardian of the estate neglects to comply with Section 1158.558, including to file the deed of trust securing a lien in the proper county, the guardian and the sureties on the guardian's bond shall, after complaint and citation, be held liable for the use of the estate and for all damages resulting from the guardian's neglect, and the court may remove the guardian.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scL/s1158.559/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>Damages under this section may be recovered in a court of competent jurisdiction.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scM">
<num value="M">SUBCHAPTER M.</num>
<heading>PROCEDURE ON FAILURE TO APPLY FOR SALE</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scM/s1158.601">
<num value="1158.601">Sec. 1158.601.</num>
<heading>FAILURE TO APPLY FOR SALE</heading>
<content>If the guardian of the estate of a ward neglects to apply for an order to sell sufficient property to pay charges and claims against the estate that have been allowed and approved or established by suit, an interested person, on written application, may have the guardian cited to appear and make a full exhibit of the estate's condition and show cause why a sale of the property should not be ordered.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scM/s1158.602">
<num value="1158.602">Sec. 1158.602.</num>
<heading>COURT ORDER</heading>
<content>On hearing an application under Section 1158.601, if the court is satisfied that a sale of estate property is necessary or advisable to satisfy the charges and claims described by Section 1158.601, the court shall enter an order of sale as provided by Section 1158.256.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scN">
<num value="N">SUBCHAPTER N.</num>
<heading>PURCHASE OF ESTATE PROPERTY BY GUARDIAN</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scN/s1158.651">
<num value="1158.651">Sec. 1158.651.</num>
<heading>GENERAL PROHIBITION ON PURCHASE</heading>
<content>Except as otherwise provided by Section 1158.652 or 1158.653, the guardian of the estate of a ward may not purchase, directly or indirectly, any estate property sold by the guardian or any co-representative of the guardian.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scN/s1158.652">
<num value="1158.652">Sec. 1158.652.</num>
<heading>EXCEPTION: EXECUTORY CONTRACT</heading>
<chapeau>The guardian of the estate of a ward may purchase estate property in compliance with the terms of a written executory contract signed by the ward before the ward became incapacitated, including:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scN/s1158.652/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>a contract for deed;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scN/s1158.652/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>an earnest money contract;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scN/s1158.652/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>a buy/sell agreement; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scN/s1158.652/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>a stock purchase or redemption agreement.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scN/s1158.653">
<num value="1158.653">Sec. 1158.653.</num>
<heading>EXCEPTION: BEST INTEREST OF ESTATE</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scN/s1158.653/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>The guardian of the estate may purchase estate property on the court's determination that the sale is in the estate's best interest.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scN/s1158.653/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>In the case of an application filed by the guardian of the estate of a ward, the court shall appoint an attorney ad litem to represent the ward with respect to the sale.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scN/s1158.653/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>The court may require notice for a sale made under this section.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scN/s1158.654">
<num value="1158.654">Sec. 1158.654.</num>
<heading>PURCHASE IN VIOLATION OF SUBCHAPTER</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scN/s1158.654/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>If the guardian of the estate of a ward purchases estate property in violation of this subchapter, a person interested in the estate may file a written complaint with the court in which the guardianship proceedings are pending.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scN/s1158.654/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>On service of citation on the guardian on a complaint filed under Subsection (a) and after hearing and proof, the court shall:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scN/s1158.654/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>declare the sale void;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scN/s1158.654/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>set aside the sale; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scN/s1158.654/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>order the reconveyance of the property to the estate.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scN/s1158.654/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>The court shall adjudge against the guardian all costs of the sale, protest, and suit, if found necessary.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scO">
<num value="O">SUBCHAPTER O.</num>
<heading>PARTITION OF WARD'S INTEREST IN REAL ESTATE</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scO/s1158.701">
<num value="1158.701">Sec. 1158.701.</num>
<heading>PARTITION BY AGREEMENT</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scO/s1158.701/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>The guardian of the estate of a ward may agree to a partition of real estate in which the ward owns an interest in common with one or more other part owners if, in the opinion of the guardian, it is in the best interests of the ward's estate to partition the real estate.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scO/s1158.701/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>An agreement under Subsection (a) is subject to the approval of the court in which the guardianship proceeding is pending.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scO/s1158.702">
<num value="1158.702">Sec. 1158.702.</num>
<heading>APPLICATION FOR APPROVAL OF PARTITION AGREEMENT</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scO/s1158.702/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>When a guardian has reached an agreement with the other part owners on how to partition real estate as described by Section 1158.701, the guardian shall file with the court in which the guardianship proceedings are pending an application to have the agreement approved by the court.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scO/s1158.702/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>The application must:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scO/s1158.702/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>describe the real estate to be divided;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scO/s1158.702/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>state why it is in the best interests of the ward's estate to partition the real estate; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scO/s1158.702/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>show that the proposed partition agreement is fair and just to the ward's estate.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scO/s1158.703">
<num value="1158.703">Sec. 1158.703.</num>
<heading>HEARING</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scO/s1158.703/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>The county clerk shall immediately call to the attention of the judge of the court in which the guardianship proceeding is pending the filing of an application required by Section 1158.702. The judge shall designate a day to hear the application.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scO/s1158.703/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The application must remain on file at least 10 days before any orders are entered.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scO/s1158.703/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>The judge may continue a hearing held under this section from time to time until the judge is satisfied concerning the application.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scO/s1158.704">
<num value="1158.704">Sec. 1158.704.</num>
<heading>ORDER</heading>
<content>If the judge is satisfied that the proposed partition of the real estate is in the best interests of the ward's estate, the court shall enter an order approving the partition and directing the guardian to execute the necessary agreement for the purpose of implementing the order and partition.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scO/s1158.705">
<num value="1158.705">Sec. 1158.705.</num>
<heading>PARTITION WITHOUT COURT APPROVAL; RATIFICATION OF PARTITION AGREEMENT</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scO/s1158.705/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>If a guardian, without court approval as provided by this subchapter, executes or intends to execute an agreement to partition any real estate in which the ward has an interest, the guardian shall file with the court in which the guardianship proceedings are pending an application for the approval and ratification of the partition agreement.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scO/s1158.705/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>The application must:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scO/s1158.705/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>refer to the agreement in a manner in which the court can fully understand the nature of the partition and the real estate being divided; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scO/s1158.705/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>state that, in the opinion of the guardian, the agreement is fair and just to the ward's estate and is in the best interests of the estate.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scO/s1158.705/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<chapeau>On the filing of an application under Subsection (a), the court shall hold a hearing on the application as provided by Section 1158.703. The court shall enter an order ratifying and approving the partition agreement if the court is of the opinion that the partition is:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scO/s1158.705/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>fairly made; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scO/s1158.705/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>in the best interests of the ward's estate.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scO/s1158.705/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>On ratification and approval, the partition is effective and binding as if originally executed after a court order.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scO/s1158.706">
<num value="1158.706">Sec. 1158.706.</num>
<heading>PARTITION BY SUIT</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scO/s1158.706/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>The guardian of the estate of a ward may bring a suit in the court in which the guardianship proceeding is pending for the partition of any real estate that the ward owns in common with one or more other part owners if the guardian is of the opinion that it is in the best interests of the ward's estate that the real estate be partitioned.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1158/scO/s1158.706/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The court may enter an order partitioning the real estate to the owner of the real estate, if after hearing the suit, the court is satisfied that the partition of the real estate is necessary.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
</chapter>
<chapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1159">
<num value="1159">CHAPTER 1159.</num>
<heading>RENTING ESTATE PROPERTY</heading>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1159/scA">
<num value="A">SUBCHAPTER A.</num>
<heading>RENTAL AND RETURN OF ESTATE PROPERTY</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1159/scA/s1159.001">
<num value="1159.001">Sec. 1159.001.</num>
<heading>RENTING ESTATE PROPERTY WITHOUT COURT ORDER</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1159/scA/s1159.001/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>The guardian of an estate, without a court order, may rent any of the estate property for one year or less, at public auction or privately, as is considered to be in the best interests of the estate.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1159/scA/s1159.001/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>On the sworn complaint of any person interested in the estate, the court shall require a guardian of the estate who, without a court order, rents estate property to account to the estate for the reasonable value of the rent of the property, to be ascertained by the court on satisfactory evidence.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1159/scA/s1159.002">
<num value="1159.002">Sec. 1159.002.</num>
<heading>RENTING ESTATE PROPERTY WITH COURT ORDER</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1159/scA/s1159.002/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>The guardian of an estate may file a written application with the court setting forth the property the guardian seeks to rent. If the proposed rental period is one year or more, the guardian of the estate shall file a written application with the court setting forth the property the guardian seeks to rent.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1159/scA/s1159.002/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>If the court finds that granting an application filed under Subsection (a) is in the interests of the estate, the court shall grant the application and issue an order that:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1159/scA/s1159.002/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>describes the property to be rented; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1159/scA/s1159.002/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>states whether the property will be rented at public auction or privately, whether for cash or on credit, and if on credit, the extent of the credit and the period for which the property may be rented.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1159/scA/s1159.002/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>If, under Subsection (b), the court orders property to be rented at public auction, the court shall prescribe whether notice of the auction shall be published or posted.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1159/scA/s1159.003">
<num value="1159.003">Sec. 1159.003.</num>
<heading>ESTATE PROPERTY RENTED ON CREDIT</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1159/scA/s1159.003/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>Possession of estate property rented on credit may not be delivered until the renter executes and delivers to the guardian of the estate a note with good personal security for the amount of the rent. If the property is delivered without the guardian receiving the required security, the guardian and the sureties on the guardian's bond are liable for the full amount of the rent.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1159/scA/s1159.003/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>Subsection (a) does not apply to a rental that is paid in installments in advance of the period to which the installments relate.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1159/scA/s1159.004">
<num value="1159.004">Sec. 1159.004.</num>
<heading>CONDITION OF RETURNED ESTATE PROPERTY</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1159/scA/s1159.004/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>Estate property that is rented must be returned to the estate's possession in as good a condition, except for reasonable wear and tear, as when the property was rented.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1159/scA/s1159.004/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>The guardian of the estate shall:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1159/scA/s1159.004/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>ensure that rented estate property is returned in the condition required by Subsection (a);</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1159/scA/s1159.004/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>report to the court any damage to, or loss or destruction of, estate property rented under this chapter; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1159/scA/s1159.004/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>ask the court for the authority to take any necessary action.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1159/scA/s1159.004/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>A guardian who fails to act as required by this section and the sureties on the guardian's bond are liable to the estate for any loss or damage suffered as a result of the guardian's failure.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1159/scA/s1159.005">
<num value="1159.005">Sec. 1159.005.</num>
<heading>COMPLAINT FOR FAILURE TO RENT</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1159/scA/s1159.005/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>A person interested in a guardianship may:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1159/scA/s1159.005/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>file a written and sworn complaint in the court in which the estate is pending; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1159/scA/s1159.005/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>have the guardian of the estate cited to appear and show cause why the guardian did not rent any estate property.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1159/scA/s1159.005/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The court, on hearing the complaint, shall issue an order that is in the best interests of the estate.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1159/scB">
<num value="B">SUBCHAPTER B.</num>
<heading>REPORT ON RENTED ESTATE PROPERTY</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1159/scB/s1159.051">
<num value="1159.051">Sec. 1159.051.</num>
<heading>REPORTS CONCERNING RENTALS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1159/scB/s1159.051/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>A guardian of an estate who rents estate property with an appraised value of $3,000 or more, not later than the 30th day after the date of the rental, shall file with the court a sworn and written report stating:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1159/scB/s1159.051/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the property rented and the property's appraised value;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1159/scB/s1159.051/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the date the property was rented and whether the rental occurred at public auction or privately;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1159/scB/s1159.051/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the name of the person renting the property;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1159/scB/s1159.051/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>the rental amount;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1159/scB/s1159.051/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>whether the rental was for cash or on credit; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1159/scB/s1159.051/6">
<num value="6">(6)</num>
<content>if the rental was on credit, the length of time, the terms, and the security received for the credit.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1159/scB/s1159.051/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A guardian of an estate who rents estate property with an appraised value of less than $3,000 may report the rental in the next annual or final account that must be filed as required by law.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1159/scB/s1159.052">
<num value="1159.052">Sec. 1159.052.</num>
<heading>COURT ACTION ON REPORT</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1159/scB/s1159.052/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>After the fifth day after the date the report of the rental is filed, the court shall:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1159/scB/s1159.052/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>examine the report; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1159/scB/s1159.052/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>by order approve and confirm the rental if the court finds the rental just and reasonable.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1159/scB/s1159.052/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>If the court disapproves the rental, the guardianship is not bound and the court may order another offering for rent of the property in the same manner and subject to the provisions of this chapter.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1159/scB/s1159.052/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>If the court approves the rental and it later appears that, by reason of the fault of the guardian of the estate, the property was not rented for the property's reasonable value, the court shall have the guardian and the sureties on the guardian's bond appear and show cause why the reasonable value of the rental of the property should not be adjudged against the guardian or sureties.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
</chapter>
<chapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160">
<num value="1160">CHAPTER 1160.</num>
<heading>MATTERS RELATING TO MINERAL PROPERTIES</heading>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scA">
<num value="A">SUBCHAPTER A.</num>
<heading>GENERAL PROVISIONS</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scA/s1160.001">
<num value="1160.001">Sec. 1160.001.</num>
<heading>DEFINITIONS</heading>
<chapeau>In this chapter:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scA/s1160.001/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>"Gas" includes all liquid hydrocarbons in the gaseous phase in the reservoir.</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scA/s1160.001/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>"Land" includes minerals or an interest in minerals in place.</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scA/s1160.001/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>"Mineral development" includes exploration for, whether by geophysical or other means, drilling for, mining for, development of, operations in connection with, production of, and saving of oil, other liquid hydrocarbons, gas, gaseous elements, sulphur, metals, and all other minerals, whether solid or otherwise.</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scA/s1160.001/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>"Property" includes land, minerals in place, whether solid, liquid, or gaseous, and an interest of any kind in the property, including a royalty interest, owned by an estate.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scB">
<num value="B">SUBCHAPTER B.</num>
<heading>MINERAL LEASES AFTER PUBLIC NOTICE</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scB/s1160.051">
<num value="1160.051">Sec. 1160.051.</num>
<heading>AUTHORIZATION FOR LEASING OF MINERALS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scB/s1160.051/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>The court in which a guardianship proceeding is pending may authorize the guardian, acting solely under a court order, to make, execute, and deliver a lease, with or without a unitization clause or pooling provision, providing for the exploration for and development and production of oil, other liquid hydrocarbons, gas, metals and other solid minerals, and other minerals, or any of those minerals in place, belonging to the estate.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scB/s1160.051/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A lease authorized by Subsection (a) must be made and entered into under and in conformity with this subchapter.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scB/s1160.052">
<num value="1160.052">Sec. 1160.052.</num>
<heading>LEASE APPLICATION</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scB/s1160.052/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>The guardian of the estate shall file with the court a written application for authority to lease estate property for mineral exploration and development, with or without a pooling provision or unitization clause.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scB/s1160.052/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>The lease application must:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scB/s1160.052/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>describe the property fully enough by reference to the amount of acreage, the survey name or number, or the abstract number, or by another method that adequately identifies the property and the property's location in the county in which the property is located;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scB/s1160.052/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>specify the interest thought to be owned by the estate, if less than the whole, but request authority to include all of the interest owned by the estate if that is the intention; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scB/s1160.052/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>set out the reasons the estate property described in the application should be leased.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scB/s1160.052/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<chapeau>The lease application is not required to set out or suggest:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scB/s1160.052/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the name of any proposed lessee; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scB/s1160.052/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the terms, provisions, or form of any desired lease.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scB/s1160.053">
<num value="1160.053">Sec. 1160.053.</num>
<heading>SCHEDULING OF HEARING ON APPLICATION; CONTINUANCE</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scB/s1160.053/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>Immediately after the filing of a lease application under Section 1160.052, the county clerk shall call the filing of the application to the court's attention. The judge shall promptly make and enter a brief order designating the time and place for hearing the application.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scB/s1160.053/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>If the hearing is not held at the time originally designated by the court or by a timely continuance order entered, the hearing shall be continued automatically without further notice to the same time on the following day, other than Sundays and holidays on which the county courthouse is officially closed, and from day to day until the lease application is finally acted on and disposed of by court order. Notice of an automatic continuance is not required.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scB/s1160.054">
<num value="1160.054">Sec. 1160.054.</num>
<heading>NOTICE OF HEARING ON APPLICATION</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scB/s1160.054/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>At least 10 days before the date set for the hearing on a lease application filed under Section 1160.052, excluding the date of notice and the date set for the hearing, the guardian of the estate shall give notice of the hearing by:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scB/s1160.054/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>publishing the notice in one issue of a newspaper of general circulation in the county in which the proceeding is pending; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scB/s1160.054/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>if there is no newspaper in the county, posting the notice or having the notice posted.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scB/s1160.054/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>If the notice is published, the date of notice is the date printed on the newspaper.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scB/s1160.054/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<chapeau>The notice must:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scB/s1160.054/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>be dated;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scB/s1160.054/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>be directed to all persons interested in the estate;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scB/s1160.054/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>state the date on which the lease application was filed;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scB/s1160.054/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>describe briefly the property sought to be leased;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scB/s1160.054/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>specify the fractional interest sought to be leased if less than the entire interest in the tract identified; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scB/s1160.054/6">
<num value="6">(6)</num>
<content>state the time and place designated by the judge for the hearing.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scB/s1160.055">
<num value="1160.055">Sec. 1160.055.</num>
<heading>REQUIREMENTS REGARDING ORDER AND NOTICE MANDATORY</heading>
<chapeau>A court order authorizing any act to be performed in accordance with a lease application filed under Section 1160.052 is void in the absence of:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scB/s1160.055/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>a written order originally designating a time and place for the hearing;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scB/s1160.055/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>a notice issued by the guardian of the estate in compliance with the order; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scB/s1160.055/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>proof of publication or posting of the notice as required under Section 1160.054.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scB/s1160.056">
<num value="1160.056">Sec. 1160.056.</num>
<heading>HEARING ON APPLICATION; ORDER</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scB/s1160.056/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>At the time and place designated for the hearing under Section 1160.053(a), or at the time to which the hearing is continued as provided by Section 1160.053(b), the judge shall:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scB/s1160.056/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>hear a lease application filed under Section 1160.052; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scB/s1160.056/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>require proof as to the necessity or advisability of leasing for mineral development the property described in the application and the notice.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scB/s1160.056/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>The judge shall enter an order authorizing one or more leases affecting and covering the property or portions of property described in the lease application, with or without pooling provisions or unitization clauses, and with or without cash consideration if considered by the court to be in the best interest of the estate, if the judge is satisfied that:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scB/s1160.056/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the application is in proper form;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scB/s1160.056/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>notice has been given in the manner and for the time required by law;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scB/s1160.056/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>proof of necessity or advisability of leasing is sufficient; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scB/s1160.056/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>the application should be granted.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scB/s1160.056/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<chapeau>The order must contain:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scB/s1160.056/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the name of the lessee;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scB/s1160.056/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>any actual cash consideration to be paid by the lessee;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scB/s1160.056/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>a finding that the requirements of Subsection (b) have been satisfied; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scB/s1160.056/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<chapeau>one of the following findings:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scB/s1160.056/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>a finding that the guardian of the estate is exempt by law from giving a bond; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scB/s1160.056/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>if the guardian of the estate is required to give a bond, a finding as to whether the guardian's general bond on file is sufficient to protect the personal property on hand, including any cash bonus to be paid.</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scB/s1160.056/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>If the court finds the general bond insufficient to meet the requirements of Subsection (c)(4)(B), the order must show the amount of increased or additional bond required to cover the deficiency.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scB/s1160.056/e">
<num value="e">(e)</num>
<chapeau>A complete exhibit copy, either written or printed, of each authorized lease must be set out in, attached to, incorporated by reference in, or made part of the order. The exhibit copy must show:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scB/s1160.056/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the name of the lessee;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scB/s1160.056/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the date of the lease;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scB/s1160.056/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>an adequate description of the property being leased;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scB/s1160.056/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>any delay rental to be paid to defer commencement of operations; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scB/s1160.056/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>all other authorized terms and provisions.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scB/s1160.056/f">
<num value="f">(f)</num>
<content>If the date of a lease does not appear in the exhibit copy of the lease or in the order, the date of the order is considered for all purposes to be the date of the lease.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scB/s1160.056/g">
<num value="g">(g)</num>
<content>If the name or address of a depository bank for receiving rental is not shown in the exhibit copy of a lease, the guardian of the estate may insert the name or address, or cause the name or address to be inserted, in the lease at the time of the lease's execution or at any other time agreeable to the lessee or the lessee's successors or assigns.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scB/s1160.057">
<num value="1160.057">Sec. 1160.057.</num>
<heading>MAKING OF LEASE ON GRANTING OF APPLICATION</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scB/s1160.057/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>If on the hearing of a lease application filed under Section 1160.052 the court grants the application, the guardian of the estate may make the lease, as evidenced by the exhibit copies, in accordance with the order.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scB/s1160.057/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The lease must be made not later than the 30th day after the date of the order unless an extension is granted by the court on a sworn application showing good cause.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scB/s1160.057/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>It is not necessary for the judge to make an order confirming the lease.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scB/s1160.058">
<num value="1160.058">Sec. 1160.058.</num>
<heading>BOND REQUIREMENTS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scB/s1160.058/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>Unless the guardian of the estate is not required to give a general bond, a lease for which a cash consideration is required, although ordered, executed, and delivered, is not valid:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scB/s1160.058/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>unless the order authorizing the lease makes a finding with respect to the general bond; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scB/s1160.058/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<chapeau>if the general bond has been found insufficient, until:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scB/s1160.058/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>the bond has been increased or an additional bond given with the sureties required by law, as required by the order; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scB/s1160.058/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>the increased or additional bond has been approved by the judge and filed with the clerk of the court in which the proceeding is pending.</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scB/s1160.058/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>If two or more leases of different land are authorized by the same order, the general bond shall be increased or additional bonds given to cover all of the leases.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scB/s1160.059">
<num value="1160.059">Sec. 1160.059.</num>
<heading>TERM OF LEASE BINDING</heading>
<chapeau>A lease executed and delivered in compliance with this subchapter is valid and binding on the property or interest owned by the estate and covered by the lease for the full term provided by the lease, subject only to the lease's terms and conditions, even if the primary term extends beyond the date the estate is closed in accordance with law. For the lease to be valid and binding under this subchapter, the authorized primary term of the lease may not exceed five years, subject to the lease terms and provisions extending the lease beyond the primary term by:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scB/s1160.059/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>paying production;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scB/s1160.059/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>bona fide drilling or reworking operations, whether in or on the same well or wells or an additional well or wells without a cessation of operations of more than 60 consecutive days before production has been restored or obtained; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scB/s1160.059/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>a shut-in gas well.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scB/s1160.060">
<num value="1160.060">Sec. 1160.060.</num>
<heading>AMENDMENT OF LEASE REGARDING EFFECT OF SHUT-IN GAS WELL</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scB/s1160.060/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>An oil, gas, and mineral lease executed by a guardian of an estate may be amended by an instrument that provides that a shut-in gas well on the land covered by the lease or on land pooled with all or part of the land covered by the lease continues the lease in effect after the lease's five-year primary term.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scB/s1160.060/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The guardian of the estate, with court approval, shall execute the instrument according to the terms and conditions prescribed in the instrument.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2019, 86th Leg., R.S., Ch. 846 (H.B. 2780), Sec. 5, eff. September 1, 2019.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scC">
<num value="C">SUBCHAPTER C.</num>
<heading>MINERAL LEASES AT PRIVATE SALE</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scC/s1160.101">
<num value="1160.101">Sec. 1160.101.</num>
<heading>AUTHORIZATION FOR LEASING OF MINERALS AT PRIVATE SALE</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scC/s1160.101/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>Notwithstanding the mandatory requirements for setting a time and place for hearing a lease application under Subchapter B and the issuance, service, and return of notice, the court may authorize the making of oil, gas, and mineral leases at a private sale without public notice or advertising if, in the court's opinion, facts are set out in the application sufficient to show that it would be more advantageous to the estate that a lease be made privately and without compliance with those mandatory requirements.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scC/s1160.101/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>Leases authorized under this subchapter may include pooling provisions or unitization clauses as in other cases.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scC/s1160.102">
<num value="1160.102">Sec. 1160.102.</num>
<heading>ACTION OF COURT IF PUBLIC ADVERTISING NOT REQUIRED</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scC/s1160.102/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>At any time after the fifth day and before the 11th day after the filing date of an application to lease at a private sale and without an order setting the hearing time and place, the court shall:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scC/s1160.102/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>hear the application;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scC/s1160.102/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>inquire into the manner in which the proposed lease has been or will be made; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scC/s1160.102/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>hear evidence for or against the application.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scC/s1160.102/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>If the court is satisfied that the lease has been or will be made for a fair and sufficient consideration and on fair terms and has been or will be properly made in conformity with law, the court shall enter an order authorizing the execution of the lease without the necessity of advertising, notice, or citation. The order must comply in all other respects with the requirements essential to the validity of mineral leases set out in Subchapter B as if advertising or notice were required.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scC/s1160.102/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>An order that confirms a lease made at a private sale does not need to be issued. A lease made at a private sale is not valid until any increased or additional bond required by the court has been approved by the court and filed with the court clerk.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scD">
<num value="D">SUBCHAPTER D.</num>
<heading>POOLING OR UNITIZATION OF ROYALTIES OR MINERALS</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scD/s1160.151">
<num value="1160.151">Sec. 1160.151.</num>
<heading>AUTHORIZATION FOR POOLING OR UNITIZATION</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scD/s1160.151/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>If an existing lease on property owned by an estate being administered does not adequately provide for pooling or unitization, the court in which the proceeding is pending may, in the manner provided by this subchapter, authorize the commitment of royalty or mineral interests in oil, liquid hydrocarbons, gas, gaseous elements, and other minerals or any one or more of them owned by the estate to agreements that provide for the operation of areas as a pool or unit for the exploration for, development of, and production of all of those minerals, if the court finds that:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scD/s1160.151/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the pool or unit to which the agreement relates will be operated in a manner that protects correlative rights or prevents the physical or economic waste of oil, liquid hydrocarbons, gas, gaseous elements, or other minerals subject to the agreement; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scD/s1160.151/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>it is in the best interests of the estate to execute the agreement.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scD/s1160.151/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>An agreement authorized under Subsection (a) may provide that:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scD/s1160.151/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>operations incident to the drilling of or production from a well on any portion of a pool or unit are considered for all purposes to be the conduct of operations on or production from each separately owned tract in the pool or unit;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scD/s1160.151/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<chapeau>any lease covering any part of the area committed to a pool or unit continues in effect in its entirety as long as:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scD/s1160.151/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>oil, gas, or other minerals subject to the agreement are produced in paying quantities from any part of the pooled or unitized area;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scD/s1160.151/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>operations are conducted as provided in the lease on any part of the pooled or unitized area; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scD/s1160.151/C">
<num value="C">(C)</num>
<content>there is a shut-in gas well on any part of the pooled or unitized area, if the presence of the shut-in gas well is a ground for continuation of the lease under the terms of the lease;</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scD/s1160.151/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the production allocated by the agreement to each tract included in a pool or unit shall, when produced, be considered for all purposes to have been produced from the tract by a well drilled on the tract;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scD/s1160.151/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>the royalties provided for on production from any tract or portion of a tract within the pool or unit shall be paid only on that portion of the production allocated to the tract in accordance with the agreement;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scD/s1160.151/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>the dry gas, before or after extraction of hydrocarbons, may be returned to a formation underlying any land or leases committed to the agreement, and that royalties are not required to be paid on the gas returned; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scD/s1160.151/6">
<num value="6">(6)</num>
<content>gas obtained from other sources or another tract of land may be injected into a formation underlying any land or lease committed to the agreement, and that royalties are not required to be paid on the gas injected when the gas is produced from the unit.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scD/s1160.152">
<num value="1160.152">Sec. 1160.152.</num>
<heading>POOLING OR UNITIZATION APPLICATION</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scD/s1160.152/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>The guardian of the estate shall file with the county clerk of the county in which the guardianship proceeding is pending a written application for authority to:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scD/s1160.152/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>enter into a pooling or unitization agreement supplementing, amending, or otherwise relating to any existing lease covering property owned by the estate; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scD/s1160.152/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>commit royalties or other interests in minerals, whether or not subject to a lease, to a pooling or unitization agreement.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scD/s1160.152/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>The pooling or unitization application must also:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scD/s1160.152/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>sufficiently describe the property as required in an original lease application;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scD/s1160.152/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>describe briefly the lease to which the interest of the estate is subject; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scD/s1160.152/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>set out the reasons the proposed agreement concerning the property should be entered into.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scD/s1160.152/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>A copy of the proposed agreement must be attached to the pooling or unitization application and made a part of the application by reference.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scD/s1160.152/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>The agreement may not be recorded in the judge's guardianship docket.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scD/s1160.152/e">
<num value="e">(e)</num>
<content>Immediately after the pooling or unitization application is filed, the clerk shall call the application to the judge's attention.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scD/s1160.153">
<num value="1160.153">Sec. 1160.153.</num>
<heading>NOTICE NOT REQUIRED</heading>
<content>Notice by advertising, citation, or otherwise of the filing of a pooling or unitization application under Section 1160.152 is not required.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scD/s1160.154">
<num value="1160.154">Sec. 1160.154.</num>
<heading>HEARING ON APPLICATION</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scD/s1160.154/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>The judge may hold a hearing on a pooling or unitization application filed under Section 1160.152 at any time agreeable to the parties to the proposed agreement.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scD/s1160.154/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The judge shall hear evidence and determine to the judge's satisfaction whether it is in the best interests of the estate that the proposed agreement be authorized.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scD/s1160.154/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>The hearing may be continued from day to day and from time to time as the court finds necessary.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scD/s1160.155">
<num value="1160.155">Sec. 1160.155.</num>
<heading>ACTION OF COURT AND CONTENTS OF ORDER</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scD/s1160.155/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>The court shall enter an order setting out the court's findings and authorizing execution of the proposed pooling or unitization agreement, with or without payment of cash consideration according to the agreement, if the court finds that:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scD/s1160.155/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the pool or unit to which the agreement relates will be operated in a manner that protects correlative rights or prevents the physical or economic waste of oil, liquid hydrocarbons, gas, gaseous elements, or other minerals subject to the pool or unit;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scD/s1160.155/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>it is in the best interests of the estate that the agreement be executed; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scD/s1160.155/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the agreement conforms substantially with the permissible provisions of Section 1160.151.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scD/s1160.155/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>If cash consideration is to be paid for the pooling or unitization agreement, the court shall make a finding as to the necessity of increased or additional bond as a finding is made in the making of leases on payment of the cash bonus for the lease. The agreement is not valid until any required increased or additional bond has been approved by the judge and filed with the clerk.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scD/s1160.155/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>If the effective date of the pooling or unitization agreement is not stipulated in the agreement, the effective date of the agreement is the date of the court's order.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scE">
<num value="E">SUBCHAPTER E.</num>
<heading>SPECIAL ANCILLARY INSTRUMENTS THAT MAY BE EXECUTED WITHOUT COURT ORDER</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scE/s1160.201">
<num value="1160.201">Sec. 1160.201.</num>
<heading>AUTHORIZATION FOR EXECUTION OF CERTAIN INSTRUMENTS</heading>
<chapeau>As to any mineral lease or pooling or unitization agreement, executed on behalf of an estate before September 1, 1993, pursuant to provisions, or executed by a former owner of land, minerals, or royalty affected by the lease or agreement, the guardian of the estate being administered, without further court order and without consideration, may execute:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scE/s1160.201/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>division orders;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scE/s1160.201/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>transfer orders;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scE/s1160.201/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>instruments of correction;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scE/s1160.201/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>instruments designating depository banks for the receipt of delay rentals or shut-in gas well royalty to accrue or become payable under the terms of the lease; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scE/s1160.201/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>similar instruments relating to the lease or agreement and the property covered by the lease or agreement.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scF">
<num value="F">SUBCHAPTER F.</num>
<heading>PROCEDURE IF GUARDIAN OF ESTATE NEGLECTS TO APPLY FOR AUTHORITY</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scF/s1160.251">
<num value="1160.251">Sec. 1160.251.</num>
<heading>APPLICATION TO SHOW CAUSE</heading>
<content>If a guardian of an estate neglects to apply for authority to subject estate property to a lease for mineral development, pooling, or unitization, or authority to commit royalty or another interest in minerals to pooling or unitization, any person interested in the estate may, on written application filed with the county clerk, have the guardian cited to show cause why it is not in the best interests of the estate to make the lease or enter into an agreement.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scF/s1160.252">
<num value="1160.252">Sec. 1160.252.</num>
<heading>HEARING ON APPLICATION</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scF/s1160.252/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>The county clerk shall immediately call the filing of an application under Section 1160.251 to the attention of the judge of the court in which the guardianship proceeding is pending.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scF/s1160.252/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The judge shall set a time and place for a hearing on the application, and the guardian of the estate shall be cited to appear and show cause why the execution of a lease or agreement described by Section 1160.251 should not be ordered.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scF/s1160.253">
<num value="1160.253">Sec. 1160.253.</num>
<heading>ORDER</heading>
<content>On a hearing conducted under Section 1160.252 and if satisfied from the evidence that it would be in the best interests of the estate, the court shall enter an order requiring the guardian of the estate to file an application to subject the estate property to a lease for mineral development, with or without pooling or unitization provisions, or to commit royalty or other minerals to pooling or unitization, as appropriate.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1160/scF/s1160.254">
<num value="1160.254">Sec. 1160.254.</num>
<heading>PROCEDURE TO BE FOLLOWED AFTER ENTRY OF ORDER</heading>
<content>After entry of an order under Section 1160.253, the procedures prescribed with respect to an original lease application, or with respect to an original application for authority to commit royalty or minerals to pooling or unitization, shall be followed.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
</chapter>
<chapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161">
<num value="1161">CHAPTER 1161.</num>
<heading>INVESTMENTS AND LOANS OF ESTATES OF WARDS</heading>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scA">
<num value="A">SUBCHAPTER A.</num>
<heading>GENERAL PROVISIONS</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scA/s1161.001">
<num value="1161.001">Sec. 1161.001.</num>
<heading>GUARDIAN'S DUTY TO KEEP ESTATE INVESTED</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scA/s1161.001/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>The guardian of the estate shall invest any funds and assets of a ward's estate available for investment except:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scA/s1161.001/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>if the court orders otherwise under this chapter; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scA/s1161.001/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>as provided by Subsection (b).</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scA/s1161.001/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The guardian of the estate is not required to invest funds that are immediately necessary for the education, support, and maintenance of the ward or any others the ward supports as provided by this title.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scA/s1161.002">
<num value="1161.002">Sec. 1161.002.</num>
<heading>STANDARD FOR MANAGEMENT AND INVESTMENT OF ESTATE</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scA/s1161.002/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>In acquiring, investing, reinvesting, exchanging, retaining, selling, supervising, and managing a ward's estate, a guardian of the estate shall exercise the judgment and care under the circumstances then prevailing that a person of ordinary prudence, discretion, and intelligence exercises in the management of the person's own affairs, considering the probable income from, probable increase in value of, and safety of the person's capital. The guardian shall also consider all other relevant factors, including:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scA/s1161.002/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the anticipated costs of supporting the ward;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scA/s1161.002/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the ward's age, education, current income, ability to earn additional income, net worth, and liabilities;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scA/s1161.002/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the nature of the ward's estate; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scA/s1161.002/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>any other resources reasonably available to the ward.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scA/s1161.002/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>In determining whether a guardian of the estate has exercised the standard of investment required by this section with respect to an investment decision, the court shall, absent fraud or gross negligence, consider the investment of all the estate assets over which the guardian has management or control, rather than considering the prudence of only a single investment made by the guardian.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scA/s1161.003">
<num value="1161.003">Sec. 1161.003.</num>
<heading>INVESTMENTS THAT MEET STANDARD FOR INVESTMENT</heading>
<chapeau>A guardian of the estate is considered to have exercised the standard required by Section 1161.002(a) with respect to investing the ward's estate if the guardian invests in the following:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scA/s1161.003/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>bonds or other obligations of the United States;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scA/s1161.003/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>tax-supported bonds of this state;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scA/s1161.003/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>except as limited by Sections 1161.004(b) and (c), tax-supported bonds of a county, district, political subdivision, or municipality in this state;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scA/s1161.003/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<chapeau>if the payment of the shares or share accounts is insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, shares or share accounts of:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scA/s1161.003/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>a state savings and loan association or savings bank that has its main office or a branch office in this state; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scA/s1161.003/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>a federal savings and loan association or savings bank that has its main office or a branch office in this state;</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scA/s1161.003/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<chapeau>collateral bonds that:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scA/s1161.003/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>are issued by a company incorporated under the laws of this state that has a paid-in capital of $1 million or more;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scA/s1161.003/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>are a direct obligation of the company; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scA/s1161.003/C">
<num value="C">(C)</num>
<content>are specifically secured by first mortgage real estate notes or other securities pledged with a trustee;</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scA/s1161.003/6">
<num value="6">(6)</num>
<content>interest-bearing time deposits that may be withdrawn on or before one year after demand in a bank that does business in this state, if the payment of the time deposits is insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scA/s1161.003/7">
<num value="7">(7)</num>
<content>an ABLE account established in accordance with the Texas Achieving a Better Life Experience (ABLE) Program under Subchapter J, Chapter 54, Education Code.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 938 (S.B. 1764), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scA/s1161.004">
<num value="1161.004">Sec. 1161.004.</num>
<heading>RESTRICTIONS ON INVESTMENT IN CERTAIN BONDS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scA/s1161.004/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>In this section, "net funded debt" means the total funded debt less sinking funds on hand.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scA/s1161.004/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A guardian of the estate may purchase the bonds of a county, district, or political subdivision other than a municipality only if the net funded debt of the county, district, or political subdivision that issues the bonds does not exceed 10 percent of the assessed value of taxable property in the county, district, or political subdivision.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scA/s1161.004/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>A guardian of the estate may purchase the bonds of a municipality only if the net funded debt of the municipality does not exceed 10 percent of the assessed value of taxable property in the municipality less that part of the debt incurred for acquisition or improvement of revenue-producing utilities, the revenue of which is not pledged to support other obligations of the municipality.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scA/s1161.004/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>Subsections (b) and (c) do not apply to bonds issued for road purposes in this state under Section 52, Article III, Texas Constitution, that are supported by a tax unlimited as to rate or amount.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scA/s1161.005">
<num value="1161.005">Sec. 1161.005.</num>
<heading>MODIFICATION OR ELIMINATION OF DUTY OR STANDARD</heading>
<chapeau>On a showing by clear and convincing evidence that the action is in the best interests of the ward and the ward's estate, the court may modify or eliminate:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scA/s1161.005/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the duty of the guardian of the estate to keep the estate invested; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scA/s1161.005/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the standard required by Section 1161.002(a) with regard to investments of estate assets.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scA/s1161.006">
<num value="1161.006">Sec. 1161.006.</num>
<heading>RETENTION OF CERTAIN ASSETS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scA/s1161.006/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>Without court approval a guardian of the estate may retain until the first anniversary of the date of receipt any property received into the guardianship estate at the estate's inception or added to the estate by gift, devise, inheritance, mutation, or increase, without regard to diversification of investments and without liability for any depreciation or loss resulting from the retention.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scA/s1161.006/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The guardian shall care for and manage the retained assets as a person of ordinary prudence, discretion, and intelligence would in caring for and managing the person's own affairs.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scA/s1161.006/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>On application and a hearing, the court may issue an order authorizing the guardian to continue retaining the property after the period prescribed by Subsection (a) if the retention is an element of the guardian's investment plan as provided by Subchapter B.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scA/s1161.007">
<num value="1161.007">Sec. 1161.007.</num>
<heading>HEARING TO PROTECT ESTATE</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scA/s1161.007/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>The court may, on the court's own motion or on written request of a person interested in the guardianship, cite the guardian of the estate to appear and show cause why the estate is not invested or not properly invested.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scA/s1161.007/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>Except as provided by Subsection (d), at any time after giving notice to all parties, the court may conduct a hearing to protect the estate.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scA/s1161.007/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>On the hearing of the court's motion or a request made under this section, the court shall issue an order the court considers to be in the ward's best interests.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scA/s1161.007/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>The court may not hold a final hearing on whether the estate is properly invested until the 31st day after the date the guardian is originally cited to appear under Subsection (a).</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scA/s1161.007/e">
<num value="e">(e)</num>
<content>The court may appoint a guardian ad litem for the limited purpose of representing the ward's best interests with respect to the investment of the ward's property at a hearing under this section.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scA/s1161.008">
<num value="1161.008">Sec. 1161.008.</num>
<heading>LIABILITY OF GUARDIAN AND GUARDIAN'S SURETY</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scA/s1161.008/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>In addition to any other remedy authorized by law, if the guardian of the estate fails to invest or lend estate assets in the manner provided by this chapter, the guardian and the guardian's surety are liable for the principal and the greater of:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scA/s1161.008/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the highest legal rate of interest on the principal during the period the guardian failed to invest or lend the assets; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scA/s1161.008/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the overall return that would have been made on the principal if the principal were invested in the manner provided by this chapter.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scA/s1161.008/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>In addition to the liability under Subsection (a), the guardian and the guardian's surety are liable for attorney's fees, litigation expenses, and costs related to a proceeding brought to enforce this section.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scB">
<num value="B">SUBCHAPTER B.</num>
<heading>PROCEDURE FOR MAKING INVESTMENTS OR LOANS OR RETAINING ESTATE ASSETS</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scB/s1161.051">
<num value="1161.051">Sec. 1161.051.</num>
<heading>PROCEDURE IN GENERAL</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scB/s1161.051/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>Not later than the 180th day after the date the guardian of the estate qualifies as guardian or another date specified by the court, the guardian shall:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scB/s1161.051/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>invest estate assets according to Section 1161.003; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scB/s1161.051/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<chapeau>file a written application with the court for an order:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scB/s1161.051/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>authorizing the guardian to:</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scB/s1161.051/i">
<num value="i">(i)</num>
<chapeau>develop and implement an investment plan for estate assets;</chapeau>
<clause identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scB/s1161.051/ii">
<num value="ii">(ii)</num>
<content>invest in or sell securities under an investment plan developed under Subparagraph (i);</content>
</clause>
<clause identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scB/s1161.051/iii">
<num value="iii">(iii)</num>
<content>declare that one or more estate assets must be retained, despite being underproductive with respect to income or overall return; or</content>
</clause>
<clause identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scB/s1161.051/iv">
<num value="iv">(iv)</num>
<content>loan estate funds, invest in real estate or make other investments, or purchase a life, term, or endowment insurance policy or an annuity contract; or</content>
</clause>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scB/s1161.051/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>modifying or eliminating the guardian's duty to invest the estate.</content>
</subparagraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scB/s1161.051/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The court may approve an investment plan under Subsection (a)(2) without a hearing.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scB/s1161.052">
<num value="1161.052">Sec. 1161.052.</num>
<heading>COURT ACTION</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scB/s1161.052/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>If the court determines that the action requested in the application is in the best interests of the ward and the ward's estate, the court shall issue an order:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scB/s1161.052/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>granting the authority requested in the application; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scB/s1161.052/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>modifying or eliminating the guardian's duty to keep the estate invested.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scB/s1161.052/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>An order under Subsection (a) must state in reasonably specific terms:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scB/s1161.052/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the nature of the investment, investment plan, or other action requested in the application and authorized by the court, including any authority to invest in and sell securities in accordance with the investment plan's objectives;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scB/s1161.052/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>when an investment must be reviewed and reconsidered by the guardian; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scB/s1161.052/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>whether the guardian must report the guardian's review and recommendations to the court.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scB/s1161.052/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>A citation or notice is not necessary to invest in or sell securities under an investment plan authorized by the court under this section.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scB/s1161.053">
<num value="1161.053">Sec. 1161.053.</num>
<heading>APPLICABILITY OF PROCEDURE TO CERTAIN ASSETS</heading>
<chapeau>The fact that an account or other asset is the subject of a specific or general gift under a ward's will, if any, or that a ward has funds, securities, or other property held with a right of survivorship does not prevent:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scB/s1161.053/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the guardian of the estate from taking possession and control of the asset or closing the account; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scB/s1161.053/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the court from authorizing an action or modifying or eliminating a duty with respect to the possession, control, or investment of the account or other asset.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scB/s1161.054">
<num value="1161.054">Sec. 1161.054.</num>
<heading>INAPPLICABILITY OF PROCEDURE TO CERTAIN ASSETS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scB/s1161.054/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>The procedure prescribed by this subchapter does not apply if a different procedure is prescribed for an investment or sale by a guardian.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scB/s1161.054/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A guardian of the estate is not required to follow the procedure prescribed by this subchapter with respect to an investment or sale that is specifically authorized by other law.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scC">
<num value="C">SUBCHAPTER C.</num>
<heading>INVESTMENTS IN CERTAIN INSURANCE OR ANNUITIES</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scC/s1161.101">
<num value="1161.101">Sec. 1161.101.</num>
<heading>DEFINITION</heading>
<chapeau>In this subchapter, "authorized life insurance company" means a stock or mutual legal reserve life insurance company that:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scC/s1161.101/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>is licensed by the Texas Department of Insurance to transact the business of life insurance in this state; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scC/s1161.101/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>maintains the legal reserve required by the laws of this state.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scC/s1161.102">
<num value="1161.102">Sec. 1161.102.</num>
<heading>AUTHORITY TO INVEST IN CERTAIN INSURANCE OR ANNUITIES</heading>
<content>Subject to this subchapter, the guardian of the estate may invest in life, term, or endowment insurance policies, in annuity contracts, or in both, issued by an authorized life insurance company or administered by the Department of Veterans Affairs.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scC/s1161.103">
<num value="1161.103">Sec. 1161.103.</num>
<heading>INVESTMENT REQUIREMENTS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scC/s1161.103/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>An insurance policy in which the guardian of the estate invests must be issued on the life of:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scC/s1161.103/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the ward;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scC/s1161.103/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the ward's parent, spouse, child, sibling, or grandparent; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scC/s1161.103/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>another person in whose life the ward may have an insurable interest.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scC/s1161.103/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The ward must be the annuitant in the annuity contract in which the guardian of the estate invests.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scC/s1161.103/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>Only the ward, the ward's estate, or the ward's parent, spouse, child, sibling, or grandparent may be a beneficiary of the insurance policy or of the death benefit of the annuity contract.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scC/s1161.103/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>The insurance policy or annuity contract may not be amended or changed during the ward's life and disability, except on application to and order of the court.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scC/s1161.104">
<num value="1161.104">Sec. 1161.104.</num>
<heading>PROCEDURE FOR INVESTING IN INSURANCE OR ANNUITIES</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scC/s1161.104/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>Before the guardian of the estate may invest in life, term, or endowment insurance policies, in annuity contracts, or in both, the guardian must first apply to the court for an order that authorizes the investment.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scC/s1161.104/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>The application must include a report that shows:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scC/s1161.104/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>in detail the estate's financial condition on the date the application is filed;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scC/s1161.104/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<chapeau>the name and address of the authorized life insurance company from which the insurance policy or annuity contract is to be purchased and that:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scC/s1161.104/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>the company is licensed by the Texas Department of Insurance to transact that business in this state on the date the application is filed; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scC/s1161.104/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>the policy or contract is administered by the Department of Veterans Affairs;</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scC/s1161.104/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<chapeau>a statement of:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scC/s1161.104/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>the face amount and plan of the insurance policy sought to be purchased; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scC/s1161.104/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>the amount, frequency, and duration of the annuity payments to be provided by the annuity contract sought to be purchased;</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scC/s1161.104/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>a statement of the amount, frequency, and duration of the premiums required by the insurance policy or annuity contract; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scC/s1161.104/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>a statement of the cash value of the insurance policy or annuity contract at the policy's or contract's anniversary nearest the ward's 21st birthday, assuming that all premiums to the anniversary are paid and that there is no indebtedness against the policy or contract incurred in accordance with its terms.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scC/s1161.104/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>If satisfied by the application and the evidence presented at the hearing that it is in the ward's interests to grant the application, the court shall enter an order granting the application.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scC/s1161.105">
<num value="1161.105">Sec. 1161.105.</num>
<heading>CONTINUATION OF PREEXISTING POLICIES OR ANNUITIES</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scC/s1161.105/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>A life, term, or endowment insurance policy or an annuity contract owned by the ward when a proceeding for the appointment of a guardian of the estate is commenced may be continued in full effect if it is shown that:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scC/s1161.105/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the company issuing the policy or contract is an authorized life insurance company; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scC/s1161.105/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the policy or contract is administered by the Department of Veterans Affairs.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scC/s1161.105/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>All future premiums for an insurance policy or annuity contract described by Subsection (a) may be paid out of surplus funds of the ward's estate.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scC/s1161.105/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<chapeau>The guardian of the estate must apply to the court for an order to:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scC/s1161.105/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>continue the policy, the contract, or both according to the existing terms of the policy or contract; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scC/s1161.105/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>modify the policy or contract to fit any new developments affecting the ward's welfare.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scC/s1161.105/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>Before the court grants an application filed under Subsection (c), the guardian must file a report in the court that shows in detail the financial condition of the ward's estate on the date the application is filed.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scC/s1161.106">
<num value="1161.106">Sec. 1161.106.</num>
<heading>CONTROL AND OWNERSHIP OF POLICIES OR ANNUITIES</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scC/s1161.106/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>Control of an insurance policy or an annuity contract and of the incidents of ownership in the policy or contract is vested in the guardian of the estate during the ward's life and disability.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scC/s1161.106/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A right, benefit, or interest that accrues under an insurance policy or annuity contract subject to this subchapter becomes the ward's exclusive property when the ward's disability is terminated.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scD">
<num value="D">SUBCHAPTER D.</num>
<heading>INVESTMENTS IN REAL ESTATE</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scD/s1161.151">
<num value="1161.151">Sec. 1161.151.</num>
<heading>AUTHORITY TO INVEST IN REAL ESTATE; PROCEDURE AND REQUIREMENTS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scD/s1161.151/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>The guardian of the estate may invest estate assets in real estate if:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scD/s1161.151/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the guardian believes that the investment is in the ward's best interests;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scD/s1161.151/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<chapeau>there are on hand sufficient additional assets to provide a return sufficient to provide for:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scD/s1161.151/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>the education, support, and maintenance of the ward and others the ward supports, if applicable; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scD/s1161.151/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>the maintenance, insurance, and taxes on the real estate in which the guardian wishes to invest;</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scD/s1161.151/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the guardian files a written application with the court requesting a court order authorizing the guardian to make the desired investment and stating the reasons why, in the guardian's opinion, the investment would be for the ward's benefit; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scD/s1161.151/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>the court issues an order authorizing the investment as provided by this subchapter.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scD/s1161.151/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>If the ward's money is invested in real estate, the title to the real estate shall be made to the ward. The guardian shall inventory, appraise, manage, and account for the real estate as the guardian does with other real estate of the ward.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scD/s1161.152">
<num value="1161.152">Sec. 1161.152.</num>
<heading>COURT AUTHORIZATION TO MAKE INVESTMENTS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scD/s1161.152/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>If the guardian of the estate files an application under this subchapter, the judge shall investigate as necessary to obtain all the facts concerning the investment.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scD/s1161.152/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>Subject to Subsection (c), on the hearing of the application, the court shall issue an order that authorizes the guardian to make the investment if the court is satisfied that the investment benefits the ward. The order must specify the investment to be made and contain other directions the court considers advisable.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scD/s1161.152/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>The judge may not issue an opinion or order on the application until after the 10th day after the date the application is filed.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scD/s1161.153">
<num value="1161.153">Sec. 1161.153.</num>
<heading>COURT APPROVAL OF CONTRACTS REQUIRED</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scD/s1161.153/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>If a contract is made for the investment of money in real estate under a court order, the guardian of the estate shall report the contract in writing to the court.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scD/s1161.153/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The court shall inquire fully into the contract. If satisfied that the investment will benefit the ward's estate and that the title of the real estate is valid and unencumbered, the court may approve the contract and authorize the guardian to pay money in performance of the contract.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scD/s1161.153/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>The guardian may not pay any money on the contract until the contract is approved by a court order to that effect.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scE">
<num value="E">SUBCHAPTER E.</num>
<heading>LOANS AND SECURITY FOR LOANS</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scE/s1161.201">
<num value="1161.201">Sec. 1161.201.</num>
<heading>INAPPLICABILITY OF SUBCHAPTER</heading>
<content>This subchapter does not apply to an investment in a debenture, bond, or other publicly traded debt security.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scE/s1161.202">
<num value="1161.202">Sec. 1161.202.</num>
<heading>AUTHORITY TO MAKE LOANS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scE/s1161.202/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>If, at any time, the guardian of the estate has on hand money belonging to the ward in an amount that provides a return that is more than is necessary for the education, support, and maintenance of the ward and others the ward supports, if applicable, the guardian may lend the money for a reasonable interest rate.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scE/s1161.202/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The guardian of the estate is considered to have obtained a reasonable interest rate for a loan for purposes of Subsection (a) if the interest rate is at least equal to 120 percent of the applicable short-term, midterm, or long-term interest rate under Section 7520, Internal Revenue Code of 1986, for the month during which the loan was made.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scE/s1161.203">
<num value="1161.203">Sec. 1161.203.</num>
<heading>LOAN REQUIREMENTS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scE/s1161.203/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>Except as provided by Subsection (b), the guardian of the estate shall take as collateral the borrower's note for the money that is loaned, secured by:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scE/s1161.203/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>a mortgage with a power of sale on unencumbered real estate located in this state worth at least twice the amount of the note; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scE/s1161.203/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>collateral notes secured by vendor's lien notes.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scE/s1161.203/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The guardian may purchase vendor's lien notes if at least one-half has been paid in cash or its equivalent on the land for which the notes were given.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scE/s1161.203/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<chapeau>Except as provided by Subsection (d), a guardian of the estate who lends estate money may not pay or transfer any money to consummate the loan until the guardian:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scE/s1161.203/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>submits to a reputable attorney for examination all bonds, notes, mortgages, abstracts, and other documents relating to the loan; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scE/s1161.203/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>receives a written opinion from the attorney stating that the documents under Subdivision (1) are regular and that the title to relevant bonds, notes, or real estate is clear.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scE/s1161.203/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>A guardian of the estate may obtain a mortgagee's title insurance policy on any real estate loan instead of an abstract and attorney's opinion under Subsection (c).</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scE/s1161.203/e">
<num value="e">(e)</num>
<content>The borrower shall pay attorney's fees for any legal services required by Subsection (c).</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scE/s1161.204">
<num value="1161.204">Sec. 1161.204.</num>
<heading>GUARDIAN'S DUTY TO REPORT LOAN TO COURT</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scE/s1161.204/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>Not later than the 30th day after the date the guardian of the estate loans money from the estate, the guardian shall file with the court a written report, accompanied and verified by an affidavit, stating fully the facts related to the loan.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scE/s1161.204/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>This section does not apply to a loan made in accordance with a court order.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scE/s1161.205">
<num value="1161.205">Sec. 1161.205.</num>
<heading>GUARDIAN'S LIABILITY</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scE/s1161.205/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>Except as provided by Subsection (b), a guardian of the estate who loans estate money with the court's approval on security approved by the court is not personally liable if the borrower is unable to repay the money and the security fails.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1161/scE/s1161.205/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>If the guardian committed fraud or was negligent in making or managing the loan, including in collecting the loan, the guardian and the guardian's surety are liable for the loss sustained by the guardianship estate as a result of the fraud or negligence.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
</chapter>
<chapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1162">
<num value="1162">CHAPTER 1162.</num>
<heading>TAX-MOTIVATED, CHARITABLE, NONPROFIT, AND OTHER GIFTS</heading>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1162/scA">
<num value="A">SUBCHAPTER A.</num>
<heading>CERTAIN GIFTS AND TRANSFERS</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1162/scA/s1162.001">
<num value="1162.001">Sec. 1162.001.</num>
<heading>AUTHORITY TO ESTABLISH ESTATE OR OTHER TRANSFER PLAN</heading>
<chapeau>On application of the guardian of the estate or any interested person, after the posting of notice and hearing, and on a showing that the ward will probably remain incapacitated during the ward's lifetime, the court may enter an order that authorizes the guardian to apply the principal or income of the ward's estate that is not required for the support of the ward or the ward's family during the ward's lifetime toward the establishment of an estate plan for the purpose of minimizing income, estate, inheritance, or other taxes payable out of the ward's estate, or to transfer a portion of the ward's estate as necessary to qualify the ward for government benefits and only to the extent allowed by applicable state or federal laws, including rules, regarding those benefits. On the ward's behalf, the court may authorize the guardian to make gifts or transfers described by this section, outright or in trust, of the ward's property to or for the benefit of:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1162/scA/s1162.001/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>an organization to which charitable contributions may be made under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 and in which it is shown the ward would reasonably have an interest;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1162/scA/s1162.001/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the ward's spouse, descendant, or other person related to the ward by blood or marriage who is identifiable at the time of the order;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1162/scA/s1162.001/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>a devisee under the ward's last validly executed will, trust, or other beneficial instrument, if the instrument exists; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1162/scA/s1162.001/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>a person serving as guardian of the ward, if the person is eligible under Subdivision (2) or (3).</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 161 (S.B. 1093), Sec. 6.050, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1162/scA/s1162.002">
<num value="1162.002">Sec. 1162.002.</num>
<heading>ESTATE OR OTHER TRANSFER PLAN: CONTENTS AND MODIFICATION</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1162/scA/s1162.002/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>The person making an application to the court under Section 1162.001 shall:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1162/scA/s1162.002/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>outline the proposed estate or other transfer plan; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1162/scA/s1162.002/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>state all the benefits that are to be derived from the plan.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1162/scA/s1162.002/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The application must indicate that the planned disposition is consistent with the ward's intentions, if the ward's intentions can be ascertained. If the ward's intentions cannot be ascertained, the ward will be presumed to favor reduction in the incidence of the various forms of taxation, the qualification for government benefits, and the partial distribution of the ward's estate as provided by Sections 1162.001 and 1162.004.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1162/scA/s1162.002/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>A subsequent modification of an approved plan may be made by similar application to the court.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 161 (S.B. 1093), Sec. 6.051, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1162/scA/s1162.003">
<num value="1162.003">Sec. 1162.003.</num>
<heading>NOTICE OF APPLICATION FOR ESTABLISHMENT OF ESTATE OR OTHER TRANSFER PLAN</heading>
<chapeau>A person who makes an application to the court under Section 1162.001 shall send notice of the application by a qualified delivery method to:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1162/scA/s1162.003/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>all devisees under a will, trust, or other beneficial instrument relating to the ward's estate;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1162/scA/s1162.003/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the ward's spouse;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1162/scA/s1162.003/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the ward's dependents; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1162/scA/s1162.003/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>any other person as directed by the court.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 161 (S.B. 1093), Sec. 6.052, eff. January 1, 2014.
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 123 (H.B. 785), Sec. 13, eff. September 1, 2023.
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 207 (S.B. 1457), Sec. 20, eff. September 1, 2023.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1162/scA/s1162.004">
<num value="1162.004">Sec. 1162.004.</num>
<heading>AUTHORITY TO MAKE PERIODIC GIFTS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1162/scA/s1162.004/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>In an order entered under Section 1162.001, the court may authorize the guardian to make, without subsequent application to or order of the court, gifts as provided by that section on an annual or other periodic basis if the court finds it to be in the best interest of the ward and the ward's estate.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1162/scA/s1162.004/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The court, on the court's own motion or on the motion of a person interested in the welfare of the ward, may modify or set aside an order entered under Subsection (a) if the court finds that the ward's financial condition has changed in such a manner that authorizing the guardian to make gifts of the estate on a continuing basis is no longer in the best interest of the ward and the ward's estate.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1162/scA/s1162.005">
<num value="1162.005">Sec. 1162.005.</num>
<heading>APPLICATION FOR INSPECTION OF CERTAIN DOCUMENTS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1162/scA/s1162.005/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>On the filing of an application under Section 1162.001 and for the purpose of establishing an estate plan under that section, the guardian of the ward's estate may apply to the court for an order to seek an in camera inspection of a copy of a will, codicil, trust, or other estate planning instrument of the ward as a means of obtaining access to the instrument.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1162/scA/s1162.005/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>An application filed under this section must:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1162/scA/s1162.005/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>be sworn to by the guardian;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1162/scA/s1162.005/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>list each instrument requested for inspection; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1162/scA/s1162.005/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>state one or more reasons supporting the necessity to inspect each requested instrument for the purpose described by Subsection (a).</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1162/scA/s1162.006">
<num value="1162.006">Sec. 1162.006.</num>
<heading>NOTICE OF APPLICATION FOR INSPECTION</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1162/scA/s1162.006/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>A person who files an application under Section 1162.005 shall send a copy of the application to:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1162/scA/s1162.006/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>each person who has custody of an instrument listed in the application;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1162/scA/s1162.006/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the ward's spouse;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1162/scA/s1162.006/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the ward's dependents;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1162/scA/s1162.006/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>all devisees under a will, trust, or other beneficial instrument relating to the ward's estate; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1162/scA/s1162.006/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>any other person as directed by the court.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1162/scA/s1162.006/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>Notice required by Subsection (a) must be sent by a qualified delivery method.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 123 (H.B. 785), Sec. 14, eff. September 1, 2023.
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 207 (S.B. 1457), Sec. 21, eff. September 1, 2023.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1162/scA/s1162.007">
<num value="1162.007">Sec. 1162.007.</num>
<heading>HEARING ON APPLICATION FOR INSPECTION; INSPECTION</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1162/scA/s1162.007/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>After the 10th day after the date on which the applicant complies with the notice requirement under Section 1162.006, the applicant may request that a hearing be held on the application. Notice of the date, time, and place of the hearing must be given by the applicant to each person described by Section 1162.006(a)(1) when the court sets a date for a hearing on the application.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1162/scA/s1162.007/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>After the conclusion of a hearing on the application for inspection and on a finding that good cause exists for an in camera inspection of a requested instrument, the court shall direct the person that has custody of the requested will, codicil, trust, or other estate planning instrument to deliver a copy of the instrument to the court for in camera inspection only. After conducting an in camera inspection of the instrument, the court, if good cause exists, shall release all or part of the instrument to the applicant only for the purpose described by Section 1162.005(a).</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1162/scA/s1162.007/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>An attorney does not violate the attorney-client privilege solely by complying with a court order to release an instrument subject to this section and Sections 1162.005 and 1162.006.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2025, 89th Leg., 2nd C.S., Ch. 7 (H.B. 16), Sec. 12.04, eff. December 4, 2025.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1162/scA/s1162.008">
<num value="1162.008">Sec. 1162.008.</num>
<heading>GUARDIAN AD LITEM</heading>
<content>The court may appoint a guardian ad litem for the ward or an interested party at any stage of proceedings under this subchapter if it is considered advisable for the protection of the ward or the interested party.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1162/scB">
<num value="B">SUBCHAPTER B.</num>
<heading>CHARITABLE AND NONPROFIT GIFTS</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1162/scB/s1162.051">
<num value="1162.051">Sec. 1162.051.</num>
<heading>APPLICATION TO MAKE GIFT</heading>
<chapeau>The guardian of the estate may at any time file with the county clerk the guardian's sworn, written application requesting from the court in which the guardianship is pending an order authorizing the guardian to contribute from the income of the ward's estate the specific amount of money stated in the application to one or more designated:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1162/scB/s1162.051/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>corporations, trusts, or community chests, funds, or foundations, organized and operated exclusively for religious, charitable, scientific, literary, or educational purposes; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1162/scB/s1162.051/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>nonprofit federal, state, county, or municipal projects operated exclusively for public health or welfare.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1162/scB/s1162.052">
<num value="1162.052">Sec. 1162.052.</num>
<heading>HEARING ON APPLICATION TO MAKE GIFT</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1162/scB/s1162.052/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>The county clerk shall immediately call the filing of an application under Section 1162.051 to the attention of the judge of the court.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1162/scB/s1162.052/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The judge shall designate, by written order filed with the clerk, a day to hear the application. The application must remain on file for at least 10 days before the hearing is held.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1162/scB/s1162.052/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>The judge may postpone or continue the hearing from time to time until the judge is satisfied concerning the application.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1162/scB/s1162.053">
<num value="1162.053">Sec. 1162.053.</num>
<heading>ORDER AUTHORIZING GIFT</heading>
<chapeau>On the conclusion of a hearing under Section 1162.052, the court may enter an order authorizing the guardian to make a contribution from the income of the ward's estate to a particular donee designated in the application and order if the court is satisfied and finds from the evidence that:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1162/scB/s1162.053/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the amount of the proposed contribution stated in the application will probably not exceed 20 percent of the net income of the ward's estate for the current calendar year;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1162/scB/s1162.053/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the net income of the ward's estate for the current calendar year exceeds, or probably will exceed, $25,000;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1162/scB/s1162.053/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the full amount of the contribution, if made, will probably be deductible from the ward's gross income in determining the net income of the ward under applicable federal income tax laws and rules;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1162/scB/s1162.053/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>the condition of the ward's estate justifies a contribution in the proposed amount; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1162/scB/s1162.053/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>the proposed contribution is reasonable in amount and is for a worthy cause.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
</chapter>
<chapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163">
<num value="1163">CHAPTER 1163.</num>
<heading>ANNUAL ACCOUNT AND OTHER EXHIBITS AND REPORTS</heading>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scA">
<num value="A">SUBCHAPTER A.</num>
<heading>ANNUAL ACCOUNT AND OTHER EXHIBITS BY GUARDIAN OF THE ESTATE</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scA/s1163.001">
<num value="1163.001">Sec. 1163.001.</num>
<heading>INITIAL ANNUAL ACCOUNT OF ESTATE</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scA/s1163.001/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>Not later than the 60th day after the first anniversary of the date the guardian of the estate of a ward qualifies, unless the court extends that period, the guardian shall file with the court an account consisting of a written exhibit made under oath that:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scA/s1163.001/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>lists all claims against the estate presented to the guardian during the period covered by the account; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scA/s1163.001/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<chapeau>specifies:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scA/s1163.001/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>which claims have been:</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scA/s1163.001/i">
<num value="i">(i)</num>
<chapeau>allowed by the guardian;</chapeau>
<clause identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scA/s1163.001/ii">
<num value="ii">(ii)</num>
<content>paid by the guardian; or</content>
</clause>
<clause identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scA/s1163.001/iii">
<num value="iii">(iii)</num>
<content>rejected by the guardian and the date the claims were rejected; and</content>
</clause>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scA/s1163.001/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>which claims have been the subject of a lawsuit and the status of that lawsuit.</content>
</subparagraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scA/s1163.001/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>The account must:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scA/s1163.001/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>show all property that has come to the guardian's knowledge or into the guardian's possession that was not previously listed or inventoried as the ward's property;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scA/s1163.001/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>show any change in the ward's property that was not previously reported;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scA/s1163.001/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>provide a complete account of receipts and disbursements for the period covered by the account, including the source and nature of the receipts and disbursements, with separate listings for principal and income receipts;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scA/s1163.001/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<chapeau>provide a complete, accurate, and detailed description of:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scA/s1163.001/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>the property being administered;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scA/s1163.001/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>the condition of the property and the use being made of the property; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scA/s1163.001/C">
<num value="C">(C)</num>
<content>if rented, the terms on which and the price for which the property was rented;</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scA/s1163.001/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>show the cash balance on hand and the name and location of the depository where the balance is kept;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scA/s1163.001/6">
<num value="6">(6)</num>
<content>show any other cash held in a savings account or other manner that was deposited subject to court order and the name and location of the depository for that cash; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scA/s1163.001/7">
<num value="7">(7)</num>
<content>provide a detailed description of the personal property of the estate that shows how and where the property is held for safekeeping.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scA/s1163.001/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<chapeau>For bonds, notes, and other securities, the description required by Subsection (b)(7) must include:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scA/s1163.001/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the names of the obligor and obligee or, if payable to bearer, a statement that the bond, note, or other security is payable to bearer;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scA/s1163.001/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the date of issue and maturity;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scA/s1163.001/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the interest rate;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scA/s1163.001/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>the serial number or other identifying numbers;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scA/s1163.001/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>the manner in which the property is secured; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scA/s1163.001/6">
<num value="6">(6)</num>
<content>other information necessary to fully identify the bond, note, or other security.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scA/s1163.002">
<num value="1163.002">Sec. 1163.002.</num>
<heading>ANNUAL ACCOUNT REQUIRED UNTIL ESTATE CLOSED</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scA/s1163.002/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>A guardian of the estate shall file an annual account conforming to the essential requirements of Section 1163.001 regarding changes in the estate assets occurring since the date the most recent previous account was filed.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scA/s1163.002/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The annual account must be filed in a manner that allows the court or an interested person to ascertain the true condition of the estate, with respect to money, securities, and other property, by adding to the balances forwarded from the most recent previous account the amounts received during the period covered by the account and subtracting the disbursements made during that period.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scA/s1163.002/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>The description of property sufficiently described in an inventory or previous account may be made in the annual account by reference to the property.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scA/s1163.003">
<num value="1163.003">Sec. 1163.003.</num>
<heading>SUPPORTING VOUCHERS AND OTHER DOCUMENTS ATTACHED TO ACCOUNT</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scA/s1163.003/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>The guardian of the estate shall attach to each annual account:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scA/s1163.003/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>a voucher, including a receipt, invoice, or proof of payment, for each item of credit claimed in the account or, to support the item in the absence of the voucher, other evidence satisfactory to the court;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scA/s1163.003/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>an official letter from the bank or other depository where the money on hand of the estate or ward is deposited that shows the amounts in general or special deposits;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scA/s1163.003/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<chapeau>proof of the existence and possession of:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scA/s1163.003/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>securities owned by the estate or shown by the account; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scA/s1163.003/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>other assets held by a depository subject to court order;</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scA/s1163.003/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<chapeau>an official statement that covers the date that the accounting period ends issued by each bank or other depository where:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scA/s1163.003/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>the money on hand of the estate or ward is deposited; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scA/s1163.003/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>the securities or other assets are held for safekeeping; and</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scA/s1163.003/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>a bill of sale, contract, or other agreement evidencing the sale of personal property of the estate or ward during the accounting period.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scA/s1163.003/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>An original voucher submitted to the court may on application be returned to the guardian after approval of the annual account.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2025, 89th Leg., R.S., Ch. 855 (S.B. 1760), Sec. 10, eff. September 1, 2025.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scA/s1163.004">
<num value="1163.004">Sec. 1163.004.</num>
<heading>METHOD OF PROOF FOR SECURITIES AND OTHER ASSETS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scA/s1163.004/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>The proof required by Section 1163.003(a)(3) must be by:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scA/s1163.004/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>an official letter from the bank or other depository where the securities or other assets are held for safekeeping, and if the depository is the guardian, the official letter must be signed by a representative of the depository other than the depository verifying the annual account;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scA/s1163.004/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>a certificate of an authorized representative of a corporation that is surety on the guardian's bonds;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scA/s1163.004/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>a certificate of the clerk or a deputy clerk of a court of record in this state; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scA/s1163.004/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>an affidavit of any other reputable person designated by the court on request of the guardian or other interested party.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scA/s1163.004/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>A certificate or affidavit described by Subsection (a) must:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scA/s1163.004/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>state that the affiant has examined the assets that the guardian exhibited to the affiant as assets of the estate for which the annual account is made;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scA/s1163.004/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>describe the assets by reference to the account or in another manner that sufficiently identifies the assets exhibited; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scA/s1163.004/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>state the time and the place the assets were exhibited.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scA/s1163.004/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>Instead of attaching a certificate or an affidavit, the guardian may exhibit the securities to the judge of the court, who shall endorse on the annual account, or include in the judge's order with respect to the account, a statement that the securities shown to the judge as on hand were exhibited to the judge and that the securities were the same as those shown in the account, or note any variance. If the securities are exhibited at a location other than where the securities are deposited for safekeeping, that exhibit is at the guardian's own expense and risk.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scA/s1163.004/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<chapeau>The judge of the court may require:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scA/s1163.004/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>additional evidence of the existence and custody of the securities and other personal property as the judge considers proper; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scA/s1163.004/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the guardian at any time to exhibit the securities to the judge or another person designated by the judge at the place where the securities are held for safekeeping.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scA/s1163.005">
<num value="1163.005">Sec. 1163.005.</num>
<heading>VERIFICATION OF ACCOUNT AND STATEMENT REGARDING TAXES AND STATUS AS GUARDIAN</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scA/s1163.005/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>The guardian of the estate shall attach to an account the guardian's affidavit stating:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scA/s1163.005/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>that the account contains a correct and complete statement of the matters to which the account relates;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scA/s1163.005/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>that the guardian has paid the bond premium for the next accounting period;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scA/s1163.005/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>that the guardian has filed all tax returns of the ward due during the accounting period;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scA/s1163.005/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>that the guardian has paid all taxes the ward owed during the accounting period, the amount of the taxes, the date the guardian paid the taxes, and the name of the governmental entity to which the guardian paid the taxes; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scA/s1163.005/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>if the guardian is a private professional guardian, a guardianship program, or the Health and Human Services Commission, whether the guardian or an individual certified under Subchapter C, Chapter 155, Government Code, who is providing guardianship services to the ward and who is swearing to the account on the guardian's behalf, is or has been the subject of an investigation conducted by the Judicial Branch Certification Commission during the accounting period.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scA/s1163.005/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>If on the filing of the account the guardian of the estate has failed on the ward's behalf to file a tax return or pay taxes due, the guardian shall attach to the account a description of the taxes and the reasons for the guardian's failure to file the return or pay the taxes.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 982 (H.B. 2080), Sec. 20, eff. January 1, 2014.
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 982 (H.B. 2080), Sec. 21, eff. January 1, 2014.
Acts 2021, 87th Leg., R.S., Ch. 521 (S.B. 626), Sec. 53, eff. September 1, 2021.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scA/s1163.006">
<num value="1163.006">Sec. 1163.006.</num>
<heading>WAIVER OF ACCOUNT FILING</heading>
<chapeau>If the ward's estate produces negligible or fixed income, the court may waive the filing of annual accounts and may permit the guardian to:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scA/s1163.006/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>receive all estate income and apply the income to the support, maintenance, and education of the ward; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scA/s1163.006/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>account to the court for the estate income and corpus when the estate must be closed.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scB">
<num value="B">SUBCHAPTER B.</num>
<heading>ACTION ON ANNUAL ACCOUNT</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scB/s1163.051">
<num value="1163.051">Sec. 1163.051.</num>
<heading>FILING AND CONSIDERATION OF ANNUAL ACCOUNT</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scB/s1163.051/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>The guardian of the estate shall file an annual account with the county clerk. The county clerk shall note the filing on the judge's docket.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scB/s1163.051/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>An annual account must remain on file for 10 days after the date the account is filed before being considered by the judge. After the expiration of that period, the judge shall consider the account and may continue the hearing on the account until fully advised on all account items.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scB/s1163.051/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>The court may not approve the annual account unless possession of cash, listed securities, or other assets held in safekeeping or on deposit under court order has been proven as required by law.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scB/s1163.051/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>If the court approves the annual account, the court shall enter an order to that effect.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scB/s1163.051/e">
<num value="e">(e)</num>
<content>If the court does not approve the annual account, the court shall enter an order to that effect and require the guardian of the estate to file another annual account within a period prescribed by the order, which may not be later than the 30th day after the date the order is entered.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2025, 89th Leg., R.S., Ch. 283 (S.B. 746), Sec. 6, eff. September 1, 2025.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scB/s1163.052">
<num value="1163.052">Sec. 1163.052.</num>
<heading>CORRECTION AND APPROVAL OF ANNUAL ACCOUNT</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scB/s1163.052/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>If an annual account is found to be incorrect, the account shall be corrected.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scB/s1163.052/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The court by order shall approve an annual account that is corrected to the satisfaction of the court and shall act with respect to unpaid claims in accordance with Sections 1163.053 and 1163.054.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scB/s1163.053">
<num value="1163.053">Sec. 1163.053.</num>
<heading>ORDER FOR PAYMENT OF CLAIMS IN FULL</heading>
<content>After approval of an annual account as provided by Section 1163.052, if it appears to the court from the exhibit or other evidence that the estate is wholly solvent and that the guardian has sufficient funds to pay every claim against the estate, the court shall order immediate payment of all claims allowed and approved or established by judgment.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scB/s1163.054">
<num value="1163.054">Sec. 1163.054.</num>
<heading>ORDER FOR PRO RATA PAYMENT OF CLAIMS</heading>
<chapeau>After approval of an annual account as provided by Section 1163.052, if it appears to the court from the account or other evidence that the funds on hand are not sufficient to pay all claims against the estate or if the estate is insolvent and the guardian has any funds on hand, the court shall order the funds to be applied:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scB/s1163.054/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>first to the payment of any unpaid claims having a preference in the order of their priority; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scB/s1163.054/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<chapeau>then to the pro rata payment of the other claims allowed and approved or established by final judgment, considering also:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scB/s1163.054/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>claims that were presented not later than the first anniversary of the date letters of guardianship were granted; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scB/s1163.054/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>claims that are in litigation or on which a lawsuit may be filed.</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scC">
<num value="C">SUBCHAPTER C.</num>
<heading>ANNUAL REPORT BY GUARDIAN OF THE PERSON</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scC/s1163.101">
<num value="1163.101">Sec. 1163.101.</num>
<heading>ANNUAL REPORT REQUIRED</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scC/s1163.101/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>Once each year for the duration of the guardianship, a guardian of the person shall file with the court a report that contains the information required by this section.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scC/s1163.101/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>The guardian of the person shall file a sworn, written report that shows each receipt and disbursement for:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scC/s1163.101/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the support and maintenance of the ward;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scC/s1163.101/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>when necessary, the education of the ward; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scC/s1163.101/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>when authorized by court order, the support and maintenance of the ward's dependents.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scC/s1163.101/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<chapeau>The guardian of the person shall file a sworn affidavit that contains:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scC/s1163.101/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the guardian's current name, address, and telephone number;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scC/s1163.101/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the ward's date of birth and current name, address, telephone number, and age;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scC/s1163.101/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<chapeau>a description of the type of home in which the ward resides, which shall be described as:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scC/s1163.101/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>the ward's own home;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scC/s1163.101/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>a nursing home;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scC/s1163.101/C">
<num value="C">(C)</num>
<content>a guardian's home;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scC/s1163.101/D">
<num value="D">(D)</num>
<content>a foster home;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scC/s1163.101/E">
<num value="E">(E)</num>
<content>a boarding home;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scC/s1163.101/F">
<num value="F">(F)</num>
<content>a relative's home, in which case the description must specify the relative's relationship to the ward;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scC/s1163.101/G">
<num value="G">(G)</num>
<content>a hospital or medical facility; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scC/s1163.101/H">
<num value="H">(H)</num>
<content>another type of residence;</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scC/s1163.101/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<chapeau>statements indicating:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scC/s1163.101/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>the length of time the ward has resided in the present home;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scC/s1163.101/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>the reason for a change in the ward's residence, if a change in the ward's residence has occurred in the past year;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scC/s1163.101/C">
<num value="C">(C)</num>
<content>the date the guardian most recently saw the ward;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scC/s1163.101/D">
<num value="D">(D)</num>
<content>how frequently the guardian has seen the ward in the past year;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scC/s1163.101/E">
<num value="E">(E)</num>
<content>whether the guardian has possession or control of the ward's estate;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scC/s1163.101/F">
<num value="F">(F)</num>
<content>whether the ward's mental health has improved, deteriorated, or remained unchanged during the past year, including a description of the change if a change has occurred;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scC/s1163.101/G">
<num value="G">(G)</num>
<content>whether the ward's physical health has improved, deteriorated, or remained unchanged during the past year, including a description of the change if a change has occurred;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scC/s1163.101/H">
<num value="H">(H)</num>
<content>whether the ward has regular medical care;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scC/s1163.101/I">
<num value="I">(I)</num>
<content>the ward's treatment or evaluation by any of the following persons during the past year, including the person's name and a description of the treatment:</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scC/s1163.101/i">
<num value="i">(i)</num>
<chapeau>a physician;</chapeau>
<clause identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scC/s1163.101/ii">
<num value="ii">(ii)</num>
<content>a psychiatrist, psychologist, or other mental health care provider;</content>
</clause>
<clause identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scC/s1163.101/iii">
<num value="iii">(iii)</num>
<content>a dentist;</content>
</clause>
<clause identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scC/s1163.101/iv">
<num value="iv">(iv)</num>
<content>a social or other caseworker; or</content>
</clause>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scC/s1163.101/v">
<num value="v">(v)</num>
<chapeau>any other individual who provided treatment; and</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scC/s1163.101/J">
<num value="J">(J)</num>
<content>supports and services the ward has received or is currently receiving, as described by Subsection (d);</content>
</subparagraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scC/s1163.101/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>a description of the ward's activities during the past year, including recreational, educational, social, and occupational activities, or a statement that no activities were available or that the ward was unable or refused to participate in activities;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scC/s1163.101/6">
<num value="6">(6)</num>
<chapeau>the guardian's evaluation of:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scC/s1163.101/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>the ward's living arrangements as excellent, average, or below average, including an explanation if the conditions are below average;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scC/s1163.101/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>whether the ward is content or unhappy with the ward's living arrangements; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scC/s1163.101/C">
<num value="C">(C)</num>
<content>unmet needs of the ward;</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scC/s1163.101/7">
<num value="7">(7)</num>
<content>a statement indicating whether the guardian's power should be increased, decreased, or unaltered, including an explanation if a change is recommended;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scC/s1163.101/8">
<num value="8">(8)</num>
<content>a statement indicating that the guardian has paid the bond premium for the next reporting period;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scC/s1163.101/9">
<num value="9">(9)</num>
<content>if the guardian is a private professional guardian, a guardianship program, or the Health and Human Services Commission, whether the guardian or an individual certified under Subchapter C, Chapter 155, Government Code, who is providing guardianship services to the ward and who is filing the affidavit on the guardian's behalf, is or has been the subject of an investigation conducted by the Judicial Branch Certification Commission during the preceding year; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scC/s1163.101/10">
<num value="10">(10)</num>
<chapeau>any additional information the guardian desires to share with the court regarding the ward, including:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scC/s1163.101/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>whether the guardian has filed for emergency detention of the ward under Subchapter A, Chapter 573, Health and Safety Code; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scC/s1163.101/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>if applicable, the number of times the guardian has filed for emergency detention and the dates of the applications for emergency detention.</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scC/s1163.101/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<chapeau>The statements in the sworn affidavit regarding the ward's supports and services under Subsection (c)(4)(J) must include:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scC/s1163.101/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>information regarding actions the guardian is taking to encourage the development of the ward's maximum self-reliance and independence;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scC/s1163.101/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<chapeau>a list of all the supports and services the ward is currently receiving, including whether the ward:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scC/s1163.101/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>has a representative payee;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scC/s1163.101/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>receives services from a local mental health authority or local intellectual and developmental disability authority;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scC/s1163.101/C">
<num value="C">(C)</num>
<content>receives any supports and services under Medicaid, including under a Medicaid waiver program authorized under Section 1915(c) of the federal Social Security Act (42 U.S.C. Section 1396n); and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scC/s1163.101/D">
<num value="D">(D)</num>
<content>receives any supports and services informally;</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scC/s1163.101/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>where the ward receives the supports and services described by Subdivision (2);</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scC/s1163.101/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>who provides the supports and services described by Subdivision (2);</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scC/s1163.101/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>a list of the supports and services the ward previously received or attempted to receive and why the support or service was discontinued or not received; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scC/s1163.101/6">
<num value="6">(6)</num>
<content>the guardian's opinion on whether the ward has the capacity or sufficient capacity with supports and services for complete restoration of the ward's capacity or modification of the guardianship under Chapter 1202 or the reasons why the ward does not have the capacity or sufficient capacity with supports and services for complete restoration of the ward's capacity or modification of the guardianship under Chapter 1202.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 982 (H.B. 2080), Sec. 22, eff. January 1, 2014.
Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1031 (H.B. 1438), Sec. 19, eff. September 1, 2015.
Acts 2021, 87th Leg., R.S., Ch. 521 (S.B. 626), Sec. 54, eff. September 1, 2021.
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 939 (S.B. 1624), Sec. 10, eff. September 1, 2023.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scC/s1163.1011">
<num value="1163.1011">Sec. 1163.1011.</num>
<heading>USE OF UNSWORN DECLARATION IN LIEU OF SWORN DECLARATION OR AFFIDAVIT FOR FILING ANNUAL REPORT</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scC/s1163.1011/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>A guardian of the person who is required to file an annual report under Section 1163.101 with the court, including a guardian filing the annual report electronically, may use an unsworn declaration made as provided by this section instead of the sworn declaration or affidavit required by Section 1163.101.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scC/s1163.1011/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>An unsworn declaration authorized by this section must be:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scC/s1163.1011/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>in writing; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scC/s1163.1011/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>subscribed by the person making the declaration as true under penalty of perjury.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scC/s1163.1011/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>The form of an unsworn declaration authorized by this section must be substantially as follows:</content>
<continuation>I, (insert name of guardian of the person), the guardian of the person for (insert name of ward) in _______ County, Texas, declare under penalty of perjury that the foregoing is true and correct.</continuation>
<continuation>Executed on (insert date)</continuation>
<continuation>________________________</continuation>
<continuation>(signature)</continuation>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scC/s1163.1011/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>An unsworn declaration authorized by Section 132.001, Civil Practice and Remedies Code, may not be used instead of a written sworn declaration or affidavit required by Section 1163.101.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 982 (H.B. 2080), Sec. 23, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1031 (H.B. 1438), Sec. 20, eff. September 1, 2015.
Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1031 (H.B. 1438), Sec. 21, eff. September 1, 2015.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scC/s1163.102">
<num value="1163.102">Sec. 1163.102.</num>
<heading>REPORTING PERIOD</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scC/s1163.102/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>Except as provided under Subsection (b), an annual report required by Section 1163.101 must cover a 12-month reporting period that begins on the date or the anniversary of the date the guardian of the person qualifies to serve.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scC/s1163.102/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The court may change a reporting period for purposes of this subchapter but may not extend a reporting period so that it covers more than 12 months.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scC/s1163.102/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>Each report is due not later than the 60th day after the date the reporting period ends.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scC/s1163.103">
<num value="1163.103">Sec. 1163.103.</num>
<heading>REPORT IN CASE OF DECEASED WARD</heading>
<content>If the ward is deceased, the guardian of the person shall provide the court with the date and place of death, if known, instead of the information about the ward otherwise required to be provided in the annual report.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scC/s1163.104">
<num value="1163.104">Sec. 1163.104.</num>
<heading>APPROVAL OF REPORT</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scC/s1163.104/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>If the judge is satisfied that the facts stated in the report are true, the court shall approve the report and enter an order to that effect.</content>
<continuation>(a-1) If the court does not approve the annual report, the court shall enter an order to that effect and require the guardian of the person to file another annual report within a period prescribed by the order, which may not be later than the 30th day after the date the order is entered.</continuation>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scC/s1163.104/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>Unless the judge is satisfied that the facts stated in the report are true, the judge shall issue orders necessary for the ward's best interests.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scC/s1163.104/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>The court on the court's own motion may waive the costs and fees related to the filing of a report approved under Subsection (a).</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2025, 89th Leg., R.S., Ch. 283 (S.B. 746), Sec. 7, eff. September 1, 2025.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scC/s1163.105">
<num value="1163.105">Sec. 1163.105.</num>
<heading>ATTORNEY NOT REQUIRED</heading>
<content>A guardian of the person may complete and file the report required under this subchapter without the assistance of an attorney.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scD">
<num value="D">SUBCHAPTER D.</num>
<heading>PENALTIES</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scD/s1163.151">
<num value="1163.151">Sec. 1163.151.</num>
<heading>PENALTY FOR FAILURE TO FILE REQUIRED ACCOUNT, EXHIBIT, OR REPORT</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scD/s1163.151/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>If a guardian does not file an account, an exhibit, a report of the guardian of the person, or another report required by this title, any person interested in the estate, on written complaint filed with the court clerk, or the court on the court's own motion, may have the guardian cited to appear and show cause why the guardian should not file the account, exhibit, or report.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scD/s1163.151/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>On hearing, the court may:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scD/s1163.151/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>order the guardian to file the account, exhibit, or report; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scD/s1163.151/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<chapeau>unless good cause is shown for the failure to file:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scD/s1163.151/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>revoke the guardian's letters of guardianship;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scD/s1163.151/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>fine the guardian in an amount not to exceed $1,000; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1163/scD/s1163.151/C">
<num value="C">(C)</num>
<content>revoke the guardian's letters of guardianship and fine the guardian in an amount not to exceed $1,000.</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
</chapter>
<chapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1164">
<num value="1164">CHAPTER 1164.</num>
<heading>LIABILITY OF GUARDIAN OR GUARDIANSHIP PROGRAM</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1164/s1164.001">
<num value="1164.001">Sec. 1164.001.</num>
<heading>LIABILITY OF GUARDIAN</heading>
<content>A person is not liable to a third person solely because the person has been appointed guardian of a ward under this title.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1164/s1164.002">
<num value="1164.002">Sec. 1164.002.</num>
<heading>IMMUNITY OF GUARDIANSHIP PROGRAM</heading>
<chapeau>A guardianship program is not liable for civil damages arising from an action taken or omission made by a person while providing guardianship services to a ward on behalf of the guardianship program, unless the action or omission was:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1164/s1164.002/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>wilfully wrongful;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1164/s1164.002/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<chapeau>taken or made:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1164/s1164.002/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>with conscious indifference to or reckless disregard for the safety of the ward or another;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1164/s1164.002/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>in bad faith; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1164/s1164.002/C">
<num value="C">(C)</num>
<content>with malice; or</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1164/s1164.002/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>grossly negligent.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</chapter>
<chapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1201">
<num value="1201">CHAPTER 1201.</num>
<heading>EVALUATION OF GUARDIANSHIP</heading>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1201/scA">
<num value="A">SUBCHAPTER A.</num>
<heading>REVIEW OF GUARDIANSHIP</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1201/scA/s1201.001">
<num value="1201.001">Sec. 1201.001.</num>
<heading>DETERMINING GUARDIAN'S PERFORMANCE OF DUTIES</heading>
<content>The court shall use reasonable diligence to determine whether a guardian is performing all of the duties required of the guardian that relate to the guardian's ward.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1201/scA/s1201.002">
<num value="1201.002">Sec. 1201.002.</num>
<heading>ANNUAL EXAMINATION OF GUARDIANSHIP; BOND OF GUARDIAN</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1201/scA/s1201.002/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>At least annually, the judge shall examine the well-being of each ward of the court and the solvency of the bond of the guardian of the ward's estate.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1201/scA/s1201.002/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>If after examining the solvency of a guardian's bond as provided by Subsection (a) the judge determines that the guardian's bond is not sufficient to protect the ward or the ward's estate, the judge shall require the guardian to execute a new bond.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1201/scA/s1201.002/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>The judge shall notify the guardian and the sureties on the guardian's bond as provided by law.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1201/scA/s1201.003">
<num value="1201.003">Sec. 1201.003.</num>
<heading>JUDGE'S LIABILITY</heading>
<content>A judge is liable on the judge's bond to those damaged if damage or loss results to a guardianship or ward because of the gross neglect of the judge to use reasonable diligence in the performance of the judge's duty under this subchapter.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1201/scA/s1201.004">
<num value="1201.004">Sec. 1201.004.</num>
<heading>IDENTIFYING INFORMATION</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1201/scA/s1201.004/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>The court may request an applicant or court-appointed fiduciary to produce other information identifying an applicant, ward, or guardian, including a social security number, in addition to identifying information the applicant or fiduciary is required to produce under this title.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1201/scA/s1201.004/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The court shall maintain any information required under this section, and the information may not be filed with the clerk.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1201/scB">
<num value="B">SUBCHAPTER B.</num>
<heading>ANNUAL DETERMINATION TO CONTINUE, MODIFY, OR TERMINATE GUARDIANSHIP</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1201/scB/s1201.051">
<num value="1201.051">Sec. 1201.051.</num>
<heading>APPLICABILITY</heading>
<content>This subchapter does not apply to a guardianship that is created only because it is necessary for a person to have a guardian appointed to receive funds from a governmental source.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1201/scB/s1201.052">
<num value="1201.052">Sec. 1201.052.</num>
<heading>ANNUAL DETERMINATION; HEARING</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1201/scB/s1201.052/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>To determine whether a guardianship should be continued, modified, or terminated, the court in which the guardianship proceeding is pending:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1201/scB/s1201.052/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>shall review annually each guardianship in which the application to create the guardianship was filed after September 1, 1993; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1201/scB/s1201.052/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>may review annually any other guardianship.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1201/scB/s1201.052/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A court in which the guardianship proceeding is pending may conduct a hearing under this section.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 939 (S.B. 1624), Sec. 11, eff. September 1, 2023.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1201/scB/s1201.053">
<num value="1201.053">Sec. 1201.053.</num>
<heading>METHOD OF DETERMINATION</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1201/scB/s1201.053/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>In reviewing a guardianship under Section 1201.052, a statutory probate court shall review any:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1201/scB/s1201.053/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<chapeau>report prepared by:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1201/scB/s1201.053/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>a court investigator under Section 1054.153 or 1202.054;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1201/scB/s1201.053/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>a guardian ad litem under Section 1202.054; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1201/scB/s1201.053/C">
<num value="C">(C)</num>
<content>a court visitor under Section 1054.104;</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1201/scB/s1201.053/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>annual account prepared under Subchapter A, Chapter 1163; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1201/scB/s1201.053/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>report prepared under Subchapter C, Chapter 1163.</content>
<continuation>(a-1) Unless a court orders that a report be completed more frequently, if a report described by Subsection (a)(1) is required under Section 1054.153 or 1054.104, the court investigator or court visitor, as appropriate, shall prepare an additional report described by Subsection (a)(1) every three years beginning on the date the original letters of guardianship are issued.</continuation>
<continuation>(a-2) Before preparing an additional report under Subsection (a-1), the court investigator or court visitor, as appropriate, shall:</continuation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1201/scB/s1201.053/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>meet with the ward in person, using necessary and appropriate communication supports;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1201/scB/s1201.053/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>present the bill of rights for wards under Section 1151.351 to the ward in the ward's preferred language and manner of communication;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1201/scB/s1201.053/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>document the ward's statement of guardianship, as described by Subsection (a-3); and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1201/scB/s1201.053/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>document the supports and services currently available to the ward and whether the guardian's rights and powers can be limited because a less restrictive alternative to guardianship is appropriate.</content>
<continuation>(a-3) The ward's statement of guardianship:</continuation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1201/scB/s1201.053/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<chapeau>must include:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1201/scB/s1201.053/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>whether the ward desires a full restoration of the ward's capacity or modification of the ward's guardianship; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1201/scB/s1201.053/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>any other information the ward wishes to share with the court; and</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1201/scB/s1201.053/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<chapeau>may be in the form of:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1201/scB/s1201.053/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>a written statement made by the ward and filed with the court by the court investigator or court visitor preparing the report;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1201/scB/s1201.053/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>a verbal statement made to the court investigator or court visitor, as applicable, that is documented in writing and filed with the court by the person receiving the statement; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1201/scB/s1201.053/C">
<num value="C">(C)</num>
<content>a verbal or written statement made by the ward during a hearing either in person or remotely through other means.</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1201/scB/s1201.053/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>A court that is not a statutory probate court:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1201/scB/s1201.053/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<chapeau>shall review:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1201/scB/s1201.053/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>any account prepared under Subchapter A, Chapter 1163; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1201/scB/s1201.053/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>any report prepared under Subchapter C, Chapter 1163 or Subsection (a-1); and</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1201/scB/s1201.053/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>may use any other method to review a guardianship under Section 1201.052 that is determined appropriate by the court according to the court's caseload and available resources.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 939 (S.B. 1624), Sec. 12, eff. September 1, 2023.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1201/scB/s1201.054">
<num value="1201.054">Sec. 1201.054.</num>
<heading>FORM OF DETERMINATION</heading>
<content>A determination under this subchapter must be in writing and filed with the clerk.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
</chapter>
<chapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1202">
<num value="1202">CHAPTER 1202.</num>
<heading>MODIFICATION OR TERMINATION OF GUARDIANSHIP</heading>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1202/scA">
<num value="A">SUBCHAPTER A.</num>
<heading>TERMINATION AND SETTLEMENT OF GUARDIANSHIP</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1202/scA/s1202.001">
<num value="1202.001">Sec. 1202.001.</num>
<heading>TERM OF GUARDIAN OR GUARDIANSHIP</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1202/scA/s1202.001/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>Unless otherwise discharged as provided by law, a guardian remains in office until the estate is closed.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1202/scA/s1202.001/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>A guardianship shall be settled and closed when the ward:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1202/scA/s1202.001/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>dies and, if the ward was married, the ward's spouse qualifies as survivor in community;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1202/scA/s1202.001/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>is found by the court to have full capacity, or sufficient capacity with supports and services, to care for himself or herself and to manage the ward's property;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1202/scA/s1202.001/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>is no longer a minor; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1202/scA/s1202.001/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>no longer must have a guardian appointed to receive funds due the ward from any governmental source.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1202/scA/s1202.001/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>Except for an order issued under Section 1101.153(a-1), an order appointing a guardian or a successor guardian may specify a period of not more than one year during which a petition for adjudication that the ward no longer requires the guardianship may not be filed without special leave.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1202/scA/s1202.001/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>A request for an order under this section may be made by informal letter to the court. A person who knowingly interferes with the transmission of the request to the court may be adjudged guilty of contempt of court.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1202/scA/s1202.001/e">
<num value="e">(e)</num>
<content>If a nonresident guardian of a nonresident ward qualifies as guardian under this title, any resident guardian's guardianship may be terminated.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 214 (H.B. 39), Sec. 15, eff. September 1, 2015.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1202/scA/s1202.002">
<num value="1202.002">Sec. 1202.002.</num>
<heading>TERMINATION OF GUARDIANSHIP IF PARENT IS NO LONGER INCAPACITATED</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1202/scA/s1202.002/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>The powers of a person appointed to serve as the designated guardian of the person or estate, or both, of a minor child solely because of the incapacity of the minor's surviving parent and in accordance with Section 1104.053 and Subchapter D, Chapter 1104, terminate when a probate court enters an order finding that the surviving parent is no longer an incapacitated person.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1202/scA/s1202.002/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The powers of a person appointed to serve as the designated guardian of the person or estate, or both, of an adult individual solely because of the incapacity of the individual's surviving parent and in accordance with Section 1104.103 and Subchapter D, Chapter 1104, terminate when a probate court enters an order finding that the surviving parent is no longer an incapacitated person and reappointing the surviving parent as the individual's guardian.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1202/scA/s1202.003">
<num value="1202.003">Sec. 1202.003.</num>
<heading>TERMINATION OF GUARDIANSHIP OF ESTATE ON ESTABLISHMENT OF ABLE ACCOUNT BY CERTAIN PERSONS</heading>
<content>On application by the guardian of the estate of a ward or another person interested in the ward's welfare, the court may order that the guardianship of the estate of the ward terminate and be settled and closed if the court finds that the ward no longer needs a guardian of the estate because all of the ward's assets have been placed in an ABLE account established in accordance with the Texas Achieving a Better Life Experience (ABLE) Program under Subchapter J, Chapter 54, Education Code, and the ward is the designated beneficiary of the account.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 938 (S.B. 1764), Sec. 2, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1202/scB">
<num value="B">SUBCHAPTER B.</num>
<heading>APPLICATION FOR COMPLETE RESTORATION OF WARD'S CAPACITY OR MODIFICATION OF GUARDIANSHIP</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1202/scB/s1202.051">
<num value="1202.051">Sec. 1202.051.</num>
<heading>APPLICATION AUTHORIZED</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1202/scB/s1202.051/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>Notwithstanding Section 1055.003, a ward or any person interested in the ward's welfare may file a written application with the court for an order:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1202/scB/s1202.051/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>finding that the ward is no longer an incapacitated person and ordering the settlement and closing of the guardianship;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1202/scB/s1202.051/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>finding that the ward lacks the capacity, or lacks sufficient capacity with supports and services, to do some or all of the tasks necessary to provide food, clothing, or shelter for himself or herself, to care for the ward's own physical health, or to manage the ward's own financial affairs and granting additional powers or duties to the guardian; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1202/scB/s1202.051/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<chapeau>finding that the ward has the capacity, or sufficient capacity with supports and services, to do some, but not all, of the tasks necessary to provide food, clothing, or shelter for himself or herself, to care for the ward's own physical health, or to manage the ward's own financial affairs and:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1202/scB/s1202.051/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>limiting the guardian's powers or duties; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1202/scB/s1202.051/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>permitting the ward to care for himself or herself, make personal decisions regarding residence, or manage the ward's own financial affairs commensurate with the ward's ability, with or without supports and services.</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1202/scB/s1202.051/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>If the guardian of a ward who is the subject of an application filed under Subsection (a) has resigned, was removed, or has died, the court may not require the appointment of a successor guardian before considering the application.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 214 (H.B. 39), Sec. 16, eff. September 1, 2015.
Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 935 (S.B. 1710), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1202/scB/s1202.052">
<num value="1202.052">Sec. 1202.052.</num>
<heading>CONTENTS OF APPLICATION</heading>
<chapeau>An application filed under Section 1202.051 must be sworn to by the applicant and must state:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1202/scB/s1202.052/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the ward's name, sex, date of birth, and address;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1202/scB/s1202.052/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the name and address of any person serving as guardian of the person of the ward on the date the application is filed;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1202/scB/s1202.052/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the name and address of any person serving as guardian of the estate of the ward on the date the application is filed;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1202/scB/s1202.052/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>the nature and description of the ward's guardianship;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1202/scB/s1202.052/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>the specific areas of protection and assistance and any limitation of rights that exist;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1202/scB/s1202.052/6">
<num value="6">(6)</num>
<chapeau>whether the relief being sought is:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1202/scB/s1202.052/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>a restoration of the ward's capacity because the ward is no longer an incapacitated person;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1202/scB/s1202.052/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>the granting of additional powers or duties to the guardian; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1202/scB/s1202.052/C">
<num value="C">(C)</num>
<content>the limitation of powers granted to or duties performed by the guardian;</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1202/scB/s1202.052/7">
<num value="7">(7)</num>
<chapeau>if the relief being sought under the application is described by Subdivision (6)(B) or (C):</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1202/scB/s1202.052/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>the nature and degree of the ward's incapacity;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1202/scB/s1202.052/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>the specific areas of protection and assistance to be provided to the ward and requested to be included in the court's order; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1202/scB/s1202.052/C">
<num value="C">(C)</num>
<content>any limitation of the ward's rights requested to be included in the court's order;</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1202/scB/s1202.052/8">
<num value="8">(8)</num>
<content>the approximate value and description of the ward's property, including any compensation, pension, insurance, or allowance to which the ward is or may be entitled; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1202/scB/s1202.052/9">
<num value="9">(9)</num>
<content>if the ward is 60 years of age or older, the names and addresses, to the best of the applicant's knowledge, of the ward's spouse, siblings, and children or, if there is no known spouse, sibling, or child, the names and addresses of the ward's next of kin.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1202/scB/s1202.053">
<num value="1202.053">Sec. 1202.053.</num>
<heading>CITATION REQUIRED</heading>
<chapeau>When an application is filed under Section 1202.051, citation shall be served on:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1202/scB/s1202.053/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the ward's guardian; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1202/scB/s1202.053/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the ward if the ward is not the applicant.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1202/scB/s1202.054">
<num value="1202.054">Sec. 1202.054.</num>
<heading>INFORMAL REQUEST FOR ORDER BY WARD; INVESTIGATION AND REPORT</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1202/scB/s1202.054/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>A ward may request an order under Section 1202.051 by informal letter to the court. A person who knowingly interferes with the transmission of the request to the court may be adjudged guilty of contempt of court.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1202/scB/s1202.054/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>On receipt of an informal letter under Subsection (a), the court shall appoint the court investigator or a guardian ad litem to investigate the ward's circumstances, including any circumstances alleged in the letter, to determine whether:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1202/scB/s1202.054/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the ward is no longer an incapacitated person; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1202/scB/s1202.054/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>a modification of the guardianship is necessary.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Without reference to the amendment of this subsection, this subsection was repealed by Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 939 (S.B. 1624), Sec. 19, eff. September 1, 2023.
(b-1) A written letter or certificate from a physician or advanced practice registered nurse as described by Section 1202.152 is not required before the appointment of the court investigator or a guardian ad litem under Subsection (b).
(b-2) Not later than the 30th day after the date the court receives an informal letter from a ward under Subsection (a), the court shall send the ward a letter by a qualified delivery method:
(1) acknowledging receipt of the informal letter; and
(2) advising the ward of the date on which the court appointed the court investigator or guardian ad litem as required under Subsection (b) and the contact information for the court investigator or guardian ad litem.
(c) The court investigator or guardian ad litem shall file with the court and provide to the ward a report of the investigation's findings and conclusions. If the court investigator or guardian ad litem determines that it is in the best interest of the ward to terminate or modify the guardianship, the court investigator or guardian ad litem shall file an application under Section 1202.051 on the ward's behalf.
(d) Repealed by Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 939 (S.B. 1624), Sec. 19, eff. September 1, 2023.
Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 935 (S.B. 1710), Sec. 2, eff. September 1, 2017.
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 123 (H.B. 785), Sec. 15, eff. September 1, 2023.
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 207 (S.B. 1457), Sec. 22, eff. September 1, 2023.
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 939 (S.B. 1624), Sec. 19, eff. September 1, 2023.
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1012 (H.B. 3009), Sec. 5, eff. September 1, 2023.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1202/scB/s1202.055">
<num value="1202.055">Sec. 1202.055.</num>
<heading>RESTRICTION ON SUBSEQUENT APPLICATION REGARDING CAPACITY OR MODIFICATION</heading>
<content>A person may not reapply for complete restoration of a ward's capacity or modification of a ward's guardianship before the first anniversary of the date of the hearing on the last preceding application, except as otherwise provided by the court on good cause shown by the applicant.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1202/scC">
<num value="C">SUBCHAPTER C.</num>
<heading>REPRESENTATION OF WARD IN PROCEEDING FOR COMPLETE RESTORATION OF WARD'S CAPACITY OR MODIFICATION OF GUARDIANSHIP</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1202/scC/s1202.101">
<num value="1202.101">Sec. 1202.101.</num>
<heading>APPOINTMENT OF ATTORNEY AD LITEM</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1202/scC/s1202.101/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>Unless the ward retains an attorney under Section 1202.103, the court shall appoint an attorney ad litem to represent a ward in a proceeding for the complete restoration of the ward's capacity or for the modification of the ward's guardianship. Unless otherwise provided by the court, the attorney ad litem shall represent the ward only for purposes of the restoration or modification proceeding. The attorney ad litem shall represent the ward's interests, including the ward's expressed wishes.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1202/scC/s1202.101/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The attorney ad litem has an attorney-client relationship with the ward the attorney ad litem is appointed to represent under this section.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 939 (S.B. 1624), Sec. 13, eff. September 1, 2023.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1202/scC/s1202.102">
<num value="1202.102">Sec. 1202.102.</num>
<heading>COMPENSATION FOR ATTORNEY AD LITEM AND GUARDIAN AD LITEM</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1202/scC/s1202.102/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>An attorney ad litem appointed under Section 1202.101 is entitled to reasonable compensation for services in the amount set by the court to be taxed as costs in the proceeding, regardless of whether the proceeding results in the restoration of the ward's capacity or a modification of the ward's guardianship.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1202/scC/s1202.102/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A guardian ad litem appointed in a proceeding involving the complete restoration of a ward's capacity or modification of a ward's guardianship is entitled to reasonable compensation, as provided by Section 1054.055(a), regardless of whether the proceeding results in the restoration of the ward's capacity or a modification of the ward's guardianship.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1202/scC/s1202.103">
<num value="1202.103">Sec. 1202.103.</num>
<heading>RETENTION AND COMPENSATION OF ATTORNEY FOR WARD</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1202/scC/s1202.103/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>A ward may retain an attorney for a proceeding involving the complete restoration of the ward's capacity or modification of the ward's guardianship.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1202/scC/s1202.103/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The court may order that compensation for services provided by an attorney retained under this section be paid from funds in the ward's estate only if the court finds that the attorney had a good faith belief that the ward had the capacity necessary to retain the attorney's services.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1202/scD">
<num value="D">SUBCHAPTER D.</num>
<heading>HEARING, EVIDENCE, AND ORDERS IN PROCEEDING FOR COMPLETE RESTORATION OF WARD'S CAPACITY OR MODIFICATION OF GUARDIANSHIP</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1202/scD/s1202.151">
<num value="1202.151">Sec. 1202.151.</num>
<heading>EVIDENCE AND BURDEN OF PROOF AT HEARING</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1202/scD/s1202.151/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>Except as provided by Section 1202.201, at a hearing on an application filed under Section 1202.051, the court shall consider only evidence regarding the ward's mental or physical capacity at the time of the hearing that is relevant to the complete restoration of the ward's capacity or modification of the ward's guardianship, including whether:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1202/scD/s1202.151/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the guardianship is necessary; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1202/scD/s1202.151/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>specific powers or duties of the guardian should be limited if the ward receives supports and services.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1202/scD/s1202.151/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The party who filed the application has the burden of proof at the hearing.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 684 (H.B. 2407), Sec. 2, eff. January 1, 2014.
Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 214 (H.B. 39), Sec. 17, eff. September 1, 2015.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1202/scD/s1202.152">
<num value="1202.152">Sec. 1202.152.</num>
<heading></heading>
<chapeau>Text of section as amended by Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 939 (S.B. 1624), Sec. 14</chapeau>
<continuation>Sec. 1202.152. LETTER OR CERTIFICATE REQUIRED.</continuation>
<sourceCredit>Text of subsection as amended by Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 938 (S.B. 1606), Sec. 2
(a) Except as provided by Section 1202.1521, the court may not grant an order completely restoring a ward's capacity or modifying a ward's guardianship under an application filed under Section 1202.051 unless the applicant presents to the court a written letter or certificate from a physician licensed in this state that is dated:
(1) not earlier than the 120th day before the date the application was filed; or
(2) after the date the application was filed but before the date of the hearing.
Text of subsection as amended by Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 939 (S.B. 1624), Sec. 15
(a) Subject to Section 1202.1521, the applicant must present to the court and the court shall consider a written letter or certificate as evidence of capacity, or sufficient capacity with supports and services, at a hearing under Section 1202.151 from:
(1) a physician licensed in this state, if the ward's incapacity resulted from a physical condition or mental condition; or
(2) a psychologist licensed in this state or certified by the Health and Human Services Commission to perform the examination, in accordance with rules adopted by the executive commissioner of the commission governing examinations of that kind, if the ward's incapacity resulted from a mental condition.
(a-1) The physician or psychologist who provides the letter or certificate under Subsection (a) must:
(1) have experience examining individuals with the physical or mental condition resulting in the ward's incapacity; or
(2) have an established patient-provider relationship with the ward.
(a-2) The letter or certificate required by Subsection (a) must be:
(1) signed by the physician or psychologist; and
(2) dated:
(A) not earlier than the 120th day before the date the application was filed; or
(B) after the date the application was filed but before the date of the hearing.
(a-3) The court may consider the following evidence of capacity, or sufficient capacity with supports and services, at a hearing under Section 1202.151:
(1) a statement from a representative of the local mental health authority or the local intellectual and developmental disability authority listing services received by the ward and the effectiveness of those services;
(2) medical records;
(3) affidavits of treating professionals regarding the effectiveness of supports and services the ward is receiving;
(4) documentation from a health care provider providing supports or services to the ward under Medicaid, including a Medicaid waiver program authorized under Section 1915(c) of the federal Social Security Act (42 U.S.C. Section 1396n);
(5) an affidavit of the ward's employer or day habilitation program manager regarding the ward's ability to perform the necessary tasks;
(6) documentation from the United States Social Security Administration identifying the ward's representative payee; or
(7) any other evidence demonstrating the ward's capacity.
(b) A letter or certificate presented under Subsection (a) must:
(1) describe the nature and degree of incapacity, including the medical history if reasonably available, or state that, in the physician's opinion, the ward has the capacity, or sufficient capacity with supports and services, to:
(A) provide food, clothing, and shelter for himself or herself;
(B) care for the ward's own physical health; and
(C) manage the ward's financial affairs;
(2) provide a medical prognosis specifying the estimated severity of any incapacity;
(3) state how or in what manner the ward's ability to make or communicate responsible decisions concerning himself or herself is affected by the ward's physical or mental health;
(4) state whether any current medication affects the ward's demeanor or the ward's ability to participate fully in a court proceeding;
(5) describe the precise physical and mental conditions underlying a diagnosis of senility, if applicable; and
(6) include any other information required by the court.
(c) If the court determines it is necessary, the court shall appoint a physician or psychologist to complete an examination of the ward. The physician or psychologist must be chosen by the ward, provided, however, that if the ward makes no choice, the ward's physician or psychologist of choice is not available, or additional information is needed or required after an examination by the ward's physician or psychologist of choice, the court may appoint the necessary physicians or psychologists to examine the ward. A physician appointed by the court must examine the ward in the same manner and to the same extent as a ward is examined by a physician under Section 1101.103 or 1101.104.
Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 214 (H.B. 39), Sec. 18, eff. September 1, 2015.
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 938 (S.B. 1606), Sec. 2, eff. September 1, 2023.
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 939 (S.B. 1624), Sec. 14, eff. September 1, 2023.
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 939 (S.B. 1624), Sec. 15, eff. September 1, 2023.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1202/scD/s1202.152">
<num value="1202.152">Sec. 1202.152.</num>
<heading></heading>
<chapeau>Text of section as amended by Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1012 (H.B. 3009), Sec. 6</chapeau>
<continuation>Sec. 1202.152. HEALTH CARE PROVIDER'S LETTER OR CERTIFICATE REQUIRED.</continuation>
<sourceCredit>Text of subsection as amended by Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1012 (H.B. 3009), Sec. 6
(a) In this section:
(1) "Advanced practice registered nurse" has the meaning assigned by Section 301.152, Occupations Code.
(2) "Physician" has the meaning assigned by Section 1101.100.
Text of subsection as amended by Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 938 (S.B. 1606), Sec. 2
(a) Except as provided by Section 1202.1521, the court may not grant an order completely restoring a ward's capacity or modifying a ward's guardianship under an application filed under Section 1202.051 unless the applicant presents to the court a written letter or certificate from a physician licensed in this state that is dated:
(1) not earlier than the 120th day before the date the application was filed; or
(2) after the date the application was filed but before the date of the hearing.
(b) An advanced practice registered nurse may act under this section only if the advanced practice registered nurse is acting under a physician's delegation authority and supervision in accordance with Chapter 157, Occupations Code.
(c) The court may not grant an order completely restoring a ward's capacity or modifying a ward's guardianship under an application filed under Section 1202.051 unless the applicant presents to the court a written letter or certificate from a physician or advanced practice registered nurse licensed in this state that is dated:
(1) not earlier than the 120th day before the date the application was filed; or
(2) after the date the application was filed but before the date of the hearing.
(c-1) For purposes of Subsection (c), a letter or certificate based on an examination by an advanced practice registered nurse must be signed by the supervising physician.
(d) A letter or certificate presented under Subsection (c) must:
(1) describe the nature and degree of incapacity, including the medical history if reasonably available, or state that, in the physician's opinion, the ward has the capacity, or sufficient capacity with supports and services, to:
(A) provide food, clothing, and shelter for himself or herself;
(B) care for the ward's own physical health; and
(C) manage the ward's financial affairs;
(2) provide a medical prognosis specifying the estimated severity of any incapacity;
(3) state how or in what manner the ward's ability to make or communicate responsible decisions concerning himself or herself is affected by the ward's physical or mental health;
(4) state whether any current medication affects the ward's demeanor or the ward's ability to participate fully in a court proceeding;
(5) describe the precise physical and mental conditions underlying a diagnosis of senility, if applicable; and
(6) include any other information required by the court.
(e) For purposes of Subsection (d), the opinion of an advanced practice registered nurse that is based on an examination of a ward conducted by the advanced practice registered nurse under delegation from and supervision by a physician and is signed by the supervising physician is considered the supervising physician's opinion.
(f) If the court determines it is necessary, the court may appoint the necessary physicians or advanced practice registered nurses to examine the ward in the same manner and to the same extent as a ward is examined by a physician or advanced practice registered nurse under Section 1101.103 or 1101.104.
Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 214 (H.B. 39), Sec. 18, eff. September 1, 2015.
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 938 (S.B. 1606), Sec. 2, eff. September 1, 2023.
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1012 (H.B. 3009), Sec. 6, eff. September 1, 2023.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1202/scD/s1202.1521">
<num value="1202.1521">Sec. 1202.1521.</num>
<heading></heading>
<content>Text of section as added by Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 938 (S.B. 1606), Sec. 3</content>
<sourceCredit>For text of section as added by Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 939 (S.B. 1624), Sec. 16, see other Sec. 1202.1521.
Sec. 1202.1521. LETTER OR CERTIFICATE: REQUIREMENTS IF ALLEGED INCAPACITY BASED ON INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY. (a) If an intellectual disability is the basis of a ward's alleged incapacity, instead of the letter or certificate required under Section 1202.152(a), the court shall, subject to Subsection (c), consider a written letter or certificate the applicant presents from:
(1) a physician licensed in this state; or
(2) a psychologist licensed in this state or certified by the Health and Human Services Commission to perform the examination, in accordance with rules adopted by the executive commissioner of the commission governing examinations of that kind.
(b) The letter or certificate must:
(1) state, in the physician's or psychologist's opinion, whether the ward has the capacity, or sufficient capacity with supports and services, to do any of the activities listed in Section 1202.152(b)(1);
(2) state how or in what manner the ward's ability to make or communicate reasonable decisions concerning himself or herself is affected by the ward's mental capacity;
(3) include any other information required by the court; and
(4) be dated within the period prescribed by Section 1202.152(a)(1) or (2).
(c) The physician or psychologist who provides a letter or certificate under this section must preferably have experience examining individuals with an intellectual disability. For purposes of this subsection, a physician or psychologist is considered to have experience examining individuals with an intellectual disability if the physician or psychologist has an established patient-provider relationship with the ward.
Added by Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 938 (S.B. 1606), Sec. 3, eff. September 1, 2023.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1202/scD/s1202.1521">
<num value="1202.1521">Sec. 1202.1521.</num>
<heading></heading>
<content>Text of section as added by Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 939 (S.B. 1624), Sec. 16</content>
<sourceCredit>For text of section as added by Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 938 (S.B. 1606), Sec. 3, see other Sec. 1202.1521.
Sec. 1202.1521. PHYSICIAN'S LETTER OR CERTIFICATE: REQUIREMENT IF ALLEGED INCAPACITY BASED ON INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY. If an intellectual disability is the basis of a ward's alleged incapacity, the written letter or certificate presented under Section 1202.152(a), instead of containing the information required by Section 1202.152(b), must:
(1) state, in the physician's or psychologist's opinion, whether the ward has the capacity, or sufficient capacity with supports and services, to do any of the activities listed in Section 1202.152(b)(1);
(2) state how or in what manner the ward's ability to make or communicate reasonable decisions concerning himself or herself is affected by the ward's mental capacity; and
(3) include any other information required by the court.
Added by Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 939 (S.B. 1624), Sec. 16, eff. September 1, 2023.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1202/scD/s1202.153">
<num value="1202.153">Sec. 1202.153.</num>
<heading>FINDINGS REQUIRED</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1202/scD/s1202.153/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>Before ordering the settlement and closing of a guardianship under an application filed under Section 1202.051, the court must find by a preponderance of the evidence that the ward is no longer partially or fully incapacitated.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1202/scD/s1202.153/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>Before granting additional powers to the guardian or requiring the guardian to perform additional duties under an application filed under Section 1202.051, the court must find by a preponderance of the evidence that the current nature and degree of the ward's incapacity warrants a modification of the guardianship and that some or all of the ward's rights need to be further restricted.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1202/scD/s1202.153/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>Before limiting the powers granted to or duties required to be performed by the guardian under an application filed under Section 1202.051, the court must find by a preponderance of the evidence that the current nature and degree of the ward's incapacity, with or without supports and services, warrants a modification of the guardianship and that some of the ward's rights need to be restored, with or without supports and services.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 214 (H.B. 39), Sec. 19, eff. September 1, 2015.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1202/scD/s1202.154">
<num value="1202.154">Sec. 1202.154.</num>
<heading>GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR ORDER</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1202/scD/s1202.154/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>A court order entered with respect to an application filed under Section 1202.051 to completely restore a ward's capacity or modify a ward's guardianship must state:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1202/scD/s1202.154/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the guardian's name;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1202/scD/s1202.154/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the ward's name;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1202/scD/s1202.154/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<chapeau>whether the type of guardianship being addressed at the proceeding is a:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1202/scD/s1202.154/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>guardianship of the person;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1202/scD/s1202.154/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>guardianship of the estate; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1202/scD/s1202.154/C">
<num value="C">(C)</num>
<content>guardianship of both the person and the estate; and</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1202/scD/s1202.154/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>if applicable, any necessary supports and services for the restoration of the ward's capacity or modification of the guardianship.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1202/scD/s1202.154/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>In an order described by this section, the court may not grant a power to a guardian or require the guardian to perform a duty that is a power granted to or a duty required to be performed by another guardian.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 214 (H.B. 39), Sec. 20, eff. September 1, 2015.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1202/scD/s1202.155">
<num value="1202.155">Sec. 1202.155.</num>
<heading>ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS FOR ORDER RESTORING WARD'S CAPACITY</heading>
<chapeau>If the court finds that a ward is no longer an incapacitated person, the order completely restoring the ward's capacity must contain findings of fact and specify, in addition to the information required by Section 1202.154:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1202/scD/s1202.155/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>that the ward is no longer an incapacitated person;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1202/scD/s1202.155/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>that there is no further need for a guardianship of the person or estate of the ward;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1202/scD/s1202.155/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<chapeau>that the guardian is required to:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1202/scD/s1202.155/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>immediately settle the guardianship in accordance with this title; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1202/scD/s1202.155/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>deliver all of the remaining guardianship estate to the ward; and</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1202/scD/s1202.155/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>that the clerk shall revoke letters of guardianship when the guardianship is finally settled and closed.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 938 (S.B. 1606), Sec. 4, eff. September 1, 2023.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1202/scD/s1202.156">
<num value="1202.156">Sec. 1202.156.</num>
<heading>ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS FOR ORDER MODIFYING GUARDIANSHIP</heading>
<chapeau>If the court finds that a guardian's powers or duties should be expanded or limited, the order modifying the guardianship must contain findings of fact and specify, in addition to the information required by Section 1202.154:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1202/scD/s1202.156/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the specific powers, limitations, or duties of the guardian with respect to the care of the ward or the management of the ward's property, as appropriate;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1202/scD/s1202.156/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the specific areas of protection and assistance to be provided to the ward;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1202/scD/s1202.156/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>any limitation of the ward's rights;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1202/scD/s1202.156/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>if the ward's incapacity resulted from a mental condition, whether the ward retains the right to vote and make personal decisions regarding residence; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1202/scD/s1202.156/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>that the clerk shall modify the letters of guardianship to the extent applicable to conform to the order.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 214 (H.B. 39), Sec. 21, eff. September 1, 2015.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1202/scD/s1202.157">
<num value="1202.157">Sec. 1202.157.</num>
<heading>ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS FOR ORDER DISMISSING APPLICATION</heading>
<content>If the court finds that a modification of the ward's guardianship is not necessary or that the ward's capacity has not been restored, the court shall dismiss the application and enter an order that contains findings of fact and specifies, in addition to the information required by Section 1202.154, that the guardian's powers, limitations, or duties with respect to the ward's care or the management of the ward's property remain unchanged.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1202/scE">
<num value="E">SUBCHAPTER E.</num>
<heading>RESTORATION OF RIGHTS ON TERMINATION OF GUARDIANSHIP</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1202/scE/s1202.201">
<num value="1202.201">Sec. 1202.201.</num>
<heading>REMOVAL OF FIREARM DISABILITY ON COMPLETE RESTORATION OF WARD'S CAPACITY</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1202/scE/s1202.201/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>A person whose guardianship was terminated because the person's capacity was completely restored may file an application with the court that created the guardianship for an order requesting the removal of the person's disability to purchase a firearm imposed under 18 U.S.C. Section 922(g)(4).</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1202/scE/s1202.201/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>At a proceeding involving the complete restoration of the ward's capacity under Subchapter B, the ward or a person interested in the ward's welfare may request an order seeking relief from a firearms disability described by Subsection (a).</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1202/scE/s1202.201/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<chapeau>In determining whether to grant the relief sought under Subsection (a) or (b), the court must hear and consider evidence about:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1202/scE/s1202.201/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the circumstances that led to imposition of the firearms disability;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1202/scE/s1202.201/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the person's mental history;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1202/scE/s1202.201/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the person's criminal history; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1202/scE/s1202.201/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>the person's reputation.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1202/scE/s1202.201/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<chapeau>A court may not grant relief under this section unless the court makes and enters in the record the following affirmative findings:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1202/scE/s1202.201/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the person or ward is no longer likely to act in a manner dangerous to public safety; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1202/scE/s1202.201/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>removing the person's or ward's disability to purchase a firearm is in the public interest.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 684 (H.B. 2407), Sec. 1, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
</chapter>
<chapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203">
<num value="1203">CHAPTER 1203.</num>
<heading>RESIGNATION, REMOVAL, OR DEATH OF GUARDIAN; APPOINTMENT OF SUCCESSOR</heading>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scA">
<num value="A">SUBCHAPTER A.</num>
<heading>RESIGNATION OF GUARDIAN</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scA/s1203.001">
<num value="1203.001">Sec. 1203.001.</num>
<heading>RESIGNATION APPLICATION</heading>
<chapeau>A guardian of the estate or guardian of the person who wishes to resign the guardian's trust shall file a written application with the court clerk, accompanied by:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scA/s1203.001/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>in the case of a guardian of the estate, a complete and verified exhibit and final account showing the true condition of the guardianship estate entrusted to the guardian's care; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scA/s1203.001/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>in the case of a guardian of the person, a verified report containing the information required in the annual report required under Subchapter C, Chapter 1163, showing the condition of the ward entrusted to the guardian's care.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scA/s1203.002">
<num value="1203.002">Sec. 1203.002.</num>
<heading>IMMEDIATE ACCEPTANCE OF RESIGNATION; DISCHARGE AND RELEASE</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scA/s1203.002/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>If the necessity exists, the court may immediately accept the resignation of a guardian and appoint a successor guardian as provided by Section 1203.102(b).</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scA/s1203.002/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The court may not discharge a person resigning as guardian of the estate whose resignation is accepted under Subsection (a), or release the person or the sureties on the person's bond, until a final order has been issued, or a final judgment has been rendered, on the final account required under Section 1203.001.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scA/s1203.003">
<num value="1203.003">Sec. 1203.003.</num>
<heading>DELIVERY OF ESTATE PROPERTY TO SUCCESSOR GUARDIAN FOLLOWING RESIGNATION</heading>
<content>The court at any time may order a resigning guardian who has any part of a ward's estate to deliver any part of the estate to a person who has been appointed and has qualified as successor guardian.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scA/s1203.004">
<num value="1203.004">Sec. 1203.004.</num>
<heading>HEARING DATE; CITATION</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scA/s1203.004/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>When an application to resign as guardian is filed under Section 1203.001, supported by the exhibit and final account or report required under that section, the court clerk shall bring the application to the judge's attention and the judge shall set a date for a hearing on the matter.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scA/s1203.004/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>After a hearing is set under Subsection (a), the clerk shall issue a citation to all interested persons, showing:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scA/s1203.004/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>that an application that complies with Section 1203.001 has been filed; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scA/s1203.004/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the time and place set for the hearing at which the interested persons may appear and contest the exhibit and final account or report supporting the application.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scA/s1203.004/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>Unless the court directs that the citation under Subsection (b) be published, the citation must be posted.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scA/s1203.005">
<num value="1203.005">Sec. 1203.005.</num>
<heading>HEARING</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scA/s1203.005/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>At the time set for the hearing under Section 1203.004, unless the court continues the hearing, and if the court finds that the citation required under that section has been properly issued and served, the court shall:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scA/s1203.005/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>examine the exhibit and final account or report required by Section 1203.001;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scA/s1203.005/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>hear all evidence for and against the exhibit, final account, or report; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scA/s1203.005/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>if necessary, restate and audit and settle the exhibit, final account, or report.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scA/s1203.005/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>If the court is satisfied that the matters entrusted to the guardian applying to resign have been handled and accounted for in accordance with the law, the court shall:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scA/s1203.005/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>enter an order approving the exhibit and final account or report; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scA/s1203.005/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>require that any estate property remaining in the applicant's possession be delivered to the person entitled by law to receive the property.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scA/s1203.005/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>A guardian of the person shall comply with all court orders concerning the guardian's ward.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scA/s1203.006">
<num value="1203.006">Sec. 1203.006.</num>
<heading>REQUIREMENTS FOR DISCHARGE</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scA/s1203.006/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>A guardian applying to resign may not be discharged until:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scA/s1203.006/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the resignation application has been heard;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scA/s1203.006/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the exhibit and final account or report required under Section 1203.001 has been examined, settled, and approved; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scA/s1203.006/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<chapeau>the guardian has satisfied the court that the guardian has:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scA/s1203.006/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>delivered any estate property remaining in the guardian's possession; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scA/s1203.006/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>complied with all court orders relating to the guardian's trust as guardian.</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scA/s1203.006/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>When a guardian applying to resign has fully complied with the court orders, the court shall enter an order:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scA/s1203.006/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>accepting the resignation;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scA/s1203.006/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>discharging the guardian;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scA/s1203.006/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>canceling the letters issued to the guardian; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scA/s1203.006/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>if the guardian is under bond, discharging and releasing the sureties on the guardian's bond.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2025, 89th Leg., R.S., Ch. 855 (S.B. 1760), Sec. 11, eff. September 1, 2025.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scB">
<num value="B">SUBCHAPTER B.</num>
<heading>REMOVAL AND REINSTATEMENT OF GUARDIAN</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scB/s1203.051">
<num value="1203.051">Sec. 1203.051.</num>
<heading>REMOVAL WITHOUT NOTICE; APPOINTMENT OF GUARDIAN AD LITEM AND ATTORNEY AD LITEM</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scB/s1203.051/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>The court, on the court's own motion or on the motion of an interested person, including the ward, and without notice, may remove a guardian appointed under this title who:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scB/s1203.051/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>neglects to qualify in the manner and time required by law;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scB/s1203.051/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>fails to return, not later than the 30th day after the date the guardian qualifies, an inventory of the guardianship estate property and a list of claims that have come to the guardian's knowledge, unless that deadline is extended by court order;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scB/s1203.051/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>if required, fails to give a new bond within the period prescribed;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scB/s1203.051/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>is absent from the state for a consecutive period of three or more months without the court's permission, or removes from the state;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scB/s1203.051/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<chapeau>cannot be served with notices or other processes because:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scB/s1203.051/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>the guardian's whereabouts are unknown;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scB/s1203.051/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>the guardian is eluding service; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scB/s1203.051/C">
<num value="C">(C)</num>
<content>the guardian is a nonresident of this state who does not have a resident agent to accept service of process in any guardianship proceeding or other matter relating to the guardianship;</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scB/s1203.051/6">
<num value="6">(6)</num>
<chapeau>subject to Section 1203.056(a):</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scB/s1203.051/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>has misapplied, embezzled, or removed from the state, or is about to misapply, embezzle, or remove from the state, any of the property entrusted to the guardian's care; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scB/s1203.051/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>has engaged in conduct with respect to the ward that would be considered to be abuse, neglect, or exploitation, as those terms are defined by Section 48.002, Human Resources Code, if engaged in with respect to an elderly or disabled person, as defined by that section; or</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scB/s1203.051/7">
<num value="7">(7)</num>
<content>has neglected to educate or maintain the ward as liberally as the means of the ward and the condition of the ward's estate permit.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scB/s1203.051/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>In a proceeding to remove a guardian under Subsection (a)(6) or (7), the court shall appoint a guardian ad litem as provided by Subchapter B, Chapter 1054, and an attorney ad litem. The attorney ad litem has the duties prescribed by Section 1054.004. In the interest of judicial economy, the court may appoint the same person as guardian ad litem and attorney ad litem unless a conflict exists between the interests to be represented by the guardian ad litem and attorney ad litem.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 161 (S.B. 1093), Sec. 6.053, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scB/s1203.052">
<num value="1203.052">Sec. 1203.052.</num>
<heading>REMOVAL WITH NOTICE</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scB/s1203.052/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>Subject to Subsection (c), the court may remove a guardian as provided by Subsection (a-1) if:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scB/s1203.052/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>sufficient grounds appear to support a belief that the guardian has misapplied, embezzled, or removed from the state, or is about to misapply, embezzle, or remove from the state, any of the property entrusted to the guardian's care;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scB/s1203.052/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the guardian fails to return any account or report that is required by law to be made;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scB/s1203.052/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the guardian fails to obey a proper order of the court that has jurisdiction with respect to the performance of the guardian's duties;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scB/s1203.052/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>the guardian is proved to have been guilty of gross misconduct or mismanagement in the performance of the guardian's duties;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scB/s1203.052/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<chapeau>the guardian:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scB/s1203.052/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>becomes incapacitated;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scB/s1203.052/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>is sentenced to the penitentiary; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scB/s1203.052/C">
<num value="C">(C)</num>
<content>from any other cause, becomes incapable of properly performing the duties of the guardian's trust;</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scB/s1203.052/6">
<num value="6">(6)</num>
<content>the guardian has engaged in conduct with respect to the ward that would be considered to be abuse, neglect, or exploitation, as those terms are defined by Section 48.002, Human Resources Code, if engaged in with respect to an elderly person or person with a disability, as defined by that section;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scB/s1203.052/7">
<num value="7">(7)</num>
<content>the guardian neglects to educate or maintain the ward as liberally as the means of the ward's estate and the ward's ability or condition permit;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scB/s1203.052/8">
<num value="8">(8)</num>
<content>the guardian interferes with the ward's progress or participation in programs in the community;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scB/s1203.052/9">
<num value="9">(9)</num>
<content>the guardian fails to comply with the requirements of Subchapter G, Chapter 1104;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scB/s1203.052/10">
<num value="10">(10)</num>
<content>the court determines that, because of the dissolution of the joint guardians' marriage, the termination of the guardians' joint appointment and the continuation of only one of the joint guardians as the sole guardian is in the best interest of the ward; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scB/s1203.052/11">
<num value="11">(11)</num>
<content>the guardian would be ineligible for appointment as a guardian under Subchapter H, Chapter 1104.</content>
<continuation>(a-1) The court may remove a guardian for a reason listed in Subsection (a) on the:</continuation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scB/s1203.052/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>court's own motion, after the guardian has been notified by a qualified delivery method to answer at a time and place set in the notice; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scB/s1203.052/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>complaint of an interested person, after the guardian has been cited by personal service to answer at a time and place set in the notice.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scB/s1203.052/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>In addition to the authority granted to the court under Subsection (a), the court may, on the complaint of the guardianship certification program of the Judicial Branch Certification Commission, remove a guardian who would be ineligible for appointment under Subchapter H, Chapter 1104, because of the guardian's failure to maintain the certification required under Subchapter F, Chapter 1104. The guardian shall be given notice by a qualified delivery method to appear and contest the request for removal under this subsection at a time and place set in the notice.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scB/s1203.052/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>If there is probable cause to believe that a guardian is an incapacitated person, a court may, on the court's own motion or on complaint of an interested person, appoint an attorney ad litem to represent the ward's interests as provided by Section 1054.007 and a court investigator or guardian ad litem to investigate whether the guardian should be removed under Subsection (a)(5)(A). If the court determines it is necessary, the court may appoint the necessary physicians to examine the guardian to determine whether the guardian is an incapacitated person for purposes of Subsection (a)(5)(A).</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 42 (S.B. 966), Sec. 2.21, eff. September 1, 2014.
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 161 (S.B. 1093), Sec. 6.054, eff. January 1, 2014.
Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 514 (S.B. 39), Sec. 1(f), eff. September 1, 2017.
Acts 2021, 87th Leg., R.S., Ch. 243 (H.B. 1296), Sec. 2, eff. September 1, 2021.
Acts 2021, 87th Leg., R.S., Ch. 273 (H.B. 3394), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2021.
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 123 (H.B. 785), Sec. 16, eff. September 1, 2023.
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 207 (S.B. 1457), Sec. 23, eff. September 1, 2023.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scB/s1203.053">
<num value="1203.053">Sec. 1203.053.</num>
<heading>REMOVAL ORDER</heading>
<chapeau>An order removing a guardian shall:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scB/s1203.053/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>state the cause of the removal;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scB/s1203.053/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>require that, if the removed guardian has been personally served with citation, any letters of guardianship issued to the removed guardian be surrendered and that, regardless of whether the letters have been delivered, all the letters be canceled of record; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scB/s1203.053/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<chapeau>require the removed guardian to:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scB/s1203.053/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>deliver any estate property in the guardian's possession to the persons entitled to the property or to one who has been appointed and has qualified as successor guardian; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scB/s1203.053/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>relinquish control of the ward's person as required in the order.</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scB/s1203.0531">
<num value="1203.0531">Sec. 1203.0531.</num>
<heading>NOTICE OF REMOVAL ORDER</heading>
<chapeau>The court clerk shall issue notice of an order rendered by the court removing a guardian under Section 1203.051(a)(1), (2), (3), (4), (6), or (7). The notice must:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scB/s1203.0531/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>state the names of the ward and the removed guardian;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scB/s1203.0531/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>state the date the court signed the order of removal;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scB/s1203.0531/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>contain the following statement printed in 12-point bold font:</content>
<continuation>"If you have been removed from serving as guardian under Section 1203.051(a)(6)(A) or (B), Estates Code, you have the right to contest the order of removal by filing an application with the court for a hearing under Section 1203.056, Estates Code, to determine whether you should be reinstated as guardian. The application must be filed not later than the 30th day after the date the court signed the order of removal.";</continuation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scB/s1203.0531/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>contain as an attachment a copy of the order of removal; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scB/s1203.0531/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>be personally served on the removed guardian not later than the seventh day after the date the court signed the order of removal.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 161 (S.B. 1093), Sec. 6.055, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scB/s1203.054">
<num value="1203.054">Sec. 1203.054.</num>
<heading>DISCHARGE AND RELEASE FOLLOWING REMOVAL</heading>
<content>With respect to a person who is removed as guardian of the estate and whose successor is appointed without citation or notice as provided by Section 1203.102(b), the court may not discharge the person or release the person or the sureties on the person's bond until a final order has been issued or final judgment has been rendered on the guardian's final account.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scB/s1203.055">
<num value="1203.055">Sec. 1203.055.</num>
<heading>DELIVERY OF ESTATE PROPERTY TO SUCCESSOR GUARDIAN FOLLOWING REMOVAL</heading>
<content>The court at any time may order a person removed as guardian under this subchapter who has any part of a ward's estate to deliver any part of the estate to a person who has been appointed and has qualified as successor guardian.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scB/s1203.056">
<num value="1203.056">Sec. 1203.056.</num>
<heading>REMOVAL AND REINSTATEMENT OF GUARDIAN UNDER CERTAIN CIRCUMSTANCES</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scB/s1203.056/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>The court may remove a guardian under Section 1203.051(a)(6)(A) or (B) only on the presentation of clear and convincing evidence given under oath.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scB/s1203.056/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>Not later than the 30th day after the date the court signs the order of removal, a guardian who is removed under Section 1203.051(a)(6)(A) or (B) may file an application with the court for a hearing to determine whether the guardian should be reinstated.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scB/s1203.056/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<chapeau>On the filing of an application under Subsection (b), the court clerk shall issue to the applicant, the ward, a person interested in the ward's welfare or estate, and, if applicable, a person who has control of the care and custody of the ward a notice stating:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scB/s1203.056/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>that an application for reinstatement has been filed;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scB/s1203.056/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the name of the ward; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scB/s1203.056/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the name of the applicant for reinstatement.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scB/s1203.056/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>The notice required by Subsection (c) must cite all persons interested in the ward's welfare or estate to appear at the time and place stated in the notice if the persons wish to contest the application.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scB/s1203.056/e">
<num value="e">(e)</num>
<chapeau>The court shall hold a hearing on an application for reinstatement under this section as soon as practicable after the application is filed, but not later than the 60th day after the date the court signed the order of removal. If, at the conclusion of the hearing, the court is satisfied by a preponderance of the evidence that the applicant did not engage in the conduct that directly led to the applicant's removal, the court shall:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scB/s1203.056/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>set aside any order appointing a successor guardian; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scB/s1203.056/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>enter an order reinstating the applicant as guardian of the ward or estate.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scB/s1203.056/f">
<num value="f">(f)</num>
<content>If the court sets aside the appointment of a successor guardian under this section, the court may require the successor guardian to prepare and file, under oath, an accounting of the estate and to detail the disposition the successor has made of the estate property.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 161 (S.B. 1093), Sec. 6.056, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scB/s1203.057">
<num value="1203.057">Sec. 1203.057.</num>
<heading>REMOVAL OF JOINT GUARDIAN</heading>
<content>If a joint guardian is removed under Section 1203.052(a)(10), the other joint guardian is entitled to continue to serve as the sole guardian unless removed for a reason other than the dissolution of the joint guardians' marriage.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scC">
<num value="C">SUBCHAPTER C.</num>
<heading>APPOINTMENT OF SUCCESSOR GUARDIAN; REVOCATION OF LETTERS</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scC/s1203.101">
<num value="1203.101">Sec. 1203.101.</num>
<heading>REQUIREMENTS FOR REVOCATION OF LETTERS</heading>
<chapeau>Except as otherwise expressly provided by this title, letters of guardianship may be revoked only:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scC/s1203.101/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>on application; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scC/s1203.101/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>after personal service of citation on the person whose letters are sought to be revoked requiring the person to appear and show cause why the application should not be granted.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scC/s1203.102">
<num value="1203.102">Sec. 1203.102.</num>
<heading>APPOINTMENT BECAUSE OF RESIGNATION, REMOVAL, OR DEATH; HEARING TO SET ASIDE IMMEDIATE APPOINTMENT</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scC/s1203.102/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>If a guardian resigns, is removed, or dies, the court may appoint a successor guardian on application and on service of notice as directed by the court, except as provided by Subsection (b). In the event the guardian of the person or of the estate of a ward dies, a personal representative of the deceased guardian, at the time and in the manner ordered by the court, shall account for, pay, and deliver all guardianship property entrusted to the representative's care to a person legally entitled to receive the property.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scC/s1203.102/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The court may appoint a successor guardian under this section without citation or notice if the court finds that a necessity exists for the immediate appointment. Subject to an order of the court, a successor guardian has the rights and powers of the removed guardian.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scC/s1203.102/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>The appointment of a successor guardian under Subsection (b) does not preclude an interested person from filing an application to be appointed guardian of the ward for whom the successor guardian was appointed. The court shall hold a hearing on an application filed under the circumstances described by this subsection. At the conclusion of the hearing, the court may set aside the appointment of the successor guardian and appoint the applicant as the ward's guardian if the applicant is not disqualified and after considering the requirements of Subchapter B or C, Chapter 1104, as applicable.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scC/s1203.102/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>If the court sets aside the appointment of the successor guardian under this section, the court may require the successor guardian to prepare and file, under oath, an accounting of the estate and to detail the disposition the successor has made of the estate property.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 161 (S.B. 1093), Sec. 6.057, eff. January 1, 2014.
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 161 (S.B. 1093), Sec. 6.058, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scC/s1203.103">
<num value="1203.103">Sec. 1203.103.</num>
<heading>APPOINTMENT BECAUSE OF EXISTENCE OF PRIOR RIGHT</heading>
<chapeau>If letters of guardianship have been granted to a person and another person applies for letters, the previously issued letters shall be revoked, and letters shall be granted to the subsequent applicant if that applicant:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scC/s1203.103/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>is qualified;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scC/s1203.103/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>has a prior right to be appointed successor guardian; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scC/s1203.103/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>has not waived that prior right.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scC/s1203.104">
<num value="1203.104">Sec. 1203.104.</num>
<heading>APPOINTMENT WHEN GUARDIAN NAMED IN WILL BECOMES AN ADULT</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scC/s1203.104/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>A person named as guardian in a will who was not an adult when the will was probated is entitled to have letters of guardianship that were granted to another person revoked and appropriate letters granted to the named guardian on proof that the named guardian has become an adult and is not otherwise disqualified from serving as a guardian.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scC/s1203.104/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>This subsection applies only if a will names two or more persons as guardian. A person named as a guardian in the will who was a minor when the will was probated may, on becoming an adult, qualify and receive letters of guardianship if:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scC/s1203.104/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>letters have been issued to the named guardians in the will who are adults; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scC/s1203.104/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the person is not otherwise disqualified from receiving letters.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scC/s1203.105">
<num value="1203.105">Sec. 1203.105.</num>
<heading>APPOINTMENT OF FORMERLY ILL OR ABSENT GUARDIAN NAMED IN WILL</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scC/s1203.105/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>This section applies only to a person named as guardian in a will who was ill or absent from the state when the testator died or the will was proved and, as a result, could not:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scC/s1203.105/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>present the will for probate not later than the 30th day after the testator's death; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scC/s1203.105/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>accept and qualify as guardian not later than the 20th day after the date the will was probated.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scC/s1203.105/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A person to whom this section applies may accept and qualify as guardian not later than the 60th day after the date the person recovers from illness or returns to the state if proof is presented to the court that the person was ill or absent.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scC/s1203.105/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>If a person accepts and qualifies as guardian under Subsection (b) and letters of guardianship have been issued to another person, the other person's letters shall be revoked.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scC/s1203.106">
<num value="1203.106">Sec. 1203.106.</num>
<heading>APPOINTMENT WHEN WILL DISCOVERED AFTER GRANT OF LETTERS</heading>
<content>If, after letters of guardianship have been issued, it is discovered that the decedent left a lawful will, the letters shall be revoked and proper letters shall be issued to a person entitled to the letters.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scC/s1203.107">
<num value="1203.107">Sec. 1203.107.</num>
<heading>APPOINTMENT ON REMOVAL OF LITIGATION CONFLICT</heading>
<content>The court may appoint as successor guardian a spouse, parent, or child of a proposed ward who was disqualified from serving as guardian because of a litigation conflict under Section 1104.354(1) on the removal of the conflict that caused the disqualification if the spouse, parent, or child is otherwise qualified to serve as a guardian.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scC/s1203.108">
<num value="1203.108">Sec. 1203.108.</num>
<heading>APPOINTMENT OF DEPARTMENT OF AGING AND DISABILITY SERVICES AS SUCCESSOR GUARDIAN</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scC/s1203.108/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>In this section, "department" means the Department of Aging and Disability Services.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scC/s1203.108/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>The court may appoint the department as a successor guardian of the person or estate, or both, of a ward who has been adjudicated as totally incapacitated if:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scC/s1203.108/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>there is no less-restrictive alternative to continuation of the guardianship;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scC/s1203.108/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>there is no family member or other suitable person, including a guardianship program, willing and able to serve as the ward's successor guardian;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scC/s1203.108/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the ward is located more than 100 miles from the court that created the guardianship;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scC/s1203.108/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>the ward has private assets or access to government benefits to pay for the ward's needs;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scC/s1203.108/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>the department is served with citation and a hearing is held regarding the department's appointment as proposed successor guardian; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scC/s1203.108/6">
<num value="6">(6)</num>
<content>the appointment of the department does not violate a limitation imposed by Subsection (c).</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scC/s1203.108/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>The number of appointments under Subsection (b) is subject to an annual limit of 55. The appointments must be distributed equally or as equally as possible among the health and human services regions of this state. The department, at the department's discretion, may establish a different distribution scheme to promote the efficient use and administration of resources.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scC/s1203.108/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>If the department is named as a proposed successor guardian in an application in which the department is not the applicant, citation must be issued and served on the department as provided by Section 1051.103(5).</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scD">
<num value="D">SUBCHAPTER D.</num>
<heading>SUCCESSOR GUARDIANS FOR WARDS OF GUARDIANSHIP PROGRAMS OR GOVERNMENTAL ENTITIES</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scD/s1203.151">
<num value="1203.151">Sec. 1203.151.</num>
<heading>NOTICE OF AVAILABILITY OF SUCCESSOR GUARDIAN</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scD/s1203.151/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>If a guardianship program or governmental entity serving as a guardian for a ward under this title becomes aware of a family member or friend of the ward, or any other interested person, who is willing and able to serve as the ward's successor guardian, the program or entity shall notify the court in which the guardianship is pending of the individual's willingness and ability to serve.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scD/s1203.151/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>If, while serving as a guardian for a ward under this title, the Department of Aging and Disability Services becomes aware of a guardianship program or private professional guardian willing and able to serve as the ward's successor guardian, and the department is not aware of a family member or friend of the ward, or any other interested person, who is willing and able to serve in that capacity, the department shall notify the court in which the guardianship is pending of the guardianship program's or private professional guardian's willingness and ability to serve.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scD/s1203.152">
<num value="1203.152">Sec. 1203.152.</num>
<heading>DETERMINATION OF PROPOSED SUCCESSOR GUARDIAN'S QUALIFICATION TO SERVE</heading>
<content>When the court is notified of the existence of a proposed successor guardian under Section 1203.151(a), or the court otherwise becomes aware of a family member, a friend, or any other interested person who is willing and able to serve as a successor guardian for a ward of a guardianship program or governmental entity, the court shall determine whether the proposed successor guardian is qualified to serve under this title as the ward's successor guardian.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scD/s1203.153">
<num value="1203.153">Sec. 1203.153.</num>
<heading>APPLICATION TO APPOINT SUCCESSOR GUARDIAN</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scD/s1203.153/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>If the court finds under Section 1203.152 that the proposed successor guardian for a ward is not disqualified from being appointed as the ward's successor guardian under Subchapter H, Chapter 1104, and that the appointment is in the ward's best interests, the guardianship program or governmental entity serving as the ward's guardian or the court, on the court's own motion, may file an application to appoint the individual as the ward's successor guardian.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scD/s1203.153/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>Service of notice on an application filed under this section shall be made as directed by the court.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scE">
<num value="E">SUBCHAPTER E.</num>
<heading>PROCEDURES AFTER RESIGNATION, REMOVAL, OR DEATH OF GUARDIAN</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scE/s1203.201">
<num value="1203.201">Sec. 1203.201.</num>
<heading>PAYMENT TO WARD WHILE OFFICE OF GUARDIAN IS VACANT</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scE/s1203.201/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>A debtor, obligor, or payor may pay or tender money or another thing of value falling due to a ward while the office of guardian is vacant to the court clerk for the credit of the ward.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scE/s1203.201/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>Payment or tender under Subsection (a) discharges the debtor, obligor, or payor of the obligation for all purposes to the extent and purpose of the payment or tender.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scE/s1203.201/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>The court clerk shall issue a receipt for any payment or tender accepted under this section.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scE/s1203.202">
<num value="1203.202">Sec. 1203.202.</num>
<heading>RIGHTS, POWERS, AND DUTIES OF SUCCESSOR GUARDIAN</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scE/s1203.202/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>A successor guardian has the rights and powers and is subject to all the duties of the predecessor.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scE/s1203.202/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>A guardian who accepts appointment and qualifies after letters of guardianship have been granted on the estate shall:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scE/s1203.202/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>succeed in like manner to the predecessor; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scE/s1203.202/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>administer the estate in like manner as if the guardian's administration were a continuation of the former administration.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scE/s1203.202/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<chapeau>A successor guardian may:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scE/s1203.202/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>make himself or herself, and be made, a party to a suit prosecuted by or against the successor's predecessor;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scE/s1203.202/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>settle with the predecessor and receive and give a receipt for any portion of the estate property that remains in the predecessor's possession; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scE/s1203.202/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<chapeau>commence a suit on the bond or bonds of the predecessor, in the successor's own name and capacity, for all the estate property that:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scE/s1203.202/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>came into the predecessor's possession; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scE/s1203.202/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>has not been accounted for by the predecessor.</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1031 (H.B. 1438), Sec. 22, eff. September 1, 2015.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scE/s1203.203">
<num value="1203.203">Sec. 1203.203.</num>
<heading>SUCCESSOR GUARDIAN TO RETURN INVENTORY, APPRAISEMENT, AND LIST OF CLAIMS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scE/s1203.203/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>A successor guardian who has qualified to succeed a former guardian shall, in the manner required of an original appointee:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scE/s1203.203/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>make and return to the court an inventory, appraisement, and list of claims of the estate not later than the 30th day after the date the successor qualifies; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scE/s1203.203/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>return additional inventories, appraisements, and lists of claims.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1203/scE/s1203.203/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>On the application of any person interested in the estate, the court shall, in an order appointing a successor guardian, appoint an appraiser as in an original appointment of a guardian.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
</chapter>
<chapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1204">
<num value="1204">CHAPTER 1204.</num>
<heading>FINAL SETTLEMENT, ACCOUNTING, AND DISCHARGE</heading>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1204/scA">
<num value="A">SUBCHAPTER A.</num>
<heading>TIME FOR SETTLEMENT OF GUARDIANSHIP</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1204/scA/s1204.001">
<num value="1204.001">Sec. 1204.001.</num>
<heading>SETTLEMENT OF GUARDIANSHIP</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1204/scA/s1204.001/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>A guardianship shall be settled and closed as provided by this section and Section 1202.001.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1204/scA/s1204.001/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>A guardianship of the estate of a ward shall be settled when:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1204/scA/s1204.001/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the ward dies;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1204/scA/s1204.001/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<chapeau>a minor ward becomes an adult by:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1204/scA/s1204.001/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>becoming 18 years of age;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1204/scA/s1204.001/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>removal of disabilities of minority according to the law of this state; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1204/scA/s1204.001/C">
<num value="C">(C)</num>
<content>marriage;</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1204/scA/s1204.001/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>an incapacitated ward is decreed as provided by law to have been restored to full legal capacity;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1204/scA/s1204.001/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>the spouse of a married ward has qualified as survivor in community and the ward does not own separate property;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1204/scA/s1204.001/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>the ward's estate is exhausted;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1204/scA/s1204.001/6">
<num value="6">(6)</num>
<content>the foreseeable income accruing to the ward or to the ward's estate is so negligible that maintaining the guardianship in force would be burdensome;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1204/scA/s1204.001/7">
<num value="7">(7)</num>
<content>all of the assets of the estate have been placed in a management trust under Chapter 1301 or have been transferred to a pooled trust subaccount in accordance with a court order issued as provided by Chapter 1302, and the court determines that a guardianship of the ward's estate is no longer necessary; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1204/scA/s1204.001/8">
<num value="8">(8)</num>
<content>the court determines for any other reason that a guardianship for the ward is no longer necessary.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1204/scA/s1204.001/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>In a case arising under Subsection (b)(6), the court may authorize the income to be paid to a parent, or other person who has acted as guardian of the ward, to assist in the maintenance of the ward and without liability to account to the court for the income.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1204/scA/s1204.001/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>If the estate of a minor ward consists only of cash or cash equivalents in an amount of $100,000 or less, the guardianship of the estate may be terminated and the assets paid to the county clerk of the county in which the guardianship proceeding is pending, and the clerk shall manage the funds as provided by Chapter 1355.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1204/scA/s1204.001/e">
<num value="e">(e)</num>
<content>In the settlement of a guardianship of the estate, the court may appoint an attorney ad litem to represent the ward's interests and may allow the attorney ad litem reasonable compensation to be taxed as costs.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 161 (S.B. 1093), Sec. 6.059, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1204/scA/s1204.002">
<num value="1204.002">Sec. 1204.002.</num>
<heading>APPOINTMENT OF ATTORNEY AD LITEM TO REPRESENT WARD IN FINAL SETTLEMENT UNDER CERTAIN CIRCUMSTANCES</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1204/scA/s1204.002/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>The court may appoint an attorney ad litem to represent the ward's interest in the final settlement with the guardian if:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1204/scA/s1204.002/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the ward is deceased and there is no executor or administrator of the ward's estate;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1204/scA/s1204.002/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the ward is a nonresident; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1204/scA/s1204.002/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the ward's residence is unknown.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1204/scA/s1204.002/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The court shall allow the attorney ad litem appointed under this section reasonable compensation out of the ward's estate for any services provided by the attorney.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1204/scB">
<num value="B">SUBCHAPTER B.</num>
<heading>PAYMENT OF CERTAIN EXPENSES AND DEBTS</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1204/scB/s1204.051">
<num value="1204.051">Sec. 1204.051.</num>
<heading>FUNERAL ARRANGEMENTS AND OTHER DEBTS; ACCOUNT FOR FINAL SETTLEMENT ON COMPLAINT OF PERSONAL REPRESENTATIVE</heading>
<content>Before a guardianship of the person or estate of a ward is closed on the ward's death, the guardian may, subject to the court's approval, make all funeral arrangements and pay the funeral expenses and all other debts out of the deceased ward's estate. If a personal representative of the estate of a deceased ward is appointed, the court shall on the written complaint of the personal representative have the guardian of the deceased ward cited to appear and present an account for final settlement as provided by Section 1204.101.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1204/scB/s1204.052">
<num value="1204.052">Sec. 1204.052.</num>
<heading>TAXES AND EXPENSES OF ADMINISTRATION; SALE OF ESTATE PROPERTY</heading>
<chapeau>Notwithstanding any other provision of this title, a probate court in which proceedings to declare heirship are maintained may order:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1204/scB/s1204.052/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the guardian to pay any taxes or expenses of administering the estate; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1204/scB/s1204.052/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<chapeau>the sale of property in the ward's estate, when necessary, to:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1204/scB/s1204.052/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>pay the taxes or expenses of administering the estate; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1204/scB/s1204.052/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>distribute the estate among the heirs.</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1204/scB/s1204.053">
<num value="1204.053">Sec. 1204.053.</num>
<heading>INHERITANCE TAXES; LIMITATION ON CLOSING ESTATE</heading>
<content>If the guardian has been ordered to pay inheritance taxes under this code, a deceased ward's estate may not be closed unless the account for final settlement shows and the court finds that all inheritance taxes due and owing to this state with respect to all interests and property passing through the guardian's possession have been paid.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1204/scC">
<num value="C">SUBCHAPTER C.</num>
<heading>ACCOUNT FOR FINAL SETTLEMENT</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1204/scC/s1204.101">
<num value="1204.101">Sec. 1204.101.</num>
<heading>VERIFIED ACCOUNT REQUIRED</heading>
<content>A guardian of the estate shall present to the court the guardian's verified account for final settlement when the guardianship of the estate is required to be settled.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1204/scC/s1204.102">
<num value="1204.102">Sec. 1204.102.</num>
<heading>CONTENTS OF ACCOUNT</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1204/scC/s1204.102/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>Except as provided by Subsection (b), it is sufficient for an account for final settlement to:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1204/scC/s1204.102/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>refer to the inventory without describing each item of property in detail; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1204/scC/s1204.102/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>refer to and adopt any guardianship proceeding concerning sales, renting, leasing for mineral development, or any other transaction on behalf of the guardianship estate, including an exhibit, account, or voucher previously filed and approved, without restating the particular items.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1204/scC/s1204.102/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>An account for final settlement shall be accompanied by proper vouchers supporting each item included in the account for which the guardian has not already accounted and, either by reference to any proceeding described by Subsection (a) or by a statement of the facts, must show:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1204/scC/s1204.102/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the property, rents, revenues, and profits received by the guardian, and belonging to the ward, during the term of the guardianship;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1204/scC/s1204.102/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the disposition made of the property, rents, revenues, and profits;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1204/scC/s1204.102/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>any expenses and debts against the estate that remain unpaid;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1204/scC/s1204.102/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>any estate property that remains in the guardian's possession;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1204/scC/s1204.102/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>that the guardian has paid all required bond premiums;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1204/scC/s1204.102/6">
<num value="6">(6)</num>
<content>the tax returns the guardian has filed during the guardianship;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1204/scC/s1204.102/7">
<num value="7">(7)</num>
<content>the amount of taxes the ward owed during the guardianship that the guardian has paid;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1204/scC/s1204.102/8">
<num value="8">(8)</num>
<chapeau>a complete account of the taxes the guardian has paid during the guardianship, including:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1204/scC/s1204.102/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>the amount of the taxes;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1204/scC/s1204.102/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>the date the guardian paid the taxes; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1204/scC/s1204.102/C">
<num value="C">(C)</num>
<content>the name of the governmental entity to which the guardian paid the taxes;</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1204/scC/s1204.102/9">
<num value="9">(9)</num>
<content>a description of all current delinquencies in the filing of tax returns and the payment of taxes, including a reason for each delinquency; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1204/scC/s1204.102/10">
<num value="10">(10)</num>
<content>other facts as appear necessary to a full and definite understanding of the exact condition of the guardianship.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1204/scC/s1204.103">
<num value="1204.103">Sec. 1204.103.</num>
<heading>CERTAIN DEBTS EXCLUDED FROM SETTLEMENT COMPUTATION</heading>
<content>In the settlement of any of the accounts of the guardian of the estate, all debts due the estate that the court is satisfied could not have been collected by due diligence and that have not been collected shall be excluded from the computation.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1204/scC/s1204.104">
<num value="1204.104">Sec. 1204.104.</num>
<heading>GUARDIAN TO ACCOUNT FOR WARD'S LABOR OR SERVICES</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1204/scC/s1204.104/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>Subject to Subsection (b), the guardian of a ward shall account for:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1204/scC/s1204.104/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the reasonable value of labor or services provided by the ward; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1204/scC/s1204.104/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the proceeds of labor or services provided by the ward.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1204/scC/s1204.104/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The guardian is entitled to reasonable credits for the board, clothing, and maintenance of the ward.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1204/scC/s1204.105">
<num value="1204.105">Sec. 1204.105.</num>
<heading>CITATION AND NOTICE ON PRESENTATION OF ACCOUNT</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1204/scC/s1204.105/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>On presentation of an account for final settlement by a guardian of the estate of a ward, the county clerk shall issue citation to the persons and in the manner provided by this section.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1204/scC/s1204.105/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>Citation issued under Subsection (a) must contain:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1204/scC/s1204.105/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>a statement that an account for final settlement has been presented;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1204/scC/s1204.105/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the time and place the court will consider the account; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1204/scC/s1204.105/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>a statement requiring the person cited to appear and contest the account, if the person determines contesting the account is proper.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1204/scC/s1204.105/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<chapeau>Except as provided by Subsection (d) or (e), the county clerk shall:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1204/scC/s1204.105/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<chapeau>issue a citation to be personally served on a ward if:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1204/scC/s1204.105/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>the ward is 14 years of age or older;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1204/scC/s1204.105/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>the ward is a living resident of this state; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1204/scC/s1204.105/C">
<num value="C">(C)</num>
<content>the ward's residence is known;</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1204/scC/s1204.105/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>issue a citation to be personally served on the executor or administrator of a deceased ward's estate, if one has been appointed; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1204/scC/s1204.105/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<chapeau>issue a citation to a ward or the ward's estate by publication, or by posting if directed by written court order, if:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1204/scC/s1204.105/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>the ward's residence is unknown;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1204/scC/s1204.105/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>the ward is not a resident of this state; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1204/scC/s1204.105/C">
<num value="C">(C)</num>
<content>the ward is deceased and no representative of the ward's estate has been appointed and has qualified in this state.</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1204/scC/s1204.105/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>The ward, in person or by attorney, may waive by writing filed with the county clerk the issuance and personal service of citation required by Subsection (c)(1).</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1204/scC/s1204.105/e">
<num value="e">(e)</num>
<content>Service of citation is not required under Subsection (c)(2) if the executor or administrator is the same person as the guardian.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1204/scC/s1204.105/f">
<num value="f">(f)</num>
<content>The court may allow the waiver of notice of an account for final settlement in a guardianship proceeding.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1204/scC/s1204.105/g">
<num value="g">(g)</num>
<content>The court by written order shall require additional notice if the court considers the additional notice necessary.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1204/scC/s1204.105/h">
<num value="h">(h)</num>
<chapeau>The guardian of the estate shall file an affidavit sworn to by the guardian or a certificate signed by the guardian's attorney stating:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1204/scC/s1204.105/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the name of each person to whom citation was served under this section, indicating the method of service;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1204/scC/s1204.105/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the name of each person executing a waiver of citation under Subsection (d); and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1204/scC/s1204.105/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>that each person whose whereabouts are known or can be reasonably ascertained who is entitled to citation under this section was provided a copy of the account for final settlement, indicating the method of delivery for each person to whom a copy was provided.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2025, 89th Leg., R.S., Ch. 855 (S.B. 1760), Sec. 12, eff. September 1, 2025.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1204/scC/s1204.106">
<num value="1204.106">Sec. 1204.106.</num>
<heading>EXAMINATION OF AND HEARING ON ACCOUNT</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1204/scC/s1204.106/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>On the court's satisfaction that citation has been properly served on all persons interested in the guardianship estate, the court shall examine the account for final settlement and the accompanying vouchers.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1204/scC/s1204.106/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>After hearing all exceptions or objections to the account and evidence in support of or against the account, the court shall audit and settle the account and, if necessary, restate the account.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1204/scC/s1204.107">
<num value="1204.107">Sec. 1204.107.</num>
<heading>ASSETS BECOMING DUE PENDING FINAL SETTLEMENT; RECEIPT AND DISCHARGE</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1204/scC/s1204.107/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>This section does not apply to money or another thing of value held under Section 1105.153.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1204/scC/s1204.107/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>Until the order of final discharge of the guardian is entered in the judge's guardianship docket, money or another thing of value falling due to the ward or the ward's estate while the account for final settlement is pending may be paid or tendered to the emancipated ward, the guardian, or the personal representative of the deceased ward's estate. The ward, guardian, or personal representative to whom the money or other thing of value is paid or tendered shall issue a receipt for the money or other thing of value, and the obligor or payor is discharged of the obligation for all purposes.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1204/scC/s1204.108">
<num value="1204.108">Sec. 1204.108.</num>
<heading>DELIVERY OF WARD'S PROPERTY IN POSSESSION OF GUARDIAN OF THE PERSON ON SETTLEMENT OF GUARDIANSHIP OF THE ESTATE</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1204/scC/s1204.108/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>If the guardianship of a ward is required to be settled as provided by Section 1204.001, the guardian of the person shall deliver all of the ward's property in the guardian's possession or control to the emancipated ward or other person entitled to the property. If the ward is deceased, the guardian shall deliver the property to the personal representative of the deceased ward's estate or other person entitled to the property.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1204/scC/s1204.108/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>If none of the ward's property is in the guardian of the person's possession or control, the guardian shall, not later than the 60th day after the date the guardianship is required to be settled, file with the court a sworn affidavit that states:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1204/scC/s1204.108/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the reason the guardianship was terminated; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1204/scC/s1204.108/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>to whom the ward's property in the guardian's possession was delivered.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1204/scC/s1204.108/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>The judge may issue orders as necessary for the best interests of the ward or the deceased ward's estate.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1204/scC/s1204.108/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>This section does not discharge a guardian of the person from liability for breach of the guardian's fiduciary duties.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1204/scC/s1204.109">
<num value="1204.109">Sec. 1204.109.</num>
<heading>DELIVERY OF REMAINING ESTATE PROPERTY</heading>
<chapeau>On final settlement of a guardianship estate, the court shall order that any part of the estate that remains in the guardian's possession be delivered to:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1204/scC/s1204.109/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the ward;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1204/scC/s1204.109/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the personal representative of the ward's estate, if the ward is deceased and a personal representative has been appointed; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1204/scC/s1204.109/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>any other person legally entitled to the estate.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1204/scD">
<num value="D">SUBCHAPTER D.</num>
<heading>CLOSING OF GUARDIANSHIP AND DISCHARGE OF GUARDIAN</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1204/scD/s1204.151">
<num value="1204.151">Sec. 1204.151.</num>
<heading>DISCHARGE OF GUARDIAN WHEN NO ESTATE PROPERTY REMAINS</heading>
<content>The court shall enter an order discharging a guardian from the guardian's trust, canceling the letters issued to the guardian of the estate, and closing the guardianship estate if, on final settlement of the estate, none of the estate remains in the guardian's possession.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2025, 89th Leg., R.S., Ch. 855 (S.B. 1760), Sec. 13, eff. September 1, 2025.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1204/scD/s1204.152">
<num value="1204.152">Sec. 1204.152.</num>
<heading>DISCHARGE OF GUARDIAN WHEN ESTATE FULLY ADMINISTERED</heading>
<chapeau>The court shall enter an order discharging a guardian of the estate from the guardian's trust, canceling the letters issued to the guardian of the estate, and declaring the estate closed when:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1204/scD/s1204.152/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the guardian has fully administered the estate in accordance with this title and the court's orders;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1204/scD/s1204.152/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the guardian's account for final settlement has been approved; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1204/scD/s1204.152/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the guardian has delivered all of the estate remaining in the guardian's possession to any person entitled to receive the estate.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2025, 89th Leg., R.S., Ch. 855 (S.B. 1760), Sec. 14, eff. September 1, 2025.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1204/scE">
<num value="E">SUBCHAPTER E.</num>
<heading>FAILURE OF GUARDIAN TO ACT</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1204/scE/s1204.201">
<num value="1204.201">Sec. 1204.201.</num>
<heading>FAILURE TO PRESENT FINAL ACCOUNT OR REPORT</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1204/scE/s1204.201/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>The court may, on the court's own motion, and shall, on the written complaint of the emancipated ward or anyone interested in the ward or the ward's estate, have the guardian who is charged with the duty of presenting a final account or report cited to appear and present the account or report within the time specified in the citation if the guardian failed or neglected to present the account or report at the proper time.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1204/scE/s1204.201/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>If a written complaint has not been filed by anyone interested in the guardianship of the person or estate of a minor or deceased ward, on or after the third anniversary of the date the minor ward reaches the age of majority or the date the ward dies, as applicable, the court may remove the estate from the court's active docket without a final accounting and without appointing a successor personal representative.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1204/scE/s1204.201/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>If a complaint has not been filed by anyone interested in the estate of a ward whose whereabouts are unknown to the court, on or after the fourth anniversary of the date the ward's whereabouts became unknown to the court, the court may remove the estate from the court's active docket without a final accounting and without appointing a successor personal representative.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1204/scE/s1204.202">
<num value="1204.202">Sec. 1204.202.</num>
<heading>LIABILITY FOR FAILURE TO DELIVER ESTATE PROPERTY</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1204/scE/s1204.202/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>On final settlement or termination of the guardianship of the estate, if the guardian neglects when legally demanded to deliver a portion of the estate or any funds or money in the guardian's possession ordered to be delivered to a person entitled to that property, the person may file with the court clerk a written complaint alleging:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1204/scE/s1204.202/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the fact of the neglect;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1204/scE/s1204.202/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the date of the person's demand; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1204/scE/s1204.202/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>other relevant facts.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1204/scE/s1204.202/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>After the filing of a complaint under Subsection (a), the court clerk shall issue a citation to be served personally on the guardian. The citation must:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1204/scE/s1204.202/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>apprise the guardian of the complaint; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1204/scE/s1204.202/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>cite the guardian to appear before the court and answer, if the guardian desires, at a time designated in the citation.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1204/scE/s1204.202/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>If at the hearing the court finds that the citation was properly served and returned, and that the guardian is guilty of the neglect charged, the court shall enter an order to that effect.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1204/scE/s1204.202/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>If the court enters an order under Subsection (c), the guardian is liable to the person who filed the complaint under Subsection (a) for damages at the rate of 10 percent of the amount or appraised value of the money or estate withheld, per month, for each month or fraction of a month that the estate or money of a guardianship of the estate, or on termination of guardianship of the person, or funds is or has been withheld by the guardian after the date of demand. Damages under this subsection may be recovered in any court of competent jurisdiction.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
</chapter>
<chapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1251">
<num value="1251">CHAPTER 1251.</num>
<heading>TEMPORARY GUARDIANSHIPS</heading>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1251/scA">
<num value="A">SUBCHAPTER A.</num>
<heading>APPOINTMENT OF TEMPORARY GUARDIAN GENERALLY</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1251/scA/s1251.001">
<num value="1251.001">Sec. 1251.001.</num>
<heading>APPOINTMENT OF TEMPORARY GUARDIAN</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1251/scA/s1251.001/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>A court shall appoint a temporary guardian, with limited powers as the circumstances of the case require, if the court:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1251/scA/s1251.001/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>is presented with substantial evidence that a person may be an incapacitated person; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1251/scA/s1251.001/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>has probable cause to believe that the person, the person's estate, or both require the immediate appointment of a guardian.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1251/scA/s1251.001/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The person for whom a temporary guardian is appointed under this chapter retains all rights and powers that are not specifically granted to the person's temporary guardian by court order.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1251/scA/s1251.002">
<num value="1251.002">Sec. 1251.002.</num>
<heading>NO PRESUMPTION OF INCAPACITY</heading>
<content>A person for whom a temporary guardian is appointed under this chapter may not be presumed to be incapacitated.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1251/scA/s1251.003">
<num value="1251.003">Sec. 1251.003.</num>
<heading>APPLICATION</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1251/scA/s1251.003/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>A sworn, written application for the appointment of a temporary guardian shall be filed before the court appoints a temporary guardian.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1251/scA/s1251.003/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>The application must state:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1251/scA/s1251.003/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the name and address of the person who is the subject of the guardianship proceeding;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1251/scA/s1251.003/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the danger to the person or property alleged to be imminent;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1251/scA/s1251.003/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the type of appointment and the particular protection and assistance being requested;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1251/scA/s1251.003/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>the facts and reasons supporting the allegations and requests;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1251/scA/s1251.003/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>the proposed temporary guardian's name, address, and qualification;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1251/scA/s1251.003/6">
<num value="6">(6)</num>
<content>the applicant's name, address, and interest; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1251/scA/s1251.003/7">
<num value="7">(7)</num>
<content>if applicable, that the proposed temporary guardian is a private professional guardian who is certified under Subchapter C, Chapter 155, Government Code, and has complied with the requirements of Subchapter G, Chapter 1104.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 42 (S.B. 966), Sec. 2.22, eff. September 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1251/scA/s1251.004">
<num value="1251.004">Sec. 1251.004.</num>
<heading>APPOINTMENT OF ATTORNEY</heading>
<content>On the filing of an application for temporary guardianship, the court shall appoint an attorney to represent the proposed ward in all guardianship proceedings in which independent counsel has not been retained by or on behalf of the proposed ward.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1251/scA/s1251.005">
<num value="1251.005">Sec. 1251.005.</num>
<heading>CITATION AND NOTICE OF APPLICATION</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1251/scA/s1251.005/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>On the filing of an application for temporary guardianship, the court clerk shall issue:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1251/scA/s1251.005/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<chapeau>citation to be personally served on:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1251/scA/s1251.005/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>the proposed ward; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1251/scA/s1251.005/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>the proposed temporary guardian named in the application, if that person is not the applicant; and</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1251/scA/s1251.005/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>notice to be served on the proposed ward's appointed attorney.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1251/scA/s1251.005/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>The citation or notice issued as provided by Subsection (a) must describe:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1251/scA/s1251.005/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the rights of the parties; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1251/scA/s1251.005/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the date, time, place, purpose, and possible consequences of a hearing on the application.</content>
<continuation>(b-1) The citation issued as provided by Subsection (a) must contain a statement regarding the authority of a person under Section 1051.252 who is interested in the estate or welfare of a proposed ward or, if a guardianship is created, the ward to file with the county clerk a written request to be notified of all, or any specified, motions, applications, or pleadings filed with respect to the temporary guardianship proceeding by any person or by a person specifically designated in the request.</continuation>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1251/scA/s1251.005/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>A copy of the application must be attached to the citation or notice.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2021, 87th Leg., R.S., Ch. 521 (S.B. 626), Sec. 55, eff. September 1, 2021.
Acts 2021, 87th Leg., R.S., Ch. 576 (S.B. 615), Sec. 22, eff. September 1, 2021.
Acts 2025, 89th Leg., R.S., Ch. 855 (S.B. 1760), Sec. 15, eff. September 1, 2025.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1251/scA/s1251.006">
<num value="1251.006">Sec. 1251.006.</num>
<heading>SCHEDULING OF HEARING</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1251/scA/s1251.006/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>Immediately after an application for a temporary guardianship is filed, the court shall issue an order setting a certain date for the hearing on the application.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1251/scA/s1251.006/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>Unless postponed as provided by Subsection (c), a hearing shall be held not later than the 10th day after the date the application for temporary guardianship is filed.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1251/scA/s1251.006/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>The proposed ward or the proposed ward's attorney may consent to postpone the hearing on the application for temporary guardianship for a period not to exceed 30 days after the date the application is filed.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1251/scA/s1251.006/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>An application for temporary guardianship takes precedence over all matters except older matters of the same character.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1251/scA/s1251.007">
<num value="1251.007">Sec. 1251.007.</num>
<heading>MOTION FOR DISMISSAL OF APPLICATION</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1251/scA/s1251.007/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>Subject to Subsection (b), the proposed ward or the proposed ward's attorney may appear and move for the dismissal of the application for temporary guardianship.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1251/scA/s1251.007/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>At least one day before making a motion under Subsection (a), the proposed ward or the proposed ward's attorney shall provide notice to the party who filed the application for temporary guardianship.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1251/scA/s1251.007/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>If a motion is made for dismissal of the application for temporary guardianship, the court shall hear and determine the motion as expeditiously as justice requires.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1251/scA/s1251.008">
<num value="1251.008">Sec. 1251.008.</num>
<heading>RIGHTS OF PROPOSED WARD AT HEARING</heading>
<chapeau>At a hearing under this subchapter, the proposed ward has the right to:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1251/scA/s1251.008/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>receive prior notice;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1251/scA/s1251.008/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>be represented by counsel;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1251/scA/s1251.008/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>be present;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1251/scA/s1251.008/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>present evidence;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1251/scA/s1251.008/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>confront and cross-examine witnesses; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1251/scA/s1251.008/6">
<num value="6">(6)</num>
<content>a closed hearing if requested by the proposed ward or the proposed ward's attorney.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1251/scA/s1251.009">
<num value="1251.009">Sec. 1251.009.</num>
<heading>APPEARANCE BY PROPOSED TEMPORARY GUARDIAN IN CERTAIN CIRCUMSTANCES</heading>
<content>If the applicant for a temporary guardianship is not the proposed temporary guardian, a temporary guardianship may not be granted before a hearing on the application required by Section 1251.006(b) unless the proposed temporary guardian appears in court.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1251/scA/s1251.010">
<num value="1251.010">Sec. 1251.010.</num>
<heading>ORDER APPOINTING TEMPORARY GUARDIAN</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1251/scA/s1251.010/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>The court shall appoint a temporary guardian by written order if, at the conclusion of the hearing required by Section 1251.006(b), the court determines that the applicant has established that there is substantial evidence that the proposed ward is an incapacitated person, that there is imminent danger that the proposed ward's physical health or safety will be seriously impaired, or that the proposed ward's estate will be seriously damaged or dissipated unless immediate action is taken.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1251/scA/s1251.010/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The court shall assign to the temporary guardian only those powers and duties that are necessary to protect the proposed ward against the imminent danger shown.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1251/scA/s1251.010/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<chapeau>The order appointing the temporary guardian must describe:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1251/scA/s1251.010/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the reasons for the temporary guardianship; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1251/scA/s1251.010/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the powers and duties of the temporary guardian.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1251/scA/s1251.011">
<num value="1251.011">Sec. 1251.011.</num>
<heading>CERTAIN AGENCY AS TEMPORARY GUARDIAN</heading>
<content>A court may not ordinarily appoint the Department of Aging and Disability Services as a temporary guardian under this chapter. The appointment of the department as a temporary guardian under this chapter should be made only as a last resort.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1251/scA/s1251.012">
<num value="1251.012">Sec. 1251.012.</num>
<heading>TEMPORARY GUARDIAN'S BOND</heading>
<content>The court shall set bond for a temporary guardian according to Chapter 1105.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1251/scA/s1251.013">
<num value="1251.013">Sec. 1251.013.</num>
<heading>COURT COSTS</heading>
<content>If the court appoints a temporary guardian after the hearing required by Section 1251.006(b), all court costs, including attorney's fees, may be assessed as provided by Sections 1155.054 and 1155.151.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 982 (H.B. 2080), Sec. 24, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1251/scB">
<num value="B">SUBCHAPTER B.</num>
<heading>TEMPORARY GUARDIANSHIP PENDING CHALLENGE OR CONTEST OF CERTAIN GUARDIANSHIP APPLICATIONS</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1251/scB/s1251.051">
<num value="1251.051">Sec. 1251.051.</num>
<heading>AUTHORITY TO APPOINT TEMPORARY GUARDIAN OR GRANT RESTRAINING ORDER</heading>
<chapeau>The court, on the court's own motion or on the motion of any interested party, may appoint a temporary guardian or grant a temporary restraining order under Rule 680, Texas Rules of Civil Procedure, or both, without issuing additional citation if:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1251/scB/s1251.051/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>an application for a temporary guardianship, for the conversion of a temporary guardianship to a permanent guardianship, or for a permanent guardianship is challenged or contested; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1251/scB/s1251.051/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the court finds that the appointment or the issuance of the order is necessary to protect the proposed ward or the proposed ward's estate.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1251/scB/s1251.052">
<num value="1251.052">Sec. 1251.052.</num>
<heading>QUALIFICATION AND DURATION OF CERTAIN TEMPORARY GUARDIANSHIPS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1251/scB/s1251.052/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>A temporary guardian appointed under Section 1251.051 must qualify in the same form and manner required of a guardian under this title.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1251/scB/s1251.052/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>The term of a temporary guardian appointed under Section 1251.051 expires on the earliest of the following:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1251/scB/s1251.052/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the conclusion of the hearing challenging or contesting the application;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1251/scB/s1251.052/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the date a permanent guardian appointed by the court for the proposed ward qualifies to serve as the ward's guardian; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1251/scB/s1251.052/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the nine-month anniversary of the date the temporary guardian qualifies, unless the term is extended by court order issued after a motion to extend the term is filed and a hearing on the motion is held.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1031 (H.B. 1438), Sec. 23, eff. September 1, 2015.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1251/scC">
<num value="C">SUBCHAPTER C.</num>
<heading>POWERS AND DUTIES OF TEMPORARY GUARDIANS</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1251/scC/s1251.101">
<num value="1251.101">Sec. 1251.101.</num>
<heading>AUTHORITY OF TEMPORARY GUARDIAN</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1251/scC/s1251.101/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>When the temporary guardian files the oath or declaration prescribed by Section 1105.051 and the bond required under this title, the court order appointing the temporary guardian takes effect without the necessity for issuance of letters of guardianship.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1251/scC/s1251.101/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The clerk shall note compliance with the oath or declaration and bond requirements by the appointed temporary guardian on a certificate attached to the order.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1251/scC/s1251.101/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>The order appointing the temporary guardian is evidence of the temporary guardian's authority to act within the scope of the powers and duties stated in the order.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1251/scC/s1251.101/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>The clerk may not issue certified copies of the order until the oath or declaration and bond requirements are satisfied.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2021, 87th Leg., R.S., Ch. 521 (S.B. 626), Sec. 56, eff. September 1, 2021.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1251/scC/s1251.102">
<num value="1251.102">Sec. 1251.102.</num>
<heading>APPLICABILITY OF GUARDIANSHIP PROVISIONS</heading>
<content>The provisions of this title relating to the guardianship of the persons and estates of incapacitated persons apply to the temporary guardianship of the persons and estates of incapacitated persons, to the extent the provisions may be made applicable.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1251/scD">
<num value="D">SUBCHAPTER D.</num>
<heading>EXPIRATION AND CLOSING OF TEMPORARY GUARDIANSHIP</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1251/scD/s1251.151">
<num value="1251.151">Sec. 1251.151.</num>
<heading>DURATION OF TEMPORARY GUARDIANSHIP</heading>
<content>Except as provided by Section 1251.052, a temporary guardianship may not remain in effect for more than 60 days.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1251/scD/s1251.152">
<num value="1251.152">Sec. 1251.152.</num>
<heading>ACCOUNTING</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1251/scD/s1251.152/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>At the expiration of a temporary guardianship, the temporary guardian shall file with the court clerk:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1251/scD/s1251.152/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>a sworn list of all estate property that has come into the temporary guardian's possession;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1251/scD/s1251.152/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>a return of all sales made by the temporary guardian; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1251/scD/s1251.152/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>a full exhibit and account of all the temporary guardian's acts as temporary guardian.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1251/scD/s1251.152/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The court shall act on the list, return, exhibit, and account filed under Subsection (a).</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1251/scD/s1251.153">
<num value="1251.153">Sec. 1251.153.</num>
<heading>DELIVERY OF ESTATE, FILING OF FINAL REPORT, AND DISCHARGE OF TEMPORARY GUARDIAN</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1251/scD/s1251.153/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>When temporary letters expire or cease to be effective for any reason, the court immediately shall enter an order requiring the temporary guardian to deliver the estate remaining in the temporary guardian's possession to the person legally entitled to possession of the estate.</content>
<continuation>(a-1) At the expiration of a temporary guardianship of the person, the temporary guardian shall file with the court clerk a final report that:</continuation>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1251/scD/s1251.153/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<chapeau>if the ward is living, describes each reason the temporary guardianship of the person expired, including a statement of facts regarding whether the temporary guardianship expired because:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1251/scD/s1251.153/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>the ward was found by the court to have full capacity, or sufficient capacity with supports and services, to care for himself or herself;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1251/scD/s1251.153/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>alternatives to guardianship have been established to meet the needs of the ward; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1251/scD/s1251.153/C">
<num value="C">(C)</num>
<content>a permanent guardian appointed by the court has qualified to serve as the ward's guardian; or</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1251/scD/s1251.153/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>if the ward is deceased, includes the date and place of death, if known, in the form and manner of the report required to be filed by a guardian of the person under Section 1163.103.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1251/scD/s1251.153/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>On proof of delivery under Subsection (a) and approval by the court of a final report filed with the court clerk under Subsection (a-1), as applicable:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1251/scD/s1251.153/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the temporary guardian shall be discharged; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1251/scD/s1251.153/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the sureties on the temporary guardian's bond shall be released as to future liability.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2021, 87th Leg., R.S., Ch. 521 (S.B. 626), Sec. 57, eff. September 1, 2021.
Acts 2021, 87th Leg., R.S., Ch. 521 (S.B. 626), Sec. 58, eff. September 1, 2021.
Acts 2021, 87th Leg., R.S., Ch. 576 (S.B. 615), Sec. 23, eff. September 1, 2021.
Acts 2021, 87th Leg., R.S., Ch. 576 (S.B. 615), Sec. 24, eff. September 1, 2021.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
</chapter>
<chapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1252">
<num value="1252">CHAPTER 1252.</num>
<heading>GUARDIANSHIPS FOR NONRESIDENT WARDS</heading>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1252/scA">
<num value="A">SUBCHAPTER A.</num>
<heading>RESIDENT GUARDIAN OF NONRESIDENT WARD'S ESTATE</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1252/scA/s1252.001">
<num value="1252.001">Sec. 1252.001.</num>
<heading>GRANTING OF GUARDIANSHIP OF ESTATE FOR NONRESIDENT</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1252/scA/s1252.001/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>A guardianship of the estate of a nonresident incapacitated person who owns property in this state may be granted, if necessary, in the same manner as for the property of a resident of this state.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1252/scA/s1252.001/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A court in the county in which the principal estate of the nonresident incapacitated person is located has jurisdiction to appoint the guardian.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1252/scA/s1252.002">
<num value="1252.002">Sec. 1252.002.</num>
<heading>COURT ACTIONS AND ORDERS CONCERNING ESTATE</heading>
<content>The court shall take all actions and make all necessary orders with respect to the estate described by Section 1252.001 of a nonresident ward for the maintenance, support, care, or education of the ward out of the proceeds of the estate, in the same manner as if the ward were a resident of this state sent abroad by the court for education or treatment.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1252/scA/s1252.003">
<num value="1252.003">Sec. 1252.003.</num>
<heading>CLOSING RESIDENT GUARDIANSHIP</heading>
<content>The court shall close a resident guardianship of an estate granted under this subchapter if a qualified nonresident guardian of the estate later qualifies in this state under Section 1252.051 as a nonresident guardian.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1252/scB">
<num value="B">SUBCHAPTER B.</num>
<heading>NONRESIDENT GUARDIAN OF NONRESIDENT WARD'S ESTATE</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1252/scB/s1252.051">
<num value="1252.051">Sec. 1252.051.</num>
<heading>APPOINTMENT AND QUALIFICATION OF NONRESIDENT GUARDIAN</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1252/scB/s1252.051/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>A nonresident of this state may be appointed and qualified as guardian or coguardian of a nonresident ward's estate located in this state in the same manner provided by this title for the appointment and qualification of a resident guardian of the estate of an incapacitated person if:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1252/scB/s1252.051/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>a court of competent jurisdiction in the geographical jurisdiction in which the nonresident resides appointed the nonresident guardian;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1252/scB/s1252.051/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the nonresident is qualified as guardian or as a fiduciary legal representative by any name known in the foreign jurisdiction of the property or estate of the ward located in the jurisdiction of the foreign court; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1252/scB/s1252.051/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the nonresident, with the written application for appointment, files in the county court of a county of this state in which all or part of the nonresident ward's estate is located a complete transcript of the proceedings from the records of the court in which the nonresident applicant was appointed.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1252/scB/s1252.051/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>The transcript required by Subsection (a)(3) must:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1252/scB/s1252.051/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>show the applicant's appointment and qualification as guardian or other fiduciary legal representative of the ward's property or estate;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1252/scB/s1252.051/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>be certified to and attested by the clerk of the foreign court or the court officer charged by law with custody of the court records, under the court seal, if any; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1252/scB/s1252.051/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>have attached a certificate of the judge, chief justice, or presiding magistrate of the foreign court certifying that the attestation of the clerk or legal custodian of the court records is in correct form.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1252/scB/s1252.052">
<num value="1252.052">Sec. 1252.052.</num>
<heading>APPOINTMENT; ISSUANCE OF LETTERS OF GUARDIANSHIP</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1252/scB/s1252.052/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>If a nonresident applicant meets the requirements of Section 1252.051, without the necessity of notice or citation, the court shall enter an order appointing the nonresident as guardian or coguardian of a nonresident ward's estate located in this state.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1252/scB/s1252.052/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>After the nonresident applicant qualifies in the manner required of resident guardians and files with the court a power of attorney appointing a resident agent to accept service of process in all actions or proceedings with respect to the estate, the clerk shall issue the letters of guardianship to the nonresident guardian.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1252/scB/s1252.053">
<num value="1252.053">Sec. 1252.053.</num>
<heading>INVENTORY AND APPRAISEMENT; ADMINISTRATION OF ESTATE</heading>
<chapeau>After qualification, a nonresident guardian:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1252/scB/s1252.053/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>shall file an inventory and appraisement of the ward's estate in this state subject to the court's jurisdiction, as in ordinary cases; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1252/scB/s1252.053/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>is subject to the applicable provisions of this code governing the handling and settlement of an estate by a resident guardian.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1252/scB/s1252.054">
<num value="1252.054">Sec. 1252.054.</num>
<heading>DELIVERY OF ESTATE TO CERTAIN GUARDIANS</heading>
<content>The court may order a resident guardian who has any of the ward's estate to deliver the estate to a qualified and acting guardian of the ward.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1252/scB/s1252.055">
<num value="1252.055">Sec. 1252.055.</num>
<heading>REMOVAL OF WARD'S PROPERTY FROM STATE BY NONRESIDENT GUARDIAN</heading>
<chapeau>Regardless of whether qualified under this title, a nonresident guardian may remove personal property of the ward from this state if:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1252/scB/s1252.055/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the removal does not conflict with the tenure of the property or the terms of the guardianship under which the property is held; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1252/scB/s1252.055/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>all known debts against the estate in this state are paid or secured by a bond payable to and approved by the judge of the court in which guardianship proceedings are pending in this state.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
</chapter>
<chapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1253">
<num value="1253">CHAPTER 1253.</num>
<heading>INTERSTATE GUARDIANSHIPS</heading>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1253/scA">
<num value="A">SUBCHAPTER A.</num>
<heading>TRANSFER OF GUARDIANSHIP TO FOREIGN JURISDICTION</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1253/scA/s1253.001">
<num value="1253.001">Sec. 1253.001.</num>
<heading>APPLICATION TO TRANSFER GUARDIANSHIP TO FOREIGN JURISDICTION</heading>
<content>On application of the guardian or on the court's own motion, a court that has jurisdiction over the guardianship may transfer the guardianship to a court in a foreign jurisdiction to which the ward has permanently moved.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2021, 87th Leg., R.S., Ch. 521 (S.B. 626), Sec. 59, eff. September 1, 2021.
Acts 2021, 87th Leg., R.S., Ch. 576 (S.B. 615), Sec. 25, eff. September 1, 2021.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1253/scA/s1253.002">
<num value="1253.002">Sec. 1253.002.</num>
<heading>NOTICE OF APPLICATION</heading>
<chapeau>Notice of an application to transfer a guardianship under this subchapter shall be:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1253/scA/s1253.002/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>served personally on the ward; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1253/scA/s1253.002/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>given to the foreign court to which the guardianship is to be transferred.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1253/scA/s1253.003">
<num value="1253.003">Sec. 1253.003.</num>
<heading>DETERMINATION REGARDING TRANSFER OF GUARDIANSHIP</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1253/scA/s1253.003/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>On the court's own motion or on the motion of the ward or any interested person, the court shall hold a hearing to consider an application to transfer a guardianship under this subchapter.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1253/scA/s1253.003/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The court shall transfer a guardianship to a foreign court if the court determines the transfer is in the best interests of the ward. The transfer of the guardianship must be made contingent on the acceptance of the guardianship in the foreign jurisdiction.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1253/scA/s1253.003/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>The court shall coordinate efforts with the appropriate foreign court to facilitate the orderly transfer of the guardianship.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1253/scB">
<num value="B">SUBCHAPTER B.</num>
<heading>RECEIPT AND ACCEPTANCE OF FOREIGN GUARDIANSHIP</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1253/scB/s1253.051">
<num value="1253.051">Sec. 1253.051.</num>
<heading>APPLICATION FOR RECEIPT AND ACCEPTANCE OF FOREIGN GUARDIANSHIP</heading>
<content>A guardian appointed by a foreign court to represent an incapacitated person who is residing in this state or intends to move to this state may file an application with a court in the county in which the ward resides or in which it is intended that the ward will reside to have the guardianship transferred to that court. The application must have attached a certified copy of all papers of the guardianship filed and recorded in the foreign court.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., 1st C.S., Ch. 4 (S.B. 1), Sec. 66A.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1031 (H.B. 1438), Sec. 24, eff. September 1, 2015.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1253/scB/s1253.0515">
<num value="1253.0515">Sec. 1253.0515.</num>
<heading>CERTIFICATION OR TRAINING OF GUARDIAN</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1253/scB/s1253.0515/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>A guardian filing an application under this subchapter must comply with Subchapter C or D, Chapter 155, Government Code, as applicable.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1253/scB/s1253.0515/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A court may not grant an application filed under this subchapter unless the guardian complies with Subsection (a).</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 313 (S.B. 1096), Sec. 6, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1253/scB/s1253.052">
<num value="1253.052">Sec. 1253.052.</num>
<heading>NOTICE OF APPLICATION</heading>
<chapeau>Notice of an application for receipt and acceptance of a foreign guardianship under this subchapter shall be:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1253/scB/s1253.052/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>served personally on the ward; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1253/scB/s1253.052/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>given to the foreign court from which the guardianship is to be transferred.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1253/scB/s1253.053">
<num value="1253.053">Sec. 1253.053.</num>
<heading>DETERMINATION REGARDING RECEIPT AND ACCEPTANCE OF FOREIGN GUARDIANSHIP</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1253/scB/s1253.053/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>The court shall hold a hearing to:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1253/scB/s1253.053/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>consider an application for receipt and acceptance of a foreign guardianship under this subchapter; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1253/scB/s1253.053/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>consider modifying the administrative procedures or requirements of the proposed transferred guardianship in accordance with local and state law.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1253/scB/s1253.053/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>In reviewing the application, the court should determine:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1253/scB/s1253.053/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>that the proposed guardianship is not a collateral attack on an existing or proposed guardianship in another jurisdiction in this or another state; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1253/scB/s1253.053/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>for a guardianship in which a court in one or more states may have jurisdiction, that the application has been filed in the court that is best suited to consider the matter.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1253/scB/s1253.053/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>The court shall grant the application if the transfer of the guardianship from the foreign jurisdiction is in the best interests of the ward.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1253/scB/s1253.053/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>In granting the application, the court shall give full faith and credit to the provisions of the foreign guardianship order concerning the determination of the ward's incapacity and the rights, powers, and duties of the guardian.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1253/scB/s1253.053/e">
<num value="e">(e)</num>
<content>The court shall coordinate efforts with the appropriate foreign court to facilitate the orderly transfer of the guardianship.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1253/scB/s1253.053/f">
<num value="f">(f)</num>
<content>At the time of granting an application for receipt and acceptance of a foreign guardianship, the court may also modify the administrative procedures or requirements of the transferred guardianship in accordance with local and state law.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., 1st C.S., Ch. 4 (S.B. 1), Sec. 66A.03, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1253/scB/s1253.055">
<num value="1253.055">Sec. 1253.055.</num>
<heading>GUARDIANSHIP TRANSFER PROCEEDINGS FILED IN TWO OR MORE COURTS</heading>
<content>If an application for receipt and acceptance of a foreign guardianship under this subchapter is filed in two or more courts with jurisdiction, the proceeding shall be heard in the court with jurisdiction over the application filed on the earliest date, if venue is otherwise proper in that court. A court that does not have venue to hear the application shall transfer the proceeding to the proper court.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1253/scB/s1253.056">
<num value="1253.056">Sec. 1253.056.</num>
<heading>CONSTRUCTION WITH OTHER LAW</heading>
<content>The denial of an application for receipt and acceptance of a guardianship under this subchapter does not affect the right of a guardian appointed by a foreign court to file an application to be appointed guardian of the incapacitated person under Section 1101.001.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1253/scC">
<num value="C">SUBCHAPTER C.</num>
<heading>GUARDIANSHIP PROCEEDINGS FILED IN THIS STATE AND IN FOREIGN JURISDICTION</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1253/scC/s1253.101">
<num value="1253.101">Sec. 1253.101.</num>
<heading>DELAY OF CERTAIN GUARDIANSHIP PROCEEDINGS</heading>
<chapeau>A court in which a guardianship proceeding is filed and in which venue of the proceeding is proper may delay further action in the proceeding in that court if:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1253/scC/s1253.101/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>another guardianship proceeding involving a matter at issue in the proceeding filed in the court is subsequently filed in a court in a foreign jurisdiction; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1253/scC/s1253.101/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>venue of the proceeding in the foreign court is proper.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1253/scC/s1253.102">
<num value="1253.102">Sec. 1253.102.</num>
<heading>DETERMINATION OF VENUE; ACTION FOLLOWING DETERMINATION</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1253/scC/s1253.102/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>A court that delays further action in a guardianship proceeding under Section 1253.101 shall determine whether venue of the proceeding is more suitable in that court or in the foreign court.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1253/scC/s1253.102/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>In making a determination under Subsection (a), the court may consider:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1253/scC/s1253.102/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the interests of justice;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1253/scC/s1253.102/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the best interests of the ward or proposed ward;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1253/scC/s1253.102/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the convenience of the parties; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1253/scC/s1253.102/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>the preference of the ward or proposed ward, if the ward or proposed ward is 12 years of age or older.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1253/scC/s1253.102/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>The court shall resume the guardianship proceeding delayed under Section 1253.101 if the court determines under this section that venue is more suitable in that court. If the court determines that venue is more suitable in the foreign court, the court shall, with the consent of the foreign court, transfer the proceeding to that foreign court.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., 1st C.S., Ch. 4 (S.B. 1), Sec. 66A.04, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1253/scC/s1253.103">
<num value="1253.103">Sec. 1253.103.</num>
<heading>NECESSARY ORDERS</heading>
<content>A court that delays further action in a guardianship proceeding under Section 1253.101 may issue any order the court considers necessary to protect the proposed ward or the proposed ward's estate.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1253/scD">
<num value="D">SUBCHAPTER D.</num>
<heading>DETERMINATION OF MOST APPROPRIATE FORUM FOR CERTAIN GUARDIANSHIP PROCEEDINGS</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1253/scD/s1253.151">
<num value="1253.151">Sec. 1253.151.</num>
<heading>DETERMINATION OF ACQUISITION OF JURISDICTION IN THIS STATE DUE TO UNJUSTIFIABLE CONDUCT</heading>
<chapeau>If at any time a court of this state determines that it acquired jurisdiction of a proceeding for the appointment of a guardian of the person or estate, or both, of a ward or proposed ward because of unjustifiable conduct, the court may:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1253/scD/s1253.151/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>decline to exercise jurisdiction;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1253/scD/s1253.151/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>exercise jurisdiction for the limited purpose of fashioning an appropriate remedy to ensure the health, safety, and welfare of the ward or proposed ward or the protection of the ward's or proposed ward's property or prevent a repetition of the unjustifiable conduct, including staying the proceeding until a petition for the appointment of a guardian or issuance of a protective order is filed in a court of another state having jurisdiction; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1253/scD/s1253.151/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<chapeau>continue to exercise jurisdiction after considering:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1253/scD/s1253.151/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>the extent to which the ward or proposed ward and all persons required to be notified of the proceedings have acquiesced in the exercise of the court's jurisdiction;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1253/scD/s1253.151/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>whether the court of this state is a more appropriate forum than the court of any other state after considering the factors described by Section 1253.102(b); and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1253/scD/s1253.151/C">
<num value="C">(C)</num>
<content>whether the court of any other state would have jurisdiction under the factual circumstances of the matter.</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., 1st C.S., Ch. 4 (S.B. 1), Sec. 66A.05, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1253/scD/s1253.152">
<num value="1253.152">Sec. 1253.152.</num>
<heading>ASSESSMENT OF EXPENSES AGAINST PARTY</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1253/scD/s1253.152/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>If a court of this state determines that it acquired jurisdiction of a proceeding for the appointment of a guardian of the person or estate, or both, of a ward or proposed ward because a party seeking to invoke the court's jurisdiction engaged in unjustifiable conduct, the court may assess against that party necessary and reasonable expenses, including attorney's fees, investigative fees, court costs, communication expenses, witness fees and expenses, and travel expenses.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1253/scD/s1253.152/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The court may not assess fees, costs, or expenses of any kind against this state or a governmental subdivision, agency, or instrumentality of this state unless authorized by other law.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., 1st C.S., Ch. 4 (S.B. 1), Sec. 66A.05, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
</chapter>
<chapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301">
<num value="1301">CHAPTER 1301.</num>
<heading>MANAGEMENT TRUSTS</heading>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scA">
<num value="A">SUBCHAPTER A.</num>
<heading>GENERAL PROVISIONS</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scA/s1301.001">
<num value="1301.001">Sec. 1301.001.</num>
<heading>DEFINITION</heading>
<content>In this chapter, "management trust" means a trust created under Section 1301.053 or 1301.054.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scA/s1301.002">
<num value="1301.002">Sec. 1301.002.</num>
<heading>APPLICABILITY OF TEXAS TRUST CODE</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scA/s1301.002/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>A management trust is subject to Subtitle B, Title 9, Property Code.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scA/s1301.002/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>To the extent of a conflict between Subtitle B, Title 9, Property Code, and a provision of this chapter or of a management trust, the provision of this chapter or of the trust controls.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scB">
<num value="B">SUBCHAPTER B.</num>
<heading>CREATION OF MANAGEMENT TRUSTS</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scB/s1301.051">
<num value="1301.051">Sec. 1301.051.</num>
<heading>ELIGIBILITY TO APPLY FOR CREATION OF TRUST</heading>
<chapeau>The following persons may apply for the creation of a trust under this subchapter:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scB/s1301.051/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the guardian of a ward;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scB/s1301.051/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>an attorney ad litem or guardian ad litem appointed to represent a ward or the ward's interests;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scB/s1301.051/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>a person interested in the welfare of an alleged incapacitated person who does not have a guardian;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scB/s1301.051/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>an attorney ad litem or guardian ad litem appointed to represent an alleged incapacitated person who does not have a guardian; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scB/s1301.051/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>a person who has only a physical disability.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 161 (S.B. 1093), Sec. 6.060, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scB/s1301.0511">
<num value="1301.0511">Sec. 1301.0511.</num>
<heading>NOTICE REQUIRED FOR APPLICATION FOR CREATION OF TRUST; CITATION OF APPLICANT NOT REQUIRED</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scB/s1301.0511/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>On the filing of an application for creation of a management trust and except as provided by Subsection (d), notice shall be issued and served in the manner provided by Subchapter C, Chapter 1051, for the issuance and service of notice on the filing of an application for guardianship.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scB/s1301.0511/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>It is not necessary to serve a citation on a person who files an application for the creation of a management trust under this subchapter or for that person to waive the issuance and personal service of citation.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scB/s1301.0511/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>If the person for whom an application for creation of a management trust is filed is a ward, the sheriff or other officer, in addition to serving the persons described by Section 1051.103, shall personally serve each guardian of the ward with citation to appear and answer the application.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scB/s1301.0511/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>Notice under this section is not required if a proceeding for the appointment of a guardian is pending for the person for whom an application for creation of a management trust is filed.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2021, 87th Leg., R.S., Ch. 521 (S.B. 626), Sec. 60, eff. September 1, 2021.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scB/s1301.052">
<num value="1301.052">Sec. 1301.052.</num>
<heading>VENUE FOR PROCEEDING INVOLVING TRUST FOR AN ALLEGED INCAPACITATED PERSON</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scB/s1301.052/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>An application for the creation of a trust under Section 1301.054 for an alleged incapacitated person must be filed in the same court in which a proceeding for the appointment of a guardian for the person is pending, if any.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scB/s1301.052/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>If a proceeding for the appointment of a guardian for an alleged incapacitated person is not pending on the date an application is filed for the creation of a trust under Section 1301.054 for the person, venue for a proceeding to create a trust must be determined in the same manner as venue for a proceeding for the appointment of a guardian is determined under Section 1023.001.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 161 (S.B. 1093), Sec. 6.061, eff. January 1, 2014.
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 982 (H.B. 2080), Sec. 25, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scB/s1301.053">
<num value="1301.053">Sec. 1301.053.</num>
<heading>CREATION OF TRUST</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scB/s1301.053/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>On application by an appropriate person as provided by Section 1301.051 and subject to Section 1301.054(a), if applicable, the court with jurisdiction over the proceedings may enter an order that creates a trust for the management of the funds of the person with respect to whom the application is filed if the court finds that the creation of the trust is in the person's best interests.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scB/s1301.053/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The court may maintain a trust created under this section under the same cause number as the guardianship proceeding, if the person for whom the trust is created is a ward or proposed ward.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 161 (S.B. 1093), Sec. 6.062, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scB/s1301.054">
<num value="1301.054">Sec. 1301.054.</num>
<heading>CREATION OF TRUST FOR INCAPACITATED PERSON WITHOUT GUARDIAN</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scB/s1301.054/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>On application by an appropriate person as provided by Section 1301.051 and regardless of whether an application for guardianship has been filed on the alleged incapacitated person's behalf, a proper court exercising probate jurisdiction may enter an order that creates a trust for the management of the estate of an alleged incapacitated person who does not have a guardian if the court, after a hearing, finds that:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scB/s1301.054/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the person is an incapacitated person; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scB/s1301.054/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the creation of the trust is in the incapacitated person's best interests.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scB/s1301.054/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The court shall conduct the hearing to determine incapacity under Subsection (a) using the same procedures and evidentiary standards as are required in a hearing for the appointment of a guardian for a proposed ward.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scB/s1301.054/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>Except as provided by Subsection (c-1), the court shall appoint an attorney ad litem and, if necessary, may appoint a guardian ad litem, to represent the interests of the alleged incapacitated person in the hearing to determine incapacity under Subsection (a).</content>
<continuation>(c-1) If the application for the creation of the trust is filed by a person who has only a physical disability, the court may, but is not required to, appoint an attorney ad litem or guardian ad litem to represent the interests of the person in the hearing to determine incapacity under Subsection (a).</continuation>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scB/s1301.054/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>The court may maintain a trust created under this section under the same cause number as the guardianship proceeding, if the person for whom the trust is created is a ward or proposed ward.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 161 (S.B. 1093), Sec. 6.063, eff. January 1, 2014.
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 982 (H.B. 2080), Sec. 26, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scB/s1301.055">
<num value="1301.055">Sec. 1301.055.</num>
<heading>AUTHORITY OF COURT TO APPOINT GUARDIAN INSTEAD OF CREATING TRUST</heading>
<content>If, after a hearing under Section 1301.054, the court finds that the person for whom the application was filed is an incapacitated person but that it is not in the incapacitated person's best interests for the court to create a trust under this subchapter for the incapacitated person's estate, the court may appoint a guardian of the person or estate, or both, for the incapacitated person without commencing a separate proceeding for that purpose.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 982 (H.B. 2080), Sec. 27, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scB/s1301.056">
<num value="1301.056">Sec. 1301.056.</num>
<heading>CONTENTS OF ORDER CREATING TRUST</heading>
<chapeau>An order creating a management trust must:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scB/s1301.056/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>direct any person or entity holding property that belongs to the person for whom the trust is created or to which that person is entitled to deliver all or part of that property to a person or corporate fiduciary appointed as trustee of the trust; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scB/s1301.056/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>include terms and limitations placed on the trust.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 161 (S.B. 1093), Sec. 6.064, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scB/s1301.057">
<num value="1301.057">Sec. 1301.057.</num>
<heading>APPOINTMENT OF TRUSTEE</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scB/s1301.057/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>In this section, "financial institution" means a financial institution, as defined by Section 201.101, Finance Code, that has trust powers and exists and does business under the laws of this state, another state, or the United States.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scB/s1301.057/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>Except as provided by Subsection (c), the court shall appoint a financial institution to serve as trustee of a management trust, other than a management trust created for a person who has only a physical disability.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scB/s1301.057/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<chapeau>The court may appoint a person or entity described by Subsection (d) to serve as trustee of a management trust created for a ward or incapacitated person instead of appointing a financial institution to serve in that capacity if the court finds:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scB/s1301.057/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>that the appointment is in the best interests of the ward or incapacitated person for whom the trust is created; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scB/s1301.057/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>if the value of the trust's principal is more than $150,000, that the applicant for the creation of the trust, after the exercise of due diligence, has been unable to find a financial institution in the geographic area willing to serve as trustee.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scB/s1301.057/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<chapeau>The following are eligible for appointment as trustee of a management trust created for a ward or incapacitated person under Subsection (c):</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scB/s1301.057/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>an individual, including an individual who is certified as a private professional guardian;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scB/s1301.057/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>a nonprofit corporation qualified to serve as a guardian; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scB/s1301.057/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>a guardianship program.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 982 (H.B. 2080), Sec. 28, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scB/s1301.058">
<num value="1301.058">Sec. 1301.058.</num>
<heading>BOND REQUIREMENTS FOR TRUSTEES</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scB/s1301.058/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>The following serve without giving a bond in accordance with the trust terms required by Sections 1301.101(a)(4) and (a-1):</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scB/s1301.058/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>a trustee of a management trust that is a corporate fiduciary; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scB/s1301.058/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>any other trustee of a management trust created for a person who has only a physical disability.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scB/s1301.058/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>Except as provided by Subsection (a), the court shall require a person serving as trustee of a management trust to file with the county clerk a bond that:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scB/s1301.058/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>is in an amount equal to the value of the trust's principal and projected annual income; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scB/s1301.058/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>meets the conditions the court determines are necessary.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 982 (H.B. 2080), Sec. 29, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scC">
<num value="C">SUBCHAPTER C.</num>
<heading>TERMS OF MANAGEMENT TRUST</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scC/s1301.101">
<num value="1301.101">Sec. 1301.101.</num>
<heading>REQUIRED TERMS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scC/s1301.101/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>Except as provided by Subsection (c), a management trust created for a ward or incapacitated person must provide that:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scC/s1301.101/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the ward or incapacitated person is the sole beneficiary of the trust;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scC/s1301.101/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the trustee may disburse an amount of the trust's principal or income as the trustee determines is necessary to spend for the health, education, maintenance, or support of the person for whom the trust is created;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scC/s1301.101/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the trust income that the trustee does not disburse under Subdivision (2) must be added to the trust principal;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scC/s1301.101/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>a trustee that is a corporate fiduciary serves without giving a bond;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scC/s1301.101/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>subject to the court's approval and Subsection (b), a trustee is entitled to receive reasonable compensation for services the trustee provides to the person for whom the trust is created as the person's trustee; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scC/s1301.101/6">
<num value="6">(6)</num>
<chapeau>the trust terminates:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scC/s1301.101/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>except as provided by Paragraph (B), if the person for whom the trust is created is a minor:</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scC/s1301.101/i">
<num value="i">(i)</num>
<content>on the earlier of:</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scC/s1301.101/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>the person's death; or</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scC/s1301.101/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>the person's 18th birthday; or</chapeau>
<clause identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scC/s1301.101/ii">
<num value="ii">(ii)</num>
<content>on the date provided by court order, which may not be later than the person's 25th birthday;</content>
</clause>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scC/s1301.101/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>if the person for whom the trust is created is a minor and is also incapacitated for a reason other than being a minor:</content>
</subparagraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scC/s1301.101/i">
<num value="i">(i)</num>
<chapeau>on the person's death; or</chapeau>
<clause identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scC/s1301.101/ii">
<num value="ii">(ii)</num>
<content>when the person regains capacity; or</content>
</clause>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scC/s1301.101/C">
<num value="C">(C)</num>
<content>if the person for whom the trust is created is not a minor:</content>
</subparagraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scC/s1301.101/i">
<num value="i">(i)</num>
<chapeau>according to the terms of the trust;</chapeau>
<clause identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scC/s1301.101/ii">
<num value="ii">(ii)</num>
<content>on the date the court determines that continuing the trust is no longer in the person's best interests, subject to Section 1301.202(c); or</content>
</clause>
<clause identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scC/s1301.101/iii">
<num value="iii">(iii)</num>
<content>on the person's death.</content>
<continuation>(a-1) A management trust created for a person who has only a physical disability must provide that the trustee of the trust:</continuation>
</clause>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scC/s1301.101/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>serves without giving a bond; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scC/s1301.101/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>is entitled to receive, without the court's approval, reasonable compensation for services the trustee provides to the person as the person's trustee.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scC/s1301.101/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>A trustee's compensation under Subsection (a)(5) must be:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scC/s1301.101/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>paid from the management trust's income, principal, or both; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scC/s1301.101/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>determined, paid, reduced, and eliminated in the same manner as compensation of a guardian under Subchapter A, Chapter 1155.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scC/s1301.101/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<chapeau>The court creating or modifying a management trust may omit or modify otherwise applicable terms required by Subsection (a), (a-1), or (b) if the court is creating the trust for a person who has only a physical disability, or if the court determines that the omission or modification:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scC/s1301.101/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>is necessary and appropriate for the person for whom the trust is created to be eligible to receive public benefits or assistance under a state or federal program that is not otherwise available to the person; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scC/s1301.101/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>is in the best interests of the person for whom the trust is created.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 982 (H.B. 2080), Sec. 30, eff. January 1, 2014.
Acts 2021, 87th Leg., R.S., Ch. 521 (S.B. 626), Sec. 61, eff. September 1, 2021.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scC/s1301.102">
<num value="1301.102">Sec. 1301.102.</num>
<heading>OPTIONAL TERMS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scC/s1301.102/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>A management trust created for a ward or incapacitated person may provide that the trustee make a distribution, payment, use, or application of trust funds for the health, education, maintenance, or support of the person for whom the trust is created or of another person whom the person for whom the trust is created is legally obligated to support:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scC/s1301.102/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<chapeau>as necessary and without the intervention of:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scC/s1301.102/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>a guardian or other representative of the ward; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scC/s1301.102/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>a representative of the incapacitated person; and</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scC/s1301.102/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<chapeau>to:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scC/s1301.102/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>the ward's guardian;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scC/s1301.102/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>a person who has physical custody of the person for whom the trust is created or of another person whom the person for whom the trust is created is legally obligated to support; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scC/s1301.102/C">
<num value="C">(C)</num>
<content>a person providing a good or service to the person for whom the trust is created or to another person whom the person for whom the trust is created is legally obligated to support.</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scC/s1301.102/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The court may include additional provisions in a management trust on the trust's creation or modification under this chapter if the court determines the addition does not conflict with Section 1301.101.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 982 (H.B. 2080), Sec. 31, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scC/s1301.103">
<num value="1301.103">Sec. 1301.103.</num>
<heading>ENFORCEABILITY OF CERTAIN TERMS</heading>
<chapeau>A provision in a management trust created for a ward or incapacitated person that relieves a trustee from a duty or liability imposed by this chapter or Subtitle B, Title 9, Property Code, is enforceable only if:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scC/s1301.103/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the provision is limited to specific facts and circumstances unique to the property of that trust and is not applicable generally to the trust; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scC/s1301.103/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the court creating or modifying the trust makes a specific finding that there is clear and convincing evidence that the inclusion of the provision is in the best interests of the trust beneficiary.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 982 (H.B. 2080), Sec. 32, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scD">
<num value="D">SUBCHAPTER D.</num>
<heading>ADMINISTRATION OF MANAGEMENT TRUSTS</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scD/s1301.151">
<num value="1301.151">Sec. 1301.151.</num>
<heading>JURISDICTION OVER TRUST MATTERS</heading>
<content>A court that creates a management trust has the same jurisdiction to hear matters relating to the trust as the court has with respect to guardianship and other matters covered by this title.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scD/s1301.152">
<num value="1301.152">Sec. 1301.152.</num>
<heading>COURT'S AUTHORITY TO DISCHARGE GUARDIAN OF ESTATE</heading>
<content>On or at any time after the creation of a management trust, the court may discharge the guardian of the ward's estate if the court determines that the discharge is in the ward's best interests.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scD/s1301.153">
<num value="1301.153">Sec. 1301.153.</num>
<heading>INVESTMENT IN TEXAS TOMORROW FUND</heading>
<content>The trustee of a management trust may invest trust funds in the Texas tomorrow fund established by Subchapter F, Chapter 54, Education Code, if the trustee determines that investment is in the best interest of the ward or incapacitated person for whom the trust is created.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scD/s1301.1535">
<num value="1301.1535">Sec. 1301.1535.</num>
<heading>INITIAL ACCOUNTING BY CERTAIN TRUSTEES REQUIRED</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scD/s1301.1535/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>This section applies only to a trustee of a management trust created for a person who on the date the trust is created is:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scD/s1301.1535/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>a ward under an existing guardianship; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scD/s1301.1535/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>a proposed ward with respect to whom an application for guardianship has been filed and is pending.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scD/s1301.1535/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>Not later than the 30th day after the date a trustee to which this section applies receives property into the trust, the trustee shall file with the court that created the guardianship or the court in which the application for guardianship was filed a report describing all property held in the trust on the date of the report and specifying the value of the property on that date.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 161 (S.B. 1093), Sec. 6.068, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1031 (H.B. 1438), Sec. 25, eff. September 1, 2015.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scD/s1301.154">
<num value="1301.154">Sec. 1301.154.</num>
<heading>ANNUAL ACCOUNTING</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scD/s1301.154/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>The trustee of a management trust created for a ward shall prepare and file with the court an annual accounting of transactions in the trust in the same manner and form that is required of a guardian of the estate under this title.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scD/s1301.154/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The trustee of a management trust created for a ward shall provide a copy of the annual account to each guardian of the ward.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scD/s1301.154/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>The annual account is subject to court review and approval in the same manner that is required of an annual account prepared by a guardian under this title.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scD/s1301.154/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>The court may not require a trustee of a trust created for a person who has only a physical disability to prepare and file with the court the annual accounting as described by Subsection (a).</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 161 (S.B. 1093), Sec. 6.069, eff. January 1, 2014.
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 982 (H.B. 2080), Sec. 33, eff. January 1, 2014.
Acts 2021, 87th Leg., R.S., Ch. 521 (S.B. 626), Sec. 62, eff. September 1, 2021.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scD/s1301.155">
<num value="1301.155">Sec. 1301.155.</num>
<heading>APPOINTMENT OF SUCCESSOR TRUSTEE</heading>
<content>The court may appoint a successor trustee if the trustee of a management trust resigns, becomes ineligible, or is removed.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scD/s1301.156">
<num value="1301.156">Sec. 1301.156.</num>
<heading>LIABILITY OF CERTAIN PERSONS FOR CONDUCT OF TRUSTEE</heading>
<content>The guardian of the person or of the estate of a ward for whom a management trust is created or the surety on the guardian's bond is not liable for an act or omission of the trustee of the trust.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scE">
<num value="E">SUBCHAPTER E.</num>
<heading>MODIFICATION, REVOCATION, OR TERMINATION OF MANAGEMENT TRUSTS</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scE/s1301.201">
<num value="1301.201">Sec. 1301.201.</num>
<heading>MODIFICATION OR REVOCATION OF TRUST</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scE/s1301.201/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>The court may modify or revoke a management trust at any time before the date of the trust's termination.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scE/s1301.201/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>The following may not revoke a management trust:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scE/s1301.201/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the ward for whom the trust is created or the guardian of the ward's estate;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scE/s1301.201/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the incapacitated person for whom the trust is created; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scE/s1301.201/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the person who has only a physical disability for whom the trust is created.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 161 (S.B. 1093), Sec. 6.070, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scE/s1301.202">
<num value="1301.202">Sec. 1301.202.</num>
<heading>TRANSFER TO POOLED TRUST SUBACCOUNT</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scE/s1301.202/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>If the court determines that it is in the best interests of the person for whom a management trust is created, the court may order the transfer of all property in the management trust to a pooled trust subaccount established in accordance with Chapter 1302.</content>
<continuation>(a-1) For purposes of a proceeding to determine whether to transfer property from a management trust to a pooled trust subaccount, the court may, but is not required to, appoint an attorney ad litem or guardian ad litem to represent the interests of a person who has only a physical disability for whom the management trust was created.</continuation>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scE/s1301.202/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The transfer of property from the management trust to the pooled trust subaccount shall be treated as a continuation of the management trust and may not be treated as the establishment of a new trust for purposes of 42 U.S.C. Section 1396p(d)(4)(A) or (C) or otherwise for purposes of the management trust beneficiary's eligibility for medical assistance under Chapter 32, Human Resources Code.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scE/s1301.202/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>The court may not allow termination of the management trust from which property is transferred under this section until all of the property in the management trust has been transferred to the pooled trust subaccount.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 161 (S.B. 1093), Sec. 6.071, eff. January 1, 2014.
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 982 (H.B. 2080), Sec. 34, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scE/s1301.203">
<num value="1301.203">Sec. 1301.203.</num>
<heading>TERMINATION OF TRUST</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scE/s1301.203/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>Except as provided by Subsection (a-1), if the person for whom a management trust is created is a minor, the trust terminates on:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scE/s1301.203/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<chapeau>the earlier of:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scE/s1301.203/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>the person's death; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scE/s1301.203/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>the person's 18th birthday; or</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scE/s1301.203/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the date provided by court order, which may not be later than the person's 25th birthday.</content>
<continuation>(a-1) If the person for whom a management trust is created is a minor and is also incapacitated for a reason other than being a minor, the trust terminates:</continuation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scE/s1301.203/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>on the person's death; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scE/s1301.203/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>when the person regains capacity.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scE/s1301.203/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>If the person for whom a management trust is created is not a minor, the trust terminates:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scE/s1301.203/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>according to the terms of the trust;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scE/s1301.203/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>on the date the court determines that continuing the trust is no longer in the person's best interests, subject to Section 1301.202(c); or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scE/s1301.203/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>on the person's death.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 161 (S.B. 1093), Sec. 6.072, eff. January 1, 2014.
Acts 2021, 87th Leg., R.S., Ch. 521 (S.B. 626), Sec. 63, eff. September 1, 2021.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scE/s1301.204">
<num value="1301.204">Sec. 1301.204.</num>
<heading>DISTRIBUTION OF TRUST PROPERTY</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scE/s1301.204/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>Unless otherwise provided by the court and except as provided by Subsection (b), the trustee of a management trust shall:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scE/s1301.204/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>prepare a final account in the same form and manner that is required of a guardian under Sections 1204.101 and 1204.102; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scE/s1301.204/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<chapeau>on court approval, distribute the principal or any undistributed income of the trust to:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scE/s1301.204/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>the ward or incapacitated person when the trust terminates on the trust's own terms;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scE/s1301.204/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>the successor trustee on appointment of a successor trustee; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scE/s1301.204/C">
<num value="C">(C)</num>
<content>the representative of the deceased ward's or incapacitated person's estate on the ward's or incapacitated person's death.</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1301/scE/s1301.204/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The court may not require a trustee of a trust created for a person who has only a physical disability to prepare and file with the court a final account as described by Subsection (a)(1). The trustee shall distribute the principal and any undistributed income of the trust in the manner provided by Subsection (a)(2) for a trust the beneficiary of which is a ward or incapacitated person.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 161 (S.B. 1093), Sec. 6.073, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
</chapter>
<chapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1302">
<num value="1302">CHAPTER 1302.</num>
<heading>POOLED TRUST SUBACCOUNTS</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1302/s1302.001">
<num value="1302.001">Sec. 1302.001.</num>
<heading>DEFINITIONS</heading>
<chapeau>In this chapter:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1302/s1302.001/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>"Beneficiary" means a person for whom a subaccount is established.</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1302/s1302.001/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>"Medical assistance" means benefits and services under the medical assistance program administered under Chapter 32, Human Resources Code.</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1302/s1302.001/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>"Pooled trust" means a trust that meets the requirements of 42 U.S.C. Section 1396p(d)(4)(C) for purposes of exempting the trust from the applicability of 42 U.S.C. Section 1396p(d) in determining the eligibility of a person who is disabled for medical assistance.</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1302/s1302.001/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>"Subaccount" means an account in a pooled trust established solely for the benefit of a beneficiary.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1302/s1302.002">
<num value="1302.002">Sec. 1302.002.</num>
<heading>APPLICATION TO ESTABLISH SUBACCOUNT</heading>
<chapeau>The following persons may apply to the court for the establishment of a subaccount for the benefit of a minor or other incapacitated person, an alleged incapacitated person, or a disabled person who is not an incapacitated person:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1302/s1302.002/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the guardian of the incapacitated person;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1302/s1302.002/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>a person who has filed an application for the appointment of a guardian for the alleged incapacitated person;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1302/s1302.002/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<chapeau>an attorney ad litem or guardian ad litem appointed to represent:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1302/s1302.002/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>the incapacitated person who is a ward or that person's interests; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1302/s1302.002/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>the alleged incapacitated person who does not have a guardian; or</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1302/s1302.002/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>the disabled person.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 161 (S.B. 1093), Sec. 6.074, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1302/s1302.003">
<num value="1302.003">Sec. 1302.003.</num>
<heading>APPOINTMENT OF ATTORNEY AD LITEM</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1302/s1302.003/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>The court shall appoint an attorney ad litem for a person who is a minor or has a mental disability and who is the subject of an application under Section 1302.002.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1302/s1302.003/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The attorney ad litem is entitled to a reasonable fee and reimbursement of expenses to be paid from the person's property.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1302/s1302.004">
<num value="1302.004">Sec. 1302.004.</num>
<heading>ESTABLISHMENT OF SUBACCOUNT</heading>
<chapeau>If the court finds that it is in the best interests of a person who is the subject of an application under Section 1302.002, the court may order:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1302/s1302.004/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the establishment of a subaccount of which the person is the beneficiary; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1302/s1302.004/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the transfer to the subaccount of any of the person's property on hand or accruing to the person.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1302/s1302.005">
<num value="1302.005">Sec. 1302.005.</num>
<heading>TERMS OF SUBACCOUNT</heading>
<chapeau>Unless the court orders otherwise, the terms governing the subaccount must provide that:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1302/s1302.005/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<chapeau>the subaccount terminates on the earliest of the date of:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1302/s1302.005/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>the beneficiary's 18th birthday, if the beneficiary is not disabled on that date and was a minor at the time the subaccount was established;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1302/s1302.005/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>the beneficiary's death; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1302/s1302.005/C">
<num value="C">(C)</num>
<content>a court order terminating the subaccount; and</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1302/s1302.005/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<chapeau>on termination, any property remaining in the beneficiary's subaccount after making any required payments to satisfy the amounts of medical assistance reimbursement claims for medical assistance provided to the beneficiary under this state's medical assistance program and other states' medical assistance programs shall be distributed to:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1302/s1302.005/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>the beneficiary, if on the date of termination the beneficiary is living and is not incapacitated;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1302/s1302.005/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>the beneficiary's guardian, if on the date of termination the beneficiary is living and is incapacitated; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1302/s1302.005/C">
<num value="C">(C)</num>
<content>the personal representative of the beneficiary's estate, if on the date of termination the beneficiary is deceased.</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1302/s1302.006">
<num value="1302.006">Sec. 1302.006.</num>
<heading>FEES AND REPORTING</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1302/s1302.006/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>The manager or trustee of a pooled trust may:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1302/s1302.006/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>assess fees against a subaccount of that pooled trust that is established under this chapter, in accordance with the manager's or trustee's standard fee structure; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1302/s1302.006/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>pay fees assessed under Subdivision (1) from the subaccount.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1302/s1302.006/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>If required by the court, the manager or trustee of the pooled trust shall file a copy of the annual report of account with the court clerk.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1302/s1302.007">
<num value="1302.007">Sec. 1302.007.</num>
<heading>JURISDICTION EXCLUSIVE</heading>
<content>Notwithstanding any other law, the court that orders the establishment of a subaccount for a beneficiary has exclusive jurisdiction of a subsequent proceeding or action that relates to both the beneficiary and the subaccount, and the proceeding or action may be brought only in that court.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</chapter>
<chapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1351">
<num value="1351">CHAPTER 1351.</num>
<heading>SALE OF PROPERTY OF CERTAIN INCAPACITATED PERSONS</heading>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1351/scA">
<num value="A">SUBCHAPTER A.</num>
<heading>SALE OF MINOR'S INTEREST IN PROPERTY WITHOUT GUARDIANSHIP</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1351/scA/s1351.001">
<num value="1351.001">Sec. 1351.001.</num>
<heading>AUTHORITY TO SELL MINOR'S INTEREST IN PROPERTY WITHOUT GUARDIANSHIP</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1351/scA/s1351.001/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>A parent or managing conservator of a minor who is not a ward may apply to the court under this subchapter for an order to sell an interest of the minor in property without being appointed guardian if the net value of the interest does not exceed $250,000.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1351/scA/s1351.001/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>If a minor who is not a ward does not have a parent or managing conservator willing or able to file an application under Subsection (a), the court may appoint an attorney ad litem or guardian ad litem to act on the minor's behalf for the limited purpose of applying for an order to sell the minor's interest in property under this subchapter.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1031 (H.B. 1438), Sec. 26, eff. September 1, 2015.
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 207 (S.B. 1457), Sec. 24, eff. September 1, 2023.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1351/scA/s1351.002">
<num value="1351.002">Sec. 1351.002.</num>
<heading>APPLICATION; VENUE</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1351/scA/s1351.002/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>A parent, managing conservator, or attorney ad litem or guardian ad litem appointed under Section 1351.001(b) shall apply to the court under oath for the sale of property under this subchapter.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1351/scA/s1351.002/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>An application must contain:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1351/scA/s1351.002/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the minor's name;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1351/scA/s1351.002/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>a legal description of the real property or a description that identifies the personal property, as applicable;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1351/scA/s1351.002/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the minor's interest in the property;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1351/scA/s1351.002/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>the purchaser's name;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1351/scA/s1351.002/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>a statement that the sale of the minor's interest in the property is for cash; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1351/scA/s1351.002/6">
<num value="6">(6)</num>
<content>a statement that all money received from the sale of the minor's interest in the property shall be used for the minor's use and benefit.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1351/scA/s1351.002/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>Venue for the application is the same as venue for an application for the appointment of a guardian for a minor.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1031 (H.B. 1438), Sec. 27, eff. September 1, 2015.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1351/scA/s1351.003">
<num value="1351.003">Sec. 1351.003.</num>
<heading>HEARING; REQUIREMENTS FOR SALE</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1351/scA/s1351.003/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>On receipt of an application under this subchapter, the court shall set the application for hearing on a date not earlier than five days from the date the application was filed.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1351/scA/s1351.003/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The court may cause citation to be issued if the court considers citation necessary.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1351/scA/s1351.003/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>At the time of the hearing, the court shall order the sale of the property if the court is satisfied from the evidence that the sale is in the minor's best interests. The court may require an independent appraisal of the property to be sold to establish the minimum sale price.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1351/scA/s1351.004">
<num value="1351.004">Sec. 1351.004.</num>
<heading>PAYMENT OF SALE PROCEEDS INTO COURT REGISTRY</heading>
<content>If the court enters an order of sale of property as provided by this subchapter, the purchaser of the property shall pay the proceeds of the sale belonging to the minor into the court registry.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1351/scA/s1351.005">
<num value="1351.005">Sec. 1351.005.</num>
<heading>WITHDRAWAL OF SALE PROCEEDS FROM REGISTRY NOT PROHIBITED</heading>
<content>This subchapter does not prevent the sale proceeds deposited into the court registry under Section 1351.004 from being withdrawn from the court registry under Chapter 1355.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1351/scA/s1351.006">
<num value="1351.006">Sec. 1351.006.</num>
<heading>DISAFFIRMATION OF SALE PROHIBITED</heading>
<content>A minor may not disaffirm a sale of property made in accordance with a court order under this subchapter.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1351/scB">
<num value="B">SUBCHAPTER B.</num>
<heading>SALE OF WARD'S PROPERTY WITHOUT GUARDIANSHIP OF THE ESTATE</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1351/scB/s1351.051">
<num value="1351.051">Sec. 1351.051.</num>
<heading>APPLICABILITY OF SUBCHAPTER</heading>
<chapeau>This subchapter applies only to a ward who has:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1351/scB/s1351.051/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>a guardian of the person but does not have a guardian of the estate; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1351/scB/s1351.051/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>a guardian of the person or estate appointed by a foreign court.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1031 (H.B. 1438), Sec. 28, eff. September 1, 2015.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1351/scB/s1351.052">
<num value="1351.052">Sec. 1351.052.</num>
<heading>AUTHORITY TO SELL WARD'S INTEREST IN PROPERTY WITHOUT APPOINTMENT AS GUARDIAN OF THE ESTATE IN THIS STATE</heading>
<content>A guardian of the person of a ward or a guardian of the person or estate of a ward appointed by a foreign court may apply to the court under this subchapter for an order to sell an interest in property in the ward's estate without being appointed guardian of the ward's estate in this state if the net value of the interest does not exceed $250,000.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1031 (H.B. 1438), Sec. 29, eff. September 1, 2015.
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 207 (S.B. 1457), Sec. 25, eff. September 1, 2023.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1351/scB/s1351.053">
<num value="1351.053">Sec. 1351.053.</num>
<heading>APPLICATION; VENUE</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1351/scB/s1351.053/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>An application under this subchapter must:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1351/scB/s1351.053/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>be under oath; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1351/scB/s1351.053/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>contain the information required by Section 1351.002(b).</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1351/scB/s1351.053/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>For purposes of Subsection (a)(2), references in Section 1351.002(b) to "minor" are replaced with references to "ward."</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1351/scB/s1351.053/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>Venue for the application is the same as venue for an application for the appointment of a guardian for the ward.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1031 (H.B. 1438), Sec. 30, eff. September 1, 2015.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1351/scB/s1351.054">
<num value="1351.054">Sec. 1351.054.</num>
<heading>HEARING</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1351/scB/s1351.054/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>On receipt of an application under this subchapter, the court shall set the application for hearing on a date not earlier than five days from the date the application was filed.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1351/scB/s1351.054/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The court may cause citation to be issued if the court considers citation necessary.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1351/scB/s1351.054/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>The procedures and evidentiary requirements for the hearing are the same as the procedures and evidentiary requirements for a hearing of an application filed under Subchapter A.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1351/scB/s1351.055">
<num value="1351.055">Sec. 1351.055.</num>
<heading>PAYMENT OF SALE PROCEEDS INTO COURT REGISTRY</heading>
<content>If the court enters an order of sale of property as provided by this subchapter, the purchaser of the property shall pay the proceeds of the sale belonging to the ward into the court registry.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1351/scB/s1351.056">
<num value="1351.056">Sec. 1351.056.</num>
<heading>WITHDRAWAL OF SALE PROCEEDS FROM REGISTRY NOT PROHIBITED</heading>
<content>This subchapter does not prevent the sale proceeds deposited into the court registry under Section 1351.055 from being withdrawn from the court registry under Chapter 1355.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1351/scB/s1351.057">
<num value="1351.057">Sec. 1351.057.</num>
<heading>DISAFFIRMATION OF SALE PROHIBITED</heading>
<content>A ward may not disaffirm a sale of property made in accordance with a court order under this subchapter.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
</chapter>
<chapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1352">
<num value="1352">CHAPTER 1352.</num>
<heading>MORTGAGE OF MINOR'S INTEREST IN RESIDENCE HOMESTEAD</heading>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1352/scA">
<num value="A">SUBCHAPTER A.</num>
<heading>GENERAL PROVISIONS</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1352/scA/s1352.001">
<num value="1352.001">Sec. 1352.001.</num>
<heading>DEFINITIONS</heading>
<chapeau>In this chapter:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1352/scA/s1352.001/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>"Home equity loan" means a loan made under Section 50(a)(6), Article XVI, Texas Constitution.</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1352/scA/s1352.001/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>"Residence homestead" has the meaning assigned by Section 11.13, Tax Code.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1352/scB">
<num value="B">SUBCHAPTER B.</num>
<heading>MORTGAGE OF MINOR'S INTEREST WITHOUT GUARDIANSHIP</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1352/scB/s1352.051">
<num value="1352.051">Sec. 1352.051.</num>
<heading>APPLICABILITY OF SUBCHAPTER</heading>
<chapeau>This subchapter applies only to a minor who:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1352/scB/s1352.051/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>is not a ward; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1352/scB/s1352.051/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>has an interest in a residence homestead.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1352/scB/s1352.052">
<num value="1352.052">Sec. 1352.052.</num>
<heading>AUTHORITY TO MORTGAGE MINOR'S INTEREST WITHOUT GUARDIANSHIP</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1352/scB/s1352.052/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>If the net value of a minor's interest in a residence homestead does not exceed $250,000, a parent, subject to Subsection (b), or managing conservator of the minor may apply to the court under this subchapter for an order authorizing the parent or managing conservator to receive on the minor's behalf, without being appointed guardian, an extension of credit that is secured wholly or partly by a lien on the homestead.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1352/scB/s1352.052/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A parent of a minor may file an application under this subchapter only if the parent has a homestead interest in the property that is the subject of the application.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 207 (S.B. 1457), Sec. 26, eff. September 1, 2023.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1352/scB/s1352.053">
<num value="1352.053">Sec. 1352.053.</num>
<heading>APPLICATION; VENUE</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1352/scB/s1352.053/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>A parent or managing conservator shall apply to the court under oath for the authority to encumber the residence homestead as provided by this subchapter.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1352/scB/s1352.053/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>The application must contain:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1352/scB/s1352.053/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the minor's name and address;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1352/scB/s1352.053/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>a legal description of the property constituting the homestead;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1352/scB/s1352.053/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>a description of the minor's ownership interest in the property constituting the homestead;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1352/scB/s1352.053/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>the fair market value of the property constituting the homestead;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1352/scB/s1352.053/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>the amount of the home equity loan;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1352/scB/s1352.053/6">
<num value="6">(6)</num>
<content>the purpose or purposes for which the home equity loan is being sought;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1352/scB/s1352.053/7">
<num value="7">(7)</num>
<content>a detailed description of the proposed expenditure of the loan proceeds to be received by the parent or managing conservator on the minor's behalf; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1352/scB/s1352.053/8">
<num value="8">(8)</num>
<content>a statement that all loan proceeds received by the parent or managing conservator on the minor's behalf through a home equity loan authorized under this subchapter shall be used in a manner that is for the minor's benefit.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1352/scB/s1352.053/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>Venue for the application is the same as venue for an application for the appointment of a guardian for a minor.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1352/scB/s1352.054">
<num value="1352.054">Sec. 1352.054.</num>
<heading>HEARING; REQUIREMENTS TO MORTGAGE MINOR'S INTEREST</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1352/scB/s1352.054/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>On receipt of an application under this subchapter, the court shall set the application for hearing on a date not earlier than the fifth day after the date the application is filed.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1352/scB/s1352.054/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The court may cause citation to be issued if the court considers citation necessary.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1352/scB/s1352.054/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<chapeau>At the time of the hearing, the court, on approval of the surety bond required by Section 1352.055, shall authorize the parent or managing conservator to receive the extension of credit sought in the application if the court is satisfied from a preponderance of the evidence that the encumbrance is:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1352/scB/s1352.054/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>for a purpose described by Section 1352.056(1) or (2); and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1352/scB/s1352.054/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>in the minor's best interests.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1352/scB/s1352.055">
<num value="1352.055">Sec. 1352.055.</num>
<heading>SURETY BOND; DISCHARGE OF SURETIES</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1352/scB/s1352.055/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>Before a hearing under Section 1352.054 is held, the parent or managing conservator shall file with the county clerk a surety bond. The bond must be:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1352/scB/s1352.055/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>in an amount at least equal to two times the amount of the proposed home equity loan;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1352/scB/s1352.055/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>payable to and approved by the court; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1352/scB/s1352.055/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<chapeau>conditioned on the parent or managing conservator:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1352/scB/s1352.055/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>using the proceeds of the home equity loan attributable to the minor's interest solely for the purposes authorized by Section 1352.056; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1352/scB/s1352.055/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>making payments on the minor's behalf toward the outstanding balance of the home equity loan.</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1352/scB/s1352.055/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>After the first anniversary of the date a parent or managing conservator executes a home equity loan authorized under this subchapter, the court may, on motion of the borrower, reduce the amount of the surety bond required under this section to an amount that is not less than the loan's outstanding balance.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1352/scB/s1352.055/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<chapeau>The court may not discharge the person's sureties from all further liability under a surety bond until the court:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1352/scB/s1352.055/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>approves the filing of the parent's or managing conservator's reports required under Sections 1352.057 and 1352.058;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1352/scB/s1352.055/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>finds that the parent or managing conservator used loan proceeds resulting from the minor's interest solely for the purposes authorized by Section 1352.056; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1352/scB/s1352.055/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>is presented with satisfactory evidence that the home equity loan has been repaid and is no longer considered an outstanding obligation.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1352/scB/s1352.056">
<num value="1352.056">Sec. 1352.056.</num>
<heading>USE OF PROCEEDS</heading>
<chapeau>Proceeds of a home equity loan that is the subject of an application under Section 1352.053 that are attributable to the minor's interest may be spent only to:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1352/scB/s1352.056/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>make improvements to the homestead;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1352/scB/s1352.056/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>pay for the minor's education or medical expenses; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1352/scB/s1352.056/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>pay the loan's outstanding balance.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1352/scB/s1352.057">
<num value="1352.057">Sec. 1352.057.</num>
<heading>ANNUAL REPORT</heading>
<content>A parent or managing conservator executing a home equity loan on a minor's behalf under this subchapter shall file an annual report with the court regarding the transaction.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1352/scB/s1352.058">
<num value="1352.058">Sec. 1352.058.</num>
<heading>SWORN REPORT OF EXPENDITURES</heading>
<content>When the parent or managing conservator has spent the proceeds of a home equity loan authorized under this subchapter, the parent or managing conservator shall file with the county clerk a sworn report accounting for the proceeds.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1352/scB/s1352.059">
<num value="1352.059">Sec. 1352.059.</num>
<heading>DISAFFIRMATION OF HOME EQUITY LOAN PROHIBITED</heading>
<content>A minor may not disaffirm a home equity loan authorized by the court under this subchapter.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1352/scC">
<num value="C">SUBCHAPTER C.</num>
<heading>MORTGAGE OF MINOR WARD'S INTEREST WITHOUT GUARDIANSHIP OF THE ESTATE</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1352/scC/s1352.101">
<num value="1352.101">Sec. 1352.101.</num>
<heading>APPLICABILITY OF SUBCHAPTER</heading>
<chapeau>This subchapter applies only to a minor ward who:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1352/scC/s1352.101/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>has a guardian of the person but does not have a guardian of the estate; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1352/scC/s1352.101/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>has an interest in a residence homestead.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1352/scC/s1352.102">
<num value="1352.102">Sec. 1352.102.</num>
<heading>AUTHORITY TO MORTGAGE MINOR WARD'S INTEREST WITHOUT GUARDIANSHIP OF THE ESTATE</heading>
<content>If the net value of a minor ward's interest in a residence homestead does not exceed $250,000, the guardian of the person of the ward may apply to the court under this subchapter for an order authorizing the guardian to receive on the ward's behalf an extension of credit that is secured wholly or partly by a lien on the homestead.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 207 (S.B. 1457), Sec. 27, eff. September 1, 2023.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1352/scC/s1352.103">
<num value="1352.103">Sec. 1352.103.</num>
<heading>APPLICATION; VENUE</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1352/scC/s1352.103/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>An application under this subchapter must contain the information required by Section 1352.053(b).</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1352/scC/s1352.103/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>For purposes of Subsection (a), references in Section 1352.053(b) to "parent or managing conservator" are replaced with references to "guardian of the person."</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1352/scC/s1352.103/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>Venue for the application is the same as venue for an application for the appointment of a guardian for a ward.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1352/scC/s1352.104">
<num value="1352.104">Sec. 1352.104.</num>
<heading>HEARING; REQUIREMENTS TO MORTGAGE MINOR WARD'S INTEREST</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1352/scC/s1352.104/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>On receipt of an application under this subchapter, the court shall set the application for hearing on a date not earlier than the fifth day after the date the application is filed.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1352/scC/s1352.104/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The court may cause citation to be issued if the court considers citation necessary.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1352/scC/s1352.104/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>The procedures and evidentiary requirements for a hearing of an application filed under this subchapter are the same as the procedures and evidentiary requirements for a hearing of an application filed under Subchapter B.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1352/scC/s1352.104/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<chapeau>At the time of the hearing, the court, on approval of the surety bond required by Section 1352.105, shall authorize the guardian to receive the extension of credit sought in the application if the court is satisfied from a preponderance of the evidence that the encumbrance is:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1352/scC/s1352.104/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>for a purpose described by Section 1352.106(1) or (2); and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1352/scC/s1352.104/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>in the minor ward's best interests.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1352/scC/s1352.105">
<num value="1352.105">Sec. 1352.105.</num>
<heading>SURETY BOND; DISCHARGE OF SURETIES</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1352/scC/s1352.105/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>Before a hearing under Section 1352.104 is held, the guardian of the person shall file a surety bond with the county clerk to the same extent and in the same manner as a parent or managing conservator of a minor is required to file a surety bond under Section 1352.055.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1352/scC/s1352.105/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>The court may not discharge the guardian's sureties from all further liability under a bond required by this section or another provision of this title until the court:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1352/scC/s1352.105/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>finds that the guardian used loan proceeds resulting from the minor ward's interest solely for the purposes authorized by Section 1352.106; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1352/scC/s1352.105/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>is presented with satisfactory evidence that the home equity loan has been repaid and is no longer considered an outstanding obligation.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1352/scC/s1352.106">
<num value="1352.106">Sec. 1352.106.</num>
<heading>USE OF PROCEEDS</heading>
<chapeau>Proceeds of a home equity loan that is the subject of an application under Section 1352.102 that are attributable to the minor ward's interest may be spent only to:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1352/scC/s1352.106/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>make improvements to the homestead;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1352/scC/s1352.106/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>pay for the ward's education or maintenance expenses; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1352/scC/s1352.106/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>pay the loan's outstanding balance.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1352/scC/s1352.107">
<num value="1352.107">Sec. 1352.107.</num>
<heading>ANNUAL ACCOUNTING</heading>
<content>A guardian of the person executing a home equity loan on a minor ward's behalf must account for the transaction, including the expenditure of the loan proceeds, in the annual account required by Subchapter A, Chapter 1163.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1352/scC/s1352.108">
<num value="1352.108">Sec. 1352.108.</num>
<heading>DISAFFIRMATION OF HOME EQUITY LOAN PROHIBITED</heading>
<content>A minor ward may not disaffirm a home equity loan authorized by the court under this subchapter.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
</chapter>
<chapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1353">
<num value="1353">CHAPTER 1353.</num>
<heading>MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL OF INCAPACITATED SPOUSE'S PROPERTY</heading>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1353/scA">
<num value="A">SUBCHAPTER A.</num>
<heading>APPOINTMENT OF COMMUNITY ADMINISTRATOR OR GUARDIAN OF THE ESTATE</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1353/scA/s1353.001">
<num value="1353.001">Sec. 1353.001.</num>
<heading>EFFECT OF SUBCHAPTER</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1353/scA/s1353.001/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>The manner in which community property is administered under this subchapter does not affect:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1353/scA/s1353.001/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the duties and obligations between spouses, including the duty to support the other spouse; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1353/scA/s1353.001/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the rights of any creditor of either spouse.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1353/scA/s1353.001/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>This subchapter does not partition community property between an incapacitated spouse and a spouse who is not incapacitated.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1353/scA/s1353.002">
<num value="1353.002">Sec. 1353.002.</num>
<heading>SPOUSE AS COMMUNITY ADMINISTRATOR</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1353/scA/s1353.002/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>Except as provided by Section 1353.004, when a spouse is judicially declared to be incapacitated, the other spouse, in the capacity of surviving partner of the marital partnership, acquires full power to manage, control, and dispose of the entire community estate, including the part of the community estate that the incapacitated spouse legally has the power to manage in the absence of the incapacity, as community administrator without an administration.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1353/scA/s1353.002/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The spouse who is not incapacitated is presumed to be suitable and qualified to serve as community administrator.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1353/scA/s1353.003">
<num value="1353.003">Sec. 1353.003.</num>
<heading>APPOINTMENT OF GUARDIAN OF THE ESTATE TO ADMINISTER SEPARATE PROPERTY</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1353/scA/s1353.003/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>Except as provided by Section 1353.004, when a spouse who owns separate property is judicially declared to be incapacitated, the court shall appoint the other spouse or another person or entity, in the order of precedence established under Subchapter C, Chapter 1104, as guardian of the estate to administer only the separate property of the incapacitated spouse.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1353/scA/s1353.003/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The qualification of a guardian of the estate of the separate property of an incapacitated spouse under Subsection (a) does not deprive the spouse who is not incapacitated of the right to manage, control, and dispose of the entire community estate as provided by this title.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1353/scA/s1353.004">
<num value="1353.004">Sec. 1353.004.</num>
<heading>APPOINTMENT OF GUARDIAN OF THE ESTATE UNDER CERTAIN CIRCUMSTANCES</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1353/scA/s1353.004/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>This section applies only if:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1353/scA/s1353.004/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>a spouse who is not incapacitated is removed as community administrator; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1353/scA/s1353.004/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<chapeau>the court finds that the spouse who is not incapacitated:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1353/scA/s1353.004/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>would be disqualified to serve as guardian under Subchapter H, Chapter 1104; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1353/scA/s1353.004/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>is not suitable to serve as the community administrator for any other reason.</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1353/scA/s1353.004/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>The court shall appoint a guardian of the estate for the incapacitated spouse if the court:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1353/scA/s1353.004/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>has not appointed a guardian of the estate under Section 1353.003(a); or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1353/scA/s1353.004/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>has appointed the spouse who is not incapacitated as the guardian of the estate under Section 1353.003(a).</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1353/scA/s1353.004/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>After considering the financial circumstances of the spouses and any other relevant factors, the court may order the spouse who is not incapacitated to deliver to the guardian of the estate of the incapacitated spouse not more than one-half of the community property that is subject to the spouses' joint management, control, and disposition under Section 3.102, Family Code.</content>
<continuation>(c-1) If the court finds that the ward's spouse fails to comply with an order described by Subsection (c), the court may, after notice and a hearing, order any third party or entity in possession to deliver to the incapacitated spouse's guardian of the estate the community property described by Subsection (c).</continuation>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1353/scA/s1353.004/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<chapeau>The court shall authorize the guardian of the estate of the incapacitated spouse to administer:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1353/scA/s1353.004/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>any separate property of the incapacitated spouse;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1353/scA/s1353.004/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>any community property that is subject to the incapacitated spouse's sole management, control, and disposition under Section 3.102, Family Code;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1353/scA/s1353.004/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>any community property delivered to the guardian of the estate under Subsection (c); and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1353/scA/s1353.004/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>any income earned on property described by this section.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1353/scA/s1353.004/e">
<num value="e">(e)</num>
<content>Community property administered by a guardian of the estate under Subsection (d) is considered the incapacitated spouse's community property, subject to the incapacitated spouse's sole management, control, and disposition under Section 3.102, Family Code.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 207 (S.B. 1457), Sec. 28, eff. September 1, 2023.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1353/scA/s1353.005">
<num value="1353.005">Sec. 1353.005.</num>
<heading>ADMINISTRATION OF CERTAIN PROPERTY BY NON-INCAPACITATED SPOUSE</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1353/scA/s1353.005/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>On a person's removal as community administrator or on qualification of a guardian of the estate of the person's incapacitated spouse under Section 1353.004, as appropriate, a spouse who is not incapacitated shall continue to administer:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1353/scA/s1353.005/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the person's own separate property;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1353/scA/s1353.005/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>any community property that is subject to the person's sole management, control, and disposition under Section 3.102, Family Code;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1353/scA/s1353.005/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<chapeau>either:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1353/scA/s1353.005/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>any community property subject to the spouses' joint management, control, and disposition under Section 3.102, Family Code; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1353/scA/s1353.005/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>if the person is required to deliver a portion of that community property described by Paragraph (A) to the guardian of the estate of the person's incapacitated spouse under Section 1353.004(c), only the portion of the community property remaining after delivery; and</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1353/scA/s1353.005/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>any income earned on property described by this section the person is authorized to administer.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1353/scA/s1353.005/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>Community property administered under this section by a spouse who is not incapacitated is considered that spouse's community property, subject to that spouse's sole management, control, and disposition under Section 3.102, Family Code.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1353/scA/s1353.006">
<num value="1353.006">Sec. 1353.006.</num>
<heading>EFFECT OF COURT ORDER ON CREDITORS' CLAIMS</heading>
<content>A court order that directs the administration of community property under Section 1353.004 or 1353.005 does not affect the enforceability of a creditor's claim existing on the date the court renders the order.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1353/scB">
<num value="B">SUBCHAPTER B.</num>
<heading>DUTIES OF COMMUNITY ADMINISTRATORS AND GUARDIANS OF THE ESTATE</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1353/scB/s1353.051">
<num value="1353.051">Sec. 1353.051.</num>
<heading>INVENTORY AND APPRAISEMENT BY COMMUNITY ADMINISTRATOR</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1353/scB/s1353.051/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>On its own motion or on the motion of an interested person for good cause shown, the court may order a community administrator to file a verified, full, and detailed inventory and appraisement of:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1353/scB/s1353.051/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>any community property that is subject to the incapacitated spouse's sole management, control, and disposition under Section 3.102, Family Code;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1353/scB/s1353.051/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>any community property subject to the spouses' joint management, control, and disposition under Section 3.102, Family Code; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1353/scB/s1353.051/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>any income earned on property described by this subsection.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1353/scB/s1353.051/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>An inventory and appraisement ordered under this section must be:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1353/scB/s1353.051/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>prepared in the same form and manner that is required of a guardian under Section 1154.051; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1353/scB/s1353.051/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>filed not later than the 90th day after the date the order is issued.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1353/scB/s1353.052">
<num value="1353.052">Sec. 1353.052.</num>
<heading>ACCOUNT BY COMMUNITY ADMINISTRATOR</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1353/scB/s1353.052/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>At any time after the expiration of 15 months after the date a community administrator's spouse is judicially declared to be incapacitated, the court, on its own motion or on the motion of an interested person for good cause shown, may order the community administrator to prepare and file an account of:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1353/scB/s1353.052/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>any community property that is subject to the incapacitated spouse's sole management, control, and disposition under Section 3.102, Family Code;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1353/scB/s1353.052/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>any community property subject to the spouses' joint management, control, and disposition under Section 3.102, Family Code; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1353/scB/s1353.052/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>any income earned on property described by this subsection.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1353/scB/s1353.052/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>An account ordered under Subsection (a) must be:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1353/scB/s1353.052/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>prepared in the same form and manner that is required of a guardian under Subchapter A, Chapter 1163, except that the community administrator is not required to file the account annually with the county clerk; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1353/scB/s1353.052/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>filed not later than the 60th day after the date the order is issued.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1353/scB/s1353.052/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>After an initial account has been filed by a community administrator under this section, the court, on the motion of an interested person for good cause shown, may order the community administrator to file subsequent periodic accounts at intervals of not less than 12 months.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1353/scB/s1353.053">
<num value="1353.053">Sec. 1353.053.</num>
<heading>DISCLOSURE OF CERTAIN LAWSUITS TO THE COURT BY COMMUNITY ADMINISTRATOR</heading>
<chapeau>A person whose spouse is judicially declared to be incapacitated and who acquires the power to manage, control, and dispose of the entire community estate under Section 1353.002(a) shall inform the court in writing of any suit filed by or on behalf of the person that:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1353/scB/s1353.053/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>is a suit for dissolution of the marriage of the person and the person's incapacitated spouse; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1353/scB/s1353.053/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>names the incapacitated spouse as a defendant.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1353/scB/s1353.054">
<num value="1353.054">Sec. 1353.054.</num>
<heading>DELIVERY OF COMMUNITY PROPERTY BY GUARDIAN OF THE ESTATE TO COMMUNITY ADMINISTRATOR</heading>
<content>A guardian of the estate of an incapacitated married person who, as guardian, is administering community property as part of the ward's estate, shall deliver on demand the community property to the spouse who is not incapacitated if the spouse becomes community administrator under Section 1353.002(a).</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1353/scC">
<num value="C">SUBCHAPTER C.</num>
<heading>REMOVAL OR TERMINATION OF POWERS OF COMMUNITY ADMINISTRATOR</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1353/scC/s1353.101">
<num value="1353.101">Sec. 1353.101.</num>
<heading>GROUNDS FOR REMOVAL OF COMMUNITY ADMINISTRATOR</heading>
<chapeau>A court may remove a community administrator if:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1353/scC/s1353.101/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<chapeau>the community administrator fails to comply with a court order for:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1353/scC/s1353.101/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>an inventory and appraisement under Section 1353.051; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1353/scC/s1353.101/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>an account or subsequent account under Section 1353.052;</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1353/scC/s1353.101/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>sufficient grounds appear to support belief that the community administrator has misapplied or embezzled, or is about to misapply or embezzle, all or part of the property committed to the community administrator's care;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1353/scC/s1353.101/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the community administrator is proved to have been guilty of gross misconduct or gross mismanagement in the performance of duties as community administrator; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1353/scC/s1353.101/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<chapeau>the community administrator:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1353/scC/s1353.101/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>becomes an incapacitated person;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1353/scC/s1353.101/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>is sentenced to the penitentiary; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1353/scC/s1353.101/C">
<num value="C">(C)</num>
<content>for any other reason becomes legally incapacitated from properly performing the community administrator's fiduciary duties.</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1353/scC/s1353.102">
<num value="1353.102">Sec. 1353.102.</num>
<heading>PROCEDURE FOR REMOVAL OF COMMUNITY ADMINISTRATOR</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1353/scC/s1353.102/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>A court may remove a community administrator on the court's own motion or on the motion of an interested person, after the community administrator has been cited by personal service to answer at a time and place specified in the notice.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1353/scC/s1353.102/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>The removal order must:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1353/scC/s1353.102/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>state the cause of removal; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1353/scC/s1353.102/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>direct the disposition of the assets remaining in the name or under the control of the removed community administrator.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1353/scC/s1353.102/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>A community administrator who defends an action for the removal of the community administrator in good faith, regardless of whether successful, is entitled to recover from the incapacitated spouse's part of the community estate the community administrator's necessary expenses and disbursements in the removal proceedings, including reasonable attorney's fees.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1353/scC/s1353.103">
<num value="1353.103">Sec. 1353.103.</num>
<heading>TERMINATION OF COMMUNITY ADMINISTRATOR'S POWERS ON RECOVERY OF CAPACITY</heading>
<content>The special powers of management, control, and disposition vested in the community administrator by this title terminate when a court of competent jurisdiction by decree finds that the mental capacity of the incapacitated spouse has been recovered.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1353/scD">
<num value="D">SUBCHAPTER D.</num>
<heading>APPOINTMENT OF ATTORNEY AD LITEM</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1353/scD/s1353.151">
<num value="1353.151">Sec. 1353.151.</num>
<heading>APPOINTMENT OF ATTORNEY AD LITEM FOR INCAPACITATED SPOUSE</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1353/scD/s1353.151/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>The court shall appoint an attorney ad litem to represent the interests of an incapacitated spouse in a proceeding to remove a community administrator or other proceeding brought under this chapter.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1353/scD/s1353.151/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The attorney ad litem may demand from the community administrator an account or inventory and appraisement of the incapacitated spouse's part of the community estate being managed by the community administrator.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1353/scD/s1353.151/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>A community administrator shall comply with a demand made under this section not later than the 60th day after the date the community administrator receives the demand.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1353/scD/s1353.151/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>An account or inventory and appraisement returned under this section must be prepared in the form and manner required by the attorney ad litem. The attorney ad litem may require the community administrator to file the account or inventory and appraisement with the court.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
</chapter>
<chapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1354">
<num value="1354">CHAPTER 1354.</num>
<heading>RECEIVERSHIP FOR ESTATES OF</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1354/s1354.001">
<num value="1354.001">Sec. 1354.001.</num>
<heading>APPOINTMENT OF RECEIVER</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1354/s1354.001/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>A judge of a probate court in the county in which an incapacitated person resides or in which the incapacitated person's endangered estate is located shall, with or without application, enter an order appointing a suitable person as receiver to take charge of the estate if:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1354/s1354.001/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>it appears that all or part of the estate of the incapacitated person is in danger of injury, loss, or waste and in need of a guardianship or other representative;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1354/s1354.001/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>there is no guardian of the estate who is qualified in this state; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1354/s1354.001/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>a guardian is not needed.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1354/s1354.001/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The court order must specify the duties and powers of the receiver the judge considers necessary for the protection, conservation, and preservation of the estate.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1354/s1354.001/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>The clerk shall enter an order issued under this section in the judge's guardianship docket.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1354/s1354.002">
<num value="1354.002">Sec. 1354.002.</num>
<heading>BOND</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1354/s1354.002/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>A court order issued under Section 1354.001 shall require a receiver appointed under that section to give a bond, as in ordinary receiverships, in an amount the judge considers necessary to protect the estate.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1354/s1354.002/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>The person appointed as receiver shall:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1354/s1354.002/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>make and submit a bond for the judge's approval; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1354/s1354.002/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>file the bond, when approved, with the clerk.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1354/s1354.003">
<num value="1354.003">Sec. 1354.003.</num>
<heading>POWERS AND DUTIES OF RECEIVER</heading>
<content>The person appointed as receiver shall take charge of the endangered estate as provided by the powers and duties vested in the person by the order of appointment and subsequent orders of the judge.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1354/s1354.004">
<num value="1354.004">Sec. 1354.004.</num>
<heading>EXPENDITURES BY RECEIVER</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1354/s1354.004/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>If, while the receivership is pending, the needs of the incapacitated person require the use of the income or corpus of the estate for the education, clothing, or subsistence of the person, the judge shall, with or without application, enter an order in the judge's guardianship docket that appropriates an amount of income or corpus sufficient for that purpose.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1354/s1354.004/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The receiver shall use the amount appropriated by the court to pay a claim for the education, clothing, or subsistence of the incapacitated person that is presented to the judge for approval and ordered by the judge to be paid.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1354/s1354.005">
<num value="1354.005">Sec. 1354.005.</num>
<heading>USE OF EXCESS ESTATE ASSETS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1354/s1354.005/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>A receiver who, while the receivership is pending, has possession of an amount of money belonging to the incapacitated person in excess of the amount needed for current necessities and expenses may, under direction of the judge, invest, lend, or contribute all or part of the excess money in the manner, for the security, and on the terms provided by this title for investments, loans, or contributions by guardians.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1354/s1354.005/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The receiver shall report to the judge all transactions made under this section in the same manner that a report is required of a guardian under this title.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1354/s1354.006">
<num value="1354.006">Sec. 1354.006.</num>
<heading>RECEIVER'S EXPENSES, ACCOUNT, AND COMPENSATION</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1354/s1354.006/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>All necessary expenses incurred by a receiver in administering the estate may be reported monthly to the judge in the form of a sworn statement of account that includes a report of:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1354/s1354.006/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the receiver's acts;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1354/s1354.006/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the condition of the estate;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1354/s1354.006/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the status of the threatened danger to the estate; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1354/s1354.006/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>the progress made toward abatement of the danger.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1354/s1354.006/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>If the judge is satisfied that the statement is correct and reasonable in all respects, the judge shall promptly enter an order approving the expenses and authorizing reimbursement of the receiver from the estate funds in the receiver's possession.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1354/s1354.006/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>A receiver shall be compensated for services provided in the receiver's official capacity in the same manner and amount provided by this title for similar services provided by a guardian of an estate.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1354/s1354.007">
<num value="1354.007">Sec. 1354.007.</num>
<heading>CLOSING RECEIVERSHIP; NOTICE</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1354/s1354.007/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>When the threatened danger has abated and the estate is no longer liable to injury, loss, or waste because there is no guardian or other representative of the estate, the receiver shall:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1354/s1354.007/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>report to the judge; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1354/s1354.007/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<chapeau>file with the clerk a full and final sworn account of:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1354/s1354.007/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>all property of the estate received by the receiver;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1354/s1354.007/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>all property of the estate in the receiver's possession while the receivership was pending;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1354/s1354.007/C">
<num value="C">(C)</num>
<content>all sums paid out;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1354/s1354.007/D">
<num value="D">(D)</num>
<content>all acts performed by the receiver with respect to the estate; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1354/s1354.007/E">
<num value="E">(E)</num>
<content>all property of the estate remaining in the receiver's possession on the date of the report.</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1354/s1354.007/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>On the filing of the report, the clerk shall:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1354/s1354.007/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>issue and cause to be posted a notice to all persons interested in the welfare of the incapacitated person; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1354/s1354.007/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>give personal notice to the person who has custody of the incapacitated person to appear before the judge at a time and place specified in the notice and contest the report and account if the person desires.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1354/s1354.008">
<num value="1354.008">Sec. 1354.008.</num>
<heading>DISCHARGE OF RECEIVER</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1354/s1354.008/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>If, on hearing the receiver's report and account, the judge is satisfied that the danger of injury, loss, or waste to the estate has abated and that the report and account are correct, the judge shall:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1354/s1354.008/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>enter an order finding that the danger of injury, loss, or waste to the estate has abated; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1354/s1354.008/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<chapeau>direct the receiver to deliver the estate to:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1354/s1354.008/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>the person from whom the receiver took possession as receiver;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1354/s1354.008/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>the person who has custody of the incapacitated person; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1354/s1354.008/C">
<num value="C">(C)</num>
<content>another person the judge finds is entitled to possession of the estate.</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1354/s1354.008/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A person who receives the estate under Subsection (a) shall execute and file with the clerk an appropriate receipt for the estate that is delivered to the person.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1354/s1354.008/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>The judge's order shall discharge the receivership and the sureties on the receiver's bond.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1354/s1354.008/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>If the judge is not satisfied that the danger has abated, or is not satisfied with the receiver's report and account, the judge shall enter an order continuing the receivership in effect until the judge is satisfied that the danger has abated or is satisfied with the report and account.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1354/s1354.009">
<num value="1354.009">Sec. 1354.009.</num>
<heading>RECORD</heading>
<content>An order, bond, report, account, or notice in a receivership proceeding must be recorded in the judge's guardianship docket.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</chapter>
<chapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1355">
<num value="1355">CHAPTER 1355.</num>
<heading>PAYMENT OF CERTAIN CLAIMS WITHOUT GUARDIANSHIP</heading>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1355/scA">
<num value="A">SUBCHAPTER A.</num>
<heading>PAYMENT OF CLAIMS TO CERTAIN INCAPACITATED</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1355/scA/s150778.133570">
<num value="150778.133570">Sec. 150778.133570.</num>
<heading></heading>
<content>PERSONS AND FORMER WARDS</content>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1355/scA/s1355.001">
<num value="1355.001">Sec. 1355.001.</num>
<heading>PAYMENT OF CLAIMS TO RESIDENT CREDITOR</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1355/scA/s1355.001/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>In this section, "resident creditor" means a person who:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1355/scA/s1355.001/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>is a resident of this state; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1355/scA/s1355.001/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>is entitled to money in an amount that is $250,000 or less, the right to which is liquidated and is uncontested in any pending lawsuit.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1355/scA/s1355.001/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>This section applies only to a resident creditor who:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1355/scA/s1355.001/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>is an incapacitated person or the former ward of a guardianship terminated under Chapter 1204; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1355/scA/s1355.001/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>does not have a legal guardian of the creditor's estate.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1355/scA/s1355.001/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<chapeau>A debtor who owes money to a resident creditor to whom this section applies may pay the money to the county clerk of the county in which the creditor resides to the account of the creditor. When making a payment under this subsection, a debtor shall give to the clerk:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1355/scA/s1355.001/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the creditor's name;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1355/scA/s1355.001/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the creditor's social security identification number;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1355/scA/s1355.001/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the nature of the creditor's disability;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1355/scA/s1355.001/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>the creditor's post office address; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1355/scA/s1355.001/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>if the creditor is a minor, the creditor's age.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1355/scA/s1355.001/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>The receipt for the money signed by the county clerk is binding on the resident creditor as of the date of receipt and to the extent of the payment.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1355/scA/s1355.001/e">
<num value="e">(e)</num>
<chapeau>The county clerk shall:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1355/scA/s1355.001/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>by letter mailed to the address given under Subsection (c)(4), apprise the resident creditor that the deposit was made; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1355/scA/s1355.001/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>on receipt of the payment, bring the payment to the court's attention.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 207 (S.B. 1457), Sec. 29, eff. September 1, 2023.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1355/scA/s1355.002">
<num value="1355.002">Sec. 1355.002.</num>
<heading>PAYMENT OF CLAIMS TO NONRESIDENT CREDITOR</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1355/scA/s1355.002/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>In this section, "creditor" means a person who is entitled to money in an amount that is not more than $250,000 owing as a result of transactions in this state, the right to which is liquidated and is uncontested in any pending lawsuit in this state.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1355/scA/s1355.002/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>This section applies only to a nonresident creditor who is:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1355/scA/s1355.002/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>a nonresident minor;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1355/scA/s1355.002/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>a nonresident person who is adjudged by a foreign court to be incapacitated; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1355/scA/s1355.002/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the nonresident former ward of a guardianship terminated under Chapter 1204 who has no legal guardian qualified in this state.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1355/scA/s1355.002/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<chapeau>A debtor in this state who owes money to a nonresident creditor to whom this section applies may pay the money:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1355/scA/s1355.002/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>to the creditor's guardian of the estate qualified in the domiciliary jurisdiction; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1355/scA/s1355.002/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<chapeau>to the county clerk of:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1355/scA/s1355.002/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>any county in this state in which real property owned by the creditor is located; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1355/scA/s1355.002/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>if the creditor is not known to own real property in this state, the county in which the debtor resides.</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1355/scA/s1355.002/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>A payment made under this section is for the nonresident creditor's account and for the nonresident creditor's use and benefit.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1355/scA/s1355.002/e">
<num value="e">(e)</num>
<chapeau>A receipt for payment signed by the county clerk is binding on the nonresident creditor as of the date and to the extent of payment if the receipt states:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1355/scA/s1355.002/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the creditor's name; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1355/scA/s1355.002/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the creditor's post office address, if the address is known.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1355/scA/s1355.002/f">
<num value="f">(f)</num>
<content>A county clerk who receives a payment under Subsection (c) for a nonresident creditor shall handle the money in the same manner as provided for a payment to the account of a resident creditor under Sections 1355.001, 1355.051, 1355.052, 1355.102, 1355.103, and 1355.104. Those sections apply to the handling and disposition of money or any increase, dividend, or income paid to the clerk for the use, benefit, and account of the nonresident creditor to whom this section applies.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2021, 87th Leg., R.S., Ch. 521 (S.B. 626), Sec. 64, eff. September 1, 2021.
Acts 2023, 88th Leg., R.S., Ch. 207 (S.B. 1457), Sec. 30, eff. September 1, 2023.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1355/scB">
<num value="B">SUBCHAPTER B.</num>
<heading>ADMINISTRATION OF MONEY</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1355/scB/s1355.051">
<num value="1355.051">Sec. 1355.051.</num>
<heading>INVESTMENT OF MONEY BY CLERK</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1355/scB/s1355.051/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>On receipt of a payment under Section 1355.001, the county clerk shall invest the money as authorized under this title under court order in the name and for the account of the minor or other person entitled to the money.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1355/scB/s1355.051/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The county clerk shall credit any increase, dividend, or income from an investment made under this chapter to the account of the minor or other person entitled to the investment.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1355/scB/s1355.052">
<num value="1355.052">Sec. 1355.052.</num>
<heading>ANNUAL REPORT</heading>
<chapeau>Not later than March 1 of each year, the court clerk shall make a written report to the court of the status of an investment made by the county clerk under Section 1355.051. The report must contain:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1355/scB/s1355.052/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the amount of the original investment or the value of the investment at the last annual report, whichever is later;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1355/scB/s1355.052/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>any increase, dividend, or income from the investment since the last annual report;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1355/scB/s1355.052/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the total amount of the investment and all increases, dividends, or income at the date of the report; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1355/scB/s1355.052/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>the name of the depository or the type of investment.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1355/scC">
<num value="C">SUBCHAPTER C.</num>
<heading>WITHDRAWAL OF MONEY</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1355/scC/s1355.101">
<num value="1355.101">Sec. 1355.101.</num>
<heading>APPLICABILITY OF SUBCHAPTER</heading>
<content>Except as provided by Section 1355.105, this subchapter applies only to a resident creditor to whom Section 1355.001 applies.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1355/scC/s1355.102">
<num value="1355.102">Sec. 1355.102.</num>
<heading>CUSTODIAN OF RESIDENT CREDITOR</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1355/scC/s1355.102/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>The following may serve as custodian of a resident creditor under this section:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1355/scC/s1355.102/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>a parent of the creditor;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1355/scC/s1355.102/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the unestranged spouse of the creditor; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1355/scC/s1355.102/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<chapeau>if there is no spouse and both of the creditor's parents are dead or nonresidents of this state, the person who:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1355/scC/s1355.102/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>resides in this state; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1355/scC/s1355.102/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>has actual custody of the creditor.</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1355/scC/s1355.102/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>An unestranged spouse residing in this state shall be given priority over a creditor's parent to serve as custodian under this subchapter.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1355/scC/s1355.103">
<num value="1355.103">Sec. 1355.103.</num>
<heading>WITHDRAWAL OF MONEY BY CUSTODIAN; BOND</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1355/scC/s1355.103/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>A resident creditor's custodian may withdraw the money from the court clerk for the creditor's use and benefit if the custodian files with the clerk:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1355/scC/s1355.103/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>a written application; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1355/scC/s1355.103/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>a bond approved by the county judge.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1355/scC/s1355.103/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>A custodian's bond must be:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1355/scC/s1355.103/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>twice the amount of the money to be withdrawn by the custodian;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1355/scC/s1355.103/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>payable to the judge or the judge's successors in office; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1355/scC/s1355.103/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<chapeau>conditioned that the custodian will:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1355/scC/s1355.103/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>use the money for the resident creditor's benefit under the court's direction; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1355/scC/s1355.103/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>when legally required, faithfully account to the resident creditor and the creditor's heirs or legal representatives for the money and any increase to the money on:</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1355/scC/s1355.103/i">
<num value="i">(i)</num>
<chapeau>the removal of the creditor's disability;</chapeau>
<clause identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1355/scC/s1355.103/ii">
<num value="ii">(ii)</num>
<content>the creditor's death; or</content>
</clause>
<clause identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1355/scC/s1355.103/iii">
<num value="iii">(iii)</num>
<content>the appointment of a guardian for the creditor.</content>
</clause>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1355/scC/s1355.103/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>A custodian may not receive a fee or commission for taking care of, handling, or spending money withdrawn by the custodian.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1355/scC/s1355.104">
<num value="1355.104">Sec. 1355.104.</num>
<heading>CUSTODIAN'S REPORT</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1355/scC/s1355.104/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>The custodian shall file with the county clerk a sworn report of the custodian's accounting when the custodian has:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1355/scC/s1355.104/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>spent the money in accordance with the court's directions; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1355/scC/s1355.104/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>otherwise complied with the terms of the custodian's bond by accounting for the money and any increase in the money.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1355/scC/s1355.104/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The filing of a custodian's report, when approved by the court, operates as a discharge of the person as custodian and of the person's sureties from all further liability under the bond.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1355/scC/s1355.104/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>The court shall satisfy itself that the custodian's report is true and correct and may require proof as in other cases.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1355/scC/s1355.105">
<num value="1355.105">Sec. 1355.105.</num>
<heading>WITHDRAWAL OF MONEY BY CREDITOR OR CREDITOR'S HEIR, REPRESENTATIVE, OR GUARDIAN</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1355/scC/s1355.105/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>On presentation to the court clerk of an order of a county or probate court of the county in which the money is held, money that is not withdrawn by an authorized person as provided by this chapter may be withdrawn by:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1355/scC/s1355.105/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the creditor, after termination of the creditor's disability;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1355/scC/s1355.105/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>a subsequent personal representative of the creditor;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1355/scC/s1355.105/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the creditor's heirs; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1355/scC/s1355.105/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<chapeau>a nonresident guardian of the estate appointed by a foreign court for a creditor who is:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1355/scC/s1355.105/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>a nonresident minor; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1355/scC/s1355.105/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>a nonresident person who is adjudged to be incapacitated.</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1355/scC/s1355.105/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>Except as provided by Subsection (b-1), a withdrawal under Subsection (a) may be made at any time and without a special bond for that purpose.</content>
<continuation>(b-1) A court may require a nonresident guardian of the estate of a creditor who is a nonresident minor or nonresident incapacitated person as described by Subsection (a)(4) to provide proof that the nonresident guardian of the estate gave an adequate bond in the foreign jurisdiction if the court determines that it is in the nonresident minor's or nonresident incapacitated person's best interest.</continuation>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1355/scC/s1355.105/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<chapeau>The order presented under Subsection (a) must direct the court clerk to deliver the money to:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1355/scC/s1355.105/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the creditor;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1355/scC/s1355.105/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the creditor's personal representative;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1355/scC/s1355.105/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the creditor's heirs named in the order; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1355/scC/s1355.105/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>if the creditor is a nonresident minor or nonresident person who is adjudged to be incapacitated, the creditor's nonresident guardian of the estate.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1355/scC/s1355.105/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>Before the court may issue an order under this section, the person's identity and credentials must be proved to the court's satisfaction. For purposes of this subsection, a nonresident guardian of the estate described by Subsection (c)(4) must present to the court exemplified copies of the order of a foreign court appointing the guardian and current letters of guardianship issued in the foreign jurisdiction.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.
Amended by:
Acts 2021, 87th Leg., R.S., Ch. 521 (S.B. 626), Sec. 65, eff. September 1, 2021.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1355/scD">
<num value="D">SUBCHAPTER D.</num>
<heading>USE OF MONEY BY ELEEMOSYNARY INSTITUTION</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1355/scD/s150790.133570">
<num value="150790.133570">Sec. 150790.133570.</num>
<heading></heading>
<content>FOR BENEFIT OF RESIDENT</content>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1355/scD/s1355.151">
<num value="1355.151">Sec. 1355.151.</num>
<heading>APPLICABILITY OF SUBCHAPTER</heading>
<content>This subchapter applies only to money of a resident of an eleemosynary institution of this state that is on deposit in a court registry and does not exceed $10,000.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1355/scD/s1355.152">
<num value="1355.152">Sec. 1355.152.</num>
<heading>PAYMENT OF MONEY TO INSTITUTION</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1355/scD/s1355.152/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>The judge of a county court, district court, or other court of this state may by order direct the court clerk to pay money to an eleemosynary institution of this state for the use and benefit of a resident of the institution if the court receives satisfactory proof by affidavit or otherwise that the resident:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1355/scD/s1355.152/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>is a person who has a mental disability, an incapacitated person, or a person whose mental illness or mental incapacity renders the person incapable of caring for himself or herself and of managing the person's property and financial affairs; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1355/scD/s1355.152/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>has no known legal guardian appointed for the resident's estate.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1355/scD/s1355.152/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The affidavit under Subsection (a) may be executed by the superintendent, business manager, or field representative of the institution of which the person is a resident.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1355/scD/s1355.152/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>The institution to which the payment is made under Subsection (a) may not be required to give bond or security for receiving the money from the court registry.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1355/scD/s1355.152/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<chapeau>The receipt from the institution for a payment, or the canceled check or warrant by which the payment was made:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1355/scD/s1355.152/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>is sufficient evidence of the disposition of the payment; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1355/scD/s1355.152/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>relieves the court clerk from further responsibility for the disposition.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1355/scD/s1355.153">
<num value="1355.153">Sec. 1355.153.</num>
<heading>DEPOSIT OF MONEY IN TRUST</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1355/scD/s1355.153/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>On receipt of money under this subchapter, an eleemosynary institution shall deposit all of the money received to the resident's trust account.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1355/scD/s1355.153/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>Money deposited in a trust account may be used only:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1355/scD/s1355.153/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>by or for the personal use of the owner of the trust account, under the rules or custom of the institution in the expenditure of money by a resident; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1355/scD/s1355.153/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>by the responsible officer of the institution, for the resident's use and benefit.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1355/scD/s1355.154">
<num value="1355.154">Sec. 1355.154.</num>
<heading>DEATH OF RESIDENT OR DEPLETION OF MONEY</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1355/scD/s1355.154/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>After the expenditure of all money in a resident's trust account, or after the resident's death, the responsible officer of the eleemosynary institution shall furnish a statement of expenditures of the money to the resident's nearest relative who is entitled to receive the statement.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1355/scD/s1355.154/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A copy of the statement described by Subsection (a) shall be filed with the court that first granted the order to dispose of the money in accordance with this title.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1355/scD/s1355.154/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<chapeau>The balance of a trust account of a resident of an eleemosynary institution who dies may be applied to:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1355/scD/s1355.154/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the resident's burial expenses; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1355/scD/s1355.154/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the care, support, and treatment account of the resident at the institution.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
</chapter>
<chapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1356">
<num value="1356">CHAPTER 1356.</num>
<heading>COURT APPROVAL OF CERTAIN ARTS AND</heading>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1356/scA">
<num value="A">SUBCHAPTER A.</num>
<heading>GENERAL PROVISIONS</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1356/scA/s1356.001">
<num value="1356.001">Sec. 1356.001.</num>
<heading>DEFINITIONS</heading>
<chapeau>In this chapter:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1356/scA/s1356.001/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<chapeau>"Advertise" means to solicit or induce the purchase of consumer goods or services through electronic or print media, including:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1356/scA/s1356.001/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>radio;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1356/scA/s1356.001/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>television;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1356/scA/s1356.001/C">
<num value="C">(C)</num>
<content>computer; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1356/scA/s1356.001/D">
<num value="D">(D)</num>
<content>direct mail.</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1356/scA/s1356.001/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>"Advertisement contract" means a contract under which a person is employed or agrees to advertise consumer goods or services.</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1356/scA/s1356.001/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<chapeau>"Artist" means:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1356/scA/s1356.001/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>an actor who performs in a motion picture, theatrical, radio, television, or other entertainment production;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1356/scA/s1356.001/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>a musician or musical director;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1356/scA/s1356.001/C">
<num value="C">(C)</num>
<content>a director or producer of a motion picture, theatrical, radio, television, or other entertainment production;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1356/scA/s1356.001/D">
<num value="D">(D)</num>
<content>a writer;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1356/scA/s1356.001/E">
<num value="E">(E)</num>
<content>a cinematographer;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1356/scA/s1356.001/F">
<num value="F">(F)</num>
<content>a composer, lyricist, or arranger of musical compositions;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1356/scA/s1356.001/G">
<num value="G">(G)</num>
<content>a dancer or choreographer of musical productions;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1356/scA/s1356.001/H">
<num value="H">(H)</num>
<content>a model; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1356/scA/s1356.001/I">
<num value="I">(I)</num>
<content>any other individual who provides similar professional services in a motion picture, theatrical, radio, television, or other entertainment production.</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1356/scA/s1356.001/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<chapeau>"Arts and entertainment contract" means a contract under which:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1356/scA/s1356.001/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>an artist is employed or agrees to provide services in a motion picture, theatrical, radio, television, or other entertainment production; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1356/scA/s1356.001/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>a person agrees to purchase, secure, sell, lease, license, or otherwise dispose of literary, musical, or dramatic tangible or intangible property or any rights in that property for use in the field of entertainment, including:</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1356/scA/s1356.001/i">
<num value="i">(i)</num>
<chapeau>a motion picture;</chapeau>
<clause identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1356/scA/s1356.001/ii">
<num value="ii">(ii)</num>
<content>television;</content>
</clause>
<clause identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1356/scA/s1356.001/iii">
<num value="iii">(iii)</num>
<content>the production of phonograph records; or</content>
</clause>
<clause identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1356/scA/s1356.001/iv">
<num value="iv">(iv)</num>
<content>theater.</content>
</clause>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1356/scA/s1356.001/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>"Consumer goods" means goods used or bought for use primarily for personal, family, or household purposes.</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1356/scA/s1356.001/6">
<num value="6">(6)</num>
<chapeau>"Net earnings," with respect to a minor, means the total amount to be received for the services of the minor under a contract less:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1356/scA/s1356.001/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>the amount required by law to be paid as taxes to any government or governmental agency;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1356/scA/s1356.001/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>a reasonable amount to be spent for the support, care, maintenance, education, and training of the minor;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1356/scA/s1356.001/C">
<num value="C">(C)</num>
<content>fees and expenses paid in connection with procuring the contract or maintaining employment of the minor; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1356/scA/s1356.001/D">
<num value="D">(D)</num>
<content>attorney's fees for services provided in connection with the contract or any other business of the minor.</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1356/scA/s1356.001/7">
<num value="7">(7)</num>
<content>"Sports contract" means a contract under which an athlete is employed or agrees to participate, compete, or engage in a sports or athletic activity at a professional or amateur sports event or athletic event.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1356/scA/s1356.002">
<num value="1356.002">Sec. 1356.002.</num>
<heading>DURATION OF CONTRACT OF A MINOR</heading>
<content>This chapter may not be construed to authorize a contract that binds a minor after the seventh anniversary of the date of the contract.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1356/scB">
<num value="B">SUBCHAPTER B.</num>
<heading>COURT ACTION REGARDING CERTAIN CONTRACTS</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1356/scB/s1356.051">
<num value="1356.051">Sec. 1356.051.</num>
<heading>APPROVAL OF CERTAIN CONTRACTS OF A MINOR</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1356/scB/s1356.051/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>On the petition of the guardian of the estate of a minor, a court may issue an order approving for purposes of this chapter an arts and entertainment contract, advertisement contract, or sports contract that is entered into by the minor.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1356/scB/s1356.051/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>Approval of a contract under this section extends to the contract as a whole and each term and provision of the contract, including any optional or conditional contract provision relating to the extension or termination of the contract's term.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1356/scB/s1356.051/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>A court may withhold approval of a contract in which part of the minor's net earnings will be set aside as provided by Section 1356.054 until the guardian of the minor's estate executes and files with the court written consent to the issuance of the order.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1356/scB/s1356.052">
<num value="1356.052">Sec. 1356.052.</num>
<heading>NOTICE REQUIRED</heading>
<content>Before the court may approve a contract under Section 1356.051, the guardian of the minor's estate must provide the other party to the contract notice of the petition and an opportunity to request a hearing in the manner provided by the court.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1356/scB/s1356.053">
<num value="1356.053">Sec. 1356.053.</num>
<heading>NECESSARY PARTIES TO PROCEEDING</heading>
<content>Each parent of a minor for whom a proceeding is brought under Section 1356.051 is a necessary party to the proceeding.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1356/scB/s1356.054">
<num value="1356.054">Sec. 1356.054.</num>
<heading>SET-ASIDE AND PRESERVATION OF PORTION OF NET EARNINGS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1356/scB/s1356.054/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>Notwithstanding any other law, in an order issued under Section 1356.051, the court may require that a portion of the net earnings of the minor under the contract be set aside and preserved for the benefit of the minor in a trust created under Section 1301.053 or 1301.054 or a similar trust created under the laws of another state.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1356/scB/s1356.054/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The amount to be set aside under this section must be reasonable as determined by the court.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1356/scB/s1356.055">
<num value="1356.055">Sec. 1356.055.</num>
<heading>VALID CONTRACT NOT VOIDABLE</heading>
<content>A contract approved under Section 1356.051 that is otherwise valid is not voidable solely on the ground that it was entered into by a person during the age of minority.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1356/scB/s1356.056">
<num value="1356.056">Sec. 1356.056.</num>
<heading>GUARDIAN AD LITEM</heading>
<content>The court may appoint a guardian ad litem for a minor who has entered into an arts and entertainment contract, advertisement contract, or sports contract if the court finds that the appointment would be in the best interest of the minor.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., R.S., Ch. 823 (H.B. 2759), Sec. 1.02, eff. January 1, 2014.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
</chapter>
<chapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1357">
<num value="1357">CHAPTER 1357.</num>
<heading>SUPPORTED DECISION-MAKING AGREEMENT ACT</heading>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1357/scA">
<num value="A">SUBCHAPTER A.</num>
<heading>GENERAL PROVISIONS</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1357/scA/s1357.001">
<num value="1357.001">Sec. 1357.001.</num>
<heading>SHORT TITLE</heading>
<content>This chapter may be cited as the Supported Decision-Making Agreement Act.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 214 (H.B. 39), Sec. 23, eff. September 1, 2015.
Added by Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1224 (S.B. 1881), Sec. 1, eff. June 19, 2015.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1357/scA/s1357.002">
<num value="1357.002">Sec. 1357.002.</num>
<heading>DEFINITIONS</heading>
<chapeau>In this chapter:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1357/scA/s1357.002/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>"Adult" means an individual 18 years of age or older or an individual under 18 years of age who has had the disabilities of minority removed.</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1357/scA/s1357.002/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>"Disability" means, with respect to an individual, a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more major life activities.</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1357/scA/s1357.002/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>"Supported decision-making" means a process of supporting and accommodating an adult with a disability to enable the adult to make life decisions, including decisions related to where the adult wants to live, the services, supports, and medical care the adult wants to receive, whom the adult wants to live with, and where the adult wants to work, without impeding the self-determination of the adult.</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1357/scA/s1357.002/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>"Supported decision-making agreement" is an agreement between an adult with a disability and a supporter entered into under this chapter.</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1357/scA/s1357.002/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<content>"Supporter" means an adult who has entered into a supported decision-making agreement with an adult with a disability.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 214 (H.B. 39), Sec. 23, eff. September 1, 2015.
Added by Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1224 (S.B. 1881), Sec. 1, eff. June 19, 2015.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1357/scA/s1357.003">
<num value="1357.003">Sec. 1357.003.</num>
<heading></heading>
<chapeau>Text of section as added by Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 214, Sec. 23</chapeau>
<continuation>Sec. 1357.003. PURPOSE. The purpose of this chapter is to recognize a less restrictive substitute for guardianship for adults with disabilities who need assistance with decisions regarding daily living but who are not considered incapacitated persons for purposes of establishing a guardianship under this title.</continuation>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 214 (H.B. 39), Sec. 23, eff. September 1, 2015.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1357/scA/s1357.003">
<num value="1357.003">Sec. 1357.003.</num>
<heading></heading>
<chapeau>Text of section as added by Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1224, Sec. 1</chapeau>
<continuation>Sec. 1357.003. PURPOSE. The purpose of this chapter is to recognize a less restrictive alternative to guardianship for adults with disabilities who need assistance with decisions regarding daily living but who are not considered incapacitated persons for purposes of establishing a guardianship under this title.</continuation>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1224 (S.B. 1881), Sec. 1, eff. June 19, 2015.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1357/scB">
<num value="B">SUBCHAPTER B.</num>
<heading>SCOPE OF AGREEMENT AND AGREEMENT REQUIREMENTS</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1357/scB/s1357.051">
<num value="1357.051">Sec. 1357.051.</num>
<heading>SCOPE OF SUPPORTED DECISION-MAKING AGREEMENT</heading>
<chapeau>An adult with a disability may voluntarily, without undue influence or coercion, enter into a supported decision-making agreement with a supporter under which the adult with a disability authorizes the supporter to do any or all of the following:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1357/scB/s1357.051/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>provide supported decision-making, including assistance in understanding the options, responsibilities, and consequences of the adult's life decisions, without making those decisions on behalf of the adult with a disability;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1357/scB/s1357.051/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>subject to Section 1357.054, assist the adult in accessing, collecting, and obtaining information that is relevant to a given life decision, including medical, psychological, financial, educational, or treatment records, from any person;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1357/scB/s1357.051/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>assist the adult with a disability in understanding the information described by Subdivision (2); and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1357/scB/s1357.051/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>assist the adult in communicating the adult's decisions to appropriate persons.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 214 (H.B. 39), Sec. 23, eff. September 1, 2015.
Added by Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1224 (S.B. 1881), Sec. 1, eff. June 19, 2015.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1357/scB/s1357.052">
<num value="1357.052">Sec. 1357.052.</num>
<heading>AUTHORITY OF SUPPORTER; NATURE OF RELATIONSHIP</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1357/scB/s1357.052/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>A supporter may exercise the authority granted to the supporter in the supported decision-making agreement.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1357/scB/s1357.052/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>The supporter owes to the adult with a disability fiduciary duties as listed in the form provided by Section 1357.056(a), regardless of whether that form is used for the supported decision-making agreement.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1357/scB/s1357.052/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<chapeau>The relationship between an adult with a disability and the supporter with whom the adult enters into a supported decision-making agreement:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1357/scB/s1357.052/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>is one of trust and confidence; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1357/scB/s1357.052/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>does not undermine the decision-making authority of the adult.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 214 (H.B. 39), Sec. 23, eff. September 1, 2015.
Added by Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1224 (S.B. 1881), Sec. 1, eff. June 19, 2015.
Amended by:
Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 514 (S.B. 39), Sec. 10, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1357/scB/s1357.0525">
<num value="1357.0525">Sec. 1357.0525.</num>
<heading>DESIGNATION OF ALTERNATE SUPPORTER IN CERTAIN CIRCUMSTANCES</heading>
<content>In order to prevent a conflict of interest, if a determination is made by an adult with a disability that the supporter with whom the adult entered into a supported decision-making agreement is the most appropriate person to provide to the adult supports and services for which the supporter will be compensated, the adult may amend the supported decision-making agreement to designate an alternate person to act as the adult's supporter for the limited purpose of participating in person-centered planning as it relates to the provision of those supports and services.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 514 (S.B. 39), Sec. 11, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1357/scB/s1357.053">
<num value="1357.053">Sec. 1357.053.</num>
<heading>TERM OF AGREEMENT</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1357/scB/s1357.053/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>Except as provided by Subsection (b), the supported decision-making agreement extends until terminated by either party or by the terms of the agreement.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1357/scB/s1357.053/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>The supported decision-making agreement is terminated if:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1357/scB/s1357.053/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the Department of Family and Protective Services finds that the adult with a disability has been abused, neglected, or exploited by the supporter;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1357/scB/s1357.053/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the supporter is found criminally liable for conduct described by Subdivision (1); or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1357/scB/s1357.053/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>a temporary or permanent guardian of the person or estate appointed for the adult with a disability qualifies.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 214 (H.B. 39), Sec. 23, eff. September 1, 2015.
Added by Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1224 (S.B. 1881), Sec. 1, eff. June 19, 2015.
Amended by:
Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 514 (S.B. 39), Sec. 12, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1357/scB/s1357.054">
<num value="1357.054">Sec. 1357.054.</num>
<heading>ACCESS TO PERSONAL INFORMATION</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1357/scB/s1357.054/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>A supporter is only authorized to assist the adult with a disability in accessing, collecting, or obtaining information that is relevant to a decision authorized under the supported decision-making agreement.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1357/scB/s1357.054/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>If a supporter assists an adult with a disability in accessing, collecting, or obtaining personal information, including protected health information under the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (Pub. L. No. 104-191) or educational records under the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act of 1974 (20 U.S.C. Section 1232g), the supporter shall ensure the information is kept privileged and confidential, as applicable, and is not subject to unauthorized access, use, or disclosure.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1357/scB/s1357.054/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>The existence of a supported decision-making agreement does not preclude an adult with a disability from seeking personal information without the assistance of a supporter.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 214 (H.B. 39), Sec. 23, eff. September 1, 2015.
Added by Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1224 (S.B. 1881), Sec. 1, eff. June 19, 2015.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1357/scB/s1357.055">
<num value="1357.055">Sec. 1357.055.</num>
<heading>AUTHORIZING AND WITNESSING OF SUPPORTED DECISION-MAKING AGREEMENT</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1357/scB/s1357.055/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>A supported decision-making agreement must be signed voluntarily, without coercion or undue influence, by the adult with a disability and the supporter in the presence of two or more subscribing witnesses or a notary public.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1357/scB/s1357.055/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>If signed before two witnesses, the attesting witnesses must be at least 14 years of age.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 214 (H.B. 39), Sec. 23, eff. September 1, 2015.
Added by Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1224 (S.B. 1881), Sec. 1, eff. June 19, 2015.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1357/scB/s1357.056">
<num value="1357.056">Sec. 1357.056.</num>
<heading>FORM OF SUPPORTED DECISION-MAKING AGREEMENT</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1357/scB/s1357.056/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>Subject to Subsection (b), a supported decision-making agreement is valid only if it is in substantially the following form:</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>SUPPORTED DECISION-MAKING AGREEMENT
Important Information For Supporter: Duties
When you agree to provide support to an adult with a disability under this supported decision-making agreement, you have a duty to:
(1) act in good faith;
(2) act within the authority granted in this agreement;
(3) act loyally and without self-interest; and
(4) avoid conflicts of interest.
Appointment of Supporter
I, (insert your name), make this agreement of my own free will.
is my supporter. My supporter may help me with making everyday life decisions relating to the following:
Y/N obtaining food, clothing, and shelter
Y/N taking care of my physical health
Y/N managing my financial affairs.
My supporter is not allowed to make decisions for me. To help me with my decisions, my supporter may:
1. Help me access, collect, or obtain information that is relevant to a decision, including medical, psychological, financial, educational, or treatment records;
2. Help me understand my options so I can make an informed decision; or
3. Help me communicate my decision to appropriate persons.
Y/N A release allowing my supporter to see protected health information under the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (Pub. L. No. 104-191) is attached.
Y/N A release allowing my supporter to see educational records under the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act of 1974 (20 U.S.C. Section 1232g) is attached.
Effective Date of Supported Decision-Making Agreement
This supported decision-making agreement is effective immediately and will continue until (insert date) or until the agreement is terminated by my supporter or me or by operation of law.
Signed this ______ day of _________, 20___
Consent of Supporter
I, (name of supporter), consent to act as a supporter under this agreement.
Signature
This document was acknowledged before me
on _______________________________ (date)
by _______________________________ and _______________________
(signature of notarial officer)
(printed name)
WARNING: PROTECTION FOR THE ADULT WITH A DISABILITY
IF A PERSON WHO RECEIVES A COPY OF THIS AGREEMENT OR IS AWARE OF THE EXISTENCE OF THIS AGREEMENT HAS CAUSE TO BELIEVE THAT THE ADULT WITH A DISABILITY IS BEING ABUSED, NEGLECTED, OR EXPLOITED BY THE SUPPORTER, THE PERSON SHALL REPORT THE ALLEGED ABUSE, NEGLECT, OR EXPLOITATION TO THE DEPARTMENT OF FAMILY AND PROTECTIVE SERVICES BY CALLING THE ABUSE HOTLINE AT 1-800-252-5400 OR ONLINE AT WWW.TXABUSEHOTLINE.ORG.
(b) A supported decision-making agreement may be in any form not inconsistent with Subsection (a) and the other requirements of this chapter.
Added by Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 214 (H.B. 39), Sec. 23, eff. September 1, 2015.
Added by Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1224 (S.B. 1881), Sec. 1, eff. June 19, 2015.
Amended by:
Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 514 (S.B. 39), Sec. 13, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1357/scC">
<num value="C">SUBCHAPTER C.</num>
<heading>DUTY OF CERTAIN PERSONS WITH RESPECT TO AGREEMENT</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1357/scC/s1357.101">
<num value="1357.101">Sec. 1357.101.</num>
<heading>RELIANCE ON AGREEMENT; LIMITATION OF LIABILITY</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1357/scC/s1357.101/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>A person who receives the original or a copy of a supported decision-making agreement shall rely on the agreement.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1357/scC/s1357.101/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A person is not subject to criminal or civil liability and has not engaged in professional misconduct for an act or omission if the act or omission is done in good faith and in reliance on a supported decision-making agreement.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 214 (H.B. 39), Sec. 23, eff. September 1, 2015.
Added by Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1224 (S.B. 1881), Sec. 1, eff. June 19, 2015.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t3/c1357/scC/s1357.102">
<num value="1357.102">Sec. 1357.102.</num>
<heading>REPORTING OF SUSPECTED ABUSE, NEGLECT, OR EXPLOITATION</heading>
<content>If a person who receives a copy of a supported decision-making agreement or is aware of the existence of a supported decision-making agreement has cause to believe that the adult with a disability is being abused, neglected, or exploited by the supporter, the person shall report the alleged abuse, neglect, or exploitation to the Department of Family and Protective Services in accordance with Section 48.051, Human Resources Code.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 214 (H.B. 39), Sec. 23, eff. September 1, 2015.
Added by Acts 2015, 84th Leg., R.S., Ch. 1224 (S.B. 1881), Sec. 1, eff. June 19, 2015.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
</chapter>
<num value="4">TITLE 4.</num>
<heading>DIGITAL ASSETS</heading>
<chapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001">
<num value="2001">CHAPTER 2001.</num>
<heading>TEXAS REVISED UNIFORM FIDUCIARY ACCESS TO DIGITAL ASSETS ACT</heading>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scA">
<num value="A">SUBCHAPTER A.</num>
<heading>GENERAL PROVISIONS</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scA/s2001.001">
<num value="2001.001">Sec. 2001.001.</num>
<heading>SHORT TITLE</heading>
<content>This chapter may be cited as the Texas Revised Uniform Fiduciary Access to Digital Assets Act.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 400 (S.B. 1193), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scA/s2001.002">
<num value="2001.002">Sec. 2001.002.</num>
<heading>DEFINITIONS</heading>
<chapeau>In this chapter:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scA/s2001.002/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>"Account" means an arrangement under a terms-of-service agreement in which a custodian carries, maintains, processes, receives, or stores a digital asset of the user or provides goods or services to the user.</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scA/s2001.002/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>"Agent" means an attorney in fact granted authority to act for a principal under a durable or other power of attorney. The term does not include an agent under a medical power of attorney.</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scA/s2001.002/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>"Carries" means to engage in the transmission of an electronic communication.</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scA/s2001.002/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>"Catalog of electronic communications" means information that identifies each person with whom a user has had an electronic communication, the time and date of the communication, and the electronic address of the person.</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scA/s2001.002/5">
<num value="5">(5)</num>
<chapeau>"Content of an electronic communication" means information concerning the substance or meaning of an electronic communication that:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scA/s2001.002/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>has been sent, uploaded, received, or downloaded by a user;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scA/s2001.002/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>is in electronic storage by a custodian providing an electronic communication service to the public or is carried or maintained by a custodian providing a remote computing service to the public; and</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scA/s2001.002/C">
<num value="C">(C)</num>
<content>is not readily accessible to the public.</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scA/s2001.002/6">
<num value="6">(6)</num>
<content>"Custodian" means a person that carries, maintains, processes, receives, or stores a digital asset of a user.</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scA/s2001.002/7">
<num value="7">(7)</num>
<content>"Designated recipient" means a person chosen by a user using an online tool to administer digital assets of the user.</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scA/s2001.002/8">
<num value="8">(8)</num>
<content>"Digital asset" means an electronic record in which an individual has a right or interest. The term does not include an underlying asset or liability unless the asset or liability is itself an electronic record.</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scA/s2001.002/9">
<num value="9">(9)</num>
<content>"Electronic" means relating to technology having electrical, digital, magnetic, wireless, optical, electromagnetic, or similar capabilities.</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scA/s2001.002/10">
<num value="10">(10)</num>
<content>"Electronic communication" has the meaning assigned by 18 U.S.C. Section 2510(12), as it existed on January 1, 2017.</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scA/s2001.002/11">
<num value="11">(11)</num>
<content>"Electronic communication service" means a custodian that provides to a user the ability to send or receive an electronic communication.</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scA/s2001.002/12">
<num value="12">(12)</num>
<content>"Fiduciary" means an original, additional, or successor personal representative, guardian, agent, or trustee.</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scA/s2001.002/13">
<num value="13">(13)</num>
<content>"Guardian" has the meaning assigned by Section 1002.012, except that the term does not include a guardian of the person of a ward.</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scA/s2001.002/14">
<num value="14">(14)</num>
<content>"Information" means data, text, images, videos, sounds, codes, computer programs, software, databases, or the like.</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scA/s2001.002/15">
<num value="15">(15)</num>
<content>"Online tool" means an electronic service provided by a custodian that allows the user, in an agreement distinct from the terms-of-service agreement between the custodian and user, to provide directions for disclosure or nondisclosure of digital assets to a third person.</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scA/s2001.002/16">
<num value="16">(16)</num>
<content>"Person" has the meaning assigned by Section 311.005, Government Code.</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scA/s2001.002/17">
<num value="17">(17)</num>
<chapeau>"Personal representative," notwithstanding Section 22.031, means:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scA/s2001.002/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>an executor or independent executor;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scA/s2001.002/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>an administrator, independent administrator, or temporary administrator;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scA/s2001.002/C">
<num value="C">(C)</num>
<content>a successor to an executor or administrator listed in Paragraph (A) or (B); or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scA/s2001.002/D">
<num value="D">(D)</num>
<content>a person who performs functions substantially similar to those performed by the persons listed in Paragraph (A), (B), or (C) under the laws of this state, other than this chapter.</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scA/s2001.002/18">
<num value="18">(18)</num>
<content>"Power of attorney" means a record that grants an agent authority to act in the place of a principal with regard to property matters, including a durable power of attorney as provided by Subtitle P, Title 2. The term does not include a medical power of attorney.</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scA/s2001.002/19">
<num value="19">(19)</num>
<content>"Principal" means an individual who grants authority to an agent in a power of attorney.</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scA/s2001.002/20">
<num value="20">(20)</num>
<content>"Record" means information that is inscribed on a tangible medium or that is stored in an electronic or other medium and is retrievable in perceivable form.</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scA/s2001.002/21">
<num value="21">(21)</num>
<content>"Remote computing service" means a custodian that provides to a user computer processing services or the storage of digital assets by means of an electronic communications system, as defined by 18 U.S.C. Section 2510(14), as it existed on January 1, 2017.</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scA/s2001.002/22">
<num value="22">(22)</num>
<content>"Terms-of-service agreement" means an agreement that controls the relationship between a user and a custodian.</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scA/s2001.002/23">
<num value="23">(23)</num>
<content>"Trustee" has the meaning assigned by Section 111.004, Property Code.</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scA/s2001.002/24">
<num value="24">(24)</num>
<content>"User" means a person who has an account with a custodian.</content>
</paragraph>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 400 (S.B. 1193), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scA/s2001.003">
<num value="2001.003">Sec. 2001.003.</num>
<heading>APPLICABILITY</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scA/s2001.003/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>This chapter applies to a custodian if the user resides in this state or resided in this state at the time of the user's death.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scA/s2001.003/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>This chapter does not apply to a digital asset of an employer used by an employee in the ordinary course of the employer's business.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 400 (S.B. 1193), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scA/s2001.004">
<num value="2001.004">Sec. 2001.004.</num>
<heading>UNIFORMITY OF APPLICATION AND CONSTRUCTION</heading>
<content>In applying and construing this chapter, consideration must be given to the need to promote uniformity of the law, with respect to the subject matter of this chapter, among states that enact a law based on the uniform act on which this chapter is based.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 400 (S.B. 1193), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scA/s2001.005">
<num value="2001.005">Sec. 2001.005.</num>
<heading>RELATION TO ELECTRONIC SIGNATURES IN GLOBAL AND NATIONAL COMMERCE ACT</heading>
<content>This chapter modifies, limits, and supersedes the federal Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act (15 U.S.C. Section 7001 et seq.) but does not modify, limit, or supersede Section 101(c) of that Act (15 U.S.C. Section 7001(c)) or authorize electronic delivery of any of the notices described in Section 103(b) of that Act (15 U.S.C. Section 7003(b)).</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 400 (S.B. 1193), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scB">
<num value="B">SUBCHAPTER B.</num>
<heading>GENERAL PROCEDURES FOR ACCESS TO DIGITAL ASSETS</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scB/s2001.051">
<num value="2001.051">Sec. 2001.051.</num>
<heading>USER DIRECTION FOR DISCLOSURE OF DIGITAL ASSETS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scB/s2001.051/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>A user may use an online tool to direct the custodian to disclose or not to disclose to a designated recipient some or all of the user's digital assets, including the content of an electronic communication. If the online tool allows the user to modify or delete a direction at all times, a direction regarding disclosure using an online tool overrides a contrary direction by the user in a will, trust, power of attorney, or other record.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scB/s2001.051/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>If a user has not used an online tool to give direction under Subsection (a) or if the custodian has not provided an online tool, the user may allow or prohibit disclosure to a fiduciary of some or all of the user's digital assets, including the content of an electronic communication sent or received by the user, in a will, trust, power of attorney, or other record.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scB/s2001.051/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>A user's direction under Subsection (a) or (b) overrides a contrary provision in a terms-of-service agreement that does not require the user to act affirmatively and distinctly from the user's assent to the terms of service.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 400 (S.B. 1193), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scB/s2001.052">
<num value="2001.052">Sec. 2001.052.</num>
<heading>TERMS-OF-SERVICE AGREEMENT</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scB/s2001.052/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>This chapter does not change or impair a right of a custodian or a user under a terms-of-service agreement to access and use digital assets of the user.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scB/s2001.052/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>This chapter does not give a fiduciary or designated recipient any new or expanded rights other than those held by the user for whom, or for whose estate or trust, the fiduciary or designated recipient acts or represents.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scB/s2001.052/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>A fiduciary's or designated recipient's access to digital assets may be modified or eliminated by a user, by federal law, or by a terms-of-service agreement if the user has not provided direction under Section 2001.051.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 400 (S.B. 1193), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scB/s2001.053">
<num value="2001.053">Sec. 2001.053.</num>
<heading>PROCEDURE FOR DISCLOSING DIGITAL ASSETS</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scB/s2001.053/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>When disclosing digital assets of a user under this chapter, the custodian may, at the custodian's sole discretion:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scB/s2001.053/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>grant a fiduciary or designated recipient full access to the user's account;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scB/s2001.053/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>grant a fiduciary or designated recipient partial access to the user's account sufficient to perform the tasks with which the fiduciary or designated recipient is charged; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scB/s2001.053/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>provide a fiduciary or designated recipient a copy in a record of any digital asset that, on the date the custodian received the request for disclosure, the user could have accessed if the user were alive and had full capacity and access to the account.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scB/s2001.053/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>A custodian may assess a reasonable administrative charge for the cost of disclosing digital assets under this chapter.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scB/s2001.053/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>A custodian is not required to disclose under this chapter a digital asset deleted by a user.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scB/s2001.053/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<chapeau>If a user directs or a fiduciary requests a custodian to disclose under this chapter some, but not all, of the user's digital assets, the custodian is not required to disclose the assets if segregation of the assets would impose an undue burden on the custodian. If the custodian believes the direction or request imposes an undue burden, the custodian or fiduciary may seek an order from the court to disclose:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scB/s2001.053/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>a subset limited by date of the user's digital assets;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scB/s2001.053/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>all of the user's digital assets to the fiduciary or designated recipient;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scB/s2001.053/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>none of the user's digital assets; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scB/s2001.053/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>all of the user's digital assets to the court for review in camera.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 400 (S.B. 1193), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scC">
<num value="C">SUBCHAPTER C.</num>
<heading>PROCEDURES FOR DISCLOSURE OF DIGITAL ASSETS OF DECEASED USER</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scC/s2001.101">
<num value="2001.101">Sec. 2001.101.</num>
<heading>DISCLOSURE OF CONTENT OF ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATIONS OF DECEASED USER</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scC/s2001.101/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>If a deceased user consented to or a court directs disclosure of the content of an electronic communication of the user, the custodian shall disclose to the personal representative of the estate of the user the content of an electronic communication sent or received by the user if the representative gives the custodian:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scC/s2001.101/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>a written request for disclosure in physical or electronic form;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scC/s2001.101/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>a certified copy of the death certificate of the user;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scC/s2001.101/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>a certified copy of letters testamentary or of administration, a small estate affidavit filed under Section 205.001, or other court order; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scC/s2001.101/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>unless the user provided direction using an online tool, a copy of the user's will, trust, power of attorney, or other record evidencing the user's consent to disclosure of the content of an electronic communication if the user consented to the disclosure.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scC/s2001.101/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>In addition to the items required to be given to the custodian under Subsection (a), the personal representative shall provide the following if requested by the custodian:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scC/s2001.101/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>a number, user name, address, or other unique subscriber or account identifier assigned by the custodian to identify the deceased user's account;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scC/s2001.101/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>evidence linking the account to the user; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scC/s2001.101/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<chapeau>a finding by the court that:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scC/s2001.101/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>the deceased user had a specific account with the custodian, identifiable by the information specified in Subdivision (1);</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scC/s2001.101/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>disclosure of the content of an electronic communication of the user would not violate 18 U.S.C. Section 2701 et seq., 47 U.S.C. Section 222, or other applicable law;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scC/s2001.101/C">
<num value="C">(C)</num>
<content>unless the user provided direction using an online tool, the user consented to disclosure of the content of an electronic communication; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scC/s2001.101/D">
<num value="D">(D)</num>
<content>disclosure of the content of an electronic communication of the user is reasonably necessary for administration of the estate.</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 400 (S.B. 1193), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scC/s2001.102">
<num value="2001.102">Sec. 2001.102.</num>
<heading>DISCLOSURE OF OTHER DIGITAL ASSETS OF DECEASED USER</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scC/s2001.102/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>Unless the deceased user prohibited disclosure of digital assets or the court directs otherwise, a custodian shall disclose to the personal representative of the estate of a deceased user a catalog of electronic communications sent or received by the user and digital assets, other than the content of an electronic communication, of the user if the representative gives the custodian:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scC/s2001.102/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>a written request for disclosure in physical or electronic form;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scC/s2001.102/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>a certified copy of the death certificate of the user; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scC/s2001.102/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>a certified copy of letters testamentary or of administration, a small estate affidavit filed under Section 205.001, or other court order.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scC/s2001.102/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>In addition to the items required to be given to the custodian under Subsection (a), the personal representative shall provide the following if requested by the custodian:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scC/s2001.102/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>a number, user name, address, or other unique subscriber or account identifier assigned by the custodian to identify the deceased user's account;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scC/s2001.102/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>evidence linking the account to the user;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scC/s2001.102/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>an affidavit stating that disclosure of the user's digital assets is reasonably necessary for administration of the estate; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scC/s2001.102/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<chapeau>a finding by the court that:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scC/s2001.102/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>the deceased user had a specific account with the custodian, identifiable by the information specified in Subdivision (1); or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scC/s2001.102/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>disclosure of the user's digital assets is reasonably necessary for administration of the estate.</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 400 (S.B. 1193), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scD">
<num value="D">SUBCHAPTER D.</num>
<heading>PROCEDURES FOR DISCLOSURE OF DIGITAL ASSETS OF PRINCIPAL</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scD/s2001.131">
<num value="2001.131">Sec. 2001.131.</num>
<heading>DISCLOSURE OF CONTENT OF ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATIONS OF PRINCIPAL</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scD/s2001.131/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>To the extent a power of attorney expressly grants an agent authority over the content of an electronic communication sent or received by the principal and unless directed otherwise by the principal or the court, a custodian shall disclose to the agent the content of an electronic communication if the agent gives the custodian:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scD/s2001.131/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>a written request for disclosure in physical or electronic form;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scD/s2001.131/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>an original or copy of the power of attorney expressly granting the agent authority over the content of an electronic communication of the principal; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scD/s2001.131/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>a certification by the agent, under penalty of perjury, that the power of attorney is in effect.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scD/s2001.131/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>In addition to the items required to be given to the custodian under Subsection (a), the agent shall provide the following if requested by the custodian:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scD/s2001.131/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>a number, user name, address, or other unique subscriber or account identifier assigned by the custodian to identify the principal's account; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scD/s2001.131/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>evidence linking the account to the principal.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 400 (S.B. 1193), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scD/s2001.132">
<num value="2001.132">Sec. 2001.132.</num>
<heading>DISCLOSURE OF OTHER DIGITAL ASSETS OF PRINCIPAL</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scD/s2001.132/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>Unless otherwise ordered by the court, directed by the principal, or provided by a power of attorney, a custodian shall disclose to an agent with specific authority over digital assets or general authority to act on behalf of a principal a catalog of electronic communications sent or received by the principal and digital assets of the principal, other than the content of an electronic communication, if the agent gives the custodian:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scD/s2001.132/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>a written request for disclosure in physical or electronic form;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scD/s2001.132/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>an original or copy of the power of attorney that gives the agent specific authority over digital assets or general authority to act on behalf of the principal; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scD/s2001.132/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>a certification by the agent, under penalty of perjury, that the power of attorney is in effect.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scD/s2001.132/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>In addition to the items required to be given to the custodian under Subsection (a), the agent shall provide the following if requested by the custodian:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scD/s2001.132/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>a number, user name, address, or other unique subscriber or account identifier assigned by the custodian to identify the principal's account; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scD/s2001.132/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>evidence linking the account to the principal.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 400 (S.B. 1193), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scE">
<num value="E">SUBCHAPTER E.</num>
<heading>DISCLOSURE OF DIGITAL ASSETS HELD IN TRUST</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scE/s2001.151">
<num value="2001.151">Sec. 2001.151.</num>
<heading>DISCLOSURE OF DIGITAL ASSETS HELD IN TRUST WHEN TRUSTEE IS ORIGINAL USER</heading>
<content>Unless otherwise ordered by the court or provided in a trust, a custodian shall disclose to a trustee that is an original user of an account any digital asset of the account held in trust, including a catalog of electronic communications of the trustee and the content of an electronic communication.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 400 (S.B. 1193), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scE/s2001.152">
<num value="2001.152">Sec. 2001.152.</num>
<heading>DISCLOSURE OF CONTENT OF ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATIONS HELD IN TRUST WHEN TRUSTEE IS NOT ORIGINAL USER</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scE/s2001.152/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>Unless otherwise ordered by the court, directed by the user, or provided in a trust, a custodian shall disclose to a trustee that is not an original user of an account the content of an electronic communication sent or received by an original or successor user and carried, maintained, processed, received, or stored by the custodian in the account of the trust if the trustee gives the custodian:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scE/s2001.152/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>a written request for disclosure in physical or electronic form;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scE/s2001.152/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>a certified copy of the trust instrument or a certification of trust under Section 114.086, Property Code, that includes consent to disclosure of the content of an electronic communication to the trustee; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scE/s2001.152/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>a certification by the trustee, under penalty of perjury, that the trust exists and the trustee is a currently acting trustee of the trust.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scE/s2001.152/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>In addition to the items required to be given to the custodian under Subsection (a), the trustee shall provide the following if requested by the custodian:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scE/s2001.152/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>a number, user name, address, or other unique subscriber or account identifier assigned by the custodian to identify the trust's account; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scE/s2001.152/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>evidence linking the account to the trust.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 400 (S.B. 1193), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scE/s2001.153">
<num value="2001.153">Sec. 2001.153.</num>
<heading>DISCLOSURE OF OTHER DIGITAL ASSETS HELD IN TRUST WHEN TRUSTEE IS NOT ORIGINAL USER</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scE/s2001.153/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>Unless otherwise ordered by the court, directed by the user, or provided in a trust, a custodian shall disclose to a trustee that is not an original user of an account a catalog of electronic communications sent or received by an original or successor user and stored, carried, or maintained by the custodian in an account of the trust and any digital assets in which the trust has a right or interest, other than the content of an electronic communication, if the trustee gives the custodian:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scE/s2001.153/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>a written request for disclosure in physical or electronic form;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scE/s2001.153/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>a certified copy of the trust instrument or a certification of trust under Section 114.086, Property Code; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scE/s2001.153/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>a certification by the trustee, under penalty of perjury, that the trust exists and the trustee is a currently acting trustee of the trust.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scE/s2001.153/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>In addition to the items required to be given to the custodian under Subsection (a), the trustee shall provide the following if requested by the custodian:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scE/s2001.153/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>a number, user name, address, or other unique subscriber or account identifier assigned by the custodian to identify the trust's account; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scE/s2001.153/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>evidence linking the account to the trust.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 400 (S.B. 1193), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scF">
<num value="F">SUBCHAPTER F.</num>
<heading>DISCLOSURE OF DIGITAL ASSETS TO GUARDIAN</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scF/s2001.171">
<num value="2001.171">Sec. 2001.171.</num>
<heading>DISCLOSURE OF DIGITAL ASSETS TO GUARDIAN</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scF/s2001.171/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>After an opportunity for a hearing under Title 3, the court may grant the guardian of a ward access to the digital assets of the ward.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scF/s2001.171/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>Unless otherwise ordered by the court or directed by the user, a custodian shall disclose to the guardian of a ward the catalog of electronic communications sent or received by the ward and any digital assets in which the ward has a right or interest, other than the content of an electronic communication, if the guardian gives the custodian:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scF/s2001.171/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>a written request for disclosure in physical or electronic form; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scF/s2001.171/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>a certified copy of the court order that gives the guardian authority over the digital assets of the ward.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scF/s2001.171/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<chapeau>In addition to the items required to be given to the custodian under Subsection (b), the guardian shall provide the following if requested by the custodian:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scF/s2001.171/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>a number, user name, address, or other unique subscriber or account identifier assigned by the custodian to identify the account of the ward; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scF/s2001.171/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>evidence linking the account to the ward.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scF/s2001.171/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>The guardian of a ward may request a custodian of the digital assets of the ward to suspend or terminate an account of the ward for good cause. A request made under this section must be accompanied by a certified copy of the court order giving the guardian authority over the ward's digital assets.</content>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 400 (S.B. 1193), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scG">
<num value="G">SUBCHAPTER G.</num>
<heading>DUTY AND AUTHORITY OF FIDUCIARY AND OTHERS REGARDING DIGITAL ASSETS</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scG/s2001.201">
<num value="2001.201">Sec. 2001.201.</num>
<heading>FIDUCIARY DUTY AND AUTHORITY</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scG/s2001.201/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<chapeau>The legal duties imposed on a fiduciary charged with managing tangible property apply to the management of digital assets, including:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scG/s2001.201/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>the duty of care;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scG/s2001.201/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>the duty of loyalty; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scG/s2001.201/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>the duty of confidentiality.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scG/s2001.201/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>A fiduciary's or designated recipient's authority with respect to a digital asset of a user:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scG/s2001.201/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>except as otherwise provided by Section 2001.051, is subject to the applicable terms of service;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scG/s2001.201/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>is subject to other applicable law, including copyright law;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scG/s2001.201/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>in the case of a fiduciary, is limited by the scope of the fiduciary's duties; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scG/s2001.201/4">
<num value="4">(4)</num>
<content>may not be used to impersonate the user.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scG/s2001.201/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>A fiduciary with authority over the property of a decedent, ward, principal, or settlor has the right to access any digital asset in which the decedent, ward, principal, or settlor has or had a right or interest and that is not held by a custodian or subject to a terms-of-service agreement.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scG/s2001.201/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>A fiduciary acting within the scope of the fiduciary's duties is an authorized user of the property of the decedent, ward, principal, or settlor for the purpose of applicable computer fraud and unauthorized computer access laws, including all laws of this state governing unauthorized computer access.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scG/s2001.201/e">
<num value="e">(e)</num>
<chapeau>A fiduciary with authority over the tangible personal property of a decedent, ward, principal, or settlor:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scG/s2001.201/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>has the right to access the property and any digital asset stored in it; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scG/s2001.201/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>is an authorized user for the purpose of applicable computer fraud and unauthorized computer access laws, including all laws of this state governing unauthorized computer access.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 400 (S.B. 1193), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scG/s2001.202">
<num value="2001.202">Sec. 2001.202.</num>
<heading>AUTHORITY TO TERMINATE ACCOUNT</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scG/s2001.202/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>A custodian may disclose information in an account to a fiduciary of the user when the information is required to terminate an account used to access digital assets licensed to the user.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scG/s2001.202/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<chapeau>A fiduciary of a user may request a custodian to terminate the user's account. A request for termination must be in writing, in physical or electronic form, and accompanied by:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scG/s2001.202/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>if the user is deceased, a certified copy of the death certificate of the user; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scG/s2001.202/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<chapeau>one of the following giving the fiduciary authority over the account:</chapeau>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scG/s2001.202/A">
<num value="A">(A)</num>
<content>a certified copy of letters testamentary or of administration, a small estate affidavit filed under Section 205.001, or other court order;</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scG/s2001.202/B">
<num value="B">(B)</num>
<content>a power of attorney; or</content>
</subparagraph>
<subparagraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scG/s2001.202/C">
<num value="C">(C)</num>
<content>the trust instrument.</content>
</subparagraph>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scG/s2001.202/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<chapeau>In addition to the items required to accompany a termination request under Subsection (b), the fiduciary shall provide the following if requested by the custodian:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scG/s2001.202/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>a number, user name, address, or other unique subscriber or account identifier assigned by the custodian to identify the user's account;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scG/s2001.202/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>evidence linking the account to the user; or</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scG/s2001.202/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>a finding by the court that the user had a specific account with the custodian, identifiable by the information specified in Subdivision (1).</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 400 (S.B. 1193), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
<subchapter identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scH">
<num value="H">SUBCHAPTER H.</num>
<heading>CUSTODIAN COMPLIANCE AND IMMUNITY REGARDING DIGITAL ASSETS</heading>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scH/s2001.231">
<num value="2001.231">Sec. 2001.231.</num>
<heading>CUSTODIAN COMPLIANCE AND IMMUNITY</heading>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scH/s2001.231/a">
<num value="a">(a)</num>
<content>Not later than 60 days after receipt of the information required under Subchapter C, D, E, F, or G, a custodian shall comply with a request under this chapter from a fiduciary or designated recipient to disclose digital assets or terminate an account. If the custodian fails to comply, the fiduciary or designated recipient may apply to the court for an order directing compliance.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scH/s2001.231/b">
<num value="b">(b)</num>
<content>An order under Subsection (a) directing compliance must contain a finding that compliance is not in violation of 18 U.S.C. Section 2702.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scH/s2001.231/c">
<num value="c">(c)</num>
<content>A custodian may notify the user that a request for disclosure or to terminate an account was made under this chapter.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scH/s2001.231/d">
<num value="d">(d)</num>
<content>A custodian may deny a request under this chapter from a fiduciary or designated recipient for disclosure of digital assets or to terminate an account if the custodian is aware of any lawful access to the account following the receipt of the request.</content>
</subsection>
<subsection identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scH/s2001.231/e">
<num value="e">(e)</num>
<chapeau>This chapter does not limit a custodian's ability to obtain or require a fiduciary or designated recipient requesting disclosure or termination under this chapter to obtain a court order that:</chapeau>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scH/s2001.231/1">
<num value="1">(1)</num>
<content>specifies that an account belongs to the ward or principal;</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scH/s2001.231/2">
<num value="2">(2)</num>
<content>specifies that there is sufficient consent from the ward or principal to support the requested disclosure; and</content>
</paragraph>
<paragraph identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scH/s2001.231/3">
<num value="3">(3)</num>
<content>contains a finding required by a law other than this chapter.</content>
</paragraph>
</subsection>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 400 (S.B. 1193), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
<section identifier="/us/tx/es/t4/c2001/scH/s2001.232">
<num value="2001.232">Sec. 2001.232.</num>
<heading>IMMUNITY FROM LIABILITY</heading>
<content>A custodian and the custodian's officers, employees, and agents are immune from liability for an act or omission done in good faith in compliance with this chapter.</content>
<sourceCredit>Added by Acts 2017, 85th Leg., R.S., Ch. 400 (S.B. 1193), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2017.</sourceCredit>
</section>
</subchapter>
</chapter>